14-1 ifjp;

14-2 mís';
14-3 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u dh fof/k;k¡
14-4 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku
14-5 f'k{kk ds fy, 'kk'or fodkl dk y{;
14-6 xq.koÙkk ds ladsrd
14-7 xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u dh laLFkk,¡
14-8 lkjka'k
14-9 vH;kl dk;Z
14-10 lanHkZ lkexzh lwph ,oa mi;ksxh v/;;u lkexzh
14-11 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

v‚DlQksMZ 'kCndks’k ds vuqlkj] xq.koÙkk dk vFkZ gS fdlh ,d çdkj dh oLrq ;k ekud

ds lkis{k mlh izdkj dh vU; oLrq ds xq.k dk ekiu vkSj mlesa esa Js"Brk ds va”k dk
fu/kkZj.k ;g ifjHkk"kk vkxs crkrh gS fd xq.koRrk dk vk”k; oLrq esa fufgr Js’Brk gSA
bl ifjHkk"kk dk fufgrkFkZ gS fd xq.koÙkk Js"Brk dk iSekuk ;k Lrj gSA tc ge fdlh
iSekus ;k Lrj ij igqap tkrs gSa ;k mls çkIr dj ysrs gSa rks gekjs lkeus ;g pqukSrh jgrh
gS fd ge ml xq.koÙkk ds Lrj dks dSls cuk, j[ksaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ge cktkj esa ns[k
ldrs gSa fd dbZ çfr;ksxh czkaM gksrs gSa tks cktkj esa ,d nwljs ls çfrLi/kkZ dj jgs gksrs
gSaA muds fy, vius mRikn dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kuk lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gksrk
gS ftlls miHkksäk muds mRikn ls larq"V jgs vkSj fdlh vU; czkaM dks uk viuk,aA
tc fdlh mRikn ;k oLrq dh xq.koÙkk esa deh ikbZ tkrh gS rks ge bl fLFkfr dh tkap
djrs gSaA ;g irk yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd mRikn esa D;k deh gS vkSj mRikn
esa lq/kkj ds fy, D;k fd;k tk ldrk gS\ ftlls mldh xq.koÙkk dk Lrj dk;e jgsA
vr% xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, mldk xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd ds
:i esa mHkjdj lkeus vkrk gS ftldk eq[; mís'; mRikn dh çHkko'khyrk vkSj lq/kkj
dh laHkkouk dks cuk, j[kuk gksrk gSA ;g O;ogkfjd ;k çk;ksfxd i{k gSA ;g leL;kvksa
dks y{; djrk gS vkSj xq.koÙkk esa fujarjrk cuk, j[kus o rhoz lq/kkj ds fy, fof'k"V
dk;Z djus gsrq lewg vkSj ny cukrk gSA xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u dk vFkZ gS fd ^^lqfuf'pr
xq.kksa okys nks"keqDr mRikn dks fufeZr djuk] blds }kjk mRikn ds fy, fu/kkZfjr
fo'ks"krk,a fujarj çkIr dh tkrh gSaA**

bl bdkbZ ds v/;;u ds mijkUr vki %

xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u dh vo/kkj.kk dh O;k[;k dj ik,ax(s
267
 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lai.w kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku ls tqM+s vH;klksa dk ijh{k.k dj ik,ax(s
f'k{kk {ks= esa 'k'Dr fodkl ds y{;ksa dh çkfIr gsrq f'k{kk txr dh egRrk dks le>
ik,axs(
f'k{kk {ks= esa xq.koÙkk fu;a=.k dh fof/k;ksa ij fopkj djus esa leFkZ gksax(s
f'k{kk {ks= ds fy, xq.koÙkk dks lqfuf'pr djus okyh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk
vkykspukRed ewY;kadu dj ik,axsA

tc ge xq.koÙkk fu;a=.k ;k xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus ds fo’k; esa lksprs gSa rc gekjs eu
esa cktkj esa miyC/k oLrqvksa vkSj mRiknksa dh Nfo;ksa izdV gksrh gSaA ge lksprs gSa fd ;s
mRikn viuh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus esa dSls lQy ;k vlQy gksrs gSaA tSlk fd vke
/kkj.kk gS xq.koRrk dh vo/kkj.kk cktkj ls iSnk gq;h gksxh mlds foijhr xq.koRrk
vkdyu dk igyk ç;kl f'k{kk ds {ks= esa gh gqvkA fczfV'k ljdkj us 1837 esa fo|ky;
fujh{kdksa dh fu;qfä dh FkhA bldk mís'; ljdkj }kjk 4 o"kZ iwoZ xjhcksa dh çkFkfed
f'k{kk ds fy, nh xbZ vuqnku jkf'k ds mi;ksx ds mfpr mi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djuk
FkkA bu fujh{kdksa dks ^gj etsLVh baLisDVjsV (HMI)^ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ;g
vko';d gS fd fopkj fd;k tk, bl rjg ds inksa ij fu;qfä dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+hA
Li’V gS fd ljdkj us lkspk fd bl dk;Z esa fuos'k cgqr vf/kd gSA vr% bls laKku esa
ysuk vko';d gSA ljdkj us ;g vuqeku yxk;k fd mlds }kjk nh xbZ /kujkf'k dk
lqfu;ksftr o lqO;ofLFkr mi;ksx ugha gks jgk gS ¼lkloj] 2012½A

