Describe the enhancement requested

double-conversion v3.3.0 adds a new feature that allows us to remove the special code that was added to our vendored copy of double-conversion in #9816.

• Update vendored double-conversion to v3.3.0
• Activate the flags EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT_IN_EXPONENTIAL and EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT_IN_EXPONENTIAL.
• Remove the patches in cpp/src/arrow/vendored/double-conversion/patches

Component(s)

C++