Up-to-date information is presented based on an intensive search of literature records on the ide... more Up-to-date information is presented based on an intensive search of literature records on the identity, occurrence, nomenclature, substratum, host ranges, geographical distribution and literature references of the genus Pythium from India. All Pythium species published until 2020 are included in this list. The survey result of all forms of analyses revealed that India has 55 species of Pythium belonging to the phylum Oomycota indicating the presence of rich mycoflora. Distribution of these Pythium species reported so far from freshwater and terrestrial habitats of various Indian states are listed alphabetically. The most frequently collected species are Pythium aphanidermatum, P. spinosum, and P. ultimum. The majority of these species were found as a parasite on a wide range of plants in both freshwater and terrestrial environment. Overall, this systematic checklist provides the total count of Pythium species, currently known to occur in India and it is also a valued addition for comparing Pythium diversity in India as well as the world. Besides, it represents the first comprehensive overview of Pythium since 1996 from India. The knowledge generated by this working checklist comprising accepted taxa in Pythium from India is hoped to be beneficial in the progress of the systematics, diversity, ecology, plant protection, aquaculture, ichthyopathology, quarantine and many other diverse arrays of applied scientific disciplines in the country.
Postemergence damping‐off of chilli caused by Pythium spp. is a common and serious problem in lar... more Postemergence damping‐off of chilli caused by Pythium spp. is a common and serious problem in large chilli growing areas of India under the moist conditions that generally prevails during the sowing period. Therefore, in order to better understand this disease, an isolate belonging to the genus Pythium (Pythiales) was isolated from the infected chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) plant root parts collected from the fields of Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on the congruence of cultural, morphological, cardinal growth rate and the sequence data analysis, the isolate was identified as Pythium graminicola. The molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS‐rDNA sequences clustered the isolate with representative sequences for P. graminicola from GenBank in the Pythium clade. The isolate carbon utilization profiles were characterized using Biolog FF MicroPlate method. The results revealed that the isolate used a wide range of carbon sources, mainly carbohydrates, but also amino acids, suggesting the use of metabolic routes that include glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Moreover, an in vitro colony growth inhibition assay was performed to determine the influence of chemical (fungicides) and biological (bacteria and fungi) antagonists over the pathogen using the poison plate and dual culture method, respectively. Overall, the results revealed that the presence of aggressive broad range biocontrol agents can be used as an effective environmentally friendly approach for management and control of damping‐off in production systems. The antagonist can serve as a bio‐efficient and eco‐friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for the development of an effective integrated pest management (IPM) system and obtaining higher yields.
A new and interesting species of Sporidesmium was discovered during a survey of plant debris inhi... more A new and interesting species of Sporidesmium was discovered during a survey of plant debris inhibiting litter decomposing microfungi in Binser forest, Almora, Uttarakhand, India. This new species, Sporidesmium binserum sp. nov., a dematiaceous hyphomycete was found on decaying leaf litter of the host plant Quercus leucotrichophora (oak). The key features of special interest that distinguish it from other morphologically similar species of Sporidesmium are macronematous, mononematous, percurrent proliferations towards the end in the flexuous multiseptate conidiophores with obtuse tip having distinctively curved, fusiform to subfusiform, 3-septate conidia, consist of 3 cells, second cell dark brown with slightly or distinctly constricted at the septa, tip cell of conidia highly curved and/or twisted, mostly flat and conic-truncated ends at base due to schizolytic secession. The conidial maturation is presumably synchronous with conidial ontogeny. Based on these features, the specimen is proposed here as a new species. Apart from it, a note on the current status of Sporidesmium sensu lato in India is also provided.
The WRKY transcription factors have indispensable role in plant growth, development and defense r... more The WRKY transcription factors have indispensable role in plant growth, development and defense responses. The differential expression of WRKY genes following the stress conditions has been well demonstrated. We investigated the temporal and tissue-specific (root and leaf tissues) differential expression of plant defense-related WRKY genes, following the infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in tomato. The genome-wide computational analysis revealed that during the Fol infection in tomato, 16 different members of WRKY gene superfamily were found to be involved, of which only three WRKYs (SolyWRKY4, SolyWRKY33, and SolyWRKY37) were shown to have clear-cut differential gene expression. The quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) studies revealed different gene expression profile changes in tomato root and leaf tissues. In root tissues, infected with Fol, an increased expression for SolyWRKY33 (2.76 fold) followed by SolyWRKY37 (1.93 fold) gene was found at 24 hrs which...
Plant defense against their pathogens can be induced by a complex network of different inducers. ... more Plant defense against their pathogens can be induced by a complex network of different inducers. The present study investigates the synergistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum, exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) over the response and regulation of the antioxidant defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease. In the present work, tomato plants were infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 3 days after inoculated with T. harzianum and/or sprayed daily for 3 days with chemical inducers (SA and MeJA). Plants were analysed at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Infection of tomato plants by pathogen led to strong reduction in the dry weight of roots and shoots with the enhanced concentration of H2O2 and varying degree of lipid peroxidation. Concurrently, exogenous SA, when applied with pathogen greatly enhanced H2O2 content as well as activities of antioxidant enzy...
