Applied Linguistics

The aim of the study is to carry out a comparative corpus driven stylistic analysis of modal verbs in Pakistani and British English fictions. For this purpose, corpora of Pakistani English fiction (PEF) and British English fiction (BEF), consisting of one million words each has been compiled. POS tagging has been done on both the corpora, using software CLAWS tag set C 7. With the help of software Antconc 3.2.4, concordance lines of the tagged data have been manually explored for detailed study of modal verbs. The research is important as it helps to identify various insights that have been conveyed through the use of modal verbs in PEF and BEF. The study also assists in the stylistic interpretation of other word classes. This research has opened new horizons for the future researcher. It is also helpful for the teachers as well as the students of literature to have a better understanding of literature.

The purpose of the present research is to analyse the role of the linguistic devices which the writer has used to represent ethnicity in the novel, The Kite Runner. The present research was conducted primarily in accordance with the analytic tools of CDA suggested by Huckin. McGregor has also used them in his research. This is mainly a qualitative research and the quantitative methodology of Corpus linguistics has also been used as a supplement. The results of the research reveal that the writer has employed linguistic manipulation as a powerful instrument to represent ethnicity. He has used specific linguistic devices, like foregrounding, backgrounding, presupposition, omission, framing and first person narrative,

The present study investigates the route of English words borrowed into Punjabi via Urdu. Differences and similarities between bilingual and monolingual speakers have been highlighted to determine the route of borrowing. The study is based on two corpora: a corpus of 292 English loanwords in Punjabi; and a corpus of 421 English loans in Punjabi and Urdu. Metathesis, aphaeresis, and substitution of consonants are some of the adaptation strategies on the basis of which we differentiate between the output forms of monolingual and bilingual speakers.

The paper intends to look into the prescribed English language syllabus for the secondary level in Pakistan. It explores to what extent the English syllabus a) serves the needs of the intended citizenship and b) meets the international standards set for the socially well-equipped students. The English language syllabus is required to contain the basic concepts of democratic and political ideals to help and prepare informed citizens for the promotion of democracy and creating a culture of political tolerance. There is plethora of literature available about the purpose of education and literacy. The most important purpose of education is the preparation of the citizens with high adaptive values. For the achievement of these ideal values, the focus of the paper is to find out whether or not any ideal efforts such as policymaking, teacher training, and proper curriculum development as proposed by Apple and Beans (1999) are made in Pakistan. As the number of students at secondary level is very high and relevant sampling from such a large population is sure to be affected by extraneous

This research is a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of Figurative language in Pakistani English Newspapers. A corpus has been compiled from four English Newspapers: Dawn, The News, The Nation and The Express Tribune on the basis of best readership across the country. To extract the figures of speech, the wordlists comprised of various figures of speech has been compiled from the work of the previous researchers. Data has been analyzed on the basis of Richardson (2007) model of Newspaper evaluation through Critical Discourse Analysis. This research highlights the implicit function of figurative language in the English Newspapers. It explores how figurative language is used in communicating ideas to facilitate the readers and to uncover the manipulation through its usage.

In the guise of inseparable relationship between language and culture the ELT textbooks writers and publishers of the native speaker countries produce such textbooks in which a great cultural gap is found between the contents of the textbooks and the needs and objectives of the ESL learners in Pakistan. In the present research the evaluation of "Oxford Progressive English" (OPE) was carried out through an evaluation model for the content analysis of the aspect of sociological sense culture; the second aspect of culture posited by Adaskou, Britten and Fashi (1990) in the foreign language teaching. The detailed analyses of the contents and the findings of the research highlight that there are such social, cultural, religious and pedagogical contents in these textbooks that do not match with the cultural values and pedagogical needs and objectives set for the ESL learners in Pakistan. The research concludes that course contents of OPE textbooks are not culturally relevant to the learner. These are heavily imbued with the target culture as compared to the learner's culture. These OPE textbooks impart foreign colonial agenda in the guise of hidden curriculum which is a great hindrance in learning English. There is a dire need to replace these foreign cultural contents in the ESL/EFL textbooks written by the foreign authors with the local and indigenous culture so that the ELT objectives may fully be achieved. Key words: Culture, ELT, Sociological sense culture or culture with a small 'c', content analysis 1. Introduction There is no denying in the fact that English has established itself as a global lingua franca, it is most commonly spoken foreign language, language of media, technology, science and has penetrated into the daily lives of people all over the world from an abundance of areas, ranging from politics to entertainment and has been used by many due to its spread and current situation (Devrim & Bayyurt, 2010, p. 4-5). In his Three Circles Model of World Englishes, Kachru (1985; 1992) "attempts to explain the use of English around the world in three concentric circles which represent the changing distribution and functions of the English language" (Devrim & Bayyurt, 2010, p. 5). This model is explained as the inner circle, the outer circle, and the expanding circle. 1. The inner circle includes the geographical location of countries where English is used as native language. In these countries include England, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. 2. The outer circle includes the countries with colonial past where English is an institutional variety. Examples of these countries are India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Singapore, Malaysia, etc. 3. The expanding circle refers to the countries where English is used for instrumental purposes; for international communication and has no official status. The countries belonging to this circle are Japan, China, Turkey, and Brazil (Kachru, 1992). This model highlights the importance of English in the wider sphere of the world and also points out that English is not confined to the native speakers only (Devrim & Bayyurt, 2010). According to this model, Pakistan falls in the outer circle of World Englishes where English is taught as a second language (ESL). Shamim (2008) points out that English language is used in Pakistan in civil administration at provincial and federal level, electronic and print media. It is language of communication in trade and commerce, and in political and official communication in Pakistan. "English, the primary vehicle of international communication even among non-native speakers is a passport to international, cultural and metropolitan citizenship" (Haque, 2000, p.15). Ahmed and Shah (2013) points out that "… [as] over fifty years after the end of British rule in South Asia, the English language flourishes and now it is considered a passport for entry into government offices" (p.150). This situation highlights the fact that as English language does not belong to the native speakers only, there is no need to teach it in the context of native speaker culture. The English language was introduced officially in the areas comprising Pakistan during the British colonization period, replacing Persian that was the language of contact for the inhabitants of different areas of the Indo-Pak sub-continent. The purpose of this replacement was extra-linguistic, with the so-called aim to 'civilize' the Indians and it was also an indication of shift of power from the local Indians to foreigners, the British (Mehboob, 2002, p.15). Ahmed (2012) has briefly surveyed this historical establishment and progress of English in the prepartition and post-partition scenario of the Indo-Pak sub-continent with special reference to Pakistan and has

