Psychology

The transgender people (hijra), who claim to be neither male nor female, are socially excluded in Bangladesh. This paper describes social exclusion of hijra [The term is used in this abstract both in singular and plural sense] focusing on the pathway between exclusion and sexual health. In an ethnographic study, 50 in-depth interviews with hijra, 20 key-informant interviews, and 10 focus-group discussions (FGDs), along with extensive field observations, were conducted. The findings revealed that hijra are located at the extreme margin of exclusion having no sociopolitical space where a hijra can lead life of a human being with dignity. Their deprivations are grounded in non-recognition as a separate gendered human being beyond the male-female dichotomy. Being outside this norm has prevented them from positioning themselves in greater society with human potential and security. They are physically, verbally, and sexually abused. Extreme social exclusion diminishes self-esteem and sense of social responsibility. Before safer sex interventions can be effective in a broader scale, hijra need to be recognized as having a space on society's gender continuum. Hijra, as the citizens of Bangladesh and part of society's diversity, have gender, sexual and citizenship rights, that need to be protected.

CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II-LITERATURE REVIEW 76-102 2.1 Professional Concerns of Teachers …………………………………………….. 77 2.2 Sources of Professional Development………………………………………...... 79 2.3 Gender Difference In Professional Development of Teachers…………………. 84 2.4 Journey of Development from Novice to Expert Teacher……………………… 88 2.5 Reflection on Teaching Career………………………………………………..... 89 2.6 Satisfaction with Teaching Career……………………………………………… 91 2.7 Professional Development of University Teachers in Pakistan………………… 94 2.8 Rationale of the Study…………………………………………………………... 99 2.9 Research Questions……………………………………………………………... 101 2.10 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………….

This study aims to assess the impact of self-consciousness, self-objectification, and social anxiety on photo editing behavior among emerging adults. Correlational research strategy was used for the present quantitative research, and convenient sampling strategy was used to collect data of 444 university students (135 males and 309 females) with the age range of 18-25 years. The self-consciousness scale, objectified body consciousness scale, photo manipulation scale, and social anxiety scale were used as assessment tools for this study. For data analysis, t -test for independent samples, correlation, and regression analysis were implied. The results revealed that women had higher self-consciousness and social anxiety in contrast to men. Moreover, self-objectification and evaluation anxiety were positively correlated with photo editing behavior. Lastly, overall self-objectification and body shame, one of the three aspects of self-objectification resulted as significant predictors of ...

CHAPTER I-INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II-LITERATURE REVIEW 76-102 2.1 Professional Concerns of Teachers …………………………………………….. 77 2.2 Sources of Professional Development………………………………………...... 79 2.3 Gender Difference In Professional Development of Teachers…………………. 84 2.4 Journey of Development from Novice to Expert Teacher……………………… 88 2.5 Reflection on Teaching Career………………………………………………..... 89 2.6 Satisfaction with Teaching Career……………………………………………… 91 2.7 Professional Development of University Teachers in Pakistan………………… 94 2.8 Rationale of the Study…………………………………………………………... 99 2.9 Research Questions……………………………………………………………... 101 2.10 Objectives of the Study………………………………………………………….

