The word 'cosmetics' arises from a Greek word 'kosmeticos' which means to adorn. ... more The word 'cosmetics' arises from a Greek word 'kosmeticos' which means to adorn. The urge to adorn one's own body and look beautiful has been an urge in the human race since the tribal days. Earlier both males and females were equal competitors for improvement of appearance. Males used to decorate themselves with animal parts and vegetable leaves etc. while women did so by wearing any coloured stones or, flowers round their neck and the wrists.
The present study was carried out to design a viable and practically effective transdermal system... more The present study was carried out to design a viable and practically effective transdermal systems of indomethacin using cream-based drug reservoirs and suitable rate controlling membranes. As vehicles, a more lipophilic base (F(1)) and a cream formulation containing predominant aqueous phase (F(2)) were chosen to study the influence of vehicle nature and role of permeation enhancers that increases thermodynamic activity and to provide diffusible species of drug to skin. Rate controlling membranes of cellulose acetate (CA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) with polyvinyl pyrollidine and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose were used to design transdermal devices. In vivo, effective plasma concentrations of indomethacin are maintained up to 24 hr whereas oral formulation showed only up to 8 hr. Although the plasma drug levels between both EC films differ insignificantly, PVP film showed a better pharmacokinetic profile. The pharmacodynamic performance of the transdermal devices exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity over 24 hr compared with orally administered indomethacin. In vivo studies indicate the superiority of CA films over the EC films. Further, enhancement may be achieved with other classic enhancers/enhancement strategies with such devices containing aqueous cream vehicle and the optimum membranes.
: Microsponges are polymeric delivery devices composed of porous microspheres that range in size ... more : Microsponges are polymeric delivery devices composed of porous microspheres that range in size from 5 to 300 micrometers. These have been explored for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, anticancer drug delivery, and bone substitutes. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of recent developments and prospects for a microsponge-based drug delivery system. The current study analyzes how the Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is made, how it works, and how it can be used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. The therapeutic potential and patent information of microsponge-based formulations were systematically analyzed. The authors summarize various effective techniques for developing microsponges, such as liquid-liquid suspension polymerization, quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent diffusion, oil-in-oil emulsion solvent diffusion, lyophilization method, porogen addition method, vibrating orifice aerosol generator method, electrohydrodynamic atomization method, and ultrasound-assisted microsponge. Microsponge may reduce the side effects and increase drug stability by positively altering drug release. Drugs that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic can be loaded into a microsponge and delivered to a specific target. The microsponge delivery technology offers numerous advantages over conventional delivery systems. Microsponges, which are spherical sponge-like nanoparticles with porous surfaces, have the potential to increase the stability of medications. They also efficiently decrease the undesirable effects and alter drug release.
Aromatase is a crucial enzyme for the catalysis of aromatization reaction at the last and rate‐li... more Aromatase is a crucial enzyme for the catalysis of aromatization reaction at the last and rate‐limiting step involved in the conversion of androgenic substrates to an estrogenic substrate. A hormone‐dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal woman can be cured by inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis by the help of aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The mode of interactions of flavonones with the active site of aromatase has been studied in search of potent and selective AIs as a substitute of the natural steroidal ligand. Structure‐based computational approach namely, molecular docking simulations were performed to investigate the structural features of the docked complex of aromatase and flavonoid ligands. A nonsteroidal flavonoid pharmacophore showing electrostatic and steric features for selective binding within the main pocket of the catalytic active site of aromatase has been identified as an outcome of the study. The binding affinity of quercetin and isoflavone were predicted within ar...