Alternaria is an important fungus to study due to their different life style from saprophytes to ... more Alternaria is an important fungus to study due to their different life style from saprophytes to endophytes and a very successful fungal pathogen that causes diseases to a number of economically important crops. Alternaria species have been well-characterized for the production of different host-specific toxins (HSTs) and non-host specific toxins (nHSTs) which depend upon their physiological and morphological stages. The pathogenicity of Alternaria species depends on host susceptibility or resistance as well as quantitative production of HSTs and nHSTs. These toxins are chemically low molecular weight secondary metabolites (SMs). The effects of toxins are mainly on different parts of cells like mitochondria, chloroplast, plasma membrane, Golgi complex, nucleus, etc. Alternaria species produce several nHSTs such as brefeldin A, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, and zinniol. HSTs that act in very low concentrations affect only certain plant varieties or genotype and play a role in determinin...
The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and coinoculation of Trichod... more The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and coinoculation of Trichoderma and Glomus intraradices on growth and wilt disease severity in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp). Five Trichoderma isolates i.e. T. harzianum, T. viride, Th0126K, Th019K and Tv023K, and G. intraradices individually and in different combinations were tested. G. intraradices alone was sufficient for growth promotion but it was not effective in terms of disease reduction. Among all the treatments tested, coinoculation of T. harzianum and G. intraradices gave maximum growth and reduced the severity of disease (p<0.05). Fusarium considerably reduced the dry weight, nodulation and phosphorus (p) uptake. Results clearly showed that different species of Trichoderma produced varied results with G. intraradices.
rats were taken as experimental model for evaluation of hepatoprotective activity by measuring As... more rats were taken as experimental model for evaluation of hepatoprotective activity by measuring Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and total protein levels while liver was dissected out for measuring Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level for antioxidant activity. Results: S. marianum extract at 400 mg/kg.b.w showed better result among all three individual extracts by significantly decreasing the levels of AST and ALT (64.35 ± 8.17, 39.47 ± 5.61 U/L, respectively) and increasing the level of protein to 4.78 ± 0.41 mg/dl as compared to toxic control which is near to the value of standard drug. While the combination of the extracts showed enhanced activity as compared to that of S. marianum extract and standard drug (61.24 ± 3.7, 34.17 ± 3.21 U/L and 4.63 ± 0.22 mg/dl for AST, ALT and total protein respectively). For antioxidant activity, S. marianum increased the activity of SOD to 17.42 ± 0.63, CAT to 45.24 ± 1.84 and GPx to 21.96 ± 0.39 U/mg protein. Whereas, the combination of all three extracts in the concentration ratio of 1:1 increased the level of SOD, CAT and GPx to the near value of standard drug (18.12 ± 1.3, 44.24 ± 1.11 and 22.12 ± 0.46 U/mg protein). Conclusion: All three plants showed potent hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. Combinational study showed better results as compared to individual plant extracts and suggests that the polyherbal combinations may be used for enhanced activity.
Aim: To evaluate the combinational activity of Cajanus cajan, Silybum marianum and Andrographis p... more Aim: To evaluate the combinational activity of Cajanus cajan, Silybum marianum and Andrographis paniculata for antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential. Place and Duration: Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour University (HSGVV), Sagar, Department of Zoology, HSGVV, Sagar, between September 2012 to April 2013. Methodology: All three plants were subjected to Hydroalcoholic extraction. Adult albino Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(4): 665-674, 2014 666 rats were taken as experimental model for evaluation of hepatoprotective activity by measuring Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and total protein levels while liver was dissected out for measuring Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level for antioxidant activity. Results: S. marianum extract at 400 mg/kg.b.w showed better result among all three individual extracts by significantly decreasing the levels of AST and ALT (64.35 ± 8.1...
The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and co-inoculation of Tricho... more The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and co-inoculation of Trichoderma and Glomus intraradices on growth and wilt disease severity in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp). Five Trichoderma isolates i.e. T. harzianum, T. viride, Th0126K, Th019K and Tv023K, and G. intraradices individually and in different combinations were tested. G. intraradices alone was sufficient for growth promotion but it was not effective in terms of disease reduction. Among all the treatments tested, co-inoculation of T. harzianum and G. intraradices gave maximum growth and reduced the severity of disease (p<0.05). Fusarium considerably reduced the dry weight, nodulation and phosphorus (p) uptake. Results clearly showed that different species of Trichoderma produced varied results with G. intraradices.