Pakistan is a multilingual and multi-ethnic country: all provinces have their own regional languages as lingua franca, while Urdu is the national language and English the official language. This means Urdu is the language of the majority of public schools and of the media; whereas English, owing to its colonial past, is the language of official transactions, the constitution, law and higher education. Such division means that individuals may have to switch from one language to another when they move from home to school, to work settings, or to official business in public or private offices. This paper explores the effects of the lived reality of multilingualism in the everyday practices of the members of Pakistani society. In particular, the existence of patterns of marginalization, identity construction, and hegemony along linguistic lines in the context of Pakistan is under investigation. Thematically, this research aims to analyse the sociological processes, psychological effects and political implications that may arise from the distribution of linguistic resources among the diverse ethnic groups that make up one nation called Pakistan. Hence, this research is an attempt to find answers to the problems related to multilingualism that are prevalent in Pakistani society. The data collected from different sites reveals how and why the discourses of differential use of languages, created and shaped by educational institutions, are affected by the overall linguistic attitudes existing in society towards different languages. This research shows that on the societal level, this differential language system excludes those who do not know English, and disempowers them structurally from getting their due share of state services, such as justice and education. According to Ethnologue, a linguistic encyclopaedia, there are 73 living languages in Pakistan, out of which Urdu and English are reported as 'principal languages' [Simon & Fenning 2017]. The population of Pakistan in 2015 was estimated to be 189 million [UNDESA 2015]. Almost half of the total population, 76 million (44%) speak Punjabi, 26 million (15%) speak Pashto, 24 million (14%) speak Sindhi, 18 million (10%) speak Saraiki, 0.6 million (4%) speak Balochi, and the rest of the languages are spoken in small communities located in various parts of Pakistan. In addition, 13 million (8%) are native speakers of Urdu, and around 0.4 million (3-4%) are fluent in English throughout Pakistan [Government of Pakistan 2017]. In total, the literacy rate for Pakistan is 60%, with 70% of men, and 49% of women being literate [MoF 2016]. According to the 2016 Global Education Monitoring report published by UNESCO, Pakistan's education lags 50 years behind world standards with 5.6 million children out of primary schools, second only to Liberia [UNESCO 2016]. Furthermore, it establishes that another staggering 5.5 million children are out of secondary schools (48% of lower secondary school age children), followed by 10.4 million adolescents out of upper secondary school. According to a 2018 UNDP Report, Pakistan ranks at 150 out of 187 countries on the Human Development Ranking [UNDP 2018]. To address these issues, the Ministry of Planning, Development, and Reform of the Government of Pakistan came up with a comprehensive plan in 2013 to decide what path should be taken for the development of Pakistan. A range of stakeholders were involved in the rigorous deliberations, including parliamentarians, representatives of political parties, federal ministries, provincial governments, business leaders, international institutions, universities, think tanks, NGOs, and independent experts. The output of this exercise was consolidated in the form of an aspirational document called Vision 2025 [GoP 2013]. This document envisages placing Pakistan among the 25 top most economies of the world by the year 2025 and among the 10 top most economies of the world by 2047, the centennial anniversary for the foundation of Pakistan. Vision 2025 delineates the conceptual framework for national development that includes sound economic planning, good governance, and consistency in policy implementation, with the aim to transform Pakistan from an agrarian economy to a knowledge economy. Education emerges as key in to achieve such a goal. However, the data cited above demonstrate the current dearth of human capital and skilled labour in Pakistan due to low literacy rates. The task of achieving the

The research project examined the relationship between mental health and selfesteem in a forensic learning disabilities setting in the UK. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965) was used as a measure of self-esteem. Global Severity Index (GSI) obtained from the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis, 1975) was used as a measure of mental health. Correlation coefficient was computed for both scales in a forensic learning disabilities sample to measure the extent of relationship between self-esteem and mental health. RSES scores in forensic sample were compared with scores in the community group to assess if there was a greater need for self-esteem intervention in the forensic group. A correlation was also computed for GSI and RSES scores of the clients * in the community. The results confirmed the expectation that self-esteem and mental health would be related. The prediction that self-esteem needs of forensic patients would be greater than those in the community was not confirmed. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of service development.

An action research was conducted to develop an intensive multi-pronged individualized therapeutic plan for an autistic child (Asad*). The plan was based on humanistic and behavioral approaches. Mixed method approach was adopted in order to evaluate the progress of the interventions. The quantitative evaluation of the improvement was done using The Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS; Schopler, Reichler, & Renner, 1980) and subjective ratings. Qualitative analysis was conducted using grounded theory on reflective journals, which was also used to build theoretical model of therapeutic process. This cyclic process of continuous reflection, action and then again reflection created a prominent change in the child's daily functioning including social interaction, compliance, self help, concentration, on-seat behavior, and multiple verbal and non-verbal behaviors.

Several studies have addressed the importance and function of music for Western adolescents, but so far no research has considered whether these findings can be generalized to non-Western samples. Accordingly, data was collected from 1000 Pakistani postgraduate students which indicated that 98.1% enjoyed listening to music; average exposure was 1.45 hours per day; the most popular styles were Pakistani classical music, Western pop music, and ghazal; 8.9 % played a musical instrument with average 1.69 hours per day; listening to music was preferred to all indoor activities considered and to two outdoor activities; playing music was preferred to all but one of the indoor and one of the outdoor activities; preference for listening and playing music relative to other indoor and outdoor activities varied significantly between boys and girls and listening and playing music had different perceived benefits that could be grouped into six and seven factors respectively. These findings are compared with earlier Western research.

