It is possible to insert data from file using clickhouse-client:
clickhouse-client ... --query 'insert into mytable format CSV < data.csv

But for temporary tables it is not working because temporary tables are not visible in other sessions.

I suggest to allow 'insert' from file within clickhouse-client session, like select does (select into outfile '...').
For example:
insert into mytable format CSV fromfile 'data.csv'