Achlya spp. are oomycetous water moulds, responsible for freshwater fsh diseases causing great ec... more Achlya spp. are oomycetous water moulds, responsible for freshwater fsh diseases causing great economic losses. An Achlya sp. implicated in signifcant fungal infections of both live and dead fsh as well as their eggs, has been isolated from the water and soil samples collected from Chandraprabha dam (Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India) employing standard baiting method. Based on morphological characterisation, the strain was identifed as Achlya ambisexualis Raper 1939 (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes). It is a dioecious species, characterised by the presence of an achlyoid type of spore dehiscence from both primary and secondary sporangia, differentiated by its oospheres predominantly maturing into eccentric oospores, generally 1-18 per oogonium and gemmae cylindrical in both antheridial and oogonial mycelia. In India, this species was recorded from a single collection in the past but lack proper description and illustrations. The present study describes and illustrates this species for the frst time in India and hoped to be benefcial for ichthyopathologists and researchers as A. ambisexualis is known as a necrotroph or parasite of fshes and their eggs.
Out of the various mycotoxigenic food and feed contaminant, the fungal species belonging to Penic... more Out of the various mycotoxigenic food and feed contaminant, the fungal species belonging to Penicillium genera, particularly Penicillium roqueforti is of great economic importance, and well known for its crucial role in the manufacturing of Roquefort and Gorgonzola cheese. The mycotoxicosis effect of this mold is due to secretion of several metabolites, of which PR toxin is of considerable importance, with regard to food quality and safety challenges issues. The food products and silages enriched with PR toxin could lead into damage to vital internal organs, gastrointestinal perturbations, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, necrosis, and enzyme inhibition. Moreover, it also has the significant mutagenic potential to disrupt/alter the crucial processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level. The high genetic diversities in between the various strains of P. roqueforti persuaded their nominations with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), accordingly to the cheese type, they have been employed. Recently, the biosynthetic mechanism and toxicogenetic studies unraveled the role of ari1 and prx gene clusters that cross-talk with the synthesis of other metabolites or involve other cross-regulatory pathways to negatively regulate/inhibit the other biosynthetic route targeted for production of a strain-specific metabolites. Interestingly, the chemical conversion that imparts toxic properties to PR toxin is the substitution/oxidation of functional hydroxyl group (−OH) to aldehyde group (−CHO). The rapid conversion of PR toxin to the other derivatives such as PR imine, PR amide, and PR acid, based on conditions available reflects their unstability and degradative aspects. Since the PR toxin-induced toxicity could not be eliminated safely, the assessment of dose-response and other pharmacological aspects for its safe consumption is indispensable. The present review describes the natural occurrences, diversity, biosynthesis, genetics, toxicological aspects, control and prevention strategies, and other management aspects of PR toxin with paying special attention on economic impacts with intended legislations for avoiding PR toxin contamination with respect to food security and other biosafety purposes.
Biochemical features of tomatoes were evaluated with dip-treatment of chemical inducers such as s... more Biochemical features of tomatoes were evaluated with dip-treatment of chemical inducers such as salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Mature tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were dipped in 1 mM SA and MeJA solutions along with double-distilled water (control) at 20°C for 15 min. The contents of lycopene, ascorbic acid and total phenolics were measured at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatments. It was observed that SA and MeJA dip treatment enhanced the biosynthesis of these biochemicals with respect to control. Maximum content of all these biochemicals was found in SA treated fruits. Increase in the biosynthesis of these biochemicals is directly related to the yield and quality of fruits.
Fungal glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely employed in the different sectors of food industries for u... more Fungal glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely employed in the different sectors of food industries for use in baking products, dry egg powder, beverages, and gluconic acid production. GOD also has several other novel applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and other biotechnological industries. The electrochemical suitability of GOD catalyzed reactions has enabled its successful use in bioelectronic devices, particularly biofuel cells, and biosensors. Other crucial aspects of GOD such as improved feeding efficiency in response to GOD supplemental diet, roles in antimicrobial activities, and enhancing pathogen defense response, thereby providing induced resistance in plants have also been reported. Moreover, the medical science, another emerging branch where GOD was recently reported to induce several apoptosis characteristics as well as cellular senescence by downregulating Klotho gene expression. These widespread applications of GOD have led to increased demand for more extensive research to improve its production, characterization, and enhanced stability to enable long term usages. Currently, GOD is mainly produced and purified from Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species, but the yield is relatively low and the purification process is troublesome. It is practical to build an excellent GOD-producing strain. Therefore, the present review describes innovative methods of enhancing fungal GOD production by using genetic and non-genetic approaches in-depth along with purification techniques. The review also highlights current research progress in the cost effective production of GOD, including key advances, potential applications and limitations. Therefore, there is an extensive need to commercialize these processes by developing and optimizing novel strategies for cost effective GOD production.