The present study was conducted to explore the experiences of type II diabetes in patients and their caregivers in Pakistan. Sample consisted of 8 participants, 4 were diabetic patients and 4 were their caregivers. Age range of diabetic patients and caregivers was 40-70 years and 17-50 years respectively. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and data was analyzed by Interpretative Phenomenological Approach (IPA). Four common themes emerged from the patients and caregivers were perceived severity of disease, diabetes related distress, positive emotional reaction, and living with a changed life. Furthermore, the themes diabetes overpowering physical health, family, friends, and relatives reaction, diabetic views about non-diabetic and conquering diabetes emerged in diabetic patients and hassles of living with a diabetic patient, coping with care giving responsibilities, caregivers views about non-caregivers and conquering diabetes and their own distress emerged in caregivers. Findings and implications are discussed in the light of cultural differences.

The present study investigated the cognitive schemas of an ideal spouse among young adults. The study comprised of two phases the first phase was carried out to gather information about the characteristics that young adults desire to have in a mate. Both boys and girls were asked to list down in order of preference the characteristics of an ideal wife and husband. Descriptive statistics was applied to analyze the data. Findings indicated the characteristics which were highly valued by both girls and boys: loving, caring and understanding. While the second phase of the study comprised of a focus group discussion which was conducted with eight participants' four boys and four girls. Purposive sampling technique was used to draw the data. After applying grounded theory, three staged theory of cognitive schemas of an ideal spouse among young adults emerged. The first stage describes the personal schemas of young adults' while selecting an ideal spouse. The second stage explains the significant others schemas and its influence. The third stage seeks to understand the underlying cultural schemas young adults hold while selecting an ideal spouse. This study has implications for young adults regarding the selection of a mate.

The mandate for police officers in the United States to be armed while not on official duty is an area that has not been thoroughly researched. In 1981, the New York City Police Department's (NYPD) "Carry Policy" went from mandating officers to carry their firearms at all times (both on and off duty) to one in which officers could use discretion as to when to carry their weapons when not working. As part of a research study regarding the carrying of weapons by off duty police personnel of the NYPD, a questionnaire was designed and administered to members of the NYPD. This research has revealed that there are clear differences between males and females as it relates to assignment, the carrying of weapons, the taking of police action, and the display and use of the firearm while on and off-duty, and the amount of stress experienced while taking enforcement action while not working.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors influencing career decision making of adolescents at higher secondary level of education. A qualitative inquiry was done using grounded theory method that aimed at developing a career decisions theory which is indigenous to Pakistani culture and society. Sample consisted of adolescents studying at higher secondary level of education in different schools and colleges of Lahore, Pakistan. Semi structured interview schedule was used to collect the data. Telephonic interviews were conducted. A combination of purposive, snowball and convenience sampling strategies was employed for data collection.  A total fifty interviews were conducted and based upon the richness of the data provided; fourteen interviews were selected for further analysis. The results show that ‘’scope’’, family influences, influence of institution, peer influences, planning, gender, knowledge about ones’ self, beliefs, need for change, finances, command on subje...

In any given organization, leadership maintains important and significant influences on its followers and organizations (Abdullah, 2011) to directly affecting performance and growth of employees (Popa, 2012). The purpose of this study was to map, compare and contrast the qualities of academic and corporate leaders. A purposive sample of 100 students, 50 faculty members and 50 corporate sector employees, was selected from different academic and corporate organizations and were asked to provide leadership qualities. Participants were asked to write down and rank order 10 qualities of an effective academic or corporate leader. Frequent qualities were subjected to further analysis through multidimensional scaling (MDS) and cluster analysis. Two clusters of academic leader qualities and three clusters of corporate leader qualities emerged. MDS model for academic leader qualities indicated stress value of .18 and RSQ = .92. Both the values suggest that two dimensional model fit the respec...