ckn esa f'k{kk ds mPp Lrj dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, bu fujh{kdksa ds dk;Z dk foLrkj
fd;k x;k vkSj buds fy, O;ogkj lafgrk dks Hkh cuk;k x;kA bu lcds ifj.kke Lo:i
v‚¶LVsM ¼n vkWfQl QkWj LVSaMlZ bu ,tqds”ku] fpYMªsUl lfoZlst ,aM fLdYl½dh 1990
esa LFkkiuk gqbZA ;g laLFkk vkt Hkh gS vkSj lh/ks laln dks fjiksVZ djrh gSA v‚¶LVsM dh
Hkwfedk gS fd og lqfuf'pr djsa tks laLFkk,a cPpksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk] çf'k{k.k vkSj
ns[kHkky lacaf/kr lsok,a baXySaM esa ns jgh gSa os mPp Lrj ds vuq:i dk;Z djsaA gj lIrkg
v‚¶LVsM lSdM+ksa fujh{k.k djrh gS] fu;eu ds fy, Hkze.k djrh gS vkSj mudh fjiksVZ dks
vkWuykbu çdkf'kr djrh gSA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd v‚¶LVsM ds }kjk çnku dh tk jgh
lsokvksa dh mPp xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, iz;Ru fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g iz;Ru
i{kikr jfgr gSA muds ckjs esa lh/ks laln dks fjiksVZ fd;k tkrk gSA

bl mnkgj.k ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u dksbZ u;k vH;kl ugha
gSA ljdkj ges'kk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa #fp ysrh gS D;ksafd f'k{kk dks ,d ns'k ds fodkl dk
egRoiw.kZ ladsrd ekuk tkrk gSA bl mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ljdkj ;kstukvksa vkSj
uhfr;ksa esa i;kZIr fuos'k djrh gS ftlls fofHkUu laLFkkuksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k vkSj
vf/kxe ds mPp Lrj dks cuk;k tk ldsA blds fy, vusd ,sls dkjd gSa ftudk
fujh{k.k vko';d gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd fu;qä v/;kid
U;wure vgZrk okys gks vkSj çf'kf{kr gksa] lalk/kuksa dk forj.k vkSj mi;ksx gks] v/;kidksa
vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks miyC/k lalk/kuksa ds ckjs esa tkx:d fd;k tk, vkSj fo|kFkhZ ljdkj
}kjk miyC/k djk;h xbZ lsokvksa vkSj lqfo/kkvksa ls ifjfpr gksaA

tSlk fd vkius ns[kk fd ;wds dh ljdkj us iwjs ns'k esa dqN fu;e vkSj dkuwu cuk,A
268 buds fØ;kUo;u dk fujh{k.k djus ds fy, nyksa dks fu;qä fd;kA bu nyksa us vkadM+s
bdëk fd, vkSj ç;ksx fd,A blds vk/kkj ij lapkfyr ;kstukvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh
lQyrk vkSj vlQyrk ds ckjs esa viuh fjiksVZ nhA irk yxk;k fd os ;kstuk,a lQy
;k vlQy FkhaA bl izdkj ds iz;klksa ds vk/kkj ij lacaf/kr ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa
D;k djuk gS ;k D;k ugha djuk gS fd lwph cuk ldrs gSaA ;g Hkh lq>k ldrs gSa fd
dkSu ls laLFkku fu;eksa ds ikyu esa lQy jgs vkSj fdUgksaus ikyu ugha fd;kA ;g Hkh
irk yxk ldrs gSa fd dqN laLFkkvksa esa ubZ vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vkSj funsZ'kksa ds çfr
çfrjks/k D;ksa Fkk\ bu nyksa dks vyx&vyx Lrjksa ij O;ofLFkr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ,d dsaæh; lfefr vkSj mldh {ks=h; Lrj ij mi lfefr;ka gksA ;gka
rd dh LFkkuh; Lrj ij dk;Z djus ds fy, y?kq bdkb;ka gks ftlls laiw.kZ O;oLFkk dh
xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr dh tk ldsA
lSfyl us crk;k gS fd f'k{kk dks dSls ,d mRikn ds :Ik esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
bl rjg ls f'k{kk ,d lsok cu x;h ftldk mPp Lrj xzkgdksa dks viuh vksj vkdf’kZr
djrk gSA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
1½ xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u dk D;k vFkZ gksrk gS\
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2½ vkWQLVsM (OFSTED) dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\
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lSfyl us laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, crk;k gS fd ^^laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk
çca/ku fdlh Hkh laLFkku ds lapkyu ds fy, ç;kstuewyd fdarq ;qfä ijd mikxe gS
tks vius xzkgdksa dh vko';drkvksa dks dsaæ esa j[krk gSA** ;g ,d fof/k vFkok mikxe
gS tks viuh ç—fr esa O;ofLFkr vkSj Øec) gksrk gS vkSj bldk y{; mPp ekudksa dks
çkIr djuk gksrk gSA laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku dks Fkksik ugha tk ldrk gSA bls laLFkku }kjk
LosPNk ls viuk;k tkrk gS ftlls og viuh çxfr dh leh{kk dj ldsA ;g leh{kk 269
 vLFkkbZ ugha gksrh vkSj u gh rqjar ifj.kke nsrh gSA ;g lrr] Øec) vkSj Øfed gksrh
gSA ;fn ge f'k{kk dks ,d lsok ekurs gSa rks gesa ;g lqfuf'pr djuk gksxk fd ,d
lsok&m|ksx ds :i esa ge Hkh vius fo|kFkhZ :ih xzkgdksa dks mPp xq.koÙkk ds vf/kxe
vuqHko çnku dj ldsaA mPp ekudksa dks cuk, j[kuk fdlh Hkh laLFkku dk eq[; nkf;Ro
gksrk gSA ;g dsoy fo"k; oLrq ls lacaf/kr ugha gS cfYd gesa lh[kus ds rjhds fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh vko';drkvksa ds lekos'ku dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA laLFkkvksa dks vusd
fodYiksa dks miyC/k djkuk gksrk gSA laLFkku dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k ljy cukus ds fy,
vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZIr fodYi] Lora=rk vkSj yksp”khyrk miyC/k djkus dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] eqä fo'ofo|ky; ds :i esa bXuw dk lanHkZ
nsf[k,A bXuw ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lqfo/kk vuqlkj ijh{kk esa cSBus dh vuqefr çnku dh
tkrh gSA os viuh lqfo/kk ls çR;sd lsesLVj esa ijh{kk ns ldrs gSa ;k mUgsa ,df=r djrs
gq, ,d le;lhek ds Hkhrj Hkh ijh{kk esa mifLFkr gks ldrs gSaA