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2008
Mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) could be an exciting prospect for trans-nasal insulin delivery a... more Mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) could be an exciting prospect for trans-nasal insulin delivery as they have higher surface area to cover highly vascularised nasal absorptive area providing a greater concentration gradient; hence the present study makes an attempt in this regard. Starch NPs were prepared by different crosslinkers using various methodologies and were loaded with insulin. Emulsion crosslinked particles were smaller in size compared to gel method (351 vs 997 nm), and size is further reduced when epichlorohydrin is used as crosslinking agent compared to POCl 3 (194 vs 810 nm). NPs of epichlorohydrin emulsion were further optimized with variable crosslinking to evaluate the effect of degree of crosslinking on in vivo performance. In vitro, a size dependent first order diffusion controlled insulin release with an initial burst effect was found, which is higher with NPs of small size and least crosslinking. Formulation of EE-NPs with Na glycocholate showed a superior hypoglycemic action compared to other NPs formulations containing the former and lysophosphatidylcholine as permeation enhancers. The hypoglycemic effects were more pronounced with medium crosslinked NPs (EE-L2-NPs), which showed a nadir of 70% reduction of plasma glucose and significant effects untill 6 h. The peak plasma insulin level (C max) of medium crosslinked EE-L2-NPs (258 lIU/ml at 1 h) vindicates the pharmacodynamic effect, which was found to be superior compared to all other formulations. The release rate and higher associated surface area might work in tandem, and could be greatly amplified when combined with permeation enhancers to make starch NPs an efficient trans-nasal mucoadhesive carrier of insulin.
Progression in genetic engineering has led to proliferation of a wide variety of proteins, peptid... more Progression in genetic engineering has led to proliferation of a wide variety of proteins, peptides, genes, and other macromolecules. Despite their efficacy and selectivity in physiological functions, administration of most of the bioactives is a hard task to achieve. To overcome these limitations, enormous efforts are being made to formulate these bioactives into patient-friendly system using the approaches of novel drug delivery systems mainly based on liposomes, nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, niosomes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, and bioadhesive particles. Among these nano size carriers attract huge intention because at this size surface area enhances exponentially which surprisingly changes the many aspects compared to conventional particles. The key objectives in developing nanocarriers are to manage particle diameter, surface characteristics, as well as effective delivery without degradation to fulfill the specific objectives. Hence, characterizations of these nanocarriers are ver...
Considering limitations of conventional insulin therapies, the present study characterizes useful... more Considering limitations of conventional insulin therapies, the present study characterizes usefulness of novel mucoadhesive multivesicular liposomes as a mucoadhesive sustained release carrier of insulin via nasal and ocular routes, thus attempts to develop non-invasive carrier system for the controlled release of bioactives. Multivesicular liposomes (MVLs) of 26–34 μm were prepared with a high protein loading (58–62%) and were coated with chitosan and carbopol. These mucoadhesive carriers were characterized by zeta potential studies, in vitro mucoadhesion test and insulin protective ability against nasal aminopeptidase. In vitro, mucoadhesive carriers released insulin for a period of 7–9 days compared to 24 h of conventional liposomes. After intranasal administration to STZ induced diabetic rats, the mucoadhesive MVLs (chitosan coated MVLs) effectively reduced plasma glucose level up to 2 days (35% reduction), compared to non-coated MVLs (32% at 12 h) and conventional liposomes (34% at 8 h). Although the differences are statistically insignificant, chitosan coated formulation has shown a better hypoglycemic profile as the effects were prolonged compared to carbopol coated formulation. When compared to ocular route, chitosan formulation after nasal administration has shown better therapeutic profile as the hypoglycemic effects were prolonged until 72 h. The effectiveness of this chitosan coated MVLs was further demonstrated by the significant quantities of ELISA detectable insulin levels after nasal (334.6 μIu/ml) and ocular (186.3 μIu/ml) administration. These results demonstrate that mucoadhesive carrier is a viable option for a sustained release transmucosal insulin carrier, and open an avenue to develop a non-invasive carrier platform for the controlled release of bioactives.
Recent advances in the development of nanocarriers have started a new era in Formulation Science.... more Recent advances in the development of nanocarriers have started a new era in Formulation Science. Among various nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) offer an attractive carrier system to conventional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, microemulsions, self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system, micellar systems, liposomes, polymeric microparticles and nanoparticles. SLNs mingle rewards of the conventional carriers along with circumventing some of their major disadvantages. SLNs are effortlessly made nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers of high stability devoid of significant toxicity as well as commercially economic and could incorporate wide variety of drugs for effective targeting. In a nutshell, they propose an extremely versatile platform for second- and third-order targeting of drugs. SLNs are novel lipid-based formulations constituted exclusively of biodegradable lipids such as highly purified triglycerides, monoglycerides, complex glyceride mixtures...
