SeleniumHQ · cgoldberg · Dec 29, 2025 · Dec 24, 2025 · Dec 26, 2025 · Dec 28, 2025
diff --git a/py/conftest.py b/py/conftest.py
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ def stop_driver(self):
             driver_to_stop.quit()
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+@pytest.fixture
 def driver(request):
     global selenium_driver
     driver_class = getattr(request, "param", "Chrome").lower()
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ def ensure_valid_window():
                 except Exception:
                     pass
 
-            request.addfinalizer(ensure_valid_window)
+            request.addfinalizer(ensure_valid_window)  # noqa: PT021
 
     yield selenium_driver.driver
 
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ def fin():
             selenium_driver.stop_driver()
         selenium_driver = None
 
-    request.addfinalizer(fin)
+    request.addfinalizer(fin)  # noqa: PT021
 
 
 def pytest_exception_interact(node, call, report):
@@ -460,12 +460,12 @@ def edge_service():
     return EdgeService
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+@pytest.fixture
 def driver_executable(request):
     return request.config.option.executable
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+@pytest.fixture
 def clean_driver(request):
     _supported_drivers = SupportedDrivers()
     try:
@@ -492,17 +492,17 @@ def clean_driver(request):
         driver_reference = None
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+@pytest.fixture
 def clean_service(request):
     driver_class = request.config.option.drivers[0].lower()
     selenium_driver = Driver(driver_class, request)
-    yield selenium_driver.service
+    return selenium_driver.service
 
 
-@pytest.fixture(scope="function")
+@pytest.fixture
 def clean_options(request):
     driver_class = request.config.option.drivers[0].lower()
-    yield Driver.clean_options(driver_class, request)
+    return Driver.clean_options(driver_class, request)
 
 
 @pytest.fixture

diff --git a/py/generate.py b/py/generate.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 from pathlib import Path
 from textwrap import dedent
 from textwrap import indent as tw_indent
-from typing import Union, cast
+from typing import cast
 
 import inflection  # type: ignore
 
@@ -49,18 +49,18 @@
 # This file is generated from the CDP specification. If you need to make
 # changes, edit the generator and regenerate all of the modules."""
 
-INIT_HEADER = """{}
-""".format(SHARED_HEADER)
+INIT_HEADER = f"""{SHARED_HEADER}
+"""
 
-MODULE_HEADER = """{}
+MODULE_HEADER = f"""{SHARED_HEADER}
 #
 # CDP domain: {{}}{{}}
 from __future__ import annotations
 from .util import event_class, T_JSON_DICT
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 import enum
 import typing
-""".format(SHARED_HEADER)
+"""
 
 current_version = ""
 
@@ -819,8 +819,7 @@ def generate_code(self):
             code += import_code
             code += "\n\n"
         code += "\n"
-        item_iter_t = Union[CdpEvent, CdpCommand, CdpType]
-        item_iter: Iterator[item_iter_t] = itertools.chain(
+        item_iter: Iterator[CdpEvent | CdpCommand | CdpType] = itertools.chain(
             iter(self.types),
             iter(self.commands),
             iter(self.events),

diff --git a/py/pyproject.toml b/py/pyproject.toml
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ respect-gitignore = true
 target-version = "py310"
 
 [tool.ruff.lint]
-extend-select = ["D", "E4", "E7", "E9", "F", "I", "E501", "RUF022", "TID252"]
+extend-select = ["D", "E", "F", "I", "PT", "UP", "RUF", "TID252"]
 fixable = ["ALL"]
 extend-ignore = [
     "D100", # Missing docstring in public module
@@ -155,6 +155,11 @@ extend-ignore = [
     "D105", # Missing docstring in magic method
     "D107", # Missing docstring in `__init__`
     "D212", # Multi-line docstring summary should start at the first line
+    "PT011", # Use of `pytest.raises({exception})` is too broad
+    "PT012", # `pytest.raises()` block should contain a single simple statement
+    "RUF005", # Uses of the + operator to concatenate collections
+    "RUF012", # Mutable default values in class attributes
+    "RUF059", # Unpacked variable is never used
 ]
 
