The hydrological knowledge of any area is very essential for judicious use and control of water r... more The hydrological knowledge of any area is very essential for judicious use and control of water resources on land surface. In present study attempt has been made to evaluate rainfall, runoff and sediment yield relationship for a micro watershed named as Karso watershed. The requisite data such as rainfall, runoff and soil loss were collected from Damoder Valley Corporation located in Hazaribagh (Jharkhand). To arrive at most appropriate form of relationship several type of functions i.e. straight line, power, logarithmic, exponential and polynomial were tried and form of relationship generating highest correlation coefficient was selected as the appropriate relationship. The polynomial equation of fourth order with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 was most suitable for rainfall-runoff relationship and polynomial equation of fifth order with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 was most suitable for runoff sediment yield relationship. The runoff coefficient Based on seven-year cumulati...
Water scarcity has become a constrained to attain goals of food security and sustainable natural ... more Water scarcity has become a constrained to attain goals of food security and sustainable natural resource management. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine water productivity, land productivity, process depletion and deep percolation losses of three different varieties of rice namely Turanta, RAU1428, Boro-3 in Pusa Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Bihar for kharif 2009 season. The water productivity values for gross inflow ranges from 0.10 kg/m3 to 0.14 kg/m3. The value of irrigation water productivity was 0.26 kg/m3 for Boro-3, followed by 0.21 kg/m3for Turanta and then 0.16 kg/m3 for RAU-1428.It was revealed that the crop water requirement was lowest for Turanta and highest for RAU1428 and deep percolation losses range from 70 -74 %. (Low water use Efficiency).
The northwest Indo-Gangetic plain of India endowed with fertile soil, defined seasons and fair cl... more The northwest Indo-Gangetic plain of India endowed with fertile soil, defined seasons and fair climate produces about 52% of the national food requirement. Currently, this plain is facing a number of second generation problems, declining water table being the major one. The paper presents the status of ground water table, and looks at the scope of conjunctive use of water at field scale in the command area of the Pabnawa minor of the Bhakra irrigation system. The study showed that there is a steep decline in water table after 1998 in middle and tail reaches. The study revealed that ground water contribution to irrigation and productivity in the canal command is very high. While canal irrigated area is shrinking, ground water irrigated area is increasing every year. The contribution of shallow and medium depth tube wells is negligible/limited, and the area covered by deep tube wells is large in all the reaches of the command area. This system of intensive irrigated agriculture is uns...
Water is not only an essential element for our survival but is also an important vehicle for econ... more Water is not only an essential element for our survival but is also an important vehicle for economic development of any nation. Groundwater meets nearly 55% irrigation, 85% of rural and 50% of urban and industrial needs. Pumping groundwater for irrigation is the main energy consumption activity in agriculture in India. As small and marginal farmers dominate in agriculture sector, farm mechanisation is limited and groundwater abstraction becames the highest energy consuming process. Mostly diesel and electric pumps are used for abstraction that emits carbon dioxide a major component of green house gases which is of concern. To meet the increasing demand for water further abstraction of groundwater from declined water tables is inevitable. Farmers have been pumping ground water for successful crop production which demands higher energy consumption. Energy consumption and green house gas emission are the important concerns of any developing country. In the present study energy consump...
This study is about estimation of crop water requirement for rice-wheat and rice-rabi maize cropp... more This study is about estimation of crop water requirement for rice-wheat and rice-rabi maize cropping system for Pusa Region of Samastipur district of Bihar using CROPWAT model for year 2017-18.The effective rainfall was calculated using USDA S.C. Method. Reference crop evaporation was calculated using meteorological data viz temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and Sunshine using Penman Monteith equation. The meteorological data were collected from university observatory of R.P.C.A.U Pusa. Crop coefficient (Kc) value was taken according to crop growth stages. Effective rainfall and crop water requirement was used for determining net irrigation requirement. The annual crop water requirement of Rice- Wheat cropping system was found to be 904.1 mm whereas the crop-water requirement of Rice- Rabi Maize cropping system was 991.7 mm.
