feat(arrow-row): add MSD radix sort kernel for row-encoded keys by mbutrovich · Pull Request #9683 · apache/arrow-rs

mbutrovich · 2026-04-09T20:00:24Z

Which issue does this PR close?

N/A.

Rationale for this change

Sorting on several columns is a common step in table rewrites, sort-merge joins, and ORDER BY with a composite key. Today lexsort_to_indices calls a dynamically dispatched comparator per column on every comparison. Row-encoded keys compare as bytes, so Rows can instead be sorted by MSD radix sort, which reads a fixed-size key from each row once per pass. DuckDB's sort redesign takes the same approach.

Why we want it

On the benchmark bot, multi-column keys sort 2x to 6x faster than lexsort_to_indices on most cases, including the cost of encoding to Rows. It also beats lexsort_rows, which sorts the same Rows by comparison, in every case.

Engines built on arrow-rs could use it in sort-heavy paths. Two examples are a Comet or DataFusion Iceberg table rewrite with a sort order and a sort-merge join on a composite key. I haven't measured either.

Trade-offs

It is slower than lexsort_to_indices on a single nullable column (0.36x to 0.81x), a single string column (0.64x to 0.86x), and keys with a list column such as [i32, str_list(4)] (0.20x to 0.75x), because the row format encodes every column of every row.
It is also slower when large groups of rows share their first 12 bytes after the common prefix, such as three or more low-cardinality columns.
With a limit it stops ordering rows early, but it still encodes and makes one pass over every row. On [i64(0..1000), i32] at 32768 rows, lexsort_to_indices is faster at limit 100 (radix sort at 0.28x to 0.36x) and radix sort is faster from limit 1000 (1.28x to 1.68x). At 1M rows, lexsort_to_indices is faster at limit 100 and 1000 (0.09x to 0.18x).
It allocates two 16-byte buffers per row on top of the result.
arrow_row::radix is new public API, so the module is permanent once released.

The module docs list when to use each sort.

What changes are included in this PR?

Adds arrow_row::radix::radix_sort_to_indices, a radix sort of Rows with an optional limit. The module docs say when to use it and when to prefer lexsort_to_indices.
Adds lexsort_radix to arrow/benches/lexsort.rs next to lexsort_to_indices and lexsort_rows. It encodes the columns and sorts them.
Adds encode to the same benchmark. It runs only the encoding, so the difference between it and lexsort_radix is the sort.
Adds lexsort_to_indices and lexsort_radix cases with a limit of 100, 1000, and n/10 on three keys at 32768 and 1M rows.
Adds single-column cases, cases with shared leading bytes, and two integer keys that also run at 1M rows.

Benchmarks

These numbers are from the benchmark bot at 03ee81c. lexsort_radix includes encoding the rows. Radix sort is faster than lexsort_rows, which sorts the same Rows by comparison, in every case on both CPUs. Against lexsort_to_indices, it is faster in both the default and aligned runs in 43 of 64 cases on the Xeon and 50 on Neoverse-V2, and slower in 19 and 14. It loses on a single nullable or string column, such as [i32_opt] (0.49x to 0.59x on the Xeon), and on keys with a list column, such as [i32, str_list(4)] (0.20x to 0.29x). At 1M rows, the two integer keys are 2.22x to 3.35x faster on the Xeon and 4.26x to 5.33x on Neoverse-V2.

The chart shows [i64(0..1000), i32] with a limit. The other two keys in the benchmark show the same pattern, and the tables below list all three. At limit n/10, radix sort is 2.89x to 4.60x faster than lexsort_to_indices across the three keys and both CPUs. The bot prints milliseconds to one decimal place, so the 1M-row ratios are coarse.

The 76 cases already on main are within 0.93x to 1.13x of the merge base in all four runs, with medians of 0.98x to 1.00x.

All cases

Speedup is the baseline's time divided by lexsort_radix's time. The aligned run sets -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6 on both sides. The bot prints milliseconds to one decimal place.

Xeon Platinum 8581C:

Case	Rows	`lexsort_to_indices`	Speedup (default / aligned)	`lexsort_rows`	Speedup (default / aligned)
`[decimal128(18,2), i32]`	4096	162.7 us	1.62x / 1.54x	219.1 us	2.18x / 2.13x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]`	4096	807.5 us	2.75x / 2.70x	488.5 us	1.66x / 1.65x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]`	4096	869.2 us	2.53x / 2.63x	587.7 us	1.71x / 1.79x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	4096	363.3 us	1.88x / 1.88x	255.0 us	1.32x / 1.32x
`[f64]`	4096	62.5 us	1.12x / 1.12x	192.7 us	3.47x / 3.43x
`[f64_opt]`	4096	52.4 us	0.59x / 0.62x	168.1 us	1.91x / 2.02x
`[i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]`	4096	408.2 us	3.43x / 3.21x	213.4 us	1.79x / 1.92x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	4096	159.2 us	2.95x / 2.53x	194.3 us	3.60x / 3.50x
`[i32, i32_list, str(16)]`	4096	155.7 us	0.73x / 0.71x	428.4 us	2.01x / 2.14x
`[i32, i32_opt]`	4096	160.2 us	3.24x / 2.80x	193.8 us	3.92x / 3.94x
`[i32, str(16)]`	4096	159.2 us	2.16x / 1.80x	207.8 us	2.82x / 2.79x
`[i32, str_list(4)]`	4096	161.1 us	0.25x / 0.20x	881.7 us	1.34x / 1.34x
`[i32, str_list_opt(4)]`	4096	156.9 us	0.24x / 0.21x	914.7 us	1.38x / 1.40x
`[i32, str_opt(16)]`	4096	153.2 us	1.55x / 1.49x	226.9 us	2.29x / 2.52x
`[i32]`	4096	41.3 us	0.94x / 0.96x	188.7 us	4.31x / 4.36x
`[i32_list_opt, i32_opt]`	4096	432.2 us	1.85x / 2.06x	392.7 us	1.68x / 1.79x
`[i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	4096	251.2 us	2.14x / 2.37x	277.8 us	2.37x / 2.49x
`[i32_opt, i32_list]`	4096	237.1 us	1.15x / 1.25x	404.8 us	1.97x / 2.09x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]`	4096	276.8 us	0.99x / 1.07x	436.6 us	1.56x / 1.69x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt]`	4096	245.5 us	1.12x / 1.28x	422.8 us	1.93x / 2.03x
`[i32_opt]`	4096	36.7 us	0.59x / 0.57x	158.5 us	2.53x / 2.61x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	4096	186.7 us	3.16x / 2.91x	193.1 us	3.27x / 3.34x
`[i64]`	4096	46.3 us	1.05x / 1.11x	185.3 us	4.18x / 4.53x
`[i64_opt]`	4096	41.8 us	0.62x / 0.70x	161.3 us	2.39x / 2.83x
`[str(16)]`	4096	52.0 us	0.67x / 0.64x	199.8 us	2.56x / 2.49x
`[str_list(4), i32]`	4096	496.4 us	0.71x / 0.71x	821.1 us	1.17x / 1.18x
`[str_list_opt(4), i32]`	4096	642.8 us	0.93x / 0.93x	829.3 us	1.20x / 1.19x
`[str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]`	4096	373.9 us	1.51x / 1.69x	363.6 us	1.47x / 1.55x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	4096	356.1 us	2.60x / 2.77x	258.4 us	1.89x / 1.90x
`[str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]`	4096	402.7 us	1.98x / 2.08x	318.0 us	1.56x / 1.58x
`[str_opt(16)]`	4096	45.0 us	0.36x / 0.36x	200.4 us	1.59x / 1.70x
`[decimal128(18,2), i32]`	32768	1.7 ms	1.81x / 1.77x	2.3 ms	2.45x / 2.48x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]`	32768	9.1 ms	2.39x / 2.53x	5.9 ms	1.55x / 1.61x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]`	32768	9.2 ms	2.24x / 2.24x	6.7 ms	1.63x / 1.64x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	32768	2.9 ms	1.45x / 1.50x	2.6 ms	1.30x / 1.30x
`[f64]`	32768	822.8 us	1.05x / 1.08x	2.0 ms	2.55x / 2.74x
`[f64_opt]`	32768	677.6 us	0.81x / 0.79x	1.8 ms	2.14x / 2.27x
`[i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]`	32768	3.8 ms	5.17x / 4.60x	1.9 ms	2.54x / 2.58x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	1.7 ms	1.65x / 1.62x	2.1 ms	2.07x / 2.24x
`[i32, i32_list, str(16)]`	32768	1.6 ms	0.86x / 0.81x	4.2 ms	2.26x / 2.38x
`[i32, i32_opt]`	32768	1.6 ms	2.82x / 2.48x	2.1 ms	3.69x / 3.82x
`[i32, str(16)]`	32768	1.6 ms	2.27x / 1.92x	2.2 ms	3.14x / 3.09x
`[i32, str_list(4)]`	32768	1.6 ms	0.29x / 0.26x	8.1 ms	1.47x / 1.46x
`[i32, str_list_opt(4)]`	32768	1.6 ms	0.28x / 0.26x	8.3 ms	1.46x / 1.47x
`[i32, str_opt(16)]`	32768	1.5 ms	1.72x / 1.61x	2.4 ms	2.68x / 2.70x
`[i32]`	32768	498.6 us	1.11x / 1.11x	2.0 ms	4.39x / 4.58x
`[i32_list_opt, i32_opt]`	32768	4.6 ms	2.09x / 2.04x	4.2 ms	1.91x / 1.87x
`[i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	32768	2.5 ms	1.89x / 1.93x	2.7 ms	2.04x / 2.15x
`[i32_opt, i32_list]`	32768	2.5 ms	1.25x / 1.30x	3.9 ms	1.95x / 2.00x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]`	32768	3.0 ms	1.07x / 1.14x	4.6 ms	1.64x / 1.64x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt]`	32768	2.8 ms	1.33x / 1.26x	4.0 ms	1.90x / 1.87x
`[i32_opt]`	32768	430.2 us	0.49x / 0.49x	1.8 ms	2.06x / 2.17x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	2.6 ms	2.48x / 2.53x	2.1 ms	2.00x / 2.10x
`[i64]`	32768	697.0 us	1.51x / 1.44x	2.0 ms	4.34x / 4.43x
`[i64_opt]`	32768	565.1 us	0.65x / 0.68x	1.9 ms	2.15x / 2.25x
`[str(16)]`	32768	653.3 us	0.84x / 0.82x	2.2 ms	2.82x / 2.80x
`[str_list(4), i32]`	32768	6.0 ms	1.00x / 1.02x	7.5 ms	1.25x / 1.25x
`[str_list_opt(4), i32]`	32768	7.3 ms	1.22x / 1.21x	7.4 ms	1.23x / 1.25x
`[str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]`	32768	4.0 ms	1.67x / 1.75x	3.8 ms	1.58x / 1.62x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	4.1 ms	3.15x / 3.05x	2.6 ms	2.00x / 2.01x
`[str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]`	32768	4.1 ms	2.25x / 2.30x	3.2 ms	1.76x / 1.78x
`[str_opt(16)]`	32768	548.5 us	0.49x / 0.49x	2.2 ms	1.95x / 1.93x
`[i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]`	1048576	133.1 ms	3.35x / 3.20x	78.4 ms	1.97x / 2.08x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	104.0 ms	2.48x / 2.22x	104.4 ms	2.49x / 2.30x

Neoverse-V2:

