Stricter DataType parsing #10146

Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

When parsing datatypes from strings, invariants aren't upheld for types:

• fixed size list size must be non-negative
• time32/time64 has restricted time unit variants
• decimals have restrictions on allowed precision/scale

Describe the solution you'd like

Add checks to datatype parsing to uphold these invariants

Describe alternatives you've considered

No response

Additional context

Raised from downstream datafusion:

• arrow_cast accepts invalid Time32(Microsecond)/Time32(Nanosecond)/Time64(Second)/Time64(Millisecond), panics on use datafusion#22194

Also related to recent fix:

• DataType parser permits negative FixedSizeBinary size #10033