During a survey of zoosporic fungi in the Nainital lake in 2014, a species of Allomyces was recor... more During a survey of zoosporic fungi in the Nainital lake in 2014, a species of Allomyces was recorded. It was found in the lake soil which was rich in organic matter (leaves, roots and twigs) by using snake skin as a substrate through baiting technique. This specimen was distinctly different in having different life cycle involving cyst formation and its subsequent reduction divisions. The resistant sporangia zoospores were markedly smaller and characteristically biflagellate rather than uniflagellate as reported in other species of Allomyces. After comparison with type material and a survey of the literature, this species was identified as Allomyces neomoniliformis, known and documented only from one collection in the past from India but with no proper description. A complete morphological description, a description of the holotype, cystogenes type of life cycle, illustrations, and photographs are presented in this study. Thus, results have increased our knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of the Allomyces in India, complementing with the previous studies.
Mannitol is important in pathogenesis to counteract antioxidant defences induced in both plant an... more Mannitol is important in pathogenesis to counteract antioxidant defences induced in both plant and animal hosts. Proline accumulation in plants under stressed conditions causes the activation of proline biosynthesis. Both mannitol and proline are scavengers of ROS and play an important role in host-pathogen interaction by allowing the fungus to suppress ROS mediated plant responses. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect on mannitol production and proline accumulation during infection of Alternaria alternata and its toxins with tomato plant leading to cell damage or death. Alternaria alternata was isolated from a naturally infected tomato plant and characterized by molecular techniques using PCR amplification. The production of mannitol in plant tissues infected with the pathogen and its toxins were observed and confirmed by using TLC and HPLC analysis that mannitol being produced in plant infected tissues but not in the healthy plant tissues. Proline content also increased in infected tissues at different time intervals. From the result, it is proved that mannitol is somewhere required by A. alternata for its pathogenicity during interaction with tomato which is important for normal disease development. This study demonstrates that mannitol and proline production in tomato plants were increased during treatment with Alternaria alternata as well as its metabolites namely tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol (AOH).
In the present study, three species of Hyphochytriomycetes were isolated, identified and describe... more In the present study, three species of Hyphochytriomycetes were isolated, identified and described. They are Rhizidiomyces hirsutus Karling, Rhizidiomyces apophysatus Zopf and Rhizidiomyces bulbosus Karling. Among them, Rhizidiomyces bulbosus Karling species is being reported for the first time in India.
Up-to-date information is presented based on an intensive search of literature records on the ide... more Up-to-date information is presented based on an intensive search of literature records on the identity, occurrence, nomenclature, substratum, host ranges, geographical distribution and literature references of the genus Pythium from India. All Pythium species published until 2020 are included in this list. The survey result of all forms of analyses revealed that India has 55 species of Pythium belonging to the phylum Oomycota indicating the presence of rich mycoflora. Distribution of these Pythium species reported so far from freshwater and terrestrial habitats of various Indian states are listed alphabetically. The most frequently collected species are Pythium aphanidermatum, P. spinosum, and P. ultimum. The majority of these species were found as a parasite on a wide range of plants in both freshwater and terrestrial environment. Overall, this systematic checklist provides the total count of Pythium species, currently known to occur in India and it is also a valued addition for comparing Pythium diversity in India as well as the world. Besides, it represents the first comprehensive overview of Pythium since 1996 from India. The knowledge generated by this working checklist comprising accepted taxa in Pythium from India is hoped to be beneficial in the progress of the systematics, diversity, ecology, plant protection, aquaculture, ichthyopathology, quarantine and many other diverse arrays of applied scientific disciplines in the country.
Postemergence damping‐off of chilli caused by Pythium spp. is a common and serious problem in lar... more Postemergence damping‐off of chilli caused by Pythium spp. is a common and serious problem in large chilli growing areas of India under the moist conditions that generally prevails during the sowing period. Therefore, in order to better understand this disease, an isolate belonging to the genus Pythium (Pythiales) was isolated from the infected chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) plant root parts collected from the fields of Chandauli district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Based on the congruence of cultural, morphological, cardinal growth rate and the sequence data analysis, the isolate was identified as Pythium graminicola. The molecular phylogenetic analysis based on ITS‐rDNA sequences clustered the isolate with representative sequences for P. graminicola from GenBank in the Pythium clade. The isolate carbon utilization profiles were characterized using Biolog FF MicroPlate method. The results revealed that the isolate used a wide range of carbon sources, mainly carbohydrates, but also amino acids, suggesting the use of metabolic routes that include glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Moreover, an in vitro colony growth inhibition assay was performed to determine the influence of chemical (fungicides) and biological (bacteria and fungi) antagonists over the pathogen using the poison plate and dual culture method, respectively. Overall, the results revealed that the presence of aggressive broad range biocontrol agents can be used as an effective environmentally friendly approach for management and control of damping‐off in production systems. The antagonist can serve as a bio‐efficient and eco‐friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for the development of an effective integrated pest management (IPM) system and obtaining higher yields.