fo|ky; dk eq[; mís'; f'k{kk nsuk gksrk gSA ;g f'k{kk O;olkf;d] uSfrd ;k rF;kRed
gks ldrh gSA fo|ky; ds y{; iw.kZ gks] blds fy, ekudh—r ijh{k.k fy, tkrs gSaA bu
ijh{k.kksa dks nh?kZdkyhu “kks/k ds vk/kkj ij ljdkjh ;k futh laLFkkvksa }kjk rS;kj fd;k
x;k gSA xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kk ds fy, fo|ky; vyx&vyx Lrjksa ij dk;Z djrk gSA vius
y{;ksa dh çkfIr ds fy, çca/ku dks ladk; lnL;ksa ds lkFk leUo; djuk gksrk gSA ,d
çHkko'kkyh fo|ky; dh fo'ks"krk,a gSa&usr`Ro] vk/kkj n'kZu] fo|ky; çca/k] dfeZ;ksa dk
LFkkf;Ro] dsaæh;rk] mís';iw.kZ dk;ZØe] fu;kstu] fo|ky; Lrj ij vdknfed
miyfC/k;ksa dh igpku] vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] lewg Hkkouk] fo|ky; dh leqnk; ds
lkFk lac)rk] d{kk çca/ku ds mÙke vH;kl] mPp vdknfed layXurk vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh çxfr dh fuxjkuh vkfnA bu vk;keksa ds vfrfjä fo|ky; dh xq.koÙkk ds ckjs esa
fu.kZ; ysus ds nkSjku lalk/kuksa dk mi;ksx] ç'kklu dh ljyrk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh larqf"V]
vk/kkjHkwr O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k vkSj voljksa dh miyC/krk dks Hkh /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gSA

vr% fo|ky; }kjk xq.koÙkk çca/ku ds fy, fd, tkus okys ç;kl laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku
ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA bl lanHkZ esa f'k{kk dk usr`RodrkZ] mnkgj.k ds fy, iz/kkukpk;Z]
lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd fo|ky; ds dehZ çf'kf{kr gksa ftlls os visf{kr dk;Z dks ljyrk
vkSj çHkkoiw.kZ <ax ls dj ldsaA fo|kFkhZ] tks bl lanHkZ esa xzkgd gSa] os ftl fo|ky; esa
ukekafdr gksrs gSa mlds çfr yxko eglwl djrs gksaA xq.koRrk izca/ku ds fy, ykxr dh
çHkko'khyrk] dfeZ;ksa ds fy, ,d vPNk dk;Z LFky vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vPNs vf/kxe
vuqHko dks lqfuf”pr fd;k tkrk gSA laiw.kZ xq.koRrk çca/ku dh rjg fo|ky; esa lrr
lq/kkj dh laHkkouk gksrh gS ftldk dHkh var ugha gksrk gSA