Case	Rows	`lexsort_to_indices`	Speedup (default / aligned)	`lexsort_rows`	Speedup (default / aligned)
`[decimal128(18,2), i32]`	4096	264.2 us	3.18x / 3.32x	180.9 us	2.17x / 2.25x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]`	4096	1.0 ms	3.25x / 3.31x	498.2 us	1.61x / 1.61x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]`	4096	1.0 ms	3.19x / 3.14x	553.4 us	1.69x / 1.66x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	4096	456.8 us	2.40x / 2.34x	244.9 us	1.29x / 1.28x
`[f64]`	4096	48.9 us	1.17x / 1.14x	158.4 us	3.78x / 3.68x
`[f64_opt]`	4096	41.4 us	0.57x / 0.57x	138.4 us	1.91x / 1.88x
`[i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]`	4096	415.5 us	3.89x / 3.85x	159.1 us	1.49x / 1.47x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	4096	235.7 us	5.57x / 5.44x	163.3 us	3.86x / 3.75x
`[i32, i32_list, str(16)]`	4096	239.2 us	1.52x / 1.53x	281.7 us	1.79x / 1.79x
`[i32, i32_opt]`	4096	239.6 us	6.11x / 6.03x	160.7 us	4.10x / 4.05x
`[i32, str(16)]`	4096	235.6 us	3.45x / 3.47x	177.4 us	2.60x / 2.61x
`[i32, str_list(4)]`	4096	238.6 us	0.57x / 0.58x	594.7 us	1.41x / 1.45x
`[i32, str_list_opt(4)]`	4096	238.0 us	0.58x / 0.59x	579.6 us	1.42x / 1.43x
`[i32, str_opt(16)]`	4096	237.8 us	3.45x / 3.48x	227.2 us	3.29x / 3.35x
`[i32]`	4096	44.3 us	1.30x / 1.26x	156.1 us	4.58x / 4.49x
`[i32_list_opt, i32_opt]`	4096	516.8 us	2.86x / 2.66x	269.1 us	1.49x / 1.43x
`[i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	4096	331.8 us	3.24x / 3.30x	222.4 us	2.17x / 2.19x
`[i32_opt, i32_list]`	4096	308.1 us	1.99x / 2.06x	297.7 us	1.92x / 1.96x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]`	4096	363.7 us	1.75x / 1.60x	326.7 us	1.57x / 1.51x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt]`	4096	330.6 us	2.03x / 1.94x	309.0 us	1.90x / 1.78x
`[i32_opt]`	4096	37.8 us	0.72x / 0.71x	130.8 us	2.48x / 2.58x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	4096	272.9 us	5.63x / 5.67x	162.2 us	3.34x / 3.35x
`[i64]`	4096	43.1 us	1.25x / 1.23x	153.5 us	4.45x / 4.38x
`[i64_opt]`	4096	37.2 us	0.73x / 0.73x	135.7 us	2.65x / 2.63x
`[str(16)]`	4096	52.3 us	0.69x / 0.69x	180.5 us	2.38x / 2.38x
`[str_list(4), i32]`	4096	589.1 us	1.31x / 1.31x	554.0 us	1.24x / 1.22x
`[str_list_opt(4), i32]`	4096	683.4 us	1.55x / 1.54x	537.1 us	1.22x / 1.24x
`[str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]`	4096	462.0 us	2.42x / 2.45x	286.5 us	1.50x / 1.47x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	4096	454.8 us	3.71x / 3.71x	212.7 us	1.73x / 1.72x
`[str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]`	4096	474.5 us	2.92x / 2.97x	258.4 us	1.59x / 1.56x
`[str_opt(16)]`	4096	44.3 us	0.43x / 0.44x	161.4 us	1.58x / 1.59x
`[decimal128(18,2), i32]`	32768	3.1 ms	4.42x / 4.64x	2.0 ms	2.80x / 2.93x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]`	32768	12.7 ms	3.26x / 3.57x	6.9 ms	1.77x / 1.83x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]`	32768	12.5 ms	3.05x / 3.18x	7.2 ms	1.76x / 1.76x
`[dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	32768	3.7 ms	1.86x / 1.88x	2.6 ms	1.31x / 1.37x
`[f64]`	32768	596.4 us	1.03x / 1.03x	1.7 ms	2.93x / 2.93x
`[f64_opt]`	32768	489.6 us	0.73x / 0.73x	1.5 ms	2.27x / 2.26x
`[i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]`	32768	4.0 ms	6.13x / 6.00x	1.3 ms	1.97x / 1.92x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	2.7 ms	3.64x / 3.52x	1.7 ms	2.31x / 2.22x
`[i32, i32_list, str(16)]`	32768	2.7 ms	1.78x / 1.78x	3.1 ms	2.05x / 2.04x
`[i32, i32_opt]`	32768	2.7 ms	6.44x / 6.37x	1.8 ms	4.22x / 4.16x
`[i32, str(16)]`	32768	2.7 ms	4.28x / 4.24x	1.9 ms	3.03x / 2.97x
`[i32, str_list(4)]`	32768	2.7 ms	0.47x / 0.66x	7.7 ms	1.35x / 1.59x
`[i32, str_list_opt(4)]`	32768	2.7 ms	0.63x / 0.75x	7.1 ms	1.65x / 1.64x
`[i32, str_opt(16)]`	32768	2.7 ms	3.71x / 3.73x	2.6 ms	3.58x / 3.59x
`[i32]`	32768	446.3 us	1.26x / 1.25x	1.6 ms	4.66x / 4.66x
`[i32_list_opt, i32_opt]`	32768	5.7 ms	3.11x / 3.09x	2.9 ms	1.58x / 1.57x
`[i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]`	32768	3.5 ms	3.06x / 3.06x	2.6 ms	2.27x / 2.36x
`[i32_opt, i32_list]`	32768	3.6 ms	2.14x / 2.14x	3.1 ms	1.85x / 1.85x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]`	32768	4.1 ms	1.86x / 1.86x	3.7 ms	1.68x / 1.68x
`[i32_opt, i32_list_opt]`	32768	3.8 ms	2.12x / 2.11x	3.2 ms	1.78x / 1.77x
`[i32_opt]`	32768	373.5 us	0.56x / 0.56x	1.5 ms	2.17x / 2.18x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	3.6 ms	4.60x / 4.62x	1.7 ms	2.18x / 2.17x
`[i64]`	32768	464.8 us	1.31x / 1.29x	1.7 ms	4.76x / 4.69x
`[i64_opt]`	32768	385.6 us	0.58x / 0.58x	1.5 ms	2.26x / 2.25x
`[str(16)]`	32768	566.9 us	0.86x / 0.85x	2.0 ms	2.98x / 2.97x
`[str_list(4), i32]`	32768	8.7 ms	1.53x / 1.93x	7.1 ms	1.25x / 1.39x
`[str_list_opt(4), i32]`	32768	9.6 ms	1.92x / 2.17x	6.6 ms	1.32x / 1.38x
`[str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]`	32768	5.3 ms	2.78x / 2.77x	3.4 ms	1.78x / 1.78x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	5.3 ms	4.74x / 4.75x	2.3 ms	2.06x / 2.06x
`[str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]`	32768	5.6 ms	3.74x / 3.68x	3.0 ms	2.00x / 2.01x
`[str_opt(16)]`	32768	471.1 us	0.51x / 0.50x	1.8 ms	1.97x / 1.98x
`[i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]`	1048576	180.9 ms	4.39x / 4.26x	87.2 ms	2.12x / 1.98x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	218.6 ms	5.33x / 5.01x	121.0 ms	2.95x / 2.99x

Cases with a limit, on Xeon Platinum 8581C:

Case	Rows	Limit	`lexsort_to_indices`	Speedup (default / aligned)
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	100	102.8 us	0.33x / 0.31x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	1000	467.6 us	1.47x / 1.37x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	3276	1.2 ms	3.35x / 3.10x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	100	102.2 us	0.30x / 0.28x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	1000	593.6 us	1.68x / 1.59x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	3276	1.5 ms	3.77x / 3.69x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	100	282.1 us	0.36x / 0.36x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	1000	1.0 ms	1.37x / 1.33x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	3276	2.5 ms	3.15x / 3.12x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	100	2.3 ms	0.10x / 0.10x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	1000	3.2 ms	0.14x / 0.14x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	104857	72.6 ms	2.99x / 2.89x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	1048576	100	2.3 ms	0.10x / 0.10x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	1048576	1000	3.4 ms	0.14x / 0.13x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	1048576	104857	87.8 ms	3.43x / 3.17x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	1048576	100	6.8 ms	0.15x / 0.13x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	1048576	1000	8.4 ms	0.18x / 0.16x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	1048576	104857	167.4 ms	3.44x / 3.45x

Cases with a limit, on Neoverse-V2:

Case	Rows	Limit	`lexsort_to_indices`	Speedup (default / aligned)
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	100	85.9 us	0.36x / 0.35x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	1000	353.2 us	1.42x / 1.37x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	32768	3276	950.5 us	3.41x / 3.36x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	100	88.7 us	0.30x / 0.31x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	1000	445.4 us	1.47x / 1.48x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	32768	3276	1.2 ms	3.78x / 3.82x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	100	208.0 us	0.31x / 0.32x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	1000	872.0 us	1.29x / 1.28x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	32768	3276	2.2 ms	3.11x / 3.11x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	100	2.2 ms	0.09x / 0.10x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	1000	2.8 ms	0.12x / 0.13x
`[i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]`	1048576	104857	83.7 ms	3.30x / 3.53x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	1048576	100	2.2 ms	0.09x / 0.09x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	1048576	1000	3.0 ms	0.12x / 0.13x
`[i64(0..1000), i32]`	1048576	104857	98.4 ms	3.80x / 3.86x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	1048576	100	6.3 ms	0.13x / 0.13x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	1048576	1000	8.0 ms	0.17x / 0.16x
`[str_opt(16), str(16)]`	1048576	104857	225.4 ms	4.60x / 4.30x

Are these changes tested?

Unit tests are in arrow-row/src/radix.rs, including a fuzz test over random column types and sort options that checks the output is a sorted permutation of the rows, and tests for rows whose keys tie.

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes. The arrow_row::radix module and radix_sort_to_indices are new public API.

AI Disclosure

I wrote this PR with help from Claude but understand and support the core approach, implementation, and test coverage.

mbutrovich · 2026-04-10T12:32:42Z

I updated numbers in the PR description and full table in the comment after it to reflect current PR status.

My attempt to bring it to DataFusion has so far been disappointing: apache/datafusion#21525

I think we need a deeper redesign of that stream rather than just replacing the existing logic. apache/datafusion#21525 (comment)

mbutrovich · 2026-04-10T12:36:04Z

@Dandandan I also made a couple of API additions to Row. Let me know if that's what you had in mind.

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T21:26:01Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-12T21:26:04Z

run benchmark lexsort

env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T21:26:09Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-12T21:26:10Z

run benchmark lexsort

resources:
  arch: amd64

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T21:26:17Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-12T21:26:18Z

run benchmark lexsort

env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
resources:
  arch: amd64