A new and interesting species of Sporidesmium was discovered during a survey of plant debris inhi... more A new and interesting species of Sporidesmium was discovered during a survey of plant debris inhibiting litter decomposing microfungi in Binser forest, Almora, Uttarakhand, India. This new species, Sporidesmium binserum sp. nov., a dematiaceous hyphomycete was found on decaying leaf litter of the host plant Quercus leucotrichophora (oak). The key features of special interest that distinguish it from other morphologically similar species of Sporidesmium are macronematous, mononematous, percurrent proliferations towards the end in the flexuous multiseptate conidiophores with obtuse tip having distinctively curved, fusiform to subfusiform, 3-septate conidia, consist of 3 cells, second cell dark brown with slightly or distinctly constricted at the septa, tip cell of conidia highly curved and/or twisted, mostly flat and conic-truncated ends at base due to schizolytic secession. The conidial maturation is presumably synchronous with conidial ontogeny. Based on these features, the specimen is proposed here as a new species. Apart from it, a note on the current status of Sporidesmium sensu lato in India is also provided.
The WRKY transcription factors have indispensable role in plant growth, development and defense r... more The WRKY transcription factors have indispensable role in plant growth, development and defense responses. The differential expression of WRKY genes following the stress conditions has been well demonstrated. We investigated the temporal and tissue-specific (root and leaf tissues) differential expression of plant defense-related WRKY genes, following the infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) in tomato. The genome-wide computational analysis revealed that during the Fol infection in tomato, 16 different members of WRKY gene superfamily were found to be involved, of which only three WRKYs (SolyWRKY4, SolyWRKY33, and SolyWRKY37) were shown to have clear-cut differential gene expression. The quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) studies revealed different gene expression profile changes in tomato root and leaf tissues. In root tissues, infected with Fol, an increased expression for SolyWRKY33 (2.76 fold) followed by SolyWRKY37 (1.93 fold) gene was found at 24 hrs which...
Plant defense against their pathogens can be induced by a complex network of different inducers. ... more Plant defense against their pathogens can be induced by a complex network of different inducers. The present study investigates the synergistic effect of Trichoderma harzianum, exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) over the response and regulation of the antioxidant defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in tomato plants against Fusarium wilt disease. In the present work, tomato plants were infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 3 days after inoculated with T. harzianum and/or sprayed daily for 3 days with chemical inducers (SA and MeJA). Plants were analysed at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Infection of tomato plants by pathogen led to strong reduction in the dry weight of roots and shoots with the enhanced concentration of H2O2 and varying degree of lipid peroxidation. Concurrently, exogenous SA, when applied with pathogen greatly enhanced H2O2 content as well as activities of antioxidant enzy...
Alternaria is an important fungus to study due to their different life style from saprophytes to ... more Alternaria is an important fungus to study due to their different life style from saprophytes to endophytes and a very successful fungal pathogen that causes diseases to a number of economically important crops. Alternaria species have been well-characterized for the production of different host-specific toxins (HSTs) and non-host specific toxins (nHSTs) which depend upon their physiological and morphological stages. The pathogenicity of Alternaria species depends on host susceptibility or resistance as well as quantitative production of HSTs and nHSTs. These toxins are chemically low molecular weight secondary metabolites (SMs). The effects of toxins are mainly on different parts of cells like mitochondria, chloroplast, plasma membrane, Golgi complex, nucleus, etc. Alternaria species produce several nHSTs such as brefeldin A, tenuazonic acid, tentoxin, and zinniol. HSTs that act in very low concentrations affect only certain plant varieties or genotype and play a role in determinin...
The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and coinoculation of Trichod... more The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and coinoculation of Trichoderma and Glomus intraradices on growth and wilt disease severity in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp). Five Trichoderma isolates i.e. T. harzianum, T. viride, Th0126K, Th019K and Tv023K, and G. intraradices individually and in different combinations were tested. G. intraradices alone was sufficient for growth promotion but it was not effective in terms of disease reduction. Among all the treatments tested, coinoculation of T. harzianum and G. intraradices gave maximum growth and reduced the severity of disease (p<0.05). Fusarium considerably reduced the dry weight, nodulation and phosphorus (p) uptake. Results clearly showed that different species of Trichoderma produced varied results with G. intraradices.