The present study is aimed at examining how critical literacy helps the students in using language efficiently and exploring new ways of reading any text. The study focuses on gauging the place of critical literacy at graduate level and also checks the awareness of students and teachers to this productive way of using language. This study also tries to find out about the gap that exists between the objectives of critical literacy in Pakistan and our present curriculum. For this purpose both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used. Finally it brings the results that in Pakistan curriculum dominantly focuses the structural level of language and does not give students sociopolitical insight. The learning of students is more bookish and does not enable the learners to employ their language skill in understanding the ways of the world.

This research is a comparative study of Newsworthiness (importance of news items) in English and Urdu newspapers. This research is a qualitative study that explores the impact of the placement of news items in the newspapers. The data has been collected from three Urdu and their counterpart English newspapers from the same groups. The placement of same news items in different newspapers will help to know about the policies and ideologies of newspapers. The research investigates how the readership influences the newsworthiness of news items. The language of the news items is studied to discover the relation between the placement and the language used in the same news items inter and intra newspaper groups. The results are not only interpreted on the basis of frequencies of news but also on the basis of lexical choices made by newspaper editors through qualitative method of research.

This study is a comparative stylistic analysis of Pakistani and British English fictions. The purpose of this study is to bring forth the representation of Man and Woman in both Pakistani and British English fictions. The research is a mixed method research but its major inclination is towards qualitative methodology. For this research, data has been collected from Pakistani and British English Fictions. The corpora of Pakistani English Fiction (PEF) and British English Fiction (BEF) consisting one million words each has been compiled. The research has examined the use of adjectives and verbs that have been used with Man and Woman in both the corpora. The research will open new vistas for the future researchers and will assist teachers as well as the student of literature in the better understanding of Pakistani English Fiction.