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T21:26:21Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T22:28:26Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    223.7±2.36µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     27.7±0.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00   1535.2±3.90µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00     98.1±1.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00   1816.5±3.55µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    121.5±2.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    648.3±1.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     55.6±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     49.5±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      6.3±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     96.3±1.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      7.4±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      3.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00     83.7±1.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     10.6±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      2.9±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00     63.1±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00      8.0±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00   1033.5±4.49µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    102.8±0.81µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    105.4±1.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00      8.7±0.12µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    160.1±1.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     19.6±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      4.2±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    483.7±2.45µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      4.1±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    467.9±2.64µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00    302.1±2.34µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     29.3±0.30µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     34.8±0.22µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.5±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1085.6±6.96µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    100.0±0.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    357.6±7.83µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     32.6±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    920.6±5.57µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     87.3±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00   1493.3±7.49µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    142.7±1.63µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1085.9±8.45µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    100.4±0.58µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     82.3±0.65µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.7±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00     66.2±1.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00      8.2±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     38.8±0.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.9±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     89.3±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      8.2±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    135.2±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     16.6±0.21µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      4.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    503.1±7.48µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      4.1±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    469.6±1.58µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00   1250.9±2.86µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    112.9±1.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00    408.2±1.47µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     41.1±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    834.1±4.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     79.9±0.96µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00    275.8±1.32µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     26.4±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00    736.7±4.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00     80.8±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      3.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    250.5±3.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      3.8±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    284.4±4.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00   1874.8±3.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    159.8±0.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    629.3±3.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     42.3±0.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    690.8±2.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     67.3±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     33.2±0.48ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00    587.4±3.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00     89.9±0.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     34.0±0.45ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    798.7±3.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     41.7±0.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00   1427.3±6.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    145.9±2.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    446.7±4.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     42.2±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    530.2±2.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     54.0±1.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      4.8±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    556.2±6.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      4.7±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    541.3±2.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    684.5±4.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     63.6±0.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    355.6±4.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.0±0.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00  1798.3±10.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    193.0±1.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00   1164.8±4.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00     91.9±0.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00  1621.0±12.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    151.7±0.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.3±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    220.7±2.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1799.0±6.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    177.0±0.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    702.9±6.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     51.8±1.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00    827.1±2.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     46.4±0.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    370.7±3.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.9±0.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    714.0±2.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     49.7±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    607.7±6.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     62.1±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      5.1±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    592.4±3.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      5.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    568.9±3.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00   1937.9±5.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    186.2±3.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1046.7±3.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    106.8±0.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1536.2±10.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    149.4±1.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00    885.4±8.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00     96.3±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1929.5±7.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    178.2±1.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.02      5.4±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.4±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.00    397.4±9.06µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    403.6±5.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.00      6.0±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.0±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.00    465.5±1.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    467.6±5.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.02      2.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.00    201.0±0.75µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    204.7±2.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1722.8±8.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    151.2±1.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1599.3±14.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    135.2±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     73.1±0.30ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1552.4±4.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    178.9±4.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00     97.8±1.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00  1746.2±16.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    154.6±1.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      3.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.4±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    329.6±3.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    333.2±1.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.00  1808.2±14.10µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1801.5±12.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.03    158.7±3.16µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    154.2±1.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1877.3±9.63µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1896.7±95.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.02    165.8±1.83µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    163.3±2.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.02      6.9±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.8±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.01    749.8±2.11µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    741.8±2.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      6.9±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.9±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00   745.8±23.00µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    745.4±5.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.01      2.1±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.00    186.5±3.38µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    187.5±1.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1694.1±17.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    150.9±2.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.4±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    351.8±2.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    353.6±5.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.02      2.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.00    217.1±1.09µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    219.3±2.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      3.2±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.00    326.7±2.23µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    326.1±1.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      3.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.7±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00    360.5±1.78µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   363.8±21.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.3±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    344.9±6.32µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    346.9±3.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1532.2±6.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    130.1±1.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00  1749.2±12.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    155.4±2.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1710.5±14.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    150.8±0.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1575.6±6.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    133.4±0.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1863.1±13.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    162.7±1.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.00      6.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.00    700.7±4.86µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   698.1±10.54µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.02      6.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.00    669.8±1.97µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    666.9±3.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.2±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.02    290.5±1.20µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    285.3±8.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.1±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.01    201.9±1.15µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    200.2±2.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    239.0±2.02µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    239.9±1.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00  1828.3±16.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    163.5±0.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00   1338.7±7.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    126.1±0.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00      7.5±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.5±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.00    640.2±4.63µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    642.5±3.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.01      7.5±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.4±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.00    695.4±5.75µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    707.7±5.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      2.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.00    288.9±1.06µs        ? ?/sec    1.05    303.1±1.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    628.7±4.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     49.8±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    521.4±4.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     41.3±0.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    122.7±0.64ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      2.9±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00    313.0±4.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00     93.9±0.47ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00  1251.7±12.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    113.9±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00  1205.3±10.02µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1218.8±17.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.00    117.9±0.96µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    118.4±0.99µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.00  1202.4±10.90µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1199.4±15.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.00    113.5±1.20µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    113.2±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00   1206.6±7.19µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1217.3±89.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.01    114.1±0.91µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    113.4±0.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00   1201.0±2.54µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1195.3±6.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.02    115.2±0.97µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    113.2±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00  1202.0±12.07µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1201.2±8.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.01    114.5±0.86µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    113.0±0.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.01   1206.6±8.67µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1196.3±15.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    114.1±1.14µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    113.9±0.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    409.0±4.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     33.8±0.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      3.8±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.8±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    366.2±1.29µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    367.6±3.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      2.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.00    205.3±6.03µs        ? ?/sec    1.06    217.2±3.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      2.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    191.7±0.63µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    194.3±1.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      2.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00    224.9±0.84µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    225.3±2.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      2.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    208.0±1.74µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    208.3±2.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    339.0±1.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     29.0±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      2.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    143.5±3.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    541.6±3.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     38.6±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    446.0±2.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     33.3±0.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    530.3±2.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     44.3±0.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.00      5.2±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.2±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.00    396.7±2.49µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    402.1±3.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.01      6.1±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.0±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.01    496.6±4.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    493.5±1.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.01      3.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.3±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.02    310.4±2.67µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    304.3±2.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      3.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    298.3±1.54µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    298.4±1.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.01      3.5±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.01    317.6±2.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    314.4±1.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    439.7±5.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     37.3±0.31µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-1ev1lxub-b60917df-zn9x

Instance: c4-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6836378085-4849-pfxxx 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:57:03 UTC 2026 x86_64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                          32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                           52 bits physical, 57 bits virtual
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               GenuineIntel
Model name:                              INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8581C CPU @ 2.30GHz
CPU family:                              6
Model:                                   207
Thread(s) per core:                      2
Core(s) per socket:                      8
Socket(s):                               1
Stepping:                                2
BogoMIPS:                                4600.00
Flags:                                   fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves avx_vnni avx512_bf16 wbnoinvd arat avx512vbmi umip avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid cldemote movdiri movdir64b fsrm md_clear serialize tsxldtrk amx_bf16 avx512_fp16 amx_tile amx_int8 arch_capabilities
Hypervisor vendor:                       KVM
Virtualization type:                     full
L1d cache:                               384 KiB (8 instances)
L1i cache:                               256 KiB (8 instances)
L2 cache:                                16 MiB (8 instances)
L3 cache:                                260 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	770.2s
Peak memory	60.0 MiB
Avg memory	20.3 MiB
CPU user	765.7s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	2680.6s
Peak memory	81.4 MiB
Avg memory	20.0 MiB
CPU user	2667.2s
CPU sys	9.8s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T22:28:31Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    225.2±0.31µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     28.5±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00  1408.5±46.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    120.1±1.70µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00  1781.5±74.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    128.6±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    599.3±5.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     64.1±0.25µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     38.1±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.1±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     69.3±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      6.2±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      5.6±0.22ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00     99.9±1.25µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     13.8±1.05µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      4.0±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00     65.6±0.12µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00      9.3±0.83µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1087.5±10.60µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    116.2±1.70µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00     94.9±2.29µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00      9.3±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00   225.1±14.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     28.8±2.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      5.3±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    346.7±3.27µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      4.3±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    337.1±1.62µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00    298.7±1.81µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     28.4±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     33.7±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.5±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1047.4±3.34µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     97.9±0.30µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    342.2±2.39µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     37.7±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    946.5±2.68µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     95.3±0.10µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00   1391.5±3.82µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    135.8±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1054.6±3.53µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     97.8±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     66.1±0.25µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.9±0.05µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00     65.5±0.11µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00      9.9±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     34.5±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.6±0.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     65.0±0.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      6.0±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00   189.0±11.65µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     23.8±1.44µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      5.3±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    345.1±1.73µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      4.4±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    335.7±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1197.5±11.75µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    113.5±2.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00   448.6±13.82µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     47.1±2.20µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00   798.6±10.14µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     81.9±1.86µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00    267.7±1.28µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     24.6±0.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00    706.0±3.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00     82.8±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      5.5±0.22ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    309.7±2.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      6.2±0.17ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    319.8±4.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00      2.4±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    196.9±1.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    584.3±1.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     42.4±0.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    671.9±2.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     72.6±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     44.8±0.68ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00    656.5±1.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    106.9±0.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     45.8±0.54ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    749.3±1.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     42.6±0.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00  1467.0±10.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    152.2±1.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    421.1±2.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     39.4±0.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   589.2±13.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     62.5±1.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      6.2±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    418.2±2.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      5.2±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    406.2±1.54µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    678.4±2.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     63.1±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    352.5±2.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.4±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1811.9±4.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    177.9±0.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00  1153.6±12.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00     98.9±0.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00   1633.3±3.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    149.3±0.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    203.1±0.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1768.8±5.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    159.3±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    672.8±2.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     52.9±0.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00    788.0±2.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     48.9±1.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    359.8±2.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.8±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    671.1±1.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     51.7±0.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   624.3±11.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     71.7±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      6.2±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    447.1±3.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      5.5±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    442.5±1.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00  1896.7±12.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    183.7±3.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00  1086.3±13.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    116.0±2.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1493.0±14.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    156.6±1.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00    893.4±3.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00     96.0±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1989.3±8.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    181.5±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.00      7.3±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.15      8.4±0.20ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.00    494.7±0.77µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    499.8±2.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.00      8.1±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.13      9.1±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.01    545.8±3.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    538.1±1.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.00      2.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.07      2.8±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.01    245.9±0.51µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    242.8±1.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1709.9±3.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    160.9±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1523.1±3.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    140.0±0.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00    105.5±2.90ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1305.0±5.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    159.9±0.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    146.5±2.69ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00   1786.1±6.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    160.4±0.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    285.2±0.68µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    289.1±1.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1728.7±9.98µs        ? ?/sec    1.04   1801.8±7.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.00    158.5±1.13µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    164.9±0.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1896.5±5.10µs        ? ?/sec    1.02  1942.5±13.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.00    174.9±0.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    175.6±1.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      8.6±0.15ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      8.6±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.02    606.0±5.14µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    595.2±4.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.01      7.9±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.8±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.03    596.5±3.37µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    581.5±2.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.00    231.8±1.19µs        ? ?/sec    1.07    248.0±0.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1660.6±3.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    161.2±0.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    274.0±1.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    277.9±0.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.05      2.7±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.00    222.7±1.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    230.8±0.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.00    307.3±1.83µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    312.8±0.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.01      3.8±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00    325.7±1.71µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    328.3±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      3.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    320.2±1.79µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    318.7±0.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1469.3±4.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    136.9±0.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   1733.8±9.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    160.1±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1699.6±3.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    154.7±0.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1517.9±4.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    139.3±0.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1990.2±13.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    182.9±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.03      8.4±0.15ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      8.1±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.03    571.9±6.87µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    557.2±4.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.01      7.2±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.1±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.01    549.4±2.67µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    542.1±2.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.06      3.5±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00    276.0±1.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.05    290.8±3.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      2.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    207.5±1.21µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    210.7±2.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      3.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.06      3.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    256.5±1.23µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    265.0±2.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00   1870.3±7.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    168.6±0.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    263.4±0.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00     12.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.01     12.9±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.01   1020.0±1.53µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1012.7±3.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.00     12.9±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.01     13.0±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.00   1045.7±3.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1046.6±3.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.00    455.3±1.34µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    454.9±1.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    595.3±1.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     48.9±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    493.5±1.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     42.2±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    214.7±5.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      4.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00    417.9±1.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    244.7±2.67ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00      2.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    232.7±0.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.02    242.2±0.67µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    238.3±1.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.00    233.1±0.90µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    234.4±0.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.00    233.3±0.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    234.0±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    234.0±0.64µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    234.0±0.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.01      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    235.1±0.65µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    234.0±0.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    234.1±0.90µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    235.0±0.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    444.9±0.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     44.1±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.01      5.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    515.6±0.84µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    517.2±1.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      3.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.00    330.5±1.01µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    329.8±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    304.9±0.94µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    306.2±3.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      4.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.01    365.7±0.47µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    362.1±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    328.0±0.54µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    328.5±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    376.7±0.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     38.4±0.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      3.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    273.6±1.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    467.8±2.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     43.0±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    391.9±0.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.9±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    573.1±2.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     52.4±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.03      9.7±0.16ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      9.4±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.00    590.5±0.97µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    589.8±1.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.00     10.3±0.13ms        ? ?/sec    1.00     10.3±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.00    677.8±0.84µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    683.2±0.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      5.4±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      5.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.00    461.9±1.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    464.5±0.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      5.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    454.4±0.67µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    455.6±1.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      5.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      5.7±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.00    475.8±1.11µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    477.6±1.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    485.0±4.93µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     45.2±0.18µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-1afkvotn-5d03c368-fcjq