rats were taken as experimental model for evaluation of hepatoprotective activity by measuring As... more rats were taken as experimental model for evaluation of hepatoprotective activity by measuring Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and total protein levels while liver was dissected out for measuring Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level for antioxidant activity. Results: S. marianum extract at 400 mg/kg.b.w showed better result among all three individual extracts by significantly decreasing the levels of AST and ALT (64.35 ± 8.17, 39.47 ± 5.61 U/L, respectively) and increasing the level of protein to 4.78 ± 0.41 mg/dl as compared to toxic control which is near to the value of standard drug. While the combination of the extracts showed enhanced activity as compared to that of S. marianum extract and standard drug (61.24 ± 3.7, 34.17 ± 3.21 U/L and 4.63 ± 0.22 mg/dl for AST, ALT and total protein respectively). For antioxidant activity, S. marianum increased the activity of SOD to 17.42 ± 0.63, CAT to 45.24 ± 1.84 and GPx to 21.96 ± 0.39 U/mg protein. Whereas, the combination of all three extracts in the concentration ratio of 1:1 increased the level of SOD, CAT and GPx to the near value of standard drug (18.12 ± 1.3, 44.24 ± 1.11 and 22.12 ± 0.46 U/mg protein). Conclusion: All three plants showed potent hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. Combinational study showed better results as compared to individual plant extracts and suggests that the polyherbal combinations may be used for enhanced activity.
Aim: To evaluate the combinational activity of Cajanus cajan, Silybum marianum and Andrographis p... more Aim: To evaluate the combinational activity of Cajanus cajan, Silybum marianum and Andrographis paniculata for antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential. Place and Duration: Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour University (HSGVV), Sagar, Department of Zoology, HSGVV, Sagar, between September 2012 to April 2013. Methodology: All three plants were subjected to Hydroalcoholic extraction. Adult albino Original Research Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(4): 665-674, 2014 666 rats were taken as experimental model for evaluation of hepatoprotective activity by measuring Aspartate amino transferase (AST), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) and total protein levels while liver was dissected out for measuring Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) level for antioxidant activity. Results: S. marianum extract at 400 mg/kg.b.w showed better result among all three individual extracts by significantly decreasing the levels of AST and ALT (64.35 ± 8.1...
The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and co-inoculation of Tricho... more The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of individual and co-inoculation of Trichoderma and Glomus intraradices on growth and wilt disease severity in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L Millsp). Five Trichoderma isolates i.e. T. harzianum, T. viride, Th0126K, Th019K and Tv023K, and G. intraradices individually and in different combinations were tested. G. intraradices alone was sufficient for growth promotion but it was not effective in terms of disease reduction. Among all the treatments tested, co-inoculation of T. harzianum and G. intraradices gave maximum growth and reduced the severity of disease (p<0.05). Fusarium considerably reduced the dry weight, nodulation and phosphorus (p) uptake. Results clearly showed that different species of Trichoderma produced varied results with G. intraradices.
Achlya spp. are oomycetous water moulds, responsible for freshwater fsh diseases causing great ec... more Achlya spp. are oomycetous water moulds, responsible for freshwater fsh diseases causing great economic losses. An Achlya sp. implicated in signifcant fungal infections of both live and dead fsh as well as their eggs, has been isolated from the water and soil samples collected from Chandraprabha dam (Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India) employing standard baiting method. Based on morphological characterisation, the strain was identifed as Achlya ambisexualis Raper 1939 (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes). It is a dioecious species, characterised by the presence of an achlyoid type of spore dehiscence from both primary and secondary sporangia, differentiated by its oospheres predominantly maturing into eccentric oospores, generally 1-18 per oogonium and gemmae cylindrical in both antheridial and oogonial mycelia. In India, this species was recorded from a single collection in the past but lack proper description and illustrations. The present study describes and illustrates this species for the frst time in India and hoped to be benefcial for ichthyopathologists and researchers as A. ambisexualis is known as a necrotroph or parasite of fshes and their eggs.
Out of the various mycotoxigenic food and feed contaminant, the fungal species belonging to Penic... more Out of the various mycotoxigenic food and feed contaminant, the fungal species belonging to Penicillium genera, particularly Penicillium roqueforti is of great economic importance, and well known for its crucial role in the manufacturing of Roquefort and Gorgonzola cheese. The mycotoxicosis effect of this mold is due to secretion of several metabolites, of which PR toxin is of considerable importance, with regard to food quality and safety challenges issues. The food products and silages enriched with PR toxin could lead into damage to vital internal organs, gastrointestinal perturbations, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, necrosis, and enzyme inhibition. Moreover, it also has the significant mutagenic potential to disrupt/alter the crucial processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level. The high genetic diversities in between the various strains of P. roqueforti persuaded their nominations with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), accordingly to the cheese type, they have been employed. Recently, the biosynthetic mechanism and toxicogenetic studies unraveled the role of ari1 and prx gene clusters that cross-talk with the synthesis of other metabolites or involve other cross-regulatory pathways to negatively regulate/inhibit the other biosynthetic route targeted for production of a strain-specific metabolites. Interestingly, the chemical conversion that imparts toxic properties to PR toxin is the substitution/oxidation of functional hydroxyl group (−OH) to aldehyde group (−CHO). The rapid conversion of PR toxin to the other derivatives such as PR imine, PR amide, and PR acid, based on conditions available reflects their unstability and degradative aspects. Since the PR toxin-induced toxicity could not be eliminated safely, the assessment of dose-response and other pharmacological aspects for its safe consumption is indispensable. The present review describes the natural occurrences, diversity, biosynthesis, genetics, toxicological aspects, control and prevention strategies, and other management aspects of PR toxin with paying special attention on economic impacts with intended legislations for avoiding PR toxin contamination with respect to food security and other biosafety purposes.
