(cherry picked from commit 503d5b4)

Backported PRs:
- [x] #47782 <!-- Generalize Bool parse method to AbstractString -->
- [x] #48634 <!-- Remove unused "deps" mechanism in internal sorting
keywords [NFC] -->
- [x] #49931 <!-- Lock finalizers' lists at exit -->
- [x] #50064 <!-- Fix numbered prompt with input only with comment -->
- [x] #50474 <!-- docs: Fix a `!!! note` which was miscapitalized -->
- [x] #50516 <!-- Fix visibility of assert on GCC12/13 -->
- [x] #50635 <!-- `versioninfo()`: include build info and unofficial
warning -->
- [x] #49915 <!-- Revert "Remove number / vector (#44358)" -->
- [x] #50781 <!-- fix `bit_map!` with aliasing -->
- [x] #50845 <!-- fix #50438, use default pool for at-threads -->
- [x] #49031 <!-- Update inference.md -->
- [x] #50289 <!-- Initialize prev_nold and nold in gc_reset_page -->
- [x] #50559 <!-- Expand kwcall lowering positional default check to
vararg -->
- [x] #49582 <!-- Update HISTORY.md for `DelimitedFiles` -->
- [x] #50341 <!-- invokelatest docs should say not exported before 1.9
-->
- [x] #50525 <!-- only check that values are finite in `generic_lufact`
when `check=true` -->
- [x] #50444 <!-- Optimize getfield lowering to avoid boxing in some
cases -->
- [x] #50523 <!-- Avoid generic call in most cases for getproperty -->
- [x] #50860 <!-- Add `Base.get_extension` to docs/API -->
- [x] #50164 <!-- codegen: handle dead code with unsafe_store of FCA
pointers -->
- [x] #50568 <!-- `Array(::AbstractRange)` should return an `Array` -->
- [x] #50871 <!-- macOS: Don't inspect dead threadtls during exception
handling. -->

Need manual backport:
- [ ] #48542 <!-- Add docs on task-specific buffering using
multithreading -->
- [ ] #50591 <!-- build: fix various makefile bugs -->


Non-merged PRs with backport label:
- [ ] #50842 <!-- Avoid race conditions with recursive rm -->
- [ ] #50823 <!-- Make ranges more robust with unsigned indexes. -->
- [ ] #50663 <!-- Fix Expr(:loopinfo) codegen -->
- [ ] #49716 <!-- Update varinfo() docstring signature -->
- [ ] #49713 <!-- prevent REPL from erroring in numbered mode in some
situations -->
- [ ] #49573 <!-- Implement jl_cpu_pause on PPC64 -->
- [ ] #48726 <!-- fix macro expansion of property destructuring -->
- [ ] #48642 <!-- Use gc alloc instead of alloc typed in lowering -->
- [ ] #48183 <!-- Don't use pkgimage for package if any includes fall in
tracked path for coverage or alloc tracking -->
- [ ] #48050 <!-- improve `--heap-size-hint` arg handling -->
- [ ] #47615 <!-- Allow threadsafe access to buffer of type inference
profiling trees -->