Most of the CTS tests with "with_push" in the name generate this error, for example: dEQP-VK.binding_model.shader_access.primary_cmd_buf.with_push_template.sampler_mutable.vertex.single_descriptor.1d:

<Text>ERROR:  [ UNASSIGNED-CoreValidation-DrawState-DescriptorSetNotBound ] Object: 0x23e65429a30 (Type = 6) | VkPipeline 0x16 uses set #0 but that set is not bound. (code 0xffffffff from Validation at CommandBuffer:0)</Text>

I think this error check is looking for a descriptor set to actually be bound, but push descriptors are "pushed" rather than bound. The draw is still valid.