This article aims to explore the utility of the relationship between lexical richness and size as an indicator of acquisition status of English language of L2 learners of intermediate level, having rural background on the basis of their self-written output. 126 students' essays were used to measure the lexical richness (126 students of Sem-I and 63 students of Sem-II) Lexical Frequency Profile was used to sort it out. Its values discriminated students of different proficiency level and displayed L2 Learners vocabulary size in use. LFP result's consistency and legitimacy was obtained by comparing its result with an independent and separate measure of vocabulary size, VLT. The result showed that lexical richness has a direct link with vocabulary size (receptive vocabulary) of L2 learners. It discusses the utility of the inference based on the lexical richness of L2's written text for monitoring purpose of language acquisition process of L2 learners and to determine appropriate strategies for the desired growth of vocabulary size. 1.1 Introduction Vocabulary size is an important factor for, mastering L2 language (Schmitt, 2008). It is essential for meaningful communication and effective reading comprehension (McCarthy, 1990). In Pakistan, most of the educational material, taught and used, basically is written by and for the natives. It is creating a hindrance to grasp the conceptual knowledge of English language for L2 Learners, especially less proficient ones .In order to increase their comprehension and productivity, in both spoken and written language skills, we need to know the present status of L2 learners as a reference point (Nation, 2001). In this regard, the measure of lexical richness of L2 learners facilitates to quantify the desired level of vocabulary level at any threshold of education. It will define the requirement of vocabulary level to perform different tasks of academic education. Such statistical information determines the quality of factors that affect the quality of language learning process and on the other hand it gives clear cut relationship between vocabulary knowledge and use on the basis of written text. 1.2 Literature History Vocabulary learning is a focal point of second language acquisition (Gao, 2003). It means that vocabulary gives a clue about the different areas of language based on different aspects of vocabulary such as size, depth, receptive and productive level on one hand, the way vocabulary is taught and influencing factor such as educational background and the environment of learning on the other hand. This study focuses to sort out a reference point with the help of lexical richness that can be served as measuring unit for the induction of students in a particular level for the positive development of vocabulary growth. One of the general issues that emerge in relation to vocabulary is the distinction between productive and receptive vocabulary. This study assumes the R/P bipolar rather than binary distinction between these two aspects of vocabulary (Melka, 1997). The distance between these two points is thought as the increased familiarity of a word on a continuum. That shows a gradual movement along with the continuum with the increase of familiarity with word from recognition form, towards recognition meaning, recall form and recall meaning (Laufer & Goldstein. 2004). Similarly, there is always a problem while measuring productive vocabulary accurately of the respondent as compared to recessive vocabulary. The basic reason is that, productive vocabulary is always subjected to context. It calls accuracy of the measurement of productive vocabulary in question (Meara &Fitzpatrick, 2000) because such association gives inconsistent results. Many past researches have reported a gap between receptive and productive vocabulary. Receptive vocabulary level is greater than productive vocabulary knowledge. This disparity is resolved by following the Reads

Athetis lepigone (Mö schler), a new lepidopteran pest in China, has spread quickly to seven provinces since it was Þrst reported causing damage on summer maize in Hebei province in 2005. Whether this species is a migrant or not remains unknown. The past 3 yr searchlight trapping on an island in the center of Bohai Gulf provided direct evidence that both male and female A. lepigone moths migrate across the Bohai Gulf waters in northern China because no host crops or A. lepigone larvae were found on this island. The four migration waves observed in this study represent high-altitude movements of the overwintering, Þrst, second, and third generations of A. lepigone moths, respectively. Carbon isotope analysis showed that 1.76 Ð5.44% of the tested A. lepigone moths originated from C 4 plants, which provides additional evidence that this species is a migrant because there are no C 4 plants on this small island. The 89.24 Ð96.89% of tested A. lepigone moths originated from C 3 plants were signiÞcantly higher than that from C 4 plants in all generations, suggesting that maize Þelds are not the main host sites for A. lepigone. Few females were trapped in spring and early summer with relatively high mating frequency and more advanced ovarian development, suggesting that the migration of this species is not completely bound by the "oogenesis-ßight syndrome." These Þndings reveal a new route for A. lepigone migrating to and from the northeastern agricultural region of China, and improve our knowledge of the migration ecology of A. lepigone. Further studies are needed to clarify the migration trajectories that will help in developing sound forecasting systems for this pest species.

A new withanolide, physalolactone C (17S, 20S, 22R-6a-chloro-4f3, 5f3, 17p, 20a,-tetrahydroxyl-oxo-ergosta-2,14,24-trienolide) (l), has been isolated and characterized by a study of its physicochemical data and its semisynthesis from physalolactone (2).

Objective: To determine the efficacy of Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glides (SNAGs) with and without Isometric Exercise Training Program (IETP) in Non-specific Neck Pain (NSNP) Methods: This randomized control trial of one year duration was conducted at outpatient department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Khyber Teaching Hospital (KTH) Peshawar, Pakistan from July 2012 to June 2013. The sample of 102 patients of NSNP were randomly selected through simple random sampling technique, and placed into two groups. The SNAGs manual physical therapy technique with IETP was applied on 51 patients in group A and SNAGs manual physical therapy techniques was applied alone on 51 patients in group B. The duration of intervention was 6 weeks, at 4 times per week. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for neck pain were assessment tools used for all patients before and after 6 weeks of physical therapy intervention. All the patients were assessed through NDI and VAS before intervention and at the completion of 6 weeks program. The data of all 102 was analyzed by SPSS-20 and statistical test was applied at 95% level of significance determine the efficacy of both the treatments interventions and compare with each other. Results: The patients in group A, treated with SNAGs and followed by IETP for 6 weeks, demonstrated more improvement in pain and physical activity as assessed by VAS (p=0.013) and NDI (p=0.003), as compared to the patients treated with SNAGS alone, as pain and function assessed by VAS (p=0.047) and NDI (p=0.164). In group A the NDI score improved from 40 to 15 and VAS from 7 to 4, while in group B the NDI score improved from 42 to 30 and VAS from 7 to 4. Conclusion: Patients with non-specific neck pain treated with SNAGs manual physical therapy techniques and followed by IETP was more effective in reduction of pain and enhancement of function, as compared to those patients treated with SNAGs manual physical therapy techniques alone.