gSjhl us ;wds esa laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku ds rhu mikxeksa dh ppkZ dh gSA bu rhu mikxeksa
dk lkoZHkkSfed mi;ksx gks ldrk gSA igyk mikxe xzkgd dsafær gSA f'k{kk ds lanHkZ
esa fo|kFkhZ xzkgd gSaA bl mikxe ds varxZr ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks çHkkoh] çklafxd vkSj yksphyh f'k{kk çkIr gksA nwljk mikxe dfeZ;ksa ij dsafær gSA
bldk mís'; dfeZ;ksa ds çn'kZu dh ljkguk vkSj muesa lq/kkj djuk gS ftlds ifj.kke
Lo#i laLFkk dk fØ;kdj.k çHkkoh gksrk gSA ;g mikxe dfeZ;ksa dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS
270
fd os csgrj uhfr;ksa vkSj çkFkfedrkvksa dks fu/kkZfjr dj ldsa ftlls os l{ke cusaA os
lrr l'kfädj.k ds fy, uhfr;ksa vkSj çk:iksa dk fu/kkZj.k dj ldsaA blds varxZr
laLFkku ds lkeus vkus okyh leL;kvksa vkSj pqukSfr;ksa dk Hkh /;ku j[kk tkrk gSSA rhljs
mikxe dk laca/k fu;e dkuwuksa ls gSA ;g lqfuf'pr djrk gS fd laLFkku ds fu;eksa dk
lqxe fØ;kUo;u gksA bldk mnkgj.k gS fd v/;kidksa }kjk mifLFkfr ysuk] xzsM vkSj
fo|kFkhZ ds çn'kZu dk fu/kkZj.k] ç;ksx'kkyk vkSj iqLrdky; ds le; dk fu/kkZj.k] –';
JO; vkSj vU; ikBî lkexzh dh miyC/krkA Li"V gS fd mPp f'k{kk esa laiw.kZ xq.koRrk
çca/ku fo|ky;h f'k{kk dh Hkkafr gh lrr lq/kkj vkSj lrr xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk vkSj
v/kkslajpuk ls lacaf/kr gSA mPp f'k{kk esa laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku dh ,d vU; ço`fÙk
uokpkj dk ç;ksx djuk vkSj cktkj dh ekaxksa dks lacksf/kr djuk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk
ç'kklfud vkSj vdkneh dfeZ;ksa dh n{krk dh Hkh tkap dh tkrh gSA f'k{kk ds çpfyr
ço`fÙk;ksa dks Hkh le>k tkrk gSA mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dh dlkSfV;ksa dks ekiuk ,d
dfBu dk;Z gS D;ksafd ;s dlkSfV;ksa oLrqfu"B gksus dh rqyuk esa vf/kd O;fäfu’B gksrh
gSaA ge ftu dlkSfV;ksa dks yf{kr djrs gSa os le; ds lkFk cny Hkh ldrh gSaA ;gh
dkj.k gS fd mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dh fof/k;ksa mPp f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dk ekiu djus
dh fof/k;ksa vkSj dlkSfV;ksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, ljdkj futh laLFkkuksa vkSj
O;fä;ksa dks i;kZIr ÅtkZ vkSj /ku dk fuos'k djuk iM+rk gSA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
3½ çHkko'kkyh fo|ky; dh pkj fo'ks"krk,a crkb,A
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4½ laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku ds vuqç;ksx ds rhu mikxe D;k gS\
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la;qä jk"Vª la?k }kjk o"kZ 2000 esa lglzkCnh fodkl y{;ksa dk fodkl fd;k x;kA blh
ç;Ru dk ifj.kke 'kk'or fodkl y{; gSaA lglzkCnh fodkl y{;ksa ds varxZr iw.kZ :i
ls xjhch lekIr djus dk mn~ns'; FkkA blds lkFk lkFk Hkq[kejh dh lekfIr] thou
uk'kd chekfj;ksa dks nwj djuk vkSj f'k{kk ds foLrkj ds y{; Hkh FksA lglzkCnh fodkl
y{; dh ,d egRoiw.kZ miyfC/k ;g jgh fd fo|ky; ds ckgj jgus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 271
 la[;k yxHkx vk/kh gks xbZA la;qä jk"Vª la?k dh 'kk'or fodkl ij vk/kkfjr laxks"Bh
ftldk vk;kstu fj;ks Mh tusfj;ks esa o’kZ 2012 esa gqvk Fkk mlesa bu y{;ksa dks
la'kksf/kr djds 'kk'or fodkl y{;ksa ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k x;kA 'kk'or fodkl y{;ksa
ds mís'; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, dgk x;k fd ;g oSf'od y{;ksa ds leku gSa ftudk
mís'; orZeku nqfu;k ds lkeus mifLFkr i;kZoj.kh; jktuhfrd vkSj vkfFkZd pqukSfr;ksa
dk lkeuk djuk gSA

'kk'or fodkl ds mís';ksa dks oSf'od y{;ksa dh laKk nh tkrh gS D;ksafd ;g oSf'od
pqukSfr;ksa ds çfr lHkh ns'kksa dh lk>k fpark gS ftlds fy, os lg;ksx djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj
visf{kr dne Hkh mBkuk pkgrs gSaA blesa dqy 17 y{; gSa ftlesa xjhch nwj djuk]
Hkq[kejh dh lekfIr] vPNk LokLF; vkSj xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk gSAbl lwph esa f'k{kk dks pkSFks
LFkku ij j[kk x;k gSA lglzkCnh fodkl y{;ksa ds le; ls gh ;g dgk x;k fd
fo|ky; ds ckgj jgus okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh la[;k dks vk/kk fd;k tk,xk vkSj muds
ukekadu nj dks 2015 rd 91 izfr”kr rd igqapk;k tk,xkA 'kk'or fodkl y{;ksa dks
fodflr djrs gq, vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa fodkl dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa dks
laKku esa fy;k x;k gSA 'kk'or fodkl ds y{;ksa ds dsUnz esa xjhch fuokj.k gS ysfdu
;g laiw.kZ fodkl ds fy, vko';d le>s tkus okyh çR;sd pqukSrh dks lekfgr fd,
gq, gSaA xjhch] fgalk] çf'k{k.k ds vHkko tSls dkjd 'kSf{kd voljksa ds l`tu vkSj mudh
çkfIr esa ck/kd gksrs gSaA ;s fdlh ns'k esa 'kSf{kd voljksa ds l`tu vkSj mudh çkfIr esa
dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA bl rjhds ls 'kk'or fodkl ds y{; ,d nwljs ls lacfa /kr gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, f'k{kk ds y{; dks vdsys ugha fy;k tk ldrk ;g vU; y{;ksa ls tqM+k
gqvk gSA 'kk'or fodkl ds y{; lqfuf'pr djrs gSa fd çR;sd yM+dk vkSj yM+dh
iw.kZr;k fu%'kqYd] leku vkSj xq.koÙkk okyh çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk dks çkIr djsaA
blds }kjk os çHkkoh vkSj egRoiw.kZ vf/kxe Hkh djsaA f'k{kk ds y{; dsoy çkFkfed vkSj
vkxs dh f'k{kk rd lhfer ugha gS cfYd blesa iwoZ çkFkfed vkSj ckY;koLFkk ns[kHkky o
fodkl dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA ;g ek/;fed f'k{kk ds volj ls Hkh vkxs c<+rk
gS vkSj ogu dj ldus ;ksX; xq.koÙkkiw.kZ O;olkf;d f'k{kk dh Hkh mYys[k djrk gSA
blds }kjk 'kk'or fodkl ds y{; ds varxZr,d csgrj jkstxkj cktkj ds fy, n{k
dk;Z”kfDr dks rS;kj djrs gSaA