Salinity is one of the major problems of irrigated agriculture all over the world. More than 60% ... more Salinity is one of the major problems of irrigated agriculture all over the world. More than 60% of the land is underlain by saline ground water in North West India. The knowledge of relationship between irrigation water quality (EC) and crop yield is essential for management of surface water and ground water for higher profitability. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the irrigation water quality and wheat yield relationship for Kaithal irrigation circle of Bhakra canal command. Information on EC, agronomic practices, crop yield etc. were collected from 108 farms comprising 36 farms each from head, middle and tail watercourses of Batta minor. The presence of different quality of ground water creates large variation in crop yield. To establish a relationship between irrigation water quality and crop yield of wheat, several types of functions were tried and form of relationship generating highest correlation coefficient was selected as most appropriate relationship...
A field experiment was conducted in Rabi season of 2016-17 at experimental field of AICRP on Irri... more A field experiment was conducted in Rabi season of 2016-17 at experimental field of AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Bihar), India. This experiment was undertaken to study the response to evaluate the FAO-AquaCrop model for Rabi maize at different levels of irrigation. Crop growth simulation models of varying complexity have been developed for predicting the effects of soil, water and nutrients on grain and biomass yields and water productivity of different crops. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four treatment, five replication and five irrigations were applied in the main plot. The irrigation treatments consisted of all possible combinations of full irrigation or limited irrigation in such that T1 (full/control irrigation), T2 (75% of CI), T3 (50% of CI) and T4 (Rainfed / No Irrigation). The AquaCrop model evaluated for grain yield and biomass under different irrigation levels resulted in pr...
Microplastic disposal into riverine ecosystems is an emergent ecological hazard that mainly origi... more Microplastic disposal into riverine ecosystems is an emergent ecological hazard that mainly originated from land-based sources. This paper presents a comprehensive review on physical processes involved in microplastics transport in riverine ecosystems. Microplastic transport is governed by physical characteristics (e.g., plastic particle density, shape, and size) and hydrodynamics (e.g., laminar and turbulent flow conditions). High-density microplastics are likely to prevail near riverbeds, whereas low-density particles float over river surfaces. Microplastic transport occurs either due to gravity-driven (vertical transport) or settling (horizontal transport) in river ecosystems. Microplastics are subjected to various natural phenomena such as suspension, deposition, detachment, resuspension, and translocation during transport processes. Limited information is available on settling and rising velocities for various polymeric plastic particles. Therefore, this paper highlights how ap...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Drought is one of the most common environmental stresses that may limit agricultural production w... more Drought is one of the most common environmental stresses that may limit agricultural production worldwide. Many crops, including maize, have high water requirements and in most countries, supplemental irrigation is necessary for successful crop production. However, in many countries as a consequence of global climate changes and environmental pollution, water use for agriculture is reduced. Therefore, high
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
The Indo-Gangetic plains comprise of large floodplains of the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river ... more The Indo-Gangetic plains comprise of large floodplains of the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river systems. They are home to approximately 1 billion people and encompass northern and eastern India, much of Bangladesh, parts of southern Nepal and the most populous parts of Pakistan. Ground Water remains the lifeline of socioeconomic development in the Ganga Alluvial Plain (GAP) since the down of civilization in the Indian subcontinent. Assessment of groundwater resources yields knowledge necessary for their informed management and governance. Keeping the importance of the above points a study was conducted for assessment of ground water resources in Nalanda district of south Bihar. The aim for the assessment of groundwater in Aurangabad district was to compute a complete evaluation of groundwater resources and produce information that can be incorporated for future requirement. The study was undertaken based on the recommendation of groundwater estimation committee, 1997 (GEC-97). Methodology used the estimation of annual groundwater recharge from rainfall and other sources, including irrigation, water bodies and artificial recharge, determination of present status of groundwater utilization and categorization of assessment units based on the level of groundwater utilization and long-term water level trend. Water level fluctuation techniques and empirical norms were used for recharge estimation. The data collected for investigation were water table fluctuation data, rainfall data cropping pattern, number of groundwater structures, hydrogeology of area, specific yield, groundwater draft, pond area etc. The total annual ground water recharge is 89882 ham for Aurangabad district. The existing ground water draft for irrigation is 15191 ham for Aurnagabad district. The ground water draft for all uses is 18703 ham for Aurangabad district. The net annual replenishable ground water resource is worked out to be 73054 ham for Aurangabad district. The net annual ground water available for future irrigation development is 56562 ham for Aurangabad district. The stage of ground water development is 23.1% for Aurangabad district. According to definitions used by CGWB Aurangabad district falls in safe category. The study recommended that there is a good scope for future groundwater development and conjunctive use of canal irrigation and ground water needs to be promoted.