 [tool.ruff.format]

diff --git a/py/selenium/types.py b/py/selenium/types.py
diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/__init__.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/__init__.py
@@ -15,34 +15,34 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options as ChromeOptions  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver import WebDriver as Chrome  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options as EdgeOptions  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service as EdgeService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.edge.webdriver import WebDriver as ChromiumEdge  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.edge.webdriver import WebDriver as Edge  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile import FirefoxProfile  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options as FirefoxOptions  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.firefox.service import Service as FirefoxService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver as Firefox  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.ie.options import Options as IeOptions  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.ie.service import Service as IeService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver import WebDriver as Ie  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as Remote  # noqa
+from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options as ChromeOptions
+from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
+from selenium.webdriver.chrome.webdriver import WebDriver as Chrome
+from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
+from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
+from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
+from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy
+from selenium.webdriver.edge.options import Options as EdgeOptions
+from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service as EdgeService
+from selenium.webdriver.edge.webdriver import WebDriver as ChromiumEdge
+from selenium.webdriver.edge.webdriver import WebDriver as Edge
+from selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile import FirefoxProfile
+from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options as FirefoxOptions
+from selenium.webdriver.firefox.service import Service as FirefoxService
+from selenium.webdriver.firefox.webdriver import WebDriver as Firefox
+from selenium.webdriver.ie.options import Options as IeOptions
+from selenium.webdriver.ie.service import Service as IeService
+from selenium.webdriver.ie.webdriver import WebDriver as Ie
+from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver as Remote
 from selenium.webdriver.safari.options import Options as SafariOptions
-from selenium.webdriver.safari.service import Service as SafariService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver import WebDriver as Safari  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.webkitgtk.options import Options as WebKitGTKOptions  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.webkitgtk.service import Service as WebKitGTKService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.webkitgtk.webdriver import WebDriver as WebKitGTK  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.wpewebkit.options import Options as WPEWebKitOptions  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.wpewebkit.service import Service as WPEWebKitService  # noqa
-from selenium.webdriver.wpewebkit.webdriver import WebDriver as WPEWebKit  # noqa
+from selenium.webdriver.safari.service import Service as SafariService
+from selenium.webdriver.safari.webdriver import WebDriver as Safari
+from selenium.webdriver.webkitgtk.options import Options as WebKitGTKOptions
+from selenium.webdriver.webkitgtk.service import Service as WebKitGTKService
+from selenium.webdriver.webkitgtk.webdriver import WebDriver as WebKitGTK
+from selenium.webdriver.wpewebkit.options import Options as WPEWebKitOptions
+from selenium.webdriver.wpewebkit.service import Service as WPEWebKitService
+from selenium.webdriver.wpewebkit.webdriver import WebDriver as WPEWebKit
 
 __version__ = "4.40.0.202512070022"
 

diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chrome/service.py
@@ -15,10 +15,9 @@
 # specific language governing permissions and limitations
 # under the License.
 
-
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
+from typing import IO, Any
 
-from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.chromium import service
 
 
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ def __init__(
         executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
         service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        log_output: int | str | IO[Any] | None = None,
         env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         **kwargs,
     ) -> None:

diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/chromium/service.py
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 
 from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence
 from io import IOBase
+from typing import IO, Any
 
-from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.common import service
 
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def __init__(
         executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
         service_args: Sequence[str] | None = None,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        log_output: int | str | IO[Any] | None = None,
         env: Mapping[str, str] | None = None,
         driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,

diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/action_chains.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/action_chains.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.action_builder import ActionBuilder
 from selenium.webdriver.common.actions.key_input import KeyInput
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from selenium.webdriver.remote.webdriver import WebDriver
 
-AnyDevice = Union[PointerInput, KeyInput, WheelInput]
-
 
 class ActionChains:
     """Automate low-level interactions like mouse movements, button actions, key presses, and context menus.
@@ -68,7 +66,12 @@ class ActionChains:
     another.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, driver: WebDriver, duration: int = 250, devices: list[AnyDevice] | None = None) -> None:
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        driver: WebDriver,
+        duration: int = 250,
+        devices: list[PointerInput | KeyInput | WheelInput] | None = None,
+    ) -> None:
         """Creates a new ActionChains.
 
         Args:

diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/webextension.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/bidi/webextension.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ def install(self, path=None, archive_path=None, base64_value=None) -> dict:
         except WebDriverException as e:
             if "Method not available" in str(e):
                 raise WebDriverException(
-                    f"{str(e)}. If you are using Chrome or Edge, add '--enable-unsafe-extension-debugging' "
+                    f"{e!s}. If you are using Chrome or Edge, add '--enable-unsafe-extension-debugging' "
                     "and '--remote-debugging-pipe' arguments or set options.enable_webextensions = True"
                 ) from e
             raise

diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/proxy.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/proxy.py
@@ -111,33 +111,36 @@ class Proxy:
     socks_version = _ProxyTypeDescriptor("socksVersion", ProxyType.MANUAL)
     """SOCKS proxy version."""
 