f'k{kk rd igqap fcuk fdlh foHksn ds gksuh pkfg,A laiks"k.kh; fodkl ds y{; lekos'kh
'kSf{kd vH;kl ds fy, gSa tks fnO;kax fo|kfFkZ;ksa] ns'kt fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj [krjukd
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jg jgs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lekos'ku djrs gSaA blds varxZr s varjkZ"Vªh;
lg;ksx ds }kjk 'kSf{kd vkSj v/kkslajpuk lacaf/kr lqfo/kkvksa dks miyC/k djkuk] vdknfed
fo}rk ,oa vU; vU; lg;ksxksa ds }kjk mPp ukekadu nj dks cuk, j[kuk çkFkfedrk gSA
f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr 'kk'or fodkl ds y{; de fodflr ns'kksa] NksVs }hih; ns'kksa vkSj
fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks çkFkfedrk lwph esa j[krs gSaA

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
1½ lglzkCnh fodkl y{; vkSj 'kk'or fodkl y{; D;k gS\ ;s ,d nwljs ls dSls
fHkUu gSa\
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'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk vkSj vf/kxe vf/kxe fu’ifRr;ksa esa lq/kkj ds fy, ;kstuk cukus okyksa dks
lacaf/kr laLFkk dh orZeku fLFkfr] le; ds lkFk gq, cnyko] ml laLFkk dh etcwfr;ksa
vkSj detksfj;ksa vkfn ds çek.k vk/kkfjr vkdyu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blds fy,
,d etcwr fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu ra= dh vko';drk gksrh gS tks egRoiw.kZ ladsr dks
laKku esa ysrk gS vkSj blls lacaf/kr çek.k miyC/k djk ldrk gSA f'k{kk ds fdlh {ks=
ds varxZr cukbZ xbZ ;qfä;ksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh çxfr dh fuxjkuh djus esa ;s ladsrd
enn dj ldrs gSaA
xq.koÙkk ladsrdksa ds ykHk
;s f'k{k.k] ikBîp;kZ vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds çn'kZu dh xq.koÙkk ij /;ku j[kus esa
lgk;rk çnku djrs gSaA
;s 'kSf{kd ra= dh çHkko'khyrk dks c<+krs gSaA
;s f'k{kk ds mi ra=ksa esa lq/kkjksa ij /;ku dsafær djrs gSaA
;s lekurk ds ladsrdksas ij Hkh /;ku dsafær djrs gSaA

;s lanHkZ ls tqM+s dkjdksas ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSa tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds

vf/kxe dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA tSls& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fo'ks"krk,a] lkekftd& vkfFkZd
ifjfLFkfr;ka] lkaL—frd vk;ke] f'k{k.k O;oLFkk dh fLFkfr] LFkkuh; leqnk; ds eqís]
vkfnA buls lacaf/kr vkadM+ksa ds laxzg gsrq losZ{k.k] d{kk voyksdu] fuxjkuh fjiksVZ vkSj
Lo ewY;kadu vkfn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;s lh[kus dks lqxe djus ds fy, ç;qä fd, x, lalk/kuksa dk ekiu
djrs gSaA ;s crkrs gSa fd fdlh Hkh ra= esa çR;sd Lrj ij ;kstuk vuq:i foÙkh; HkkSfrd
vkSj ekuoh; lalk/kuksa dk forj.k fd;k x;k ;k ughaA
;s xq.koÙkk ds ekudksa ds vk/kkj ij crkrs gSa fd 'kSf{kd xfrfof/k;ksa
vkSj fØ;kdykiksa dks fdl rjhds ls lapkfyr fd;k x;kA dSls fdlh fof'k"V 'kSf{kd
dk;ZØe dks fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k] blls tqM+s ?kVd blesa “kkfey gSaA mnkgj.k ds
fy,&ekudksa dk fØ;kUo;u] f'k{k.k xq.koÙkk] dk;Z ij fn;k le;] fo|ky; dk okrkoj.k
vkSj 'kSf{kd usr`RoA blesa vkadM+ksa dk ladyu oSls gh fd;k tkrk gS tSls lanHkZ ladsrdksa
dk fd;k tkrk gSA
blesa ;g ekiu fd;k tkrk gS fd D;k dk;ZØe ds visf{kr y{; izkIr
gq, ;k ughaA ;s crkrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh 'kSf{kd ra= fo"k; Kku n{krkvksa] çxfr] iw.kZrk nj
vkSj deZpkjh dh larqf"V ds iSekuksa ij dSlk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bu ladsrdksa dks jk"Vªh;
ijh{kkvksa varjjk"Vªh; vkdyu losZ{k.kksa vkSj Øec) eSnkuh voyksduksa ds vk/kkj ij 273
 tkuk tk ldrk gSA fuxZr ladsrdksa ds varxZr vf/kxe fu’ifRr;ksa dk ekiu jk"Vªh; vkSj
varjjk"Vªh; ijh{kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk ds fy, fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa tSls&ikBîp;kZ f'k{k.k
vf/kxe lalk/ku] f'k{k.k ‘kkL= vkfn ls tqM+s ladsrd fuEufyf[kr gSa%

