… transient connection exceptions. (microsoft#21612)

### Description
Improve docker commands to make docker image layer caching works.
It can make docker building faster and more stable.
So far, A100 pool's system disk is too small to use docker cache.
We won't use pipeline cache for docker image and remove some legacy
code.

### Motivation and Context
There are often an exception of
```
64.58 + curl https://nodejs.org/dist/v18.17.1/node-v18.17.1-linux-x64.tar.gz -sSL --retry 5 --retry-delay 30 --create-dirs -o /tmp/src/node-v18.17.1-linux-x64.tar.gz --fail
286.4 curl: (92) HTTP/2 stream 0 was not closed cleanly: INTERNAL_ERROR (err 2)
```
Because Onnxruntime pipeline have been sending too many requests to
download Nodejs in docker building.
Which is the major reason of pipeline failing now

In fact, docker image layer caching never works.
We can always see the scrips are still running
```
#9 [3/5] RUN cd /tmp/scripts && /tmp/scripts/install_centos.sh && /tmp/scripts/install_deps.sh && rm -rf /tmp/scripts
#9 0.234 /bin/sh: warning: setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (en_US.UTF-8)
#9 0.235 /bin/sh: warning: setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (en_US.UTF-8)
#9 0.235 /tmp/scripts/install_centos.sh: line 1: !/bin/bash: No such file or directory
#9 0.235 ++ '[' '!' -f /etc/yum.repos.d/microsoft-prod.repo ']'
#9 0.236 +++ tr -dc 0-9.
#9 0.236 +++ cut -d . -f1
#9 0.238 ++ os_major_version=8
....
#9 60.41 + curl https://nodejs.org/dist/v18.17.1/node-v18.17.1-linux-x64.tar.gz -sSL --retry 5 --retry-delay 30 --create-dirs -o /tmp/src/node-v18.17.1-linux-x64.tar.gz --fail
#9 60.59 + return 0
...
```

This PR is improving the docker command to make image layer caching
work.
Thus, CI won't send so many redundant request of downloading NodeJS.
```
#9 [2/5] ADD scripts /tmp/scripts
#9 CACHED

#10 [3/5] RUN cd /tmp/scripts && /tmp/scripts/install_centos.sh && /tmp/scripts/install_deps.sh && rm -rf /tmp/scripts
#10 CACHED

#11 [4/5] RUN adduser --uid 1000 onnxruntimedev
#11 CACHED

#12 [5/5] WORKDIR /home/onnxruntimedev
#12 CACHED
```

###Reference
https://docs.docker.com/build/drivers/

---------

Co-authored-by: Yi Zhang <[email protected]>

(1) Not install cudnn9-cuda-12 since the base image has cudnn so no need
to install again.
(2) Upgrade ubuntu to 24.04

This fixes the following error:
```
#11 315.1  cudnn9-cuda-12 : Depends: cudnn9-cuda-12-9 (>= 9.10.2.21) but it is not going to be installed
#11 315.1 E: Unable to correct problems, you have held broken packages.
```