[C++] Support optional additional arguments for inline visit functions #33607

class ExampleVisitor {
 public:
  template <typename T>
  Status Visit(const T& arr) {
    /// Do stuff and save result to output_;
    return Status::OK();
  }

  std::shared_ptr<Array> GetOutput() { return output_; }

 private:
  std::shared_ptr<Array> output_;
};

ExampleVisitor visitor;
RETURN_NOT_OK(VisitArrayInline(*arr, &visitor));
*output = visitor.GetOutput();

class ExampleVisitorWithArg {
 public:
  template <typename T>
  Status Visit(const T& arr, std::shared_ptr<Array>* output) {
    /// Do stuff and save result to output directly;
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

ExampleVisitorWithArg visitor;
RETURN_NOT_OK(VisitArrayInline(*arr, &visitor, &output));