SeleniumHQ · VietND96 · Mar 18, 2026 · Dec 19, 2025 · Dec 22, 2025 · Dec 22, 2025
diff --git a/.bazelignore b/.bazelignore
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ java/client/build
 java/server/build
 javascript/atoms/node_modules
 javascript/grid-ui/node_modules
-javascript/private/node_modules
 javascript/selenium-webdriver/node_modules
 node_modules
 .local
diff --git a/.bazelrc b/.bazelrc
@@ -10,27 +10,23 @@ try-import %workspace%/.bazelrc.windows.local
 
 common --lockfile_mode=off
 
-# Prepare for Bazel 8. These become the default in 8.0.0
-common --incompatible_disallow_empty_glob
-common --incompatible_use_plus_in_repo_names
+# Bazel 8 compatibility flags. We should find ways to avoid needing these
+common --legacy_external_runfiles
 
 # Ensure Windows support is accurate.
-
 startup --windows_enable_symlinks
 build --enable_runfiles
 
 build --flag_alias=pin_browsers=//common:pin_browsers
 build --flag_alias=headless=//common:headless
 
 # Set the default java toolchain
-
 build --java_language_version=21
 build --java_runtime_version=remotejdk_21
 build --tool_java_language_version=21
 build --tool_java_runtime_version=remotejdk_21
 
 # We target java 11 by default
-
 build --javacopt="--release 11"
 
 # Require java dependencies to be used and first-order
@@ -45,7 +41,7 @@ build --javacopt="-Xep:WildcardImport:ERROR"
 build --nobuild_runfile_links
 
 # More JS magic
-build --experimental_allow_unresolved_symlinks
+build --allow_unresolved_symlinks
 # Avoid a warning about directory tracking being unsound
 startup --host_jvm_args=-DBAZEL_TRACK_SOURCE_DIRECTORIES=1
 
@@ -62,7 +58,17 @@ query --@aspect_rules_ts//ts:default_to_tsc_transpiler
 
 build --incompatible_strict_action_env
 
+# Required for prebuilt protoc to be used
+common --@protobuf//bazel/toolchains:prefer_prebuilt_protoc=true
+
+# Ensure that we don't accidentally build protobuf or gRPC
+common --per_file_copt=external/.*protobuf.*@--PROTOBUF_WAS_NOT_SUPPOSED_TO_BE_BUILT
+common --host_per_file_copt=external/.*protobuf.*@--PROTOBUF_WAS_NOT_SUPPOSED_TO_BE_BUILT
+common --per_file_copt=external/.*grpc.*@--GRPC_WAS_NOT_SUPPOSED_TO_BE_BUILT
+common --host_per_file_copt=external/.*grpc.*@--GRPC_WAS_NOT_SUPPOSED_TO_BE_BUILT
+
 # Required to get `protobuf` compiling, which is required for `rules_closure`
+common --incompatible_enable_proto_toolchain_resolution
 build --incompatible_enable_cc_toolchain_resolution
 build:linux --cxxopt=-std=c++17
 build:linux --host_cxxopt=-std=c++17
@@ -75,19 +81,16 @@ build:windows --host_per_file_copt=external/protobuf\\+.*@/w
 common --define=protobuf_allow_msvc=true
 
 # For build stamping
-
 build --enable_platform_specific_config
 build:linux --workspace_status_command=scripts/build-info.sh
 build:macos --workspace_status_command=scripts/build-info.sh
 build:windows --workspace_status_command="powershell.exe scripts/build-info.ps1"
 
 # Make sure we get something helpful when tests fail
-
 build --verbose_failures
 build --test_output=errors
 
 # pass environment variables to the test environment
-
 test --test_env=CI
 test --test_env=DASHBOARD_URL
 test --test_env=DISPLAY
@@ -99,7 +102,6 @@ test --test_env=PYTHON_VERSION
 test --test_env=SE_AVOID_STATS=true
 