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6836373591-4847-mn8wm 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:55:25 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	785.2s
Peak memory	56.5 MiB
Avg memory	18.6 MiB
CPU user	781.5s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	2740.6s
Peak memory	80.5 MiB
Avg memory	19.7 MiB
CPU user	2719.5s
CPU sys	14.7s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T22:29:54Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    309.2±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     38.8±0.30µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00  1658.6±23.31µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    133.7±1.76µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00      2.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    151.0±2.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    713.4±8.88µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     71.2±1.52µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     54.3±2.89µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      7.0±0.47µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    107.4±7.59µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      8.0±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      5.5±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00    140.2±1.37µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     17.5±0.28µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      4.0±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00    103.3±0.88µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00     13.0±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1388.1±21.36µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    140.4±3.40µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    130.7±8.21µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     10.5±0.70µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    249.1±1.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     29.8±0.20µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      5.3±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    613.0±6.96µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      5.3±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    606.1±9.21µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00    412.4±6.23µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     39.0±0.58µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     46.3±2.93µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.8±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00  1391.4±26.45µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    137.5±3.20µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    430.2±6.91µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     44.1±0.52µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00  1205.7±18.86µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    120.0±1.59µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00  1840.2±34.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    198.5±3.95µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00  1404.3±25.61µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    137.9±3.10µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     93.0±6.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      7.3±0.24µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    109.6±0.37µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     12.4±0.93µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     51.4±3.78µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      6.2±0.44µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     91.1±6.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      6.6±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    154.5±9.46µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     19.0±1.23µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      6.0±0.20ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    605.9±9.99µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      5.4±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00   620.2±12.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1640.4±16.16µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    145.8±0.93µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00   544.3±10.48µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     54.9±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00   1100.0±7.67µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    107.1±1.45µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00   298.6±20.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     27.3±1.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   991.6±37.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    113.1±0.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      4.0±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    321.7±5.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      4.4±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    346.0±7.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00      2.1±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    201.8±4.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   703.7±47.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     48.7±3.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   771.6±47.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     72.7±4.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     58.1±1.35ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00    759.1±9.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    117.6±1.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     60.9±3.79ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    969.1±5.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     55.5±0.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00  1917.0±24.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    208.4±4.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   531.4±35.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     46.6±3.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    757.2±3.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     77.0±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      5.9±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00   702.3±10.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      6.1±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00   697.9±11.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   944.9±11.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     95.5±0.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   422.6±26.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     41.7±2.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00      2.3±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    246.0±3.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00  1404.9±28.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00    117.2±4.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00      2.1±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    205.7±3.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.8±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    282.9±5.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00      2.3±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    219.4±5.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   847.8±46.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     62.8±3.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00   898.7±64.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     55.4±3.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   429.1±25.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     40.6±2.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   754.9±35.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     53.5±3.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   673.2±37.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     71.0±3.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      7.2±0.21ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00   742.5±12.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      6.7±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00   743.3±13.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    246.0±1.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1399.2±7.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    145.0±1.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00      2.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    210.3±1.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00   985.2±56.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00    103.6±7.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      2.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    239.0±3.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.04      6.4±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.2±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.02    528.0±9.47µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    515.2±9.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.04      7.3±0.22ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.0±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.02    628.9±8.10µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    614.6±9.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.03      2.8±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.01    275.5±8.27µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    272.3±5.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1887.1±119.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00   176.0±11.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1740.8±96.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    150.5±9.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     98.6±1.45ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1949.1±25.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    232.9±2.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    127.1±1.24ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00      2.2±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    201.6±1.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      4.4±0.15ms        ? ?/sec    1.06      4.6±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00   421.4±26.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.09   457.2±12.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.15      2.3±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.0±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.18    212.1±5.23µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   180.4±11.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00      2.4±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.00    224.9±5.58µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    229.1±1.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      9.4±0.26ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      9.5±0.22ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.02   959.1±15.07µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   944.8±12.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      8.6±0.77ms        ? ?/sec    1.09      9.4±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00   773.8±16.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.25   966.6±14.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      2.6±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.00    244.4±3.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    249.1±1.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1992.9±119.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00   183.7±13.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      4.4±0.09ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      4.5±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.01    453.7±7.18µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    447.1±7.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.00      3.1±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.1±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.03    305.7±5.46µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   297.0±11.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      4.2±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.2±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.00    435.5±8.42µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    438.7±6.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      4.3±0.27ms        ? ?/sec    1.13      4.8±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00   463.4±22.09µs        ? ?/sec    1.05   486.5±10.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.02      4.5±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.4±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    445.1±8.35µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   449.4±10.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1925.7±68.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    164.9±7.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      2.0±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    189.7±9.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1847.3±102.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    167.9±9.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1703.7±94.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00   148.5±10.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00      2.0±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    185.5±9.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.00      8.6±0.29ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      9.0±0.21ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.03   887.4±11.23µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   862.7±15.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.00      7.8±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.07      8.4±0.27ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.00   809.1±54.51µs        ? ?/sec    1.09   879.6±24.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      4.0±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.05      4.2±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00    376.2±5.43µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    383.8±6.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.8±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.9±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    280.9±5.46µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    285.9±2.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      3.5±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    332.3±8.32µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    333.7±1.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00  1967.8±114.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00   179.9±10.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00  1810.7±20.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    177.8±3.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00     10.0±0.16ms        ? ?/sec    1.00     10.0±0.44ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.03   866.8±16.63µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   842.3±10.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.03      9.9±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      9.6±0.23ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.02   940.7±18.30µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   921.1±17.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.04      3.2±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.0±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.00   388.2±16.82µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    387.1±7.99µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   731.4±41.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     55.5±3.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   600.7±39.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     46.6±2.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    137.2±1.17ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      3.5±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00    386.1±5.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    146.1±5.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00  1528.2±10.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    141.3±1.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00  1517.5±43.07µs        ? ?/sec    1.04  1571.3±23.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.00    145.5±4.30µs        ? ?/sec    1.05    152.2±4.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.09  1526.5±27.21µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1394.9±85.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.17    150.3±2.54µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   128.6±10.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00  1539.7±21.27µs        ? ?/sec    1.02   1567.0±8.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.00    148.5±3.51µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    150.3±0.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00  1531.6±19.71µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1549.2±22.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    147.4±3.09µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    147.2±2.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00  1208.5±14.27µs        ? ?/sec    1.27  1529.2±22.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    147.3±2.48µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    148.1±2.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00  1529.9±20.68µs        ? ?/sec    1.03  1568.5±21.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    147.9±2.06µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    154.5±1.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   459.0±26.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     38.9±2.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      5.0±0.08ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      5.0±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00   517.4±14.49µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    520.4±9.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      2.7±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.00    283.8±6.61µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    291.2±7.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      2.8±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.8±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    260.6±3.95µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    261.4±3.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      2.8±0.16ms        ? ?/sec    1.17      3.3±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00   296.6±15.57µs        ? ?/sec    1.05    311.9±5.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      3.0±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.1±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    290.2±5.31µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    290.2±4.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   436.3±11.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     35.2±2.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      2.4±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00   158.0±11.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   611.1±39.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     42.6±2.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   511.8±34.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     36.3±2.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   581.0±36.22µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     45.9±2.42µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.01      6.4±0.09ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.3±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.01   533.4±12.49µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   528.7±22.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.00      7.5±0.20ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      7.7±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.00   568.9±35.32µs        ? ?/sec    1.20   683.4±10.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      4.3±0.08ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      4.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.00    413.2±8.90µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    422.2±6.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      4.3±0.13ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      4.4±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    412.8±7.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    413.6±2.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      4.6±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      4.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.00    428.2±8.56µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    440.7±1.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   477.7±28.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     38.9±2.14µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-1ev1lxub-3df3c234-xmx6

Instance: c4-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6836380688-4850-pqt9k 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:57:03 UTC 2026 x86_64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                          32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                           52 bits physical, 57 bits virtual
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               GenuineIntel
Model name:                              INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8581C CPU @ 2.30GHz
CPU family:                              6
Model:                                   207
Thread(s) per core:                      2
Core(s) per socket:                      8
Socket(s):                               1
Stepping:                                2
BogoMIPS:                                4600.00
Flags:                                   fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves avx_vnni avx512_bf16 wbnoinvd arat avx512vbmi umip avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid cldemote movdiri movdir64b fsrm md_clear serialize tsxldtrk amx_bf16 avx512_fp16 amx_tile amx_int8 arch_capabilities
Hypervisor vendor:                       KVM
Virtualization type:                     full
L1d cache:                               384 KiB (8 instances)
L1i cache:                               256 KiB (8 instances)
L2 cache:                                16 MiB (8 instances)
L3 cache:                                260 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	795.2s
Peak memory	58.8 MiB
Avg memory	20.8 MiB
CPU user	790.3s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	2725.6s
Peak memory	83.1 MiB
Avg memory	21.5 MiB
CPU user	2712.3s
CPU sys	10.9s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-12T22:30:14Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (d3824b8) to cd91f89 (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    226.4±0.38µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     28.3±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00   1192.5±6.31µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    118.3±1.65µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00   1471.0±5.14µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    129.4±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    572.7±2.20µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     64.2±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     38.7±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.2±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     67.7±0.16µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      6.2±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      3.4±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00     93.3±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     12.0±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      2.4±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00     65.4±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00      8.4±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1090.2±10.63µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    116.4±1.60µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00     93.2±1.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00      9.1±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00   224.8±14.68µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     28.0±1.87µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      3.4±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    343.3±2.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      3.1±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    328.7±0.90µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00    298.5±1.94µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     28.3±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     34.2±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.7±0.14µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1036.6±2.79µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     97.8±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    340.2±2.50µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     37.3±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    940.1±2.77µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     95.2±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00   1382.9±2.90µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    138.4±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1045.6±2.74µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     97.8±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     66.0±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.7±0.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00     65.0±0.12µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00      8.4±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     35.0±0.05µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.7±0.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     65.3±0.22µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.8±0.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00   187.0±13.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     23.8±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      3.5±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    344.1±3.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      3.1±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    328.0±1.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1149.7±14.40µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    112.1±2.81µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00   446.3±14.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     46.9±2.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    785.8±9.94µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     82.6±1.98µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00    268.4±1.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     24.5±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00    665.4±1.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00     78.5±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      3.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    300.1±1.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      3.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    326.4±1.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00   1972.1±5.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    190.3±0.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    579.4±1.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     42.8±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    661.6±1.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     72.9±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     39.6±0.52ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00    658.7±2.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    108.2±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     38.1±0.60ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    756.5±1.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     43.7±0.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00  1469.9±11.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    152.9±1.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    443.1±3.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     39.9±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   586.5±14.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     62.4±1.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      4.1±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    406.7±3.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      3.7±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    398.5±1.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    675.1±4.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     62.9±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    359.1±2.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     35.2±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1793.8±2.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    180.3±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00   1111.1±4.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00     97.3±0.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00   1620.4±2.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    148.6±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    203.7±0.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1753.7±4.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    159.9±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    673.5±1.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     52.8±0.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00    778.2±2.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     48.3±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    359.0±3.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.9±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    662.2±1.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     51.3±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   618.6±12.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     70.7±1.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      4.5±0.19ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    441.9±3.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      4.2±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    433.1±1.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00  1850.1±13.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    181.7±2.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00  1065.9±13.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    115.1±2.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1445.9±9.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    154.8±2.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00    880.6±1.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00     94.8±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1948.3±3.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    177.2±0.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.00      6.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      6.5±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.01    494.3±1.14µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    487.4±1.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.00      6.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      6.8±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.00    547.3±1.64µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    548.4±1.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.00      2.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.05      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.01    246.2±0.26µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    244.1±0.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1690.5±2.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    155.7±0.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1504.6±1.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    135.5±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     76.8±0.60ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1277.7±2.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    155.3±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    109.1±0.65ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00   1702.4±2.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    158.7±0.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    275.6±0.63µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    278.1±1.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1721.3±7.88µs        ? ?/sec    1.03   1772.3±4.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.00    155.1±0.95µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    158.8±0.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1887.3±6.57µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1894.4±14.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.01    172.3±0.89µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    170.7±1.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.03      6.8±0.22ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.5±0.30ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.00    592.9±4.57µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    596.3±5.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      6.0±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      6.3±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    574.6±1.77µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    581.7±2.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.01    232.5±0.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    230.9±0.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1655.8±3.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    155.4±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.9±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    274.0±1.13µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    280.4±0.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.01    224.8±1.14µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    222.3±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.00    305.1±1.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    303.6±0.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00    331.6±1.22µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    332.0±0.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.01      3.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.2±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.01    319.1±1.39µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    316.2±0.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1469.2±6.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    133.6±0.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   1697.7±3.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    155.6±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1687.3±1.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    150.3±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1505.0±1.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    133.9±0.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1969.4±13.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    177.4±1.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.00      5.9±0.22ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      6.1±0.26ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.00    537.3±3.46µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    554.8±5.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.00      5.5±0.11ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      5.7±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.00    533.1±1.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    541.5±2.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      3.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00    278.1±1.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    281.4±3.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.02    207.5±1.23µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    203.1±2.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      2.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    255.9±1.32µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    258.1±2.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00   1843.1±2.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    162.3±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00      3.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    266.1±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00     12.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00     12.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.00   1000.6±1.03µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   1010.8±1.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.00     12.1±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.01     12.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.00   1036.6±1.83µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   1043.2±1.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.00    450.5±0.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    468.0±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    597.9±1.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     49.0±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    490.3±0.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     41.5±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    163.7±1.27ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      4.0±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00    410.6±1.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    187.6±4.70ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    235.1±0.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.00    239.4±0.51µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    241.4±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.01    239.3±1.12µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    236.2±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.01    239.0±0.80µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    236.4±0.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.01    239.4±0.67µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    237.5±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.01    239.2±0.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    236.8±0.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.01    239.8±0.86µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    236.4±0.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    447.4±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     44.2±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      5.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    515.7±1.09µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    526.1±0.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      3.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.00    329.8±0.50µs        ? ?/sec    1.05    347.3±0.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    304.6±0.63µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    317.6±0.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      4.0±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00    348.4±0.64µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    361.4±0.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    327.7±0.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    337.5±0.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    375.7±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.7±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    277.6±1.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    465.6±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     43.0±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    390.7±0.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.2±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    566.0±0.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     52.3±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.00      7.8±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      7.9±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.00    593.6±0.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    596.9±0.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.00      8.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      8.8±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.01    682.5±2.37µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    676.2±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      5.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.4±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.00    459.9±0.77µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    472.3±0.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.02    463.6±0.51µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    453.2±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      5.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      5.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.02    483.9±0.87µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    476.4±1.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    470.0±0.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     44.4±0.15µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-mmrqzil7-d086d2ea-4wb4

