fix: avoid pruning timestamp-to-time casts - #26452

## Which issue does this PR close?

- Closes apache#26981.
- Related to apache#26451, the same cause for timestamp → time (fixed on its
own by apache#26452).

## Rationale for this change

Parquet statistics pruning can drop row groups that contain matching
rows when the predicate casts the column. With `i` in (-1, 0, 1, 255,
256) and naive timestamps `ts` at 00:00, 01:00, 02:30, 02:45 and 03:00
on 2024-03-10, all in one row group:

| Query | In-memory table | Parquet |
|---|---|---|
| `SELECT count(*) FROM t WHERE CAST(i AS BOOLEAN) <= false` | 1 | 0 |
| `SELECT count(*) FROM t WHERE CAST(i AS BYTEA) < X'05'` | 3 | 0 |
| `SELECT count(*) FROM t WHERE ts > TIMESTAMPTZ '2024-03-10
07:15:00+00:00'` with `time_zone = 'America/New_York'` | 2 | 0 |

Pruning casts the min/max statistics and compares them with the literal,
which is only correct when the cast keeps the order of the values.
Pruning decides that with its own check: any cast is allowed unless
exactly one side is a string. So int → boolean, int → binary
(little-endian bytes) and named-timezone timestamp → date all pass,
although none of them keep order.

The last row is new with arrow 60.1.0 (apache#26867). A naive timestamp
compared with a named timezone is read as a local time, and arrow now
moves a local time that a transition skips forward instead of rejecting
it: 02:30, which New York skipped, becomes 07:30 UTC, after 03:00 (07:00
UTC). When such a value is the minimum of a row group, the cast bounds
are inverted and the query fails with `Internal error: Interval's lower
bound ... is greater than the upper bound`.

Sort elimination already asks the same question through
`is_order_preserving_cast`. The two checks disagree in both directions:
pruning accepts the casts above, and `is_order_preserving_cast` rejects
casts that do keep order and that pruning relies on today (integer ↔
date/timestamp/duration, string and binary re-encodings, date →
timestamp with a timezone). Arrow 60.1.0 also made one of its own
entries wrong: a named-timezone timestamp → `Date64` now takes the local
date, as `Date32` does, so a sort on that cast can be removed although
the output is out of order.

## What changes are included in this PR?

1. `is_order_preserving_cast` (now public in
`datafusion_physical_expr::expressions`) accepts the casts that keep
order and that only pruning knew about:
- string ↔ string and binary ↔ binary re-encodings (including
`FixedSizeBinary`)
- numbers ↔ temporal types stored as a count (date, timestamp, time,
duration)
- `Date32` → timestamp with any timezone (a skipped midnight moves
forward by at most a day, so it never passes the next one), and `Date64`
→ timestamp with a fixed offset
- `Time64` → `Time32` and `Time64(µs)` → `Time64(ns)`, which Arrow
60.1.0 checks for overflow
2. It rejects named-timezone timestamp → `Date64`, as it already did for
`Date32`.
3. Pruning (`verify_support_type_for_prune`) asks
`is_order_preserving_cast` instead of its own string check.
4. A test that checks `is_order_preserving_cast` against the strict cast
that `CastExpr` runs (`ColumnarValue::cast_to`): every pair it accepts
must keep the order of sample values that convert. The samples include
values around midnight, a DST gap and overlap, a timezone that moved the
date backwards, and a day that Pacific/Apia skipped. A positive control
asserts the samples expose the casts the rule rejects.

Pruning keeps every other cast it used before (compared over all
castable pairs of the numeric, string, binary and temporal types) and
stops using:

| Cast | Why |
|---|---|
| integer/float → boolean | -1 and 1 are true, 0 is false |
| integer → binary | little-endian bytes do not sort like the integers |
| named-timezone timestamp → `Date32`/`Date64` | a transition can move
the local date backwards |
| naive timestamp or `Date64` → named-timezone timestamp | arrow moves a
skipped local time forward, past the local times just after the gap |
| casts from or to `Null`, to list/struct, interval casts | the rule has
no entry for them |

## What is the testing strategy for this PR?

- `test_order_preserving_cast_matches_cast_kernel` (physical-expr):
checks the rule against the strict cast, with a positive control. Making
named-timezone timestamp → date return `true` fails it with `562129259
-> 1987-10-25, but 562129260 -> 1987-10-24`.
- `row_group_predicate_cast_must_preserve_order` (pruning): casts that
must not prune and casts that must keep pruning, for both `CAST` and
`TRY_CAST`.
- `push_down_filter_parquet.slt`: the three queries above against an
in-memory table and Parquet, plus an `EXPLAIN` showing that the same
timestamp comparison under a fixed-offset session timezone still prunes.
- `cast.slt`: the sort on `arrow_cast(i, 'Timestamp(Second, None)')` is
removed when the input is ordered by `i` (`EXPLAIN` and the row order),
and the sort on a named-timezone timestamp cast to `Date64` is kept.
- The new pruning unit test cases and Parquet queries fail with the old
pruning check. The `Date64` sort case and the New York Parquet query
return wrong results on main.
- `bloom_filter_pruning_error_retains_row_group_without_match` relied on
the int → `FixedSizeBinary` cast failing at evaluation. Pruning now
rejects that cast up front, so the test compares `c1` with `CAST('abc'
AS Int32)` instead, which still fails at evaluation.

## Are there any user-facing changes?

- Queries that filter Parquet through the casts in the table above
return the correct rows; those predicates no longer prune row groups.
With a named session timezone, comparing a naive timestamp column with a
timezone-aware timestamp no longer prunes; with a fixed offset it still
does.
- Sort elimination treats the newly accepted casts as order-preserving
under `CAST` (not `TRY_CAST`), so a sort on, for example, `CAST(int_col
AS TIMESTAMP)` over input ordered by `int_col` can be removed. A sort on
a named-timezone timestamp cast to `Date64` is no longer removed.
- New public function
`datafusion_physical_expr::expressions::is_order_preserving_cast`
(addition only).

## Which issue does this PR close?

- Closes apache#26451.

## Rationale for this change

Casting timestamp statistics to time-of-day values does not preserve
ordering across midnight. This can invert the minimum and maximum used
by statistics pruning and incorrectly discard files or row groups that
contain matching rows.

## What changes are included in this PR?

- Prevent timestamp-to-`Time32` and timestamp-to-`Time64` casts from
  being used for statistics pruning.
- Add pruning-expression coverage for both `CAST` and `TRY_CAST` across
  all supported time units.
- Add a Parquet regression test whose timestamp bounds cross midnight.

## What is the testing strategy for this PR?

The regression test verifies equality and range predicates for `Time32`
and `Time64`, including the expected row counts and pruning metrics. The
full extended workspace test suite also passes.

## Are there any user-facing changes?

Queries that cast timestamps to time-of-day values may perform less
statistics pruning, but they no longer risk incorrect results when
timestamp bounds cross a day boundary.

(backport of apache#26452, 6110f74)

Signed-off-by: discord9 <[email protected]>
(cherry picked from commit 17f5b0ba54232e76d6bb45d1e4b77b9ade691fd7)