Add detailed task spans - #63568

Avoid relying on `TraceState.get(key, default=...)` (not supported in all
OpenTelemetry versions) by fetching the value and applying the default in
Python. Narrow the exception handler to `(TypeError, ValueError)` so
unexpected errors aren't silently swallowed.

The outer `span` could be referenced before assignment if control flow
skipped the assignment path; initialize it to `INVALID_SPAN` up front.
Also drop the inner `as span` binding on the `detail_span("run")` block
to prevent it from shadowing the outer `span` name.

Replace the ambiguous "maybe need to make optional!!!" inline note with
a concrete TODO explaining the intended behavior — nest the dag run
span under the active parent by default, and only force a root span
for Airflow-initiated runs (API trigger, scheduler, backfill). Links
to the public tracking issue.

`_make_provider_with_detail_level` was added but never referenced by
any test in the class — drop it.

- Remove duplicate `except KeyboardInterrupt:` left over from the partial
  revert (the file no longer parsed)
- Re-add @detail_span("run") on run()
- Revert test_listener_suppresses_exceptions assertion to match the
  restored "error calling listener" log message

…n sites

The initial PR keeps only 12 of the originally-planned detail spans in
task_runner.py; the rest are deferred to follow-up work tracked at
https://linear.app/astronomer/issue/ACD-157. Trim expected_hierarchy to
the spans that are actually emitted today, and re-parent finalize under
worker.task1 (it's called after run() returns, so run's span is closed
by then).

When more than one dag run has emitted spans before the assertion (e.g.
default_spans runs before detail_spans in the same suite), picking
data["data"][-1] from Jaeger silently selected the wrong trace and made
the detail_spans assertion compare against the earlier default_spans
hierarchy. Filter the response by airflow.dag_run.run_id so the test
always inspects the trace it actually triggered.