 # Remove once rules_ruby support proper $LOAD_PATH expansion.
-
 test --test_env=RUBYOPT="-Irb/lib -w"
 
 # Speed up JRuby startup.
@@ -109,7 +111,6 @@ build --action_env=JRUBY_OPTS="--dev"
 test --test_env=JRUBY_OPTS="--dev"
 
 # Expose necessary variables for Selenium-Manager.
-
 test:windows --test_env=PATH
 test:windows --test_env=LOCALAPPDATA
 test:windows --test_env=PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE

diff --git a/.bazelversion b/.bazelversion
@@ -1 +1 @@
-7.4.1
+9.0.1
diff --git a/BUILD.bazel b/BUILD.bazel
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 load("@aspect_rules_js//npm:defs.bzl", "npm_link_package")
 load("@buildifier_prebuilt//:rules.bzl", "buildifier")
 load("@npm//:defs.bzl", "npm_link_all_packages")
+load("@package_metadata//licenses/rules:license.bzl", "license")
+load("@package_metadata//rules:package_metadata.bzl", "package_metadata")
 load("//common:browsers.bzl", "chrome_data", "firefox_data")
 load("//java:browsers.bzl", "chrome_jvm_flags", "firefox_jvm_flags")
 load("//java:defs.bzl", "artifact", "java_binary")
@@ -21,6 +23,24 @@ filegroup(
     visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
 )
 
+package_metadata(
+    name = "package_metadata",
+    attributes = [
+        ":apache2",
+    ],
+    purl = "pkg:bazel/{}@{}".format(
+        module_name(),
+        module_version(),
+    ) if module_version() else "pkg:bazel/{}".format(module_name()),
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+)
+
+license(
+    name = "apache2",
+    kind = "@package_metadata//licenses/spdx:Apache-2.0",
+    text = "LICENSE",
+)
+
 filegroup(
     name = "rakefile",
     srcs = [

diff --git a/MODULE.bazel b/MODULE.bazel
@@ -1,37 +1,55 @@
 module(name = "selenium")
 
 bazel_dep(name = "apple_rules_lint", version = "0.4.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "aspect_bazel_lib", version = "2.14.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_esbuild", version = "0.21.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_jest", version = "0.24.3")
-bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_js", version = "2.3.7")
-bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_ts", version = "3.6.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "bazel_features", version = "1.32.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "bazel_skylib", version = "1.8.2")
-bazel_dep(name = "buildifier_prebuilt", version = "7.3.1")
-bazel_dep(name = "contrib_rules_jvm", version = "0.27.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "aspect_bazel_lib", version = "2.22.5")
+bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_esbuild", version = "0.25.1")
+bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_jest", version = "0.25.2")
+bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_js", version = "3.0.3")
+bazel_dep(name = "aspect_rules_ts", version = "3.8.6")
+bazel_dep(name = "bazel_features", version = "1.43.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "bazel_skylib", version = "1.9.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "buildifier_prebuilt", version = "8.5.1")
+bazel_dep(name = "contrib_rules_jvm", version = "0.32.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "package_metadata", version = "0.0.7")
 bazel_dep(name = "platforms", version = "1.0.0")
 
+# If you update this, also update the prebuilt version of `protoc` we use below
+bazel_dep(name = "protobuf", version = "33.5")
+
 # Required for rules_rust to import the crates properly
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_cc", version = "0.2.8", dev_dependency = True)
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_cc", version = "0.2.17", dev_dependency = True)
 