ikBîØe nSuafnu thou ls lacaf/kr gks]

blesa lHkh fo"k; {ks=ksa tSls&foKku] xf.kr] lkekftd foKku] Hkk"kkvksa] dyk
LokLF;] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk vkfn dh miyC/krk gksA buds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh foKku
ds çk;ksfxd dkS'ky] iwoZ O;olkf; dkS'ky ds fodkl ds iw.kZ volj gksaA
ikBîØe esa dyk vkSj lkSan;Z] LokLF;] 'kkjhfjd f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k] 'kkafr dk;kZuqHko
vkfn vfuok;Z :i ls lfEefyr gks

fo|kFkhZ vuqHko djsa fd os f'k{k.k vf/kxe çfØ;k ds lfØ; Hkkxhnkj gSaA

mUgsa ikBî lkexzh vius lanHkZ ls ijs dh uk yxsA
ikBîp;kZ esa laL—fr vkSj Hkk"kk dk mfpr çfrfuf/kRo gksA
foKku esa çk;ksfxd dk;Z vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa dk lekos'k gksA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks foKku fdV vkSj ç;ksx'kkyk ds midj.k miyC/k gksA
lkekftd fo"k;ksa ij eqä ppkZ gksA

v/;kid ;ksX; gksa vkSj vius fo"k; dks tkurs gksaA

ikBîp;kZ] ikBîØe ikBîiqLrd ds lanHkZ dks le>rs gksA
fofHkUu fo"k; {ks=ksa dh pqukSfr;ksa ds çfr ltx gksA
ikBîp;kZ esa varj vuq'kklukRedrk ds egRo ls ifjfpr gks
fu;fer gks vkSj fo|ky; çca/ku ds lkFk lg;ksx djus okys gksA
fd'kksj euksfoKku ls ds çfr tkx:d gks vkSj fd'kksjksa ls leuqHkwfr iw.kZ rjhds ls
laca/k fodflr dj ldsaA
vius O;olkf;d fodkl ds çfr lpsr gksA
f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds {ks= esa 'kks/k ds egRo dks le>rs gksA
miyfC/k;ksa] vfHk{kerkvksa ewY;ksa vkfn ds vkdyu leFkZ gksA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh çxfr dk fooj.k cukus esa n{k gksA
i;kZoj.k dh leL;kvksa ds çfr tkx:d gksA

274
lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh vk/kkfjr f'k{k.k vf/kxe lkexzh ds ç;ksx esa leFkZ gksA
ikBî lkexzh ds vfrfjä vU; lalk/kuksa ds ckjs esa v|ru tkudkjh j[krs gksA
vU; lkfFk;ksa ds lkFk lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/k gksA

lacaf/kr vo/kkj.kkvksa ls tqM+s ç'u iwN ldrs gksA

ikBî iqLrdksa ds vfrfjä vU; lkexzh i<+saA
çk;ksfxd dk;Z djus ds fy, rRij gksaA
ikBî lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds çfr :fp fn[kk,aA
izxfr ds fofo/k vk;keksa&#fp] jpukRedrk ewY;ksa vkfn esa Hkh çxfr djsaA
fu;fer vkSj le; ds ikcan gksA
v/;kidksa ds lkFk ikBî lgxkeh fØ;kvksa esa lg;ksx djsaA

fo|ky; ç'kklu dks leFkZ usr`Ro nsus esa l{ke gksA

Li"V –f"Vdks.k gksA
ikBîp;kZ lacaf/kr v|ru ço`fÙk;ksa dh tkudkjh j[krs gksA
Hkk"kk vkSj laçs"k.k esa n{k gksA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa vkSj dfeZ;ksa ds çfr laons u'khy jgrs gq, mudk lg;ksx djsaA
uokpkj ds çfr ldkjkRed jgsaA
vdknfed ekxZn'kZu vkSj lg;ksx çnku djsaA
uk rks cgqr vf/kd dBksj gks vkSj uk gh yksp'khy gksA
visf{kr lkexzh miyC/k djk,aA
v/;kidksa dks O;olkf;d fodkl ds fy, Hkh çsfjr djsa
v/;kidksa dks ikBîp;kZ vkSj f'k{k.k ‘kkL= es auokpkj ds fy, Lok;Rrrk iznku djsA
lacaf/kr dfeZ;ksa dh ljkguk djsa mUgsa ldkjkRed çfriqf"V nsaA

fo|ky; lrr vkSj ewY;kadu ç.kkyh dk ikyu djrk gksA

bl ;kstuk dh varfuZfgr fo'ks"krk tokcnsgh vkSj ikjnf'kZrk gSA blesa vkarfjd
ewY;kadu dh ,d ,slh ç.kkyh gksrh gS ftlesa fofHkUu Lrjksa ij tkap vkSj çek.khdj.k
gksrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy,& fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Lo ewY;kadu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk iksVZQksfy;ks]
lgikBh ewY;kadu lacaf/kr v/;kid }kjk vkdyu vkSj fo|ky; ds ç/kkukpk;Z }kjk
;k–fPNd rjhds ls vkdyu vfHkHkkodksa }kjk nh xbZ çfriqf"VA
fofHkUu ?kVdksa ij vf/kxedrkZ dh çxfr dh fuxjkuh djukA