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Drip irrigation is an artificial method of supplying water to the roots of the plant. This system... more Drip irrigation is an artificial method of supplying water to the roots of the plant. This system is at times called trickle irrigation system and includes trickling water onto the soil at low rates (2-20 liters/hour) from an arrangement of small measurement plastic funnels fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Drip Irrigation prevents soil erosion, saves water and fertilizer can also supplied by it. The high efficiency of drip irrigation results from two primary factors. The first is that the water soaks into the soil before it can evaporate or run off. The second is that the water is applied near plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots develop is wetted, not at all like surface and sprinkler irrigation,
Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on xylem pH... more Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on xylem pH, ABA, and ionic concentrations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants were investigated in two split-root pot experiments. Results showed that PRI plants had similar or significantly higher xylem pH, which was increased by 0.2 units relative to DI plants. Nitrate and total ionic concentrations (cations+anions), and the proportion of cations influenced xylem pH such that xylem pH increases as nitrate and total ionic concentrations decrease, and the proportion of cations increases. In most cases, the xylem ABA concentration was similar for PRI and DI plants, and a clear association between increases in xylem pH with increasing xylem ABA concentration was only found when the soil water content was relatively low. The concentrations of anions, cations, and the sum of anions and cations in PRI were higher than in the DI treatment when soil water content was relatively high in the wetted soil compartment. However, when water content in both soil compartments of the PRI pots were very low before the next irrigation, the acquisition of nutrients by roots was reduced, resulting in lower concentrations of anions and cations in the PRI than in the DI treatment. It is therefore essential that the soil water content in the wet zone should be maintained relatively high while that in the drying soil zone should not be very low, both conditions are crucial to maintain high soil and plant water status while sustaining ABA signalling of the plants.
Spoilage of fruits and vegetables is a serious problem in tropical countries like India. So, the ... more Spoilage of fruits and vegetables is a serious problem in tropical countries like India. So, the present study was undertaken to find a low cost rural technology for storing vegetables and fruits. A study was done on the basis of experiment conducted in a village Gesway of ...
The hydrological knowledge of any area is very essential for judicious use and control of water r... more The hydrological knowledge of any area is very essential for judicious use and control of water resources on land surface. In present study attempt has been made to evaluate rainfall, runoff and sediment yield relationship for a micro watershed named as Karso watershed. The requisite data such as rainfall, runoff and soil loss were collected from Damoder Valley Corporation located in Hazaribagh (Jharkhand). To arrive at most appropriate form of relationship several type of functions i.e. straight line, power, logarithmic, exponential and polynomial were tried and form of relationship generating highest correlation coefficient was selected as the appropriate relationship. The polynomial equation of fourth order with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 was most suitable for rainfall-runoff relationship and polynomial equation of fifth order with a correlation coefficient of 0.97 was most suitable for runoff sediment yield relationship. The runoff coefficient Based on seven-year cumulati...
Water scarcity has become a constrained to attain goals of food security and sustainable natural ... more Water scarcity has become a constrained to attain goals of food security and sustainable natural resource management. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine water productivity, land productivity, process depletion and deep percolation losses of three different varieties of rice namely Turanta, RAU1428, Boro-3 in Pusa Farm of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Bihar for kharif 2009 season. The water productivity values for gross inflow ranges from 0.10 kg/m3 to 0.14 kg/m3. The value of irrigation water productivity was 0.26 kg/m3 for Boro-3, followed by 0.21 kg/m3for Turanta and then 0.16 kg/m3 for RAU-1428.It was revealed that the crop water requirement was lowest for Turanta and highest for RAU1428 and deep percolation losses range from 70 -74 %. (Low water use Efficiency).
The northwest Indo-Gangetic plain of India endowed with fertile soil, defined seasons and fair cl... more The northwest Indo-Gangetic plain of India endowed with fertile soil, defined seasons and fair climate produces about 52% of the national food requirement. Currently, this plain is facing a number of second generation problems, declining water table being the major one. The paper presents the status of ground water table, and looks at the scope of conjunctive use of water at field scale in the command area of the Pabnawa minor of the Bhakra irrigation system. The study showed that there is a steep decline in water table after 1998 in middle and tail reaches. The study revealed that ground water contribution to irrigation and productivity in the canal command is very high. While canal irrigated area is shrinking, ground water irrigated area is increasing every year. The contribution of shallow and medium depth tube wells is negligible/limited, and the area covered by deep tube wells is large in all the reaches of the command area. This system of intensive irrigated agriculture is uns...