-    def __init__(self, raw=None):
+    def __init__(self, raw: dict | None = None):
         """Creates a new Proxy.
 
         Args:
             raw: Raw proxy data. If None, default class values are used.
         """
-        if raw:
-            if "proxyType" in raw and raw["proxyType"]:
-                self.proxy_type = ProxyType.load(raw["proxyType"])
-            if "httpProxy" in raw and raw["httpProxy"]:
-                self.http_proxy = raw["httpProxy"]
-            if "noProxy" in raw and raw["noProxy"]:
-                self.no_proxy = raw["noProxy"]
-            if "proxyAutoconfigUrl" in raw and raw["proxyAutoconfigUrl"]:
-                self.proxy_autoconfig_url = raw["proxyAutoconfigUrl"]
-            if "sslProxy" in raw and raw["sslProxy"]:
-                self.sslProxy = raw["sslProxy"]
-            if "autodetect" in raw and raw["autodetect"]:
-                self.auto_detect = raw["autodetect"]
-            if "socksProxy" in raw and raw["socksProxy"]:
-                self.socks_proxy = raw["socksProxy"]
-            if "socksUsername" in raw and raw["socksUsername"]:
-                self.socks_username = raw["socksUsername"]
-            if "socksPassword" in raw and raw["socksPassword"]:
-                self.socks_password = raw["socksPassword"]
-            if "socksVersion" in raw and raw["socksVersion"]:
-                self.socks_version = raw["socksVersion"]
+        if raw is None:
+            return
+        if not isinstance(raw, dict):
+            raise TypeError(f"`raw` must be a dict, got {type(raw)}")
+        if raw.get("proxyType"):
+            self.proxy_type = ProxyType.load(raw["proxyType"])
+        if raw.get("httpProxy"):
+            self.http_proxy = raw["httpProxy"]
+        if raw.get("noProxy"):
+            self.no_proxy = raw["noProxy"]
+        if raw.get("proxyAutoconfigUrl"):
+            self.proxy_autoconfig_url = raw["proxyAutoconfigUrl"]
+        if raw.get("sslProxy"):
+            self.sslProxy = raw["sslProxy"]
+        if raw.get("autodetect"):
+            self.auto_detect = raw["autodetect"]
+        if raw.get("socksProxy"):
+            self.socks_proxy = raw["socksProxy"]
+        if raw.get("socksUsername"):
+            self.socks_username = raw["socksUsername"]
+        if raw.get("socksPassword"):
+            self.socks_password = raw["socksPassword"]
+        if raw.get("socksVersion"):
+            self.socks_version = raw["socksVersion"]
 
     @property
     def proxy_type(self):

diff --git a/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py b/py/selenium/webdriver/common/service.py
@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@
 from io import IOBase
 from subprocess import PIPE
 from time import sleep
-from typing import IO, Any, Optional, Union, cast
+from typing import IO, Any, cast
 from urllib import request
 from urllib.error import URLError
 
 from selenium.common.exceptions import WebDriverException
-from selenium.types import SubprocessStdAlias
 from selenium.webdriver.common import utils
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ def __init__(
         self,
         executable_path: str | None = None,
         port: int = 0,
-        log_output: SubprocessStdAlias | None = None,
+        log_output: int | str | IO[Any] | None = None,
         env: Mapping[Any, Any] | None = None,
         driver_path_env_key: str | None = None,
         **kwargs,
@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ def __init__(
         elif log_output is None or log_output == subprocess.DEVNULL:
             self.log_output = subprocess.DEVNULL
         else:
-            self.log_output = cast(Union[int, IOBase], log_output)
+            self.log_output = cast(int | IOBase, log_output)
 
         self.port = port or utils.free_port()
         # Default value for every python subprocess: subprocess.Popen(..., creationflags=0)
@@ -221,8 +220,8 @@ def _start_process(self, path: str) -> None:
                 cmd,
                 env=self.env,
                 close_fds=close_file_descriptors,
-                stdout=cast(Optional[Union[int, IO[Any]]], self.log_output),
-                stderr=cast(Optional[Union[int, IO[Any]]], self.log_output),
+                stdout=cast(int | IO[Any] | None, self.log_output),
+                stderr=cast(int | IO[Any] | None, self.log_output),
                 stdin=PIPE,
                 creationflags=self.creation_flags,
                 startupinfo=start_info,