[Python] Let array() return a ChunkedArray only when asked #55499

Describe the enhancement requested

pyarrow.array() returns Array except for two cases when it returns ChunkedArray:

Callers almost always expect an Array, so this is easy to miss. It also cannot be typed well in the stubs:

• GH-55263: [Python][Annotations] Add internal types and core data structures #55264
  Array | ChunkedArray would force casts in most user code, so array() currently annotated as returning Array.

As suggested by @jorisvandenbossche in #55264 (comment) - long term this might be something we want to solve in the runtime, e.g. a keyword to indicate that a ChunkedArray return is allowed, but by default array() raising an error on it.

Component(s)

Python