Biochemical features of tomatoes were evaluated with dip-treatment of chemical inducers such as s... more Biochemical features of tomatoes were evaluated with dip-treatment of chemical inducers such as salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Mature tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were dipped in 1 mM SA and MeJA solutions along with double-distilled water (control) at 20°C for 15 min. The contents of lycopene, ascorbic acid and total phenolics were measured at 5, 10, 15 and 20 days after treatments. It was observed that SA and MeJA dip treatment enhanced the biosynthesis of these biochemicals with respect to control. Maximum content of all these biochemicals was found in SA treated fruits. Increase in the biosynthesis of these biochemicals is directly related to the yield and quality of fruits.
Fungal glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely employed in the different sectors of food industries for u... more Fungal glucose oxidase (GOD) is widely employed in the different sectors of food industries for use in baking products, dry egg powder, beverages, and gluconic acid production. GOD also has several other novel applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, and other biotechnological industries. The electrochemical suitability of GOD catalyzed reactions has enabled its successful use in bioelectronic devices, particularly biofuel cells, and biosensors. Other crucial aspects of GOD such as improved feeding efficiency in response to GOD supplemental diet, roles in antimicrobial activities, and enhancing pathogen defense response, thereby providing induced resistance in plants have also been reported. Moreover, the medical science, another emerging branch where GOD was recently reported to induce several apoptosis characteristics as well as cellular senescence by downregulating Klotho gene expression. These widespread applications of GOD have led to increased demand for more extensive research to improve its production, characterization, and enhanced stability to enable long term usages. Currently, GOD is mainly produced and purified from Aspergillus niger and Penicillium species, but the yield is relatively low and the purification process is troublesome. It is practical to build an excellent GOD-producing strain. Therefore, the present review describes innovative methods of enhancing fungal GOD production by using genetic and non-genetic approaches in-depth along with purification techniques. The review also highlights current research progress in the cost effective production of GOD, including key advances, potential applications and limitations. Therefore, there is an extensive need to commercialize these processes by developing and optimizing novel strategies for cost effective GOD production.
During a survey of zoosporic fungi in the Nainital lake in 2014, a species of Allomyces was recor... more During a survey of zoosporic fungi in the Nainital lake in 2014, a species of Allomyces was recorded. It was found in the lake soil which was rich in organic matter (leaves, roots and twigs) by using snake skin as a substrate through baiting technique. This specimen was distinctly different in having different life cycle involving cyst formation and its subsequent reduction divisions. The resistant sporangia zoospores were markedly smaller and characteristically biflagellate rather than uniflagellate as reported in other species of Allomyces. After comparison with type material and a survey of the literature, this species was identified as Allomyces neomoniliformis, known and documented only from one collection in the past from India but with no proper description. A complete morphological description, a description of the holotype, cystogenes type of life cycle, illustrations, and photographs are presented in this study. Thus, results have increased our knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of the Allomyces in India, complementing with the previous studies.
Mannitol is important in pathogenesis to counteract antioxidant defences induced in both plant an... more Mannitol is important in pathogenesis to counteract antioxidant defences induced in both plant and animal hosts. Proline accumulation in plants under stressed conditions causes the activation of proline biosynthesis. Both mannitol and proline are scavengers of ROS and play an important role in host-pathogen interaction by allowing the fungus to suppress ROS mediated plant responses. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect on mannitol production and proline accumulation during infection of Alternaria alternata and its toxins with tomato plant leading to cell damage or death. Alternaria alternata was isolated from a naturally infected tomato plant and characterized by molecular techniques using PCR amplification. The production of mannitol in plant tissues infected with the pathogen and its toxins were observed and confirmed by using TLC and HPLC analysis that mannitol being produced in plant infected tissues but not in the healthy plant tissues. Proline content also increased in infected tissues at different time intervals. From the result, it is proved that mannitol is somewhere required by A. alternata for its pathogenicity during interaction with tomato which is important for normal disease development. This study demonstrates that mannitol and proline production in tomato plants were increased during treatment with Alternaria alternata as well as its metabolites namely tenuazonic acid (TeA) and alternariol (AOH).
In the present study, three species of Hyphochytriomycetes were isolated, identified and describe... more In the present study, three species of Hyphochytriomycetes were isolated, identified and described. They are Rhizidiomyces hirsutus Karling, Rhizidiomyces apophysatus Zopf and Rhizidiomyces bulbosus Karling. Among them, Rhizidiomyces bulbosus Karling species is being reported for the first time in India.