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6836375961-4848-bfqx4 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:55:25 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	790.2s
Peak memory	57.8 MiB
Avg memory	19.7 MiB
CPU user	783.6s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	2710.6s
Peak memory	81.9 MiB
Avg memory	20.4 MiB
CPU user	2691.9s
CPU sys	14.5s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-13T02:27:19Z

run benchmark lexsort

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T02:27:25Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-13T02:27:26Z

run benchmark lexsort

env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6

mbutrovich · 2026-11-13T02:27:31Z

run benchmark lexsort

resources:
  arch: amd64

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T02:27:33Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T02:27:37Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-13T02:27:38Z

run benchmark lexsort

env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
resources:
  arch: amd64

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T02:27:41Z

🤖 Benchmark starting (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Sharding factor: 1 (1 workers).

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Results will be posted when all workers finish.

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T03:37:16Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    284.0±7.67µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     36.2±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00  1626.0±30.49µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    118.5±5.87µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00  1888.6±41.22µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    144.2±6.16µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00   712.0±10.50µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     67.1±3.07µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     60.1±2.58µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      7.8±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    129.8±5.88µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     10.8±0.41µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      5.2±0.17ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00    140.5±3.88µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     17.2±0.96µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      3.9±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00    103.9±1.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00     12.6±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1390.1±33.98µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    141.5±3.82µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    137.8±5.93µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     12.3±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00   215.5±10.57µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     27.5±1.33µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      4.9±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00   574.6±18.23µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      4.9±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00   579.5±16.72µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00   391.9±16.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     39.5±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     47.6±1.16µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.5±0.21µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00  1334.3±64.95µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    123.3±5.41µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00   394.2±15.21µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     42.4±1.59µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00  1165.0±48.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    115.3±4.05µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00  1808.1±68.41µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    176.4±9.87µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00  1341.2±43.45µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    126.0±4.75µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    102.7±1.64µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      7.5±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    101.1±3.62µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     12.6±0.57µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     55.4±2.27µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      6.8±0.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    104.0±2.82µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      7.5±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    175.1±4.47µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     20.9±0.93µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      5.0±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00   598.5±10.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      5.0±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00   572.3±20.99µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1549.5±55.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    144.0±4.97µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00   515.7±16.47µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     51.9±2.37µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00  1005.2±40.78µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     98.4±3.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00    346.3±9.38µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     33.0±1.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   940.2±13.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    100.7±7.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      3.8±0.17ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00   293.8±15.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      4.1±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00   343.3±14.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00      2.0±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    193.0±7.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   783.1±10.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     55.6±1.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   836.6±34.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     88.1±2.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     39.7±1.39ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00   734.8±31.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    118.9±6.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     42.0±1.45ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                          1.00     22.8±0.82ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                         1.00     22.8±0.52ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                       1.00     24.3±0.57ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00  1012.1±47.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                            1.00    315.2±7.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                           1.00   317.2±12.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                           1.00   357.2±15.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     54.0±2.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00  1859.3±57.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    213.2±8.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   568.4±15.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     49.5±1.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   701.5±27.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     73.8±2.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      5.5±0.19ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00   655.9±29.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      5.7±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00   662.7±25.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   896.7±30.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     99.1±4.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   448.0±13.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     43.8±2.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00      2.2±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00   233.2±11.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00  1325.7±55.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00    117.2±6.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00      2.0±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    205.6±5.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.8±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    280.7±9.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00      2.1±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    219.2±8.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   878.9±15.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     62.7±1.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                   1.00     23.5±0.80ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                                  1.00     23.9±0.52ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                                1.00     25.6±0.63ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00  1047.5±25.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                     1.00    344.9±9.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                    1.00   352.8±16.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                    1.00   390.5±15.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     59.1±1.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   460.4±16.24µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     44.3±2.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   865.2±27.42µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     67.4±5.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   780.0±24.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     78.1±3.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      6.0±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00   701.6±26.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      6.0±0.17ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00   691.1±27.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.4±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    247.4±7.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     45.8±1.76ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00     46.3±1.64ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                             1.00     48.6±1.59ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00  1300.0±50.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                  1.00   774.1±14.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                 1.00   749.2±33.78µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                 1.00   793.7±33.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    136.9±7.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1823.0±73.22µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    203.4±6.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00  1129.0±36.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00    125.9±4.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      2.3±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    219.1±5.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.00      5.7±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      5.9±0.19ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.00   482.5±22.32µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   488.5±18.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.00      6.5±0.24ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      6.7±0.19ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.00   552.3±23.65µs        ? ?/sec    1.06   587.7±17.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.00      2.5±0.08ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.6±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.00    245.3±9.82µs        ? ?/sec    1.04   255.0±12.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00      2.0±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    192.7±8.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1792.8±92.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    168.1±4.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     78.4±3.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1869.4±72.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    213.4±7.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    104.4±3.70ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00      2.1±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    194.3±8.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      4.2±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      4.2±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00   415.3±15.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.03   428.4±13.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.00      2.1±0.09ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.1±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.00    189.7±8.21µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    193.8±4.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00      2.2±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.2±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.00    207.1±9.45µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    207.8±5.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      7.8±0.32ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      8.1±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.00   875.8±34.69µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   881.7±31.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      8.0±0.24ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      8.3±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00   882.9±31.36µs        ? ?/sec    1.04   914.7±24.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      2.4±0.09ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.4±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.00   219.6±11.60µs        ? ?/sec    1.03   226.9±11.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1966.6±72.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    188.7±6.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      4.0±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.07      4.2±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.03   404.6±16.14µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   392.7±16.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.04      2.8±0.11ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.01   281.7±10.08µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    277.8±9.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      3.7±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.06      3.9±0.17ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.00   394.7±17.59µs        ? ?/sec    1.03   404.8±13.22µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      4.4±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      4.6±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.02   445.1±24.57µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   436.6±16.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.02      4.1±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.0±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00   408.7±20.68µs        ? ?/sec    1.03   422.8±15.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1809.6±55.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    158.5±3.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      2.1±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    193.1±5.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1999.6±63.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    185.3±7.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1859.6±35.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    161.3±5.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00      2.2±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    199.8±9.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.00      7.3±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      7.5±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.00   812.8±31.98µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   821.1±26.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.00      7.2±0.25ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      7.4±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.00   781.3±37.95µs        ? ?/sec    1.06   829.3±33.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.8±0.13ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.8±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00   345.0±15.57µs        ? ?/sec    1.05   363.6±14.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.01      2.6±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.6±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.03   265.4±12.37µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   258.4±10.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      3.1±0.13ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      3.2±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00   314.9±10.04µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    318.0±9.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00      2.2±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    200.4±4.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00  1703.4±25.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    162.7±4.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00      9.0±0.38ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      9.1±0.49ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.00   807.9±29.35µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   807.5±28.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.00      8.9±0.44ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      9.2±0.35ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.02   887.0±35.43µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   869.2±31.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      2.7±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.05      2.9±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.00   346.2±17.60µs        ? ?/sec    1.05   363.3±15.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   822.8±13.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     62.5±1.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   677.6±14.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     52.4±2.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    133.1±2.99ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      3.8±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00   408.2±17.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    104.0±4.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                     1.00      2.3±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                    1.00      3.2±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                  1.00     72.6±2.55ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00  1665.4±51.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                       1.00    102.8±3.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                      1.00   467.6±17.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                      1.00  1196.4±48.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    159.2±5.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.04  1661.9±53.45µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1597.9±39.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.04    162.3±6.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    155.7±6.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.00  1586.6±71.17µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1604.9±42.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.00    153.8±7.56µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    160.2±3.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00  1568.8±67.35µs        ? ?/sec    1.02  1595.2±53.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.00    159.2±5.78µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    159.2±4.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00  1578.6±60.78µs        ? ?/sec    1.03  1618.1±41.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    152.0±6.35µs        ? ?/sec    1.06    161.1±2.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00  1603.5±45.45µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1615.2±58.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.02    159.4±4.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    156.9±6.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00  1542.6±73.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1545.4±73.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.03    158.4±5.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    153.2±6.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   498.6±18.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     41.3±1.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      4.5±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      4.6±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.01   438.5±18.61µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   432.2±18.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      2.5±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.5±0.10ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.03    259.2±5.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   251.2±15.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      2.4±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.04      2.5±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    229.7±9.52µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    237.1±9.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      3.0±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.0±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00   277.1±12.90µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   276.8±11.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      2.8±0.09ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.8±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00   242.8±11.33µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   245.5±13.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   430.2±13.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     36.7±1.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                              1.00      2.3±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                             1.00      3.4±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                           1.00     87.8±1.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      2.6±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                1.00    102.2±4.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00   593.6±15.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                               1.00  1473.4±64.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    186.7±7.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   697.0±18.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     46.3±1.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   565.1±19.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     41.8±1.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   653.3±22.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     52.0±1.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.00      5.9±0.28ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      6.0±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.00   495.3±16.13µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   496.4±16.54µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.00      7.1±0.27ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      7.3±0.23ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.00   616.8±26.55µs        ? ?/sec    1.04   642.8±15.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      3.9±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.05      4.0±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.00   370.3±17.00µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   373.9±17.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                           1.00      6.8±0.32ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                          1.00      8.4±0.33ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                        1.00    167.4±3.98ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      4.0±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.1±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                             1.00    282.1±9.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                            1.00  1024.1±50.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                            1.00      2.5±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.03   366.1±18.30µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   356.1±18.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      4.1±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      4.1±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.01   408.4±12.11µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   402.7±15.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   548.5±17.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     45.0±1.32µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-1kxm755f-e4e6be63-5zv5