Being the second most frequent cancer, breast cancer is emerging worldwide with an alarming rate,... more Being the second most frequent cancer, breast cancer is emerging worldwide with an alarming rate, specifically in post-menopausal women. Targeted drug delivery has been in the focus for the successful treatment of breast cancer by enhancing the drug delivery efficiency and reducing the systemic toxicity of drugs. Also, it eliminates the drawbacks associated with conventional chemotherapy, including neuropathy, memory loss, cardiotoxicity and low RBCs count. This review elaborates the polymeric nanoparticles based formulation approaches for selective and sustained delivery for effective cure of breast cancer. However, breast cancer, a life-threatening disease, is mostly caused because of estrogen, thus aromatase inhibitors and estrogen synthesis inhibitors could prevent chances of breast cancer. The disease is associated with drug resistance and some side effects, which could be easily eliminated by using novel therapeutic approaches. Aromatase inhibitors, when entrapped in nanoparti...
S Objective: The present review is an attempt to summarized report relative to drug delivery thro... more S Objective: The present review is an attempt to summarized report relative to drug delivery through topical or transdermal system. Material and Method: Various research articles, review articles and short communication are collected and compiled. Results: Transdermal drugs delivery system is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin (stratum corneum). Vesicular systems are one of the means of transdermal applications of drug carriers such as liposome, niosomes, transfersomes etc. The interest in designing of topical delivery systems regained importance after the discovery of elastic vesicles known as transfersomes. Transfersomes are a form of elastic or deformable vesicle, which were first introduced in the early 1990 by Gregor Cevc. A Transfersome is a highly adaptable and stress-responsive, complex aggregate that are ultradeformable in nature and have the tendency of squeezing itself through the pores of the skin which is many times smaller than its size due to its el...
The main aim of this work is to develop and thoroughly evaluate resin-based multiparticles of rep... more The main aim of this work is to develop and thoroughly evaluate resin-based multiparticles of repaglinide for effective management of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Repaglinide was complexed with cholestyramine resin; later the resin complexed drug was encapsulated in ethylcellulose microspheres. The microspheres were characterized for micromeritic properties, SEM analysis, entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, IR spectroscopy, buoyancy behaviour and in vitro drug release in simulated gastric fluid. Microparticles showed regular shape and spherical morphology with entrapment efficiency in the range 51-69%. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that there was no chemical interaction between the polymer and the drug. Resin-based microspheres showed good buoyancy behaviour (P < 0.05) due to the presence of bicarbonate ions and sustained release compared to plain drug microspheres (P < 0.05). Finally, the effectiveness of the formulations was evaluated in vivo for blood glucos...
About one-third of the world's population primarily the geriatric and pediatric patient have ... more About one-third of the world's population primarily the geriatric and pediatric patient have swallowing difficulties and mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) is materialized as a gorgeous substitute for that group of patient. MDTs disintegrate or dissolve very rapidly in mouth as they come into the contact with saliva, without any need of extra water. This unique asset of MDTs combines the advantages of both liquid and conventional oral dosage form. Rapid disintegration of MDTs within the oral cavity fosters pregastric absorption through buccal mucosa, pharyngeal mucosa and oesophagus. Due to this pregastric absorption first pass metabolism is bypassed and accounts for the enhanced bioavailability of the incorporated therapeutic agent. Additionally, the problem of dysphagia especially in paediatric and geriatric individuals is triumphed over by the development of MDTs (Van den Mooter et.al 2011). These exceptional possessions put the MDTs on the upper hand in comparison to convention...