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Papers by Manish Dubey
An Achlya sp. implicated in signifcant fungal infections of both live and dead fsh as well as their eggs, has been isolated
from the water and soil samples collected from Chandraprabha dam (Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India) employing
standard baiting method. Based on morphological characterisation, the strain was identifed as Achlya ambisexualis Raper
1939 (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes). It is a dioecious species, characterised by the presence of an achlyoid type of spore
dehiscence from both primary and secondary sporangia, differentiated by its oospheres predominantly maturing into
eccentric oospores, generally 1-18 per oogonium and gemmae cylindrical in both antheridial and oogonial mycelia. In India,
this species was recorded from a single collection in the past but lack proper description and illustrations. The present study
describes and illustrates this species for the frst time in India and hoped to be benefcial for ichthyopathologists and researchers
as A. ambisexualis is known as a necrotroph or parasite of fshes and their eggs.
metabolites, of which PR toxin is of considerable importance, with regard to food quality and safety challenges issues. The food products and silages enriched with PR toxin could lead into damage to vital internal organs, gastrointestinal perturbations, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, necrosis, and enzyme inhibition. Moreover, it also has
the significant mutagenic potential to disrupt/alter the crucial processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level. The high genetic diversities in between the various strains of P. roqueforti persuaded their nominations with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), accordingly to the cheese type, they have been employed. Recently, the biosynthetic mechanism and toxicogenetic studies unraveled the role of ari1 and prx gene clusters that cross-talk with the synthesis of other metabolites or involve other cross-regulatory pathways to negatively regulate/inhibit the other biosynthetic route targeted for production of a strain-specific metabolites. Interestingly, the chemical conversion that imparts toxic properties to PR toxin is the
substitution/oxidation of functional hydroxyl group (−OH) to aldehyde group (−CHO). The rapid conversion of PR toxin to the other derivatives such as PR imine, PR amide, and PR acid, based on conditions available reflects their unstability and degradative aspects. Since the PR toxin-induced toxicity could not be eliminated safely, the assessment of dose-response and other pharmacological aspects for its safe consumption is indispensable. The present review describes the natural occurrences,
diversity, biosynthesis, genetics, toxicological aspects, control and prevention strategies, and other management aspects of PR toxin with paying special attention on economic impacts with intended legislations for avoiding PR toxin contamination with respect to food security and other biosafety purposes.
An Achlya sp. implicated in signifcant fungal infections of both live and dead fsh as well as their eggs, has been isolated
from the water and soil samples collected from Chandraprabha dam (Chandauli District, Uttar Pradesh, India) employing
standard baiting method. Based on morphological characterisation, the strain was identifed as Achlya ambisexualis Raper
1939 (Saprolegniales, Oomycetes). It is a dioecious species, characterised by the presence of an achlyoid type of spore
dehiscence from both primary and secondary sporangia, differentiated by its oospheres predominantly maturing into
eccentric oospores, generally 1-18 per oogonium and gemmae cylindrical in both antheridial and oogonial mycelia. In India,
this species was recorded from a single collection in the past but lack proper description and illustrations. The present study
describes and illustrates this species for the frst time in India and hoped to be benefcial for ichthyopathologists and researchers
as A. ambisexualis is known as a necrotroph or parasite of fshes and their eggs.
metabolites, of which PR toxin is of considerable importance, with regard to food quality and safety challenges issues. The food products and silages enriched with PR toxin could lead into damage to vital internal organs, gastrointestinal perturbations, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, necrosis, and enzyme inhibition. Moreover, it also has
the significant mutagenic potential to disrupt/alter the crucial processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation at the molecular level. The high genetic diversities in between the various strains of P. roqueforti persuaded their nominations with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), accordingly to the cheese type, they have been employed. Recently, the biosynthetic mechanism and toxicogenetic studies unraveled the role of ari1 and prx gene clusters that cross-talk with the synthesis of other metabolites or involve other cross-regulatory pathways to negatively regulate/inhibit the other biosynthetic route targeted for production of a strain-specific metabolites. Interestingly, the chemical conversion that imparts toxic properties to PR toxin is the
substitution/oxidation of functional hydroxyl group (−OH) to aldehyde group (−CHO). The rapid conversion of PR toxin to the other derivatives such as PR imine, PR amide, and PR acid, based on conditions available reflects their unstability and degradative aspects. Since the PR toxin-induced toxicity could not be eliminated safely, the assessment of dose-response and other pharmacological aspects for its safe consumption is indispensable. The present review describes the natural occurrences,
diversity, biosynthesis, genetics, toxicological aspects, control and prevention strategies, and other management aspects of PR toxin with paying special attention on economic impacts with intended legislations for avoiding PR toxin contamination with respect to food security and other biosafety purposes.