Instance: c4-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6841996567-4878-h2cvm 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:57:03 UTC 2026 x86_64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                          32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                           52 bits physical, 57 bits virtual
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               GenuineIntel
Model name:                              INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8581C CPU @ 2.30GHz
CPU family:                              6
Model:                                   207
Thread(s) per core:                      2
Core(s) per socket:                      8
Socket(s):                               1
Stepping:                                2
BogoMIPS:                                4600.00
Flags:                                   fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves avx_vnni avx512_bf16 wbnoinvd arat avx512vbmi umip avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid cldemote movdiri movdir64b fsrm md_clear serialize tsxldtrk amx_bf16 avx512_fp16 amx_tile amx_int8 arch_capabilities
Hypervisor vendor:                       KVM
Virtualization type:                     full
L1d cache:                               384 KiB (8 instances)
L1i cache:                               256 KiB (8 instances)
L2 cache:                                16 MiB (8 instances)
L3 cache:                                260 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	795.2s
Peak memory	57.7 MiB
Avg memory	19.9 MiB
CPU user	789.4s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	3100.7s
Peak memory	121.8 MiB
Avg memory	22.5 MiB
CPU user	3034.1s
CPU sys	60.4s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T03:37:24Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    225.7±0.16µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     28.5±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00  1209.0±19.88µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    118.6±1.48µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00  1461.6±22.99µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    129.0±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    571.3±2.98µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     63.5±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     38.3±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.1±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     69.6±0.24µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      6.1±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      4.2±0.43ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00     93.0±0.11µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     12.0±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      2.9±0.25ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00     65.1±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00      9.0±0.73µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1089.3±10.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    116.6±1.63µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00     91.6±0.74µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00      9.0±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00   223.5±14.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     28.1±1.81µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      4.7±0.32ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    341.3±2.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      3.6±0.31ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    330.9±2.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00    298.0±2.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     29.0±0.49µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     34.5±1.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.5±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1037.2±2.83µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     96.9±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    334.9±1.42µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     37.1±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    944.4±2.37µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     95.4±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00   1380.1±2.67µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    129.8±0.37µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1042.8±4.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     96.8±0.42µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     64.4±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.7±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00     65.0±0.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00      8.4±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     34.9±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.6±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     66.4±0.22µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.8±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00   187.9±13.32µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     23.6±1.52µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      4.3±0.38ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    341.7±2.74µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      3.9±0.21ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    330.0±1.89µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1177.8±12.57µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    114.0±2.85µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00   445.7±14.16µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     47.6±2.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    784.8±9.67µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     81.9±1.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00    267.1±1.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     25.1±0.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00    701.3±2.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00     83.2±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      3.9±0.27ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    309.6±1.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      4.1±0.21ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    328.4±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00  1986.8±38.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    190.4±0.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    580.6±2.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     41.9±0.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    667.4±1.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     72.5±0.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     41.2±1.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00    652.1±1.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    106.8±0.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     41.0±0.87ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                          1.00     23.4±0.85ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                         1.00     24.0±0.82ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                       1.00     25.4±0.92ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    741.3±1.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                            1.00    239.0±0.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                           1.00    249.0±0.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                           1.00    278.4±1.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     42.3±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00   1514.8±8.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    157.4±1.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    419.3±1.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     39.2±0.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   631.3±11.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     68.3±1.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      5.7±0.28ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    420.8±3.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      4.3±0.36ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    407.9±2.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    727.0±7.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     69.0±0.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    353.6±1.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.1±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1831.2±7.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    180.8±1.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00  1143.9±15.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00    102.5±0.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00   1678.4±8.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    155.0±0.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    207.6±1.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1794.6±9.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    163.0±1.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    671.4±1.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     52.8±0.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                   1.00     25.4±0.59ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                                  1.00     25.4±0.57ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                                1.00     25.9±1.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00    783.2±2.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                     1.00    295.9±2.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                    1.00    303.3±2.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                    1.00    322.6±2.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     48.5±0.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    355.7±1.42µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     34.5±0.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    668.3±1.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     51.3±0.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    660.9±9.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     75.8±1.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      5.7±0.28ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    448.5±3.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      5.0±0.33ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    441.0±2.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00  1909.6±11.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    190.8±2.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     48.5±0.78ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00     48.4±0.74ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                             1.00     49.0±1.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1117.8±9.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                  1.00   669.1±13.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                 1.00   678.4±13.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                 1.00   707.5±13.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    122.7±1.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1497.8±10.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    162.6±1.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00    931.1±7.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00    102.0±0.84µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1964.7±3.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    180.9±0.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.04      7.2±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.9±0.27ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.00    500.0±1.10µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    498.2±1.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.04      7.4±0.38ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.2±0.31ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.00    555.4±1.89µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    553.4±0.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.00    243.6±0.34µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    244.9±0.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1698.5±3.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    158.4±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1512.7±2.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    138.4±0.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     87.2±4.50ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1282.1±2.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    159.1±0.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    121.0±5.49ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00   1712.5±3.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    163.3±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.1±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    280.4±0.72µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    281.7±1.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1730.6±7.51µs        ? ?/sec    1.02   1768.9±2.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.00    160.1±1.05µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    160.7±0.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1898.6±6.80µs        ? ?/sec    1.01  1914.7±15.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.00    175.4±1.09µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    177.4±1.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      7.7±0.31ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.7±0.31ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.00    596.3±4.25µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    594.7±5.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      6.9±0.36ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      7.1±0.27ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    581.7±2.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    579.6±2.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.07    243.2±0.84µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    227.2±0.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1647.2±4.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    156.1±0.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.02    274.0±1.56µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    269.1±0.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.06    236.1±1.14µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    222.4±0.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.01      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.06    314.2±1.42µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    297.7±0.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      3.7±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00    325.9±1.56µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    326.7±0.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.01      3.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.2±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.04    322.0±1.61µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    309.0±0.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1455.1±2.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    130.8±0.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   1710.3±4.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    162.2±0.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1692.7±2.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    153.5±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1510.1±2.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    135.7±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1966.7±15.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    180.5±1.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.00      7.1±0.56ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      7.1±0.45ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.00    547.6±3.65µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    554.0±4.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.00      6.5±0.36ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      6.6±0.28ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.01    540.8±3.02µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    537.1±2.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00    280.2±1.87µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    286.5±2.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    208.4±1.30µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    212.7±2.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      3.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    258.2±1.35µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    258.4±1.99µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00   1836.7±2.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    161.4±0.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    264.2±0.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00     12.6±0.03ms        ? ?/sec    1.01     12.7±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.01   1010.8±2.01µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1005.5±1.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.01     12.6±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.00     12.5±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.00   1041.9±1.99µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1046.2±2.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.02    467.6±0.86µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    456.8±1.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    596.4±2.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     48.9±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    489.6±1.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     41.4±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    180.9±7.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      4.0±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00    415.5±1.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    218.6±5.68ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                     1.00      2.2±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                    1.00      2.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                  1.00     83.7±1.51ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                       1.00     85.9±0.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                      1.00    353.2±0.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                      1.00    950.5±2.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    235.7±0.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.03    245.6±0.81µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    239.2±0.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.00    234.9±0.71µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    239.6±1.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.00    235.3±0.54µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    235.6±0.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    237.2±0.65µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    238.6±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    237.5±0.80µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    238.0±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    236.8±0.96µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    237.8±0.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    446.3±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     44.3±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      5.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    519.3±0.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    516.8±1.42µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      3.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.03    342.4±0.55µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    331.8±0.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.03    318.5±0.82µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    308.1±0.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      4.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00    351.0±0.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    363.7±1.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.03    339.5±0.53µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    330.6±0.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    373.5±0.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.8±0.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                              1.00      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                             1.00      3.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                           1.00     98.4±2.79ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     88.7±0.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00    445.4±1.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                               1.00   1220.0±2.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    272.9±0.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    464.8±0.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     43.1±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    385.6±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.2±0.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    566.9±1.36µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     52.3±0.21µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.00      8.5±0.42ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      8.7±0.42ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.00    587.4±1.19µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    589.1±0.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.00      9.6±0.27ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      9.6±0.40ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.00    677.7±0.75µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    683.4±1.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      5.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.00    460.4±0.83µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    462.0±2.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                           1.00      6.3±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                          1.00      8.0±0.19ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                        1.00   225.4±11.95ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                             1.00    208.0±1.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                            1.00    872.0±4.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                            1.00      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    452.0±0.88µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    454.8±1.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      5.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.03    488.5±0.96µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    474.5±1.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    471.1±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     44.3±0.15µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-lxiegy2m-6da527fb-j6lg

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6841993501-4876-bmq2k 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:55:25 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	785.2s
Peak memory	56.5 MiB
Avg memory	18.5 MiB
CPU user	782.5s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	3135.7s
Peak memory	124.1 MiB
Avg memory	21.8 MiB
CPU user	3067.3s
CPU sys	63.4s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T03:37:32Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00    225.7±1.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     28.3±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00   1195.9±4.90µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    118.5±1.66µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00   1461.6±6.28µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    133.9±0.27µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    572.1±2.56µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     64.3±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     40.4±0.24µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.2±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     68.5±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      6.2±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      3.4±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00     97.8±1.99µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     12.0±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      2.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00     65.1±0.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00      8.5±0.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1088.8±11.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    115.7±1.64µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00     92.5±0.98µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00      9.1±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00   224.4±14.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     28.6±1.90µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      3.4±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    344.6±2.08µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      3.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    328.3±0.84µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00    301.8±1.53µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     28.1±0.56µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     34.1±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.6±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1044.5±3.47µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    102.5±0.49µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    355.6±1.81µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     37.3±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00    944.8±1.92µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     94.5±0.10µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00   1384.0±3.78µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    142.6±0.55µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1047.8±3.96µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    102.5±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     64.7±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.7±0.01µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00     65.2±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00      8.5±0.38µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     38.4±1.20µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      4.7±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     66.6±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      5.8±0.00µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00   188.2±12.65µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     23.7±1.52µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      3.2±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    347.6±2.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      3.0±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    328.0±1.03µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1174.3±12.85µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    111.5±2.76µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00   452.1±13.48µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     46.9±2.21µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00   787.9±10.23µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     84.9±1.81µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00    271.6±1.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     24.3±0.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00    668.4±2.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00     80.0±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      3.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    306.2±1.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      3.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    331.6±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00   1967.7±4.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    191.6±0.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    576.5±1.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     43.0±0.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    666.5±2.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     72.6±0.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     38.3±0.29ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00    667.1±1.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    107.7±0.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     36.0±0.35ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                          1.00     21.5±0.21ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                         1.00     21.4±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                       1.00     22.4±0.13ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00    766.8±2.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                            1.00    245.5±0.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                           1.00    258.0±3.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                           1.00    281.9±0.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     43.2±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00   1517.2±9.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    156.3±1.39µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    423.7±1.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     39.6±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   636.6±12.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     68.2±1.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      4.1±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    409.6±3.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      3.6±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    403.8±2.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    724.7±5.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     68.5±0.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    356.1±1.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     35.1±0.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1842.0±6.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    192.7±0.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00   1144.5±6.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00    102.6±0.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00   1679.2±8.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    154.2±0.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    218.9±1.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   1804.6±5.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    176.7±0.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    672.1±2.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     53.2±0.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                   1.00     23.3±0.36ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                                  1.00     22.8±0.43ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                                1.00     24.2±0.33ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00    779.8±2.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                     1.00    283.9±0.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                    1.00    302.1±2.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                    1.00    318.5±0.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     48.1±0.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00    359.7±0.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     35.1±0.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00    668.6±1.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     51.3±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   665.5±11.38µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     75.9±1.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      4.1±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    450.7±2.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      4.0±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    438.1±1.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00  1913.2±11.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    188.3±2.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     44.4±0.54ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00     44.4±0.47ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                             1.00     46.6±0.48ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00  1114.9±11.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                  1.00   673.4±12.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                 1.00   681.0±12.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                 1.00   707.3±11.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    121.4±1.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1495.2±8.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    163.0±1.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00    933.6±6.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00    101.2±0.73µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1959.6±6.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    179.8±0.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.00      6.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.01    497.4±1.50µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    493.9±1.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.00      6.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.00    549.8±1.49µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    551.7±1.45µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.00    241.2±0.24µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    246.2±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1690.4±2.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    158.4±0.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1504.2±2.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    136.5±0.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     75.8±0.47ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00   1280.4±1.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    158.3±0.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    107.7±0.44ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00   1701.1±2.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    162.0±0.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.01    281.1±0.74µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    279.6±1.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1733.9±6.84µs        ? ?/sec    1.02   1764.6±2.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.00    157.2±0.88µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    160.3±0.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00   1894.6±7.21µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1888.7±14.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.00    174.6±0.99µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    177.7±2.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.07      7.0±0.25ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      6.5±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.00    589.7±3.71µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    592.9±5.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.04      6.1±0.17ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.9±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    573.9±2.18µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    577.0±2.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.01    231.2±0.71µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    229.2±0.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1657.9±4.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    157.6±1.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.9±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    272.3±1.24µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    274.9±0.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.00    223.1±1.02µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    224.5±0.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.03    310.2±1.55µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    302.1±0.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00    327.3±1.37µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    331.5±0.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.01      3.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.2±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    316.0±1.23µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    315.3±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1466.8±6.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    137.4±3.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   1693.3±2.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    161.1±0.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00   1687.3±2.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    153.9±0.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00   1506.9±2.44µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    135.1±0.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1973.7±13.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    180.5±1.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.08      6.2±0.22ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.7±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.00    540.4±4.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    551.4±4.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.07      5.9±0.23ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.5±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.00    532.2±2.93µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    541.1±2.08µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.4±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00    276.0±1.88µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    277.0±2.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.00    207.0±1.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    209.1±2.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      3.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    254.1±1.43µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    254.1±2.23µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00   1846.3±2.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    161.4±0.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00      3.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    265.9±0.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00     12.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00     12.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.00   1005.7±1.92µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   1012.0±0.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.00     12.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00     12.1±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.00   1038.1±1.21µs        ? ?/sec    1.00   1041.0±1.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.04    465.7±0.74µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    449.0±1.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    592.8±1.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     48.9±0.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    488.8±0.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     41.5±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    163.1±0.77ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      4.0±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00    414.4±1.01µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    180.3±2.53ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                     1.00      2.2±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                    1.00      2.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                  1.00     79.0±0.85ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                       1.00     85.8±0.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                      1.00    352.7±0.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                      1.00    947.6±1.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    235.2±0.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.00    237.1±0.52µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    239.3±0.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.00    235.0±0.71µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    238.6±0.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.00    234.7±0.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    236.7±0.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.01      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    234.8±0.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    236.9±0.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    235.5±0.78µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    237.4±0.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    236.0±0.76µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    238.7±0.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    446.7±0.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     44.2±0.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      5.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.7±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.03    527.0±1.46µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    513.2±0.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      3.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.02    346.8±0.50µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    339.0±0.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.6±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    317.4±0.54µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    318.4±0.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      4.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.1±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00    348.2±0.66µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    349.7±0.46µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      3.8±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    337.0±0.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    342.0±0.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    374.0±0.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.7±0.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                              1.00      2.2±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                             1.00      3.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                           1.00     93.4±0.85ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      3.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     87.8±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00    448.1±2.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                               1.00   1217.4±5.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    272.7±1.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00    464.2±0.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     43.1±0.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    388.5±0.64µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     37.2±0.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00    564.7±0.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     52.3±0.18µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.00      7.8±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      7.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.01    594.9±0.52µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    589.4±0.63µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.01      8.8±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      8.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.00    675.3±2.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    674.5±1.16µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.02    472.0±0.50µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    461.6±1.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                           1.00      5.6±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                          1.00      7.1±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                        1.00    200.4±1.79ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      5.3±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                             1.00    217.1±1.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                            1.00    870.1±7.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                            1.00      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    451.3±0.75µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    450.9±0.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      5.5±0.00ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      5.5±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.00    483.3±1.10µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    483.6±0.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00    469.0±0.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     44.3±0.18µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-lxiegy2m-b02d82b1-wtxz

