ImageElements loops over all elements in the page looking for computed styles looking for elements with a background-image style, but pseudo-elements can't be accessed via the DOM like that.

As a result, any image in a ::before, ::after, etc isn't included in the artifact and missed in the image audits that rely on it (OptimizedImages does pick up on them because it filters network records on resource/mime types instead, but then an audit like modern-image-formats can't join the results with ImageElements so the details don't include a node for the images)

Example page: https://earthy-picayune-albertonykus.glitch.me/ (lighthouse logo not in ImageElements despite being the only image in the page)