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_android", version = "0.7.1")
 bazel_dep(name = "rules_closure", version = "0.15.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_dotnet", version = "0.20.5")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_java", version = "8.7.1")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_jvm_external", version = "6.8")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_multitool", version = "1.3.0")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_nodejs", version = "6.3.2")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_pkg", version = "1.0.1")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_python", version = "1.8.3")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_proto", version = "7.0.2")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_ruby", version = "0.22.1")
-bazel_dep(name = "rules_rust", version = "0.67.0")
-
-# Until `rules_jvm_external` 6.8 ships
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_dotnet", version = "0.21.5")
+
+# See below for actual version used
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_java", version = "9.6.1")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_jvm_external", version = "6.10")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_multitool", version = "1.11.1")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_nodejs", version = "6.7.3")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_oci", version = "2.3.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_pkg", version = "1.2.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_python", version = "1.9.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_proto", version = "7.1.0")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_ruby", version = "0.23.1")
+bazel_dep(name = "rules_rust", version = "0.69.0")
+
+# Use latest rules_jvm_external for Bazel 9 compatibility
 single_version_override(
     module_name = "rules_jvm_external",
     patch_strip = 1,
-    patches = ["//java:rules_jvm_external_javadoc.patch"],
+    patches = ["//third_party/bazel:rules_jvm_external_javadoc.patch"],
+)
+
+# aspect_rules_jest 0.25.2 does not declare bazel_lib 3.x as a dep
+# (aspect_bazel_lib → bazel_lib rename)
+single_version_override(
+    module_name = "aspect_rules_jest",
+    patch_strip = 1,
+    patches = [
+        "//third_party/bazel:aspect_rules_jest_bazel_lib.patch",
+    ],
 )
 
 multitool = use_extension("@rules_multitool//multitool:extension.bzl", "multitool")
@@ -65,15 +83,13 @@ npm.npm_translate_lock(
     data = [
         "@//:package.json",
         "@//:pnpm-workspace.yaml",
-        "@//javascript/atoms:package.json",
         "@//javascript/grid-ui:package.json",
         "@//javascript/private:package.json",
         "@//javascript/selenium-webdriver:package.json",
     ],
     generate_bzl_library_targets = True,
     npmrc = "//:.npmrc",
     pnpm_lock = "//:pnpm-lock.yaml",
-    update_pnpm_lock = True,
     verify_node_modules_ignored = "//:.bazelignore",
 )
 use_repo(npm, "npm")
@@ -239,6 +255,7 @@ maven.install(
     fail_on_missing_checksum = True,
     fetch_sources = True,
     known_contributing_modules = [
+        "protobuf",
         "rules_closure",
         "rules_web_testing_java",
         "selenium",

diff --git a/REPO.bazel b/REPO.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+repo(
+    default_package_metadata = [
+        "//:package_metadata",
+    ],
+)
+
+ignore_directories(["**/node_modules"])
diff --git a/common/remote-build/BUILD.bazel b/common/remote-build/BUILD.bazel
@@ -46,5 +46,5 @@ platform(
         "dockerUseEntrypoint": "True",
         "sandboxAllowed": "False",
     },
-    parents = ["@local_config_platform//:host"],
+    parents = ["@platforms//host"],
 )
diff --git a/common/remote-build/cc/armeabi_cc_toolchain_config.bzl b/common/remote-build/cc/armeabi_cc_toolchain_config.bzl
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ load(
     "tool_path",
 )
 load("@rules_cc//cc/common:cc_common.bzl", "cc_common")
+load("@rules_cc//cc/private/toolchain_config:cc_toolchain_config_info.bzl", "CcToolchainConfigInfo")
 
 def _impl(ctx):
     toolchain_identifier = "stub_armeabi-v7a"

diff --git a/common/remote-build/cc/cc_toolchain_config.bzl b/common/remote-build/cc/cc_toolchain_config.bzl
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ load(
     "with_feature_set",
 )
 load("@rules_cc//cc/common:cc_common.bzl", "cc_common")
+load("@rules_cc//cc/private/toolchain_config:cc_toolchain_config_info.bzl", "CcToolchainConfigInfo")
 
 def layering_check_features(compiler):
     if compiler != "clang":

diff --git a/java/defs.bzl b/java/defs.bzl
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ load("//java/private:module.bzl", _java_module = "java_module")
 load("//java/private:selenium_test.bzl", _selenium_test = "selenium_test")
 load("//java/private:suite.bzl", _java_selenium_test_suite = "java_selenium_test_suite")
 
-def java_test_suite(name, runner = "junit5", **kwargs):
-    _java_test_suite(name = name, runner = runner, **kwargs)
+def java_test_suite(name, **kwargs):
+    _java_test_suite(name = name, **kwargs)
 
 SINGLE_BROWSER = ["chrome"]