Instance: c4a-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6841995229-4877-69gxn 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:55:25 UTC 2026 aarch64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            aarch64
CPU op-mode(s):                          64-bit
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               ARM
Model name:                              Neoverse-V2
Model:                                   1
Thread(s) per core:                      1
Core(s) per cluster:                     16
Socket(s):                               -
Cluster(s):                              1
Stepping:                                r0p1
BogoMIPS:                                2000.00
Flags:                                   fp asimd evtstrm aes pmull sha1 sha2 crc32 atomics fphp asimdhp cpuid asimdrdm jscvt fcma lrcpc dcpop sha3 sm3 sm4 asimddp sha512 sve asimdfhm dit uscat ilrcpc flagm sb paca pacg dcpodp sve2 sveaes svepmull svebitperm svesha3 svesm4 flagm2 frint svei8mm svebf16 i8mm bf16 dgh rng bti
L1d cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L1i cache:                               1 MiB (16 instances)
L2 cache:                                32 MiB (16 instances)
L3 cache:                                80 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; CSV2, BHB
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	785.2s
Peak memory	57.8 MiB
Avg memory	19.6 MiB
CPU user	778.6s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	3140.7s
Peak memory	123.7 MiB
Avg memory	23.1 MiB
CPU user	3064.6s
CPU sys	72.2s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

adriangbot · 2026-11-13T03:37:36Z

🤖 Benchmark completed (GKE) | trigger

Target: lexsort

Comparing radix_row_sort (03ee81c) to 4e04fea (merge-base) diff

Run configuration

run benchmark lexsort
env:
  RUSTFLAGS: -C llvm-args=-align-all-functions=6 -C llvm-args=-align-all-nofallthru-blocks=6
resources:
  arch: amd64
shards: 1

Details

group                                                                                                            base                                   changed
-----                                                                                                            ----                                   -------
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   275.1±10.26µs        ? ?/sec
encode([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00     32.5±1.50µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                           1.00  1591.7±11.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                            1.00    125.5±0.58µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                       1.00   1893.9±4.85µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                        1.00    146.8±0.89µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                           1.00    701.9±2.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                            1.00     67.9±0.25µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     55.9±2.29µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      7.0±0.27µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    108.5±5.79µs        ? ?/sec
encode([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      8.3±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                                   1.00      5.3±0.14ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00    138.3±3.52µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00     17.0±0.62µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                           1.00      3.8±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                             1.00    100.1±2.98µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                              1.00     12.8±0.33µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                 1.00  1334.0±32.32µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                  1.00    133.1±0.54µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    125.9±4.56µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     10.5±0.39µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                           1.00    231.8±2.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                            1.00     26.9±0.97µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      4.9±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    581.0±5.70µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      5.0±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    575.4±5.52µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00   359.0±14.61µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00     35.8±1.32µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     48.1±1.22µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      5.9±0.15µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00  1337.6±10.51µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    131.9±1.60µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                         1.00    416.0±1.99µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                          1.00     43.2±0.17µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00   1146.7±7.19µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    114.6±0.59µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                                     1.00  1815.2±16.18µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                                      1.00    189.1±1.93µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                  1.00   1341.9±5.14µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                   1.00    133.0±0.90µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    103.3±2.86µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      7.2±0.13µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00     91.3±3.89µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00     11.7±0.48µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                                    1.00     55.8±1.92µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                                     1.00      6.3±0.25µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00     96.8±4.02µs        ? ?/sec
encode([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00      7.1±0.28µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                                1.00    156.7±6.48µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                                 1.00     18.8±0.69µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                       1.00      5.0±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                        1.00    593.2±4.80µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00      5.0±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
encode([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00    584.7±8.06µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                            1.00  1534.8±15.58µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                             1.00    137.9±1.73µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                   1.00    513.1±7.35µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                    1.00     52.0±0.31µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00   1024.3±8.68µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    100.6±1.09µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                            1.00   300.0±12.38µs        ? ?/sec
encode([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                             1.00     28.3±1.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00   886.7±26.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00     93.3±3.99µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768                                                    1.00      3.8±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096                                                     1.00    307.2±3.68µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                1.00      4.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                 1.00    340.1±3.77µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                    1.00      2.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                     1.00    196.5±1.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   693.9±20.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     52.0±2.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   773.7±25.54µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     75.1±2.91µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                            1.00     39.9±1.27ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00   739.3±22.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    116.5±3.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                    1.00     46.8±2.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                          1.00     22.8±0.31ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                         1.00     21.5±0.83ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                       1.00     22.4±1.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00   938.0±18.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                            1.00    316.3±7.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                           1.00    321.9±6.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                           1.00    362.0±8.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00     55.4±0.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00   1850.6±9.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    204.6±1.99µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   523.9±23.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     45.3±1.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   744.6±13.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     72.3±3.48µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      5.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00    674.7±4.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      5.7±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    666.7±3.76µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   851.8±37.89µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     88.6±3.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   458.1±12.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     43.9±0.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    239.9±2.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                                                                  1.00   1397.4±5.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                                                                   1.00    116.6±0.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00      2.0±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00    199.9±2.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                                                              1.00      2.8±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                                                               1.00    277.6±2.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                                                           1.00      2.3±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                                                            1.00    216.7±2.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   862.4±15.85µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     62.7±1.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                   1.00     24.1±0.82ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                                  1.00     24.8±1.79ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                                1.00     26.4±1.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                               1.00   910.0±26.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                     1.00    343.0±9.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                    1.00    355.4±8.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                    1.00   388.4±13.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                1.00     54.5±2.69µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                             1.00   451.0±16.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                              1.00     42.4±2.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   795.5±30.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     58.0±1.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                         1.00   713.4±26.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                          1.00     74.5±2.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00      6.0±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00   712.7±12.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      6.1±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    713.7±7.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                     1.00      2.4±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                      1.00    233.5±2.06µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     47.1±1.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00     51.8±3.49ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                             1.00     49.2±1.29ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00   1344.5±5.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                  1.00   745.8±17.88µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                                 1.00   777.1±21.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                                 1.00   800.1±15.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    140.2±5.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1911.0±17.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    199.5±3.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                     1.00  1016.5±39.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_radix([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                      1.00    109.0±4.58µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                            1.00      2.2±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                             1.00    198.7±5.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768              1.00      6.1±0.08ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      6.1±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096               1.00   499.7±12.92µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    506.9±1.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768          1.00      6.7±0.14ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      6.9±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096           1.00    593.0±9.48µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    608.1±4.34µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                              1.00      2.6±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.6±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                               1.00    257.5±9.24µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    260.1±1.28µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00  1898.9±61.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    178.5±7.10µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1758.9±58.37µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    152.0±6.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                             1.00     83.1±1.79ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                               1.00  1906.9±38.71µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                                1.00    223.8±5.96µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                                     1.00    107.8±2.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                       1.00      2.1±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                        1.00    194.1±4.98µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.00      4.3±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      4.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.00    426.5±9.16µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    437.2±3.26µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                              1.11      2.2±0.01ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.0±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                               1.13    201.9±3.46µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    178.6±9.97µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                              1.00      2.3±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                               1.07    215.1±0.87µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    201.7±8.00µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                          1.00      8.0±0.19ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      8.2±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                           1.00   894.5±20.57µs        ? ?/sec    1.01   902.2±11.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      8.2±0.19ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      8.4±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                       1.00   900.2±20.30µs        ? ?/sec    1.03   930.4±12.11µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                          1.08      2.5±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.3±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                           1.05    235.0±1.48µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    223.1±8.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00      2.1±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    191.6±4.80µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      4.2±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      4.3±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    422.2±8.08µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    429.8±2.52µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                            1.00      2.9±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                             1.00    287.0±5.02µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    290.5±5.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                         1.00      3.9±0.08ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      4.0±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                          1.00   407.0±11.07µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    417.8±2.29µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                        1.00      4.6±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      4.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                         1.00    464.7±7.74µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    468.0±4.15µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                                     1.00      4.2±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      4.3±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                      1.00    431.0±8.12µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    439.5±2.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1871.0±34.03µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    163.9±5.35µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00  1910.3±64.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00   181.8±10.50µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                              1.00      2.0±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                               1.00    192.1±5.60µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00  1785.9±59.27µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    164.1±3.66µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                          1.00      2.0±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                           1.00    185.8±5.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                          1.00      7.4±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      7.5±0.12ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                           1.00   829.9±19.08µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    843.5±4.04µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                      1.00      7.3±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      7.6±0.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                       1.00   814.5±23.42µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    846.9±7.79µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                               1.00      3.8±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      3.9±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                                1.00    356.1±8.35µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    361.7±9.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                      1.00      2.7±0.02ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                       1.01    270.2±3.52µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    266.9±3.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                         1.00      3.3±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.4±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                          1.00    315.2±4.03µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    315.3±5.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                      1.00  1957.3±50.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_rows([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                       1.00    185.1±9.09µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 32768                                                                                                      1.00  1567.6±140.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([decimal128(18,2), i32]): 4096                                                                                                       1.00    143.8±4.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 32768        1.00      9.4±0.24ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      9.6±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str(16)]): 4096         1.00   807.4±20.95µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    828.0±3.75µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 32768    1.00      9.3±0.19ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      9.4±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50)), str_opt(50)]): 4096     1.00   891.3±17.27µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    895.2±3.72µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                        1.00      3.0±0.06ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.0±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([dict(100,str_opt(50)), dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                         1.00    361.7±9.60µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    369.6±1.90µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   749.8±33.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     58.0±2.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   608.7±24.86µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([f64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     46.7±1.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 1048576                                                                                       1.00    127.8±2.08ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 32768                                                                                         1.00      3.4±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(0..10), i32(0..10), i32(0..10)]): 4096                                                                                          1.00   374.0±12.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576                                                                                               1.00    103.8±1.58ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                     1.00      2.3±0.04ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                    1.00      3.0±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                  1.00     64.8±2.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768                                                                                                 1.00  1516.1±40.51µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                       1.00     97.3±4.82µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                      1.00    441.6±8.92µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                      1.00  1121.1±34.83µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32(1..204K), i64(0..n/10)]): 4096                                                                                                  1.00    140.2±1.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 32768                                                              1.00  1459.6±48.72µs        ? ?/sec    1.03  1499.2±14.55µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_list, str(16)]): 4096                                                               1.00    141.3±4.11µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    144.3±0.95µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 32768                                                                        1.13   1464.8±6.01µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1298.1±34.57µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                         1.12    141.9±0.70µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    127.0±5.53µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 32768                                                                        1.03  1471.5±19.85µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1428.7±40.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str(16)]): 4096                                                                         1.10    142.9±0.74µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    130.0±5.61µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 32768                                                                    1.00  1435.0±72.05µs        ? ?/sec    1.02  1468.9±13.65µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list(4)]): 4096                                                                     1.01    139.7±2.41µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    137.7±3.94µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 32768                                                                1.00  1447.5±44.86µs        ? ?/sec    1.02  1479.7±12.05µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_list_opt(4)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    137.3±4.62µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    141.1±1.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                    1.07  1477.3±18.03µs        ? ?/sec    1.00  1374.9±50.32µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32, str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                     1.08    143.3±1.48µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    132.3±4.47µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   510.5±10.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     42.0±0.74µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      4.7±0.10ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      4.7±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_list_opt, i32_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    487.0±8.91µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    493.3±2.14µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 32768                                                      1.00      2.6±0.05ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.7±0.01ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, dict(100,str_opt(50))]): 4096                                                       1.00    272.6±6.43µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    276.9±4.02µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 32768                                                                   1.00      2.6±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      2.6±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list]): 4096                                                                    1.00    240.8±7.16µs        ? ?/sec    1.04    249.7±2.43µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 32768                                                  1.00      3.1±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      3.2±0.03ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt, str_opt(50)]): 4096                                                   1.00    294.4±8.34µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    297.9±1.30µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 32768                                                               1.00      2.9±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      2.9±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt, i32_list_opt]): 4096                                                                1.00    275.5±4.91µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    277.5±1.67µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   421.3±13.12µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i32_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     35.6±1.07µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                              1.00      2.3±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                             1.00      3.3±0.15ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                           1.00     83.8±1.61ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768                                                                                                          1.00      2.3±0.09ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                                1.00     96.9±4.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                               1.00    564.6±9.62µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                               1.00  1435.1±34.31µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64(0..1000), i32]): 4096                                                                                                           1.00    158.5±7.13µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 32768                                                                                                                        1.00   648.9±42.87µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64]): 4096                                                                                                                         1.00     47.2±1.17µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   539.0±22.56µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([i64_opt]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     40.5±0.81µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                    1.00   586.0±17.25µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                     1.00     47.4±1.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 32768                                                                    1.00      6.0±0.12ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      6.1±0.11ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list(4), i32]): 4096                                                                     1.00   494.1±13.55µs        ? ?/sec    1.03    506.6±2.40µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 32768                                                                1.00      7.2±0.18ms        ? ?/sec    1.02      7.4±0.07ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_list_opt(4), i32]): 4096                                                                 1.00   649.5±11.84µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    662.7±7.41µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 32768                         1.00      4.0±0.08ms        ? ?/sec    1.03      4.2±0.05ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16), str_opt(16)]): 4096                          1.00    387.3±9.76µs        ? ?/sec    1.02    395.0±5.70µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 100                                                                                           1.00      6.3±0.17ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 1000                                                                                          1.00      8.1±0.18ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 1048576 limit 104857                                                                                        1.00    169.7±5.24ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768                                                                1.00      4.1±0.04ms        ? ?/sec    1.00      4.1±0.02ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 100                                                                                             1.00    266.3±7.99µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 1000                                                                                            1.00  1035.3±35.19µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 32768 limit 3276                                                                                            1.00      2.5±0.06ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str(16)]): 4096                                                                 1.00    388.7±2.44µs        ? ?/sec    1.00    388.0±4.49µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 32768                                                   1.00      4.3±0.07ms        ? ?/sec    1.01      4.4±0.16ms        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16), str_opt(50), str(16)]): 4096                                                    1.00    412.4±2.73µs        ? ?/sec    1.01    415.0±6.59µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 32768                                                                                                                1.00   494.6±19.20µs        ? ?/sec
lexsort_to_indices([str_opt(16)]): 4096                                                                                                                 1.00     39.5±1.90µs        ? ?/sec