Water is not only an essential element for our survival but is also an important vehicle for econ... more Water is not only an essential element for our survival but is also an important vehicle for economic development of any nation. Groundwater meets nearly 55% irrigation, 85% of rural and 50% of urban and industrial needs. Pumping groundwater for irrigation is the main energy consumption activity in agriculture in India. As small and marginal farmers dominate in agriculture sector, farm mechanisation is limited and groundwater abstraction becames the highest energy consuming process. Mostly diesel and electric pumps are used for abstraction that emits carbon dioxide a major component of green house gases which is of concern. To meet the increasing demand for water further abstraction of groundwater from declined water tables is inevitable. Farmers have been pumping ground water for successful crop production which demands higher energy consumption. Energy consumption and green house gas emission are the important concerns of any developing country. In the present study energy consump...
This study is about estimation of crop water requirement for rice-wheat and rice-rabi maize cropp... more This study is about estimation of crop water requirement for rice-wheat and rice-rabi maize cropping system for Pusa Region of Samastipur district of Bihar using CROPWAT model for year 2017-18.The effective rainfall was calculated using USDA S.C. Method. Reference crop evaporation was calculated using meteorological data viz temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and Sunshine using Penman Monteith equation. The meteorological data were collected from university observatory of R.P.C.A.U Pusa. Crop coefficient (Kc) value was taken according to crop growth stages. Effective rainfall and crop water requirement was used for determining net irrigation requirement. The annual crop water requirement of Rice- Wheat cropping system was found to be 904.1 mm whereas the crop-water requirement of Rice- Rabi Maize cropping system was 991.7 mm.
Salinity is one of the major problems of irrigated agriculture all over the world. More than 60% ... more Salinity is one of the major problems of irrigated agriculture all over the world. More than 60% of the land is underlain by saline ground water in North West India. The knowledge of relationship between irrigation water quality (EC) and crop yield is essential for management of surface water and ground water for higher profitability. In the present study, an attempt was made to evaluate the irrigation water quality and wheat yield relationship for Kaithal irrigation circle of Bhakra canal command. Information on EC, agronomic practices, crop yield etc. were collected from 108 farms comprising 36 farms each from head, middle and tail watercourses of Batta minor. The presence of different quality of ground water creates large variation in crop yield. To establish a relationship between irrigation water quality and crop yield of wheat, several types of functions were tried and form of relationship generating highest correlation coefficient was selected as most appropriate relationship...
A field experiment was conducted in Rabi season of 2016-17 at experimental field of AICRP on Irri... more A field experiment was conducted in Rabi season of 2016-17 at experimental field of AICRP on Irrigation Water Management, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Bihar), India. This experiment was undertaken to study the response to evaluate the FAO-AquaCrop model for Rabi maize at different levels of irrigation. Crop growth simulation models of varying complexity have been developed for predicting the effects of soil, water and nutrients on grain and biomass yields and water productivity of different crops. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four treatment, five replication and five irrigations were applied in the main plot. The irrigation treatments consisted of all possible combinations of full irrigation or limited irrigation in such that T1 (full/control irrigation), T2 (75% of CI), T3 (50% of CI) and T4 (Rainfed / No Irrigation). The AquaCrop model evaluated for grain yield and biomass under different irrigation levels resulted in pr...
Microplastic disposal into riverine ecosystems is an emergent ecological hazard that mainly origi... more Microplastic disposal into riverine ecosystems is an emergent ecological hazard that mainly originated from land-based sources. This paper presents a comprehensive review on physical processes involved in microplastics transport in riverine ecosystems. Microplastic transport is governed by physical characteristics (e.g., plastic particle density, shape, and size) and hydrodynamics (e.g., laminar and turbulent flow conditions). High-density microplastics are likely to prevail near riverbeds, whereas low-density particles float over river surfaces. Microplastic transport occurs either due to gravity-driven (vertical transport) or settling (horizontal transport) in river ecosystems. Microplastics are subjected to various natural phenomena such as suspension, deposition, detachment, resuspension, and translocation during transport processes. Limited information is available on settling and rising velocities for various polymeric plastic particles. Therefore, this paper highlights how ap...