d{kkvksa dh mi;qä la[;k

275
 lHkh rjg dh ç;ksx'kkyk,a] iqLrdky; daI;wVj ç;ksx'kkyk] 'kkSpky;] LoPN ikuh]
fo|qr] [ksy dk eSnku vkSj lkexzh] vkfn
vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ds çf'kf{kr v/;kid vkSj ç/kkukpk;Z
ç;ksx'kkyk dehZ] daI;wVj ç;ksx'kkyk lgk;d] DydZ vkSj vU; lg;ksxh deZpkjh
v/;kid fo|kFkhZ vuqikr
f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ vuqikr 1%35 gksA
çkFkfed fpfdRlk lqfo/kk
fo|ky; dh ;kstukvksa dk çca/ku
fo|ky; ds okf"kZd le; ;kstuk vkSj le; lkj.kh dh miyC/krk
jk"Vªh; ikBîp;kZ dh :ijs[kk 2005 ds vuqlkj 200 fnu dk;Z fnol
vuqns”ku ds fy, 6 ?kaVksa dk vkoaVu
izR;sd ikB~;p;kZ {ks= dks leku le; forj.k
izk;ksfxd dk;ksaZ ds fy, le; vkoaVu
çkr% dkyhu lHkk dk lapkyu
[ksy fnol] LokLF; tkap] ewY;kadu ds fy, fo|ky; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vk;kstu
ekxZn'kZu vkSj ijke'kZ lsokvksa dh miyC/krk
vfHkHkkod&v/;kidksa dh fu;fer cSBd
v/;kid vkSj ç/kkukpk;Z dh fu;fer cSBd
fo|kfFkZ;ksa v/;kidksa dh fu;fer mifLFkfr

ikBîp;kZ] ikBî iqLrdksa vkSj v/;kidksa ds fy, ekxZn'kZd iqfLrdk dh miyC/krk

ikBî lkexzh] 'kCndks’k] fo'odks”k] v[kckj] eSxthu o vU; ikB~; lkefxz;ksa dh
miyC/krk
oSKkfud ç;ksx'kkyk fdV vkSj xf.kr fdV dh miyC/krk

v/;kid ikB~;p;kZ fØ;kUo;u ds fy, vusd fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gksaA ;kstukc)
xfrfof/k;ksa dk ¼djds lh[kuk½] fo|kfFkZ;ksa pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z fn, tk,a ftlls muesa
leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk fodflr gks] lewg ppkZ dk iz;ksx gksA
foKku vkSj xf.kr dh d{kkvksa esa fdV fu;fer ç;ksx
çn'kZuh ,oa vU; xfrfof/k;ksa dk vk;kstu
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk çR;sd {ks= esa fodkl
çR;sd fo"k; {ks= esa vifjgk;Z vkSj U;wure Lrj ds lh[kus dks lqfuf'pr djuk
fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk ifj;kstuk djuk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk [ksy çn'kZuh ,oa vU; lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;ksa esa Hkkxhnkjh djuk
276 f'k{kdksa dk is”ksoj fodkl
 v/;kidksa }kjk laxks"Bh vkSj dk;Z'kkyk esa Hkkxhnkjh fu;fer çf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa
Hkkxhnkjh
uofu;qä v/;kidksa dk mUeq[khdj.k dk;ZØe
fo|ky; çca/ku ds {ks= esa fo|ky; ç/kkukpk;Z dk çf'k{k.k

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
6½ 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk dh fuxjkuh ds nks ladsrdksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
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7½ v/;kid vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds nks xq.k crkb,A
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xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u og çfØ;k gS ftlds varxZr ;g çekf.kr fd;k tkrk gS fd dksbZ

,d mRikn viuh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj miHkksäkvksa dh vis{kkvksa dks fdl lhek rd iw.kZ
djrk gSA ;g ,d çfØ;k vk/kkfjr mikxe gS tks mRiknu ds y{;] fMtkbu] fodkl
vkfn dks lqxe ,oa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS ¼fodhihfM;k½A uSd ds funs'kd çks- ,p- ,-
jaxukFk }kjk csaxyq# esa nh xbZ çLrqfr ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dh ftEesnkjh gS fd
os vius fudVorhZ ifjos'k ds lkFk ?kfu"B laca/k fodflr djsa vkSj os tks ykHk çkIr dj
jgs gSa mls lekt ds lkFk lk>k djsaA os vkxs dgrs gSa fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa dks lkekftd
:i ls tkx:d vkSj vFkZiw.kZ bdkbZ cuuk pkfg,A vkb, vxys [kaM esa xq.koÙkk
lqfu'p;u dh dqN laLFkkvksa ds ckjs esa ppkZ djrs gSaA

jk"Vªh; ewY;kadu ,oa çR;k;u ifj"kn % ;wthlh ds varxZr ,d Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkk gS

ftldh LFkkiuk ;wthlh ,DV ,DV 1994 ds vuq:i esa dh xbZ FkhA bl laLFkk dk eq[;
mís'; ns'kHkj esa QSyh mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa dk çR;k;u djuk gSA blds vfrfjä
uSd ds vU; mís'; fuEufyf[kr gSa& 277
 laLFkkuksa dks foÙkh; n‘f’V ls lgk;rk çnku djuk
laLFkkuksa dks laxks"Bh vkSj dk;Z'kkyk vk;ksftr djus esa enn djuk
fofHkUu fgr /kkjdksa dks mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koÙkk fodkl dh ;qfä;ksa ij ppkZ djus dk
eap miyC/k djkuk
uSd }kjk mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa ds xq.koÙkk vkdyu ds fy, fofHkUu ekudksa dk ç;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA buesa ls dqN çeq[k ekud gSa&

