title	Git
date	2020-11-25 10:28:43 -0800
background	bg-[#d7593e]
tags	github gitlab version VCS
categories	Linux Command
intro	This cheat sheet summarizes commonly used Git command line instructions for quick reference.
plugins	copyCode

Getting Started

Create a Repository

Create a new local repository

$ git init [project name]

Clone a repository

$ git clone git_url

Clone a repository into a specified directory

$ git clone git_url my_directory

Make a change {.row-span-2}

Show modified files in working directory, staged for your next commit

$ git status

Stages the file, ready for commit

$ git add [file]

Stage all changed files, ready for commit

$ git add .

Commit all staged files to version history

$ git commit -m "commit message"

Commit all your tracked files to version history

$ git commit -am "commit message"

Discard changes in working directory which is not staged

$ git restore [file]

Unstage a staged file or file which is staged

$ git restore --staged [file]

Unstage a file, keeping the file changes

$ git reset [file]

Revert everything to the last commit

$ git reset --hard

Diff of what is changed but not staged

$ git diff

Diff of what is staged but not yet committed

$ git diff --staged

Apply any commits of current branch ahead of specified one

$ git rebase [branch]

Configuration

Set the name that will be attached to your commits and tags

$ git config --global user.name "name"

Set an email address that will be attached to your commits and tags

$ git config --global user.email "email"

Enable some colorization of Git output

$ git config --global color.ui auto

Edit the global configuration file in a text editor

$ git config --global --edit

Working with Branches

List all local branches

$ git branch

List all branches, local and remote

$ git branch -av

Switch to my_branch, and update working directory

$ git checkout my_branch

Create a new branch called new_branch

$ git checkout -b new_branch

Delete the branch called my_branch

$ git branch -d my_branch

Merge branchA into branchB

$ git checkout branchB
$ git merge branchA

Tag the current commit

$ git tag my_tag

Observe your Repository

Show the commit history for the currently active branch

$ git log

Show the commits on branchA that are not on branchB

$ git log branchB..branchA

Show the commits that changed file, even across renames

$ git log --follow [file]

Show the diff of what is in branchA that is not in branchB

$ git diff branchB...branchA

Show any object in Git in human-readable format

$ git show [SHA]

Synchronize

Fetch down all the branches from that Git remote

$ git fetch [alias]

Merge a remote branch into your current branch to bring it up to date

$ git merge [alias]/[branch]
# No fast-forward
$ git merge --no-ff [alias]/[branch]
# Only fast-forward
$ git merge --ff-only [alias]/[branch]

Transmit local branch commits to the remote repository branch

$ git push [alias] [branch]

Fetch and merge any commits from the tracking remote branch

$ git pull

Merge just one specific commit from another branch to your current branch

$ git cherry-pick [commit_id]

Remote

Add a git URL as an alias

$ git remote add [alias] [url]

Show the names of the remote repositories you've set up

$ git remote

Show the names and URLs of the remote repositories

$ git remote -v

Remove a remote repository

$ git remote rm [remote repo name]

Change the URL of the git repo

$ git remote set-url origin [git_url]

Temporary Commits

Save modified and staged changes

$ git stash

List stack-order of stashed file changes

$ git stash list

Write working from top of stash stack

$ git stash pop

Discard the changes from top of stash stack

$ git stash drop

Tracking path Changes

Delete the file from project and stage the removal for commit

$ git rm [file]

Change an existing file path and stage the move

$ git mv [existing-path] [new-path]

Show all commit logs with indication of any paths that moved

$ git log --stat -M

Ignoring Files

/logs/*

# "!" means don't ignore
!logs/.gitkeep

/# Ignore Mac system files
.DS_store

# Ignore node_modules folder
node_modules

# Ignore SASS config files
.sass-cache

A .gitignore file specifies intentionally untracked files that Git should ignore

Git Tricks

Rename branch

• Renamed to new_name

  $ git branch -m <new_name>

• Push and reset

  $ git push origin -u <new_name>

• Delete remote branch

  $ git push origin --delete <old>

  {.marker-timeline}

Log

Search change by content

$ git log -S'<a term in the source>'

Show changes over time for specific file

$ git log -p <file_name>

Print out a cool visualization of your log

$ git log --pretty=oneline --graph --decorate --all

List files changed in a commit

$ git log --name-only <commit-id>

List files changed in commits excluding merges

$ git log --no-merges --name-only

Limit commits to the last N entries

$ git log -<number>

Limit commits to the last N entries (alternate syntax)

$ git log -n <number>

Limit commits to a maximum of N entries

$ git log --max-count=<number>

Show commits more recent than a specific date

$ git log --after="YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS ±HHMM"

Show commits older than a specific date

$ git log --before="YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS ±HHMM"

Filter commits by author matching a pattern

$ git log --author=<pattern>

Filter commits by commit message matching a pattern

$ git log --grep=<pattern>

Show commit graph of the current branch with reference decorations

$ git log --graph --decorate

Show commit graph of a specific branch without switching to it

$ git log --graph --decorate <branch>

Show commit graph for commits in one branch not in another

$ git log --graph --decorate <branchB>..<branchA>

Show commit graph of all branches

$ git log --graph --decorate --all

Branch {.row-span-2}

List all branches and their upstreams

$ git branch -vv

Quickly switch to the previous branch

$ git checkout -

Get only remote branches

$ git branch -r

Checkout a single file from another branch

$ git checkout <branch> -- <file>

Rewriting history

Rewrite last commit message

$ git commit --amend -m "new message"

Amend the latest commit without changing the commit message.

$ git commit --amend --no-edit

See also: Rewriting history

Git Aliases

git config --global alias.co checkout
git config --global alias.br branch
git config --global alias.ci commit
git config --global alias.st status

See also: More Aliases

Advanced Git

Worktrees

Create a new working tree at the specified path. If a branch is specified, it checks out that branch. If no branch is given, a new one is created based on HEAD and named after the new directory.

$ git worktree add <path> [<branch>]

List all of the active working trees associated with the repository.

$ git worktree list

Remove the specified working tree.

$ git worktree remove <path>

Clean up stale or manually deleted working trees.

$ git worktree prune

Relocate the working tree to a new path.

$  git worktree move <old_path> <new_path>

Submodules

Create a new submodule within your repository:

$ git submodule add <repository_url> <path>

Clone a repository and initialize its submodules:

$ git clone --recursive <repository_url>

Update all the submodules in your repository to the latest commit of their respective branches:

$ git submodule update

Pull the latest changes from the remote repositories of the submodules and update them in your main repository:

$ git submodule update --remote

Remove a submodule from your repository:

$ git submodule deinit <path>
$ git rm <path>
$ git commit -m "Removed submodule"

Cherry-picking

Cherry-picking allows you to apply a specific commit from one branch to another branch.

$ git cherry-pick <commit_hash>

Reflog

Display the reflog, showing the history of HEAD and branch movements:

$ git reflog

Find the hash of the lost commit or branch using the reflog and then checkout to that hash to restore it:

$ git checkout <commit_or_branch_hash>