The word 'cosmetics' arises from a Greek word 'kosmeticos' which means to adorn. ... more The word 'cosmetics' arises from a Greek word 'kosmeticos' which means to adorn. The urge to adorn one's own body and look beautiful has been an urge in the human race since the tribal days. Earlier both males and females were equal competitors for improvement of appearance. Males used to decorate themselves with animal parts and vegetable leaves etc. while women did so by wearing any coloured stones or, flowers round their neck and the wrists.
The present study was carried out to design a viable and practically effective transdermal system... more The present study was carried out to design a viable and practically effective transdermal systems of indomethacin using cream-based drug reservoirs and suitable rate controlling membranes. As vehicles, a more lipophilic base (F(1)) and a cream formulation containing predominant aqueous phase (F(2)) were chosen to study the influence of vehicle nature and role of permeation enhancers that increases thermodynamic activity and to provide diffusible species of drug to skin. Rate controlling membranes of cellulose acetate (CA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) with polyvinyl pyrollidine and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose were used to design transdermal devices. In vivo, effective plasma concentrations of indomethacin are maintained up to 24 hr whereas oral formulation showed only up to 8 hr. Although the plasma drug levels between both EC films differ insignificantly, PVP film showed a better pharmacokinetic profile. The pharmacodynamic performance of the transdermal devices exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity over 24 hr compared with orally administered indomethacin. In vivo studies indicate the superiority of CA films over the EC films. Further, enhancement may be achieved with other classic enhancers/enhancement strategies with such devices containing aqueous cream vehicle and the optimum membranes.
: Microsponges are polymeric delivery devices composed of porous microspheres that range in size ... more : Microsponges are polymeric delivery devices composed of porous microspheres that range in size from 5 to 300 micrometers. These have been explored for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery, transdermal drug delivery, anticancer drug delivery, and bone substitutes. The purpose of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of recent developments and prospects for a microsponge-based drug delivery system. The current study analyzes how the Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is made, how it works, and how it can be used for a wide range of therapeutic purposes. The therapeutic potential and patent information of microsponge-based formulations were systematically analyzed. The authors summarize various effective techniques for developing microsponges, such as liquid-liquid suspension polymerization, quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method, water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion solvent diffusion, oil-in-oil emulsion solvent diffusion, lyophilization method, porogen addition method, vibrating orifice aerosol generator method, electrohydrodynamic atomization method, and ultrasound-assisted microsponge. Microsponge may reduce the side effects and increase drug stability by positively altering drug release. Drugs that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic can be loaded into a microsponge and delivered to a specific target. The microsponge delivery technology offers numerous advantages over conventional delivery systems. Microsponges, which are spherical sponge-like nanoparticles with porous surfaces, have the potential to increase the stability of medications. They also efficiently decrease the undesirable effects and alter drug release.
Aromatase is a crucial enzyme for the catalysis of aromatization reaction at the last and rate‐li... more Aromatase is a crucial enzyme for the catalysis of aromatization reaction at the last and rate‐limiting step involved in the conversion of androgenic substrates to an estrogenic substrate. A hormone‐dependent breast cancer in postmenopausal woman can be cured by inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis by the help of aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The mode of interactions of flavonones with the active site of aromatase has been studied in search of potent and selective AIs as a substitute of the natural steroidal ligand. Structure‐based computational approach namely, molecular docking simulations were performed to investigate the structural features of the docked complex of aromatase and flavonoid ligands. A nonsteroidal flavonoid pharmacophore showing electrostatic and steric features for selective binding within the main pocket of the catalytic active site of aromatase has been identified as an outcome of the study. The binding affinity of quercetin and isoflavone were predicted within ar...
