@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+## 0.27.32-dev3
+
+### Fixes
+
+- **Token-based `chunk_by_title()` fills the chunking window again.** `PreChunk.can_combine()` sized its text with `len()`, so the `combine_text_under_n_chars` threshold and the hard-max check counted characters even when `max_tokens` selected token counting; every section looked too large to combine and became its own chunk (with `max_tokens=60`, twelve ten-token sections produced twelve chunks instead of two full ones). Both measurements now go through `ChunkingOptions.measure()`, as the rest of the class already does. Character-mode behavior is unchanged.
+
 ## 0.27.32-dev2
 
 ### Enhancements
 
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+import pytest
+
+from test_unstructured.unit_utils import FixtureRequest, Mock, method_mock
+from unstructured.chunking.base import TokenCounter
+
+
+@pytest.fixture()
+def word_token_counter_(request: FixtureRequest) -> Mock:
+    """Count one token per whitespace-delimited word.
+
+    Deterministic and offline, so a test can state exact token counts without depending on
+    tiktoken being installed or on the contents of a particular encoding.
+    """
+    return method_mock(
+        request,
+        TokenCounter,
+        "count",
+        side_effect=lambda _, text: len(text.split()),
+    )
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 from lxml.html import fragment_fromstring
 
 import unstructured.chunking.base as chunking_base
+from test_unstructured.unit_utils import Mock
 from unstructured.chunking.base import (
     ChunkingOptions,
     PreChunk,
@@ -879,6 +880,50 @@ def it_knows_when_it_can_combine_itself_with_another_PreChunk_instance(
 
         assert pre_chunk.can_combine(next_pre_chunk) is expected_value
 
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        ("max_tokens", "combine_text_under_n_chars", "expected_value"),
+        [
+            # Will exactly fit:
+            # - text = 7 tokens < combine_text_under_n_chars
+            # - pre_chunk + separator + next_pre_chunk_text = 7 + 0 + 5 = 12 <= max_tokens
+            (12, 8, True),
+            # -- already exceeds the combine threshold, which is also counted in tokens --
+            (12, 7, False),
+            # -- would exceed the hard-max chunking-window threshold --
+            (11, 8, False),
+        ],
+    )
+    def it_measures_in_tokens_when_it_can_combine_itself_with_another_PreChunk_instance(
+        self,
+        max_tokens: int,
+        combine_text_under_n_chars: int,
+        expected_value: bool,
+        word_token_counter_: Mock,
+    ):
+        """Both thresholds are token counts in token mode, not character counts.
+
+        Measuring the text in characters here made `.can_combine()` answer `False` for every
+        short pre-chunk, because even a handful of tokens is more characters than the token
+        budget. `chunk_by_title()` then emitted one chunk per section.
+        """
+        opts = ChunkingOptions(
+            max_tokens=max_tokens,
+            tokenizer="cl100k_base",
+            combine_text_under_n_chars=combine_text_under_n_chars,
+        )
+        pre_chunk = PreChunk(
+            [Text("Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing.")],  # -- 7 tokens, 50 chars
+            overlap_prefix="",
+            opts=opts,
+        )
+        next_pre_chunk = PreChunk(
+            [Text("In rhoncus sum sed lectus.")],  # -- 5 tokens, 26 chars
+            overlap_prefix="",
+            opts=opts,
+        )
+
+        assert pre_chunk.can_combine(next_pre_chunk) is expected_value
+
     def it_does_not_combine_when_either_pre_chunk_contains_a_table(self):
         opts = ChunkingOptions(max_characters=500, combine_text_under_n_chars=500)
         text_pre_chunk = PreChunk([Text("hello")], overlap_prefix="", opts=opts)
 
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 from test_unstructured.unit_utils import FixtureRequest, Mock, function_mock, input_path
 from unstructured.chunking.base import CHUNK_MULTI_PAGE_DEFAULT
+from unstructured.chunking.basic import chunk_elements
 from unstructured.chunking.title import _ByTitleChunkingOptions, chunk_by_title
 from unstructured.documents.coordinates import CoordinateSystem
 from unstructured.documents.elements import (
@@ -888,3 +889,42 @@ def it_applies_token_based_overlap_in_split_chunks(self, _tiktoken_installed: No
             for chunk in chunks:
                 token_count = len(enc.encode(chunk.text))
                 assert token_count <= 12, f"Chunk exceeded token limit: {token_count} tokens"
+
+    def it_fills_the_token_budget_when_combining_short_sections(self, word_token_counter_: Mock):
+        """Short sections combine up to `max_tokens`, like `chunk_elements()` does.
+
+        `combine_text_under_n_chars` defaults to `max_tokens` in token mode, so a section had to
+        be under that many *tokens* to be combined. Measuring it in characters instead put every
+        section over the threshold and suppressed combining altogether, leaving one chunk per
+        section at a fraction of the requested chunk size.
+        """
+        elements: list[Element] = []
+        for idx in range(12):
+            # -- each section is 2 + 8 == 10 tokens, a sixth of the budget --
+            elements.append(Title(f"Section {idx}"))
+            elements.append(Text("alpha beta gamma delta epsilon zeta seven eight"))
+
+        chunks = chunk_by_title(elements, max_tokens=60, tokenizer="cl100k_base")
+
+        assert [len(chunk.text.split()) for chunk in chunks] == [60, 60]
+        # -- and the section boundaries cost nothing relative to ignoring them entirely --
+        assert [chunk.text for chunk in chunks] == [
+            chunk.text for chunk in chunk_elements(elements, max_tokens=60, tokenizer="cl100k_base")
+        ]
+
+    def it_still_measures_the_combine_threshold_in_characters_in_character_mode(self):
+        """Character mode is unaffected: `combine_text_under_n_chars` stays a character count."""
+        elements: list[Element] = [
+            Title("Alpha"),
+            Text("one two three four five"),  # -- 5 tokens but 23 characters --
+            Title("Bravo"),
+            Text("six seven eight nine ten"),
+        ]
+
+        chunks = chunk_by_title(elements, max_characters=200, combine_text_under_n_chars=20)
+
+        # -- 29 characters is over the 20-character threshold, so no combining --
+        assert [chunk.text for chunk in chunks] == [
+            "Alpha\n\none two three four five",
+            "Bravo\n\nsix seven eight nine ten",
+        ]
@@ -1 +1 @@
-__version__ = "0.27.32-dev2"  # pragma: no cover
+__version__ = "0.27.32-dev3"  # pragma: no cover
@@ -771,13 +771,15 @@ def can_combine(self, pre_chunk: PreChunk) -> bool:
             self._elements, pre_chunk._elements
         ):
             return False
-        if len(self._text) >= self._opts.combine_text_under_n_chars:
+        # -- both thresholds below are expressed in the configured units, so the text has to be
+        # -- sized in those units too; `measure()` is `len()` in character mode --
+        if self._opts.measure(self._text) >= self._opts.combine_text_under_n_chars:
             return False
         # -- avoid duplicating length computations by doing a trial-combine which is just as
         # -- efficient and definitely more robust than hoping two different computations of combined
         # -- length continue to get the same answer as the code evolves. Only possible because
         # -- `.combine()` is non-mutating.
-        combined_len = len(self.combine(pre_chunk)._text)
+        combined_len = self._opts.measure(self.combine(pre_chunk)._text)
 
         return combined_len <= self._opts.hard_max
Original file line number	Diff line number	Diff line change
`@@ -1 +1 @@`
`1`		`-__version__ = "0.27.32-dev2" # pragma: no cover`
	`1`	`+__version__ = "0.27.32-dev3" # pragma: no cover`