Per-runner information

lexsort — shard 1/1

Node: gk3-benchmark-cluster-nap-gag2u7qv-61f675e5-xbbk

Instance: c4-highmem-16 (12 vCPU / 65 GiB)

uname:

Linux bench-c6841998114-4879-jm4t6 6.12.105+ #1 SMP Sat Sep 19 07:57:03 UTC 2026 x86_64 GNU/Linux

BENCH_COMMAND:

cargo bench --features=arrow,async,test_common,experimental,object_store --bench lexsort

CPU Details (lscpu)

Architecture:                            x86_64
CPU op-mode(s):                          32-bit, 64-bit
Address sizes:                           52 bits physical, 57 bits virtual
Byte Order:                              Little Endian
CPU(s):                                  16
On-line CPU(s) list:                     0-15
Vendor ID:                               GenuineIntel
Model name:                              INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8581C CPU @ 2.30GHz
CPU family:                              6
Model:                                   207
Thread(s) per core:                      2
Core(s) per socket:                      8
Socket(s):                               1
Stepping:                                2
BogoMIPS:                                4600.00
Flags:                                   fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc rep_good nopl xtopology nonstop_tsc cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq monitor ssse3 fma cx16 pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp ibrs_enhanced fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm avx512f avx512dq rdseed adx smap avx512ifma clflushopt clwb avx512cd sha_ni avx512bw avx512vl xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves avx_vnni avx512_bf16 wbnoinvd arat avx512vbmi umip avx512_vbmi2 gfni vaes vpclmulqdq avx512_vnni avx512_bitalg avx512_vpopcntdq rdpid cldemote movdiri movdir64b fsrm md_clear serialize tsxldtrk amx_bf16 avx512_fp16 amx_tile amx_int8 arch_capabilities
Hypervisor vendor:                       KVM
Virtualization type:                     full
L1d cache:                               384 KiB (8 instances)
L1i cache:                               256 KiB (8 instances)
L2 cache:                                16 MiB (8 instances)
L3 cache:                                260 MiB (1 instance)
NUMA node(s):                            1
NUMA node0 CPU(s):                       0-15
Vulnerability Gather data sampling:      Not affected
Vulnerability Indirect target selection: Not affected
Vulnerability Itlb multihit:             Not affected
Vulnerability L1tf:                      Not affected
Vulnerability Mds:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Meltdown:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Mmio stale data:           Not affected
Vulnerability Reg file data sampling:    Not affected
Vulnerability Retbleed:                  Not affected
Vulnerability Spec rstack overflow:      Not affected
Vulnerability Spec store bypass:         Mitigation; Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl
Vulnerability Spectre v1:                Mitigation; usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization
Vulnerability Spectre v2:                Mitigation; Enhanced / Automatic IBRS; IBPB conditional; PBRSB-eIBRS SW sequence; BHI BHI_DIS_S
Vulnerability Srbds:                     Not affected
Vulnerability Tsa:                       Not affected
Vulnerability Tsx async abort:           Not affected
Vulnerability Vmscape:                   Not affected

Resource Usage

base (merge-base)

Metric	Value
Wall time	800.2s
Peak memory	58.7 MiB
Avg memory	20.6 MiB
CPU user	795.4s
CPU sys	0.1s
Peak spill	0 B

branch

Metric	Value
Wall time	3090.7s
Peak memory	124.0 MiB
Avg memory	23.7 MiB
CPU user	3029.4s
CPU sys	58.2s
Peak spill	0 B

File an issue against this benchmark runner

mbutrovich · 2026-11-13T11:43:39Z

I added limit: Option<usize> to radix_sort_to_indices. With a limit, the MSD radix sort skips buckets that start at or after limit and stops ordering tied rows past it.

An unlimited sort passes a zero-sized Unlimited type instead of a usize. A first version passed the limit as a usize argument to msd_radix_sort in every case, and I changed it after checking small inputs. The zero-sized type keeps the unlimited sort's arguments the same as before the limit.

The benchmark bot at 03ee81c against d3824b8, which has no limit, shows no change on the full-sort path. The median speedup of lexsort_radix over lexsort_to_indices moved by 0.985x to 1.002x across the four runs (Neoverse-V2 and Xeon Platinum 8581C, default and aligned). The per-case minimums are 0.86x to 0.92x. The untouched encode cases have minimums of 0.75x to 0.96x in the same runs, so that spread is run noise.

With a limit, radix sort is faster than lexsort_to_indices from limit 1000 on 32768 rows (1.28x to 1.68x) and at limit n/10 on 1M rows (2.89x to 4.60x). It is slower at limit 100 (0.28x to 0.36x on 32768 rows, 0.09x to 0.15x on 1M rows). The PR description has the limit tables and chart.

mbutrovich added 4 commits April 9, 2026 14:07

Implement radix sort.

6eda8be

Update comments.

5fb4231

Hoist temp buffer out.

026a254

Clarify confusing comment.

c8b7a96

github-actions Bot added the arrow Changes to the arrow crate label Apr 9, 2026

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mbutrovich changed the title ~~Radix row sort~~ feat(arrow-row): add MSD radix sort kernel for row-encoded keys Apr 9, 2026

Fix clippy.

8401ebe

mbutrovich mentioned this pull request Apr 9, 2026

perf: Bring over apache/arrow-rs/9683 radix sort, integrate into ExternalSorter apache/datafusion#21525

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Dandandan reviewed Apr 9, 2026

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Comment thread arrow-row/src/radix.rs Resolved

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Comment thread arrow-row/src/radix.rs Resolved

Dandandan reviewed Apr 9, 2026

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Comment thread arrow-row/src/radix.rs Resolved

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Comment thread arrow-row/src/radix.rs Resolved

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mbutrovich added 4 commits April 9, 2026 20:33

Address PR feedback.

f9a4c41

Address PR feedback.

89ceaf1

Byte buffer extraction.

15351fe

Update defaults based on sensitivity analysis.

4c4498f

mbutrovich requested a review from Dandandan April 10, 2026 12:36

This was referenced Apr 10, 2026

Revisit ExternalSorter sort strategy and sort_in_place_threshold_bytes apache/datafusion#21543

Open

perf: Optimize ExternalSorter with chunked sort pipeline and radix sort kernel apache/datafusion#21600

Closed

mbutrovich and others added 3 commits April 14, 2026 09:43

Add more benchmark cases.

c9792cc

Update docs based on DataFusion TPC-H observations.

d8e323c

Merge branch 'main' into radix_row_sort

4ebba0a

alamb added the performance label Apr 16, 2026

Merge branch 'main' into radix_row_sort

169fc48

mbutrovich mentioned this pull request Apr 17, 2026

perf: another ExternalSorter refactor apache/datafusion#21688

Closed

Merge branch 'main' into radix_row_sort

2c3b3f3

mbutrovich and others added 4 commits November 12, 2026 17:48

Add a limit parameter to radix_sort_to_indices

2e23cb3

limit benchmark

eeb0f7d

limit implementation

cd92daf

Merge branch 'main' into radix_row_sort

03ee81c

adriangbot mentioned this pull request Nov 13, 2026

feat(optimizer): preserve profitable Parquet dictionaries for aggregation apache/datafusion#26789

Draft

Remove benchmark history from Limit docs

acb0788

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