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 2008
Mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) could be an exciting prospect for trans-nasal insulin delivery a... more Mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) could be an exciting prospect for trans-nasal insulin delivery as they have higher surface area to cover highly vascularised nasal absorptive area providing a greater concentration gradient; hence the present study makes an attempt in this regard. Starch NPs were prepared by different crosslinkers using various methodologies and were loaded with insulin. Emulsion crosslinked particles were smaller in size compared to gel method (351 vs 997 nm), and size is further reduced when epichlorohydrin is used as crosslinking agent compared to POCl 3 (194 vs 810 nm). NPs of epichlorohydrin emulsion were further optimized with variable crosslinking to evaluate the effect of degree of crosslinking on in vivo performance. In vitro, a size dependent first order diffusion controlled insulin release with an initial burst effect was found, which is higher with NPs of small size and least crosslinking. Formulation of EE-NPs with Na glycocholate showed a superior hypoglycemic action compared to other NPs formulations containing the former and lysophosphatidylcholine as permeation enhancers. The hypoglycemic effects were more pronounced with medium crosslinked NPs (EE-L2-NPs), which showed a nadir of 70% reduction of plasma glucose and significant effects untill 6 h. The peak plasma insulin level (C max) of medium crosslinked EE-L2-NPs (258 lIU/ml at 1 h) vindicates the pharmacodynamic effect, which was found to be superior compared to all other formulations. The release rate and higher associated surface area might work in tandem, and could be greatly amplified when combined with permeation enhancers to make starch NPs an efficient trans-nasal mucoadhesive carrier of insulin.
Progression in genetic engineering has led to proliferation of a wide variety of proteins, peptid... more Progression in genetic engineering has led to proliferation of a wide variety of proteins, peptides, genes, and other macromolecules. Despite their efficacy and selectivity in physiological functions, administration of most of the bioactives is a hard task to achieve. To overcome these limitations, enormous efforts are being made to formulate these bioactives into patient-friendly system using the approaches of novel drug delivery systems mainly based on liposomes, nanocapsules, nanoemulsions, niosomes, hydrogels, nanoparticles, and bioadhesive particles. Among these nano size carriers attract huge intention because at this size surface area enhances exponentially which surprisingly changes the many aspects compared to conventional particles. The key objectives in developing nanocarriers are to manage particle diameter, surface characteristics, as well as effective delivery without degradation to fulfill the specific objectives. Hence, characterizations of these nanocarriers are ver...
Considering limitations of conventional insulin therapies, the present study characterizes useful... more Considering limitations of conventional insulin therapies, the present study characterizes usefulness of novel mucoadhesive multivesicular liposomes as a mucoadhesive sustained release carrier of insulin via nasal and ocular routes, thus attempts to develop non-invasive carrier system for the controlled release of bioactives. Multivesicular liposomes (MVLs) of 26–34 μm were prepared with a high protein loading (58–62%) and were coated with chitosan and carbopol. These mucoadhesive carriers were characterized by zeta potential studies, in vitro mucoadhesion test and insulin protective ability against nasal aminopeptidase. In vitro, mucoadhesive carriers released insulin for a period of 7–9 days compared to 24 h of conventional liposomes. After intranasal administration to STZ induced diabetic rats, the mucoadhesive MVLs (chitosan coated MVLs) effectively reduced plasma glucose level up to 2 days (35% reduction), compared to non-coated MVLs (32% at 12 h) and conventional liposomes (34% at 8 h). Although the differences are statistically insignificant, chitosan coated formulation has shown a better hypoglycemic profile as the effects were prolonged compared to carbopol coated formulation. When compared to ocular route, chitosan formulation after nasal administration has shown better therapeutic profile as the hypoglycemic effects were prolonged until 72 h. The effectiveness of this chitosan coated MVLs was further demonstrated by the significant quantities of ELISA detectable insulin levels after nasal (334.6 μIu/ml) and ocular (186.3 μIu/ml) administration. These results demonstrate that mucoadhesive carrier is a viable option for a sustained release transmucosal insulin carrier, and open an avenue to develop a non-invasive carrier platform for the controlled release of bioactives.