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Drought is one of the most common environmental stresses that may limit agricultural production w... more Drought is one of the most common environmental stresses that may limit agricultural production worldwide. Many crops, including maize, have high water requirements and in most countries, supplemental irrigation is necessary for successful crop production. However, in many countries as a consequence of global climate changes and environmental pollution, water use for agriculture is reduced. Therefore, high
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
The Indo-Gangetic plains comprise of large floodplains of the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river ... more The Indo-Gangetic plains comprise of large floodplains of the Indus and Ganges-Brahmaputra river systems. They are home to approximately 1 billion people and encompass northern and eastern India, much of Bangladesh, parts of southern Nepal and the most populous parts of Pakistan. Ground Water remains the lifeline of socioeconomic development in the Ganga Alluvial Plain (GAP) since the down of civilization in the Indian subcontinent. Assessment of groundwater resources yields knowledge necessary for their informed management and governance. Keeping the importance of the above points a study was conducted for assessment of ground water resources in Nalanda district of south Bihar. The aim for the assessment of groundwater in Aurangabad district was to compute a complete evaluation of groundwater resources and produce information that can be incorporated for future requirement. The study was undertaken based on the recommendation of groundwater estimation committee, 1997 (GEC-97). Methodology used the estimation of annual groundwater recharge from rainfall and other sources, including irrigation, water bodies and artificial recharge, determination of present status of groundwater utilization and categorization of assessment units based on the level of groundwater utilization and long-term water level trend. Water level fluctuation techniques and empirical norms were used for recharge estimation. The data collected for investigation were water table fluctuation data, rainfall data cropping pattern, number of groundwater structures, hydrogeology of area, specific yield, groundwater draft, pond area etc. The total annual ground water recharge is 89882 ham for Aurangabad district. The existing ground water draft for irrigation is 15191 ham for Aurnagabad district. The ground water draft for all uses is 18703 ham for Aurangabad district. The net annual replenishable ground water resource is worked out to be 73054 ham for Aurangabad district. The net annual ground water available for future irrigation development is 56562 ham for Aurangabad district. The stage of ground water development is 23.1% for Aurangabad district. According to definitions used by CGWB Aurangabad district falls in safe category. The study recommended that there is a good scope for future groundwater development and conjunctive use of canal irrigation and ground water needs to be promoted.
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
Drip irrigation is an artificial method of supplying water to the roots of the plant. This system... more Drip irrigation is an artificial method of supplying water to the roots of the plant. This system is at times called trickle irrigation system and includes trickling water onto the soil at low rates (2-20 liters/hour) from an arrangement of small measurement plastic funnels fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Drip Irrigation prevents soil erosion, saves water and fertilizer can also supplied by it. The high efficiency of drip irrigation results from two primary factors. The first is that the water soaks into the soil before it can evaporate or run off. The second is that the water is applied near plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots develop is wetted, not at all like surface and sprinkler irrigation,
Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on xylem pH... more Comparative effects of partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) and deficit irrigation (DI) on xylem pH, ABA, and ionic concentrations of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants were investigated in two split-root pot experiments. Results showed that PRI plants had similar or significantly higher xylem pH, which was increased by 0.2 units relative to DI plants. Nitrate and total ionic concentrations (cations+anions), and the proportion of cations influenced xylem pH such that xylem pH increases as nitrate and total ionic concentrations decrease, and the proportion of cations increases. In most cases, the xylem ABA concentration was similar for PRI and DI plants, and a clear association between increases in xylem pH with increasing xylem ABA concentration was only found when the soil water content was relatively low. The concentrations of anions, cations, and the sum of anions and cations in PRI were higher than in the DI treatment when soil water content was relatively high in the wetted soil compartment. However, when water content in both soil compartments of the PRI pots were very low before the next irrigation, the acquisition of nutrients by roots was reduced, resulting in lower concentrations of anions and cations in the PRI than in the DI treatment. It is therefore essential that the soil water content in the wet zone should be maintained relatively high while that in the drying soil zone should not be very low, both conditions are crucial to maintain high soil and plant water status while sustaining ABA signalling of the plants.
Spoilage of fruits and vegetables is a serious problem in tropical countries like India. So, the ... more Spoilage of fruits and vegetables is a serious problem in tropical countries like India. So, the present study was undertaken to find a low cost rural technology for storing vegetables and fruits. A study was done on the basis of experiment conducted in a village Gesway of ...
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