Recent advances in the development of nanocarriers have started a new era in Formulation Science.... more Recent advances in the development of nanocarriers have started a new era in Formulation Science. Among various nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) offer an attractive carrier system to conventional colloidal carriers, such as emulsions, microemulsions, self micro-emulsifying drug delivery system, micellar systems, liposomes, polymeric microparticles and nanoparticles. SLNs mingle rewards of the conventional carriers along with circumventing some of their major disadvantages. SLNs are effortlessly made nanoparticles composed of biodegradable polymers of high stability devoid of significant toxicity as well as commercially economic and could incorporate wide variety of drugs for effective targeting. In a nutshell, they propose an extremely versatile platform for second- and third-order targeting of drugs. SLNs are novel lipid-based formulations constituted exclusively of biodegradable lipids such as highly purified triglycerides, monoglycerides, complex glyceride mixtures...
Being the second most frequent cancer, breast cancer is emerging worldwide with an alarming rate,... more Being the second most frequent cancer, breast cancer is emerging worldwide with an alarming rate, specifically in post-menopausal women. Targeted drug delivery has been in the focus for the successful treatment of breast cancer by enhancing the drug delivery efficiency and reducing the systemic toxicity of drugs. Also, it eliminates the drawbacks associated with conventional chemotherapy, including neuropathy, memory loss, cardiotoxicity and low RBCs count. This review elaborates the polymeric nanoparticles based formulation approaches for selective and sustained delivery for effective cure of breast cancer. However, breast cancer, a life-threatening disease, is mostly caused because of estrogen, thus aromatase inhibitors and estrogen synthesis inhibitors could prevent chances of breast cancer. The disease is associated with drug resistance and some side effects, which could be easily eliminated by using novel therapeutic approaches. Aromatase inhibitors, when entrapped in nanoparti...
S Objective: The present review is an attempt to summarized report relative to drug delivery thro... more S Objective: The present review is an attempt to summarized report relative to drug delivery through topical or transdermal system. Material and Method: Various research articles, review articles and short communication are collected and compiled. Results: Transdermal drugs delivery system is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin (stratum corneum). Vesicular systems are one of the means of transdermal applications of drug carriers such as liposome, niosomes, transfersomes etc. The interest in designing of topical delivery systems regained importance after the discovery of elastic vesicles known as transfersomes. Transfersomes are a form of elastic or deformable vesicle, which were first introduced in the early 1990 by Gregor Cevc. A Transfersome is a highly adaptable and stress-responsive, complex aggregate that are ultradeformable in nature and have the tendency of squeezing itself through the pores of the skin which is many times smaller than its size due to its el...
The main aim of this work is to develop and thoroughly evaluate resin-based multiparticles of rep... more The main aim of this work is to develop and thoroughly evaluate resin-based multiparticles of repaglinide for effective management of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Repaglinide was complexed with cholestyramine resin; later the resin complexed drug was encapsulated in ethylcellulose microspheres. The microspheres were characterized for micromeritic properties, SEM analysis, entrapment efficiency, percentage yield, IR spectroscopy, buoyancy behaviour and in vitro drug release in simulated gastric fluid. Microparticles showed regular shape and spherical morphology with entrapment efficiency in the range 51-69%. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed that there was no chemical interaction between the polymer and the drug. Resin-based microspheres showed good buoyancy behaviour (P < 0.05) due to the presence of bicarbonate ions and sustained release compared to plain drug microspheres (P < 0.05). Finally, the effectiveness of the formulations was evaluated in vivo for blood glucos...
About one-third of the world's population primarily the geriatric and pediatric patient have ... more About one-third of the world's population primarily the geriatric and pediatric patient have swallowing difficulties and mouth dissolving tablets (MDTs) is materialized as a gorgeous substitute for that group of patient. MDTs disintegrate or dissolve very rapidly in mouth as they come into the contact with saliva, without any need of extra water. This unique asset of MDTs combines the advantages of both liquid and conventional oral dosage form. Rapid disintegration of MDTs within the oral cavity fosters pregastric absorption through buccal mucosa, pharyngeal mucosa and oesophagus. Due to this pregastric absorption first pass metabolism is bypassed and accounts for the enhanced bioavailability of the incorporated therapeutic agent. Additionally, the problem of dysphagia especially in paediatric and geriatric individuals is triumphed over by the development of MDTs (Van den Mooter et.al 2011). These exceptional possessions put the MDTs on the upper hand in comparison to convention...
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