1 ikBîp;kZ lacaf/kr 150 150 100

2 f'k{k.k vf/kxe vkSj ewY;kadu 200 300 350
3 'kks/k lykg vkSj foLrkj 250 150 150
4 vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vkSj 100 100 100
vf/kxe lalk/ku
5 fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk fn;k x;k 100 100 100
QhMcSd vkSj Øfed çxfr
6 xousaZl] usr`Ro vkSj çca/ku 100 100 100
7 uokpkj vk/kkfjr mÙke 100 100 100
vH;kl

mi;qZä ?kVdksa ds vk/kkj ij dqy 216 vkdyu ds ladsrd gSa ftudh enn ls fdlh Hkh
laLFkk dh xq.koÙkk dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k tkrk gSA vkdyu ds mijkar laLFkk dh xzsfMax dh
tkrh gSA
laLFkkvksa dks muds lesfdr xzsM IokbaV vkSlr ds vk/kkj ij ,] ch] lh] Mh xzsM çnku
fd;k tkrk gSA xzsfMax dk çk:i fuEuor gS&

3-51&4-00 A++ izR;kf;r

3-26&3-50 A+ izR;kf;r
3-01&3-25 A izR;kf;r
2-76&3-00 B++ izR;kf;r
2-51&2-75 B+ izR;kf;r
2-01&2-50 B izR;kf;r
1-51&2-00 C izR;k;u fd;k x;k
1-50 ds cjkcj ;k blls de D izR;k;u ugha

Tkc f'k{kk ls tqM+s vusd dk;ZØeksa dks vkjaHk fd;k tkrk gS rc mudh xq.koÙkk lacaf/kr
pqukSfr;ka çdV gksrh gSaA f'k{kk dh jk"Vªh; uhfr ¼1986½ vkSj bldh fØ;kUo;u ;kstuk
278
¼1992½ esa jk"Vªh; çR;k;u laLFkk ds fodkl ls lacaf/kr foLr`r lq>ko fn, x, FksA blh
Øe esa uSd dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA bldk eq[;ky; caxyq# esa gSA uSd egklHkk vkSj dk;Z
ifj"kn ds ek/;e ls dk;Z djrh gSA bu nksuksa esa f'k{kk ls tqM+s ç'kkld] uhfr fuekZrk]
mPp f'k{kk ds fofHkUu fgLlksa ls ofj"B fo}rtu gksrs gSaA ;wthlh dk v/;{k gh uSd dh
egklHkk dk Hkh v/;{k gksrk gSA uSd dk funs'kd vdknfed vkSj ç'kklfud eqf[k;k
gksrk gSA ogh vke lHkk vkSj dk;Z ifj"kn dk lnL; lfpo Hkh gksrk gSA blds vfrfjä
lg;ksx djus okyk deZpkjh ny vkSj lykgdkj ifj"kn gksrh gSA

uSd mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa dh xq.koÙkk dk ewY;kadu bu laLFkkvksa ds fofo/k {ks=ksa esa
çn'kZu ds vk/kkj ij djrh gSA ;g fofo/k {ks= f'k{k.k çfØ;k] fu"ifÙk ikBîp;kZ foLrkj]
ladk; lnL;] 'kks/k] v/kkslajpuk] vf/kxe lalk/ku] laxBu xousaZl] foRrh; fLFkfr vkSj
fo|kFkhZ lsok,a gSaA

jk"Vªh; fodkl ds fy, dk;Z

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fo'o Lrj ij l{ke cukuk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks oSf'od ekuo ekudksa ds vuq:i l{ke cukuk
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ewY; vk/kkfjr f'k{kk çnku djuk
mPp f'k{kk ds {ks= esa rduhdh ds ç;ksx lqxe djuk
Js"Brk ds fy, ç;Ru djuk
uSd dk y{;
mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa vFkok budh bdkb;ksa vFkok fdlh fo'ks"k dk;ZØe vFkok
iwoZ ifj;kstuk dk le;&le; ij vkdyu vkSj çR;k;u dh O;oLFkk djukA
mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa esa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk f'k{k.k vf/kxe vkSj 'kks/k ifjos'k ds
fodkl gsrq ekgkSy rS;kj djuk
mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa dks vkRe ewY;kadu] tokcnsgh] Lok;Ùkrk vkSj uokpkj ds
fy, çksRlkfgr djuk
xq.koÙkk ds tqM+s “kks/k] lykgdkj lsok,a vkSj ijke'kZ miyC/k djkuk
mPp f'k{kk ds vU; Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djrs gq, xq.koÙkk iw.kZ ewY;kadu
vkSj mls iksf"kr djus ds fy, mPp f'k{kk ds vU; Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkFk lg;ksx djuk
uSd ds ykHk
laLFkkvksa dks mudh 'kfä;ksa] detksfj;ksa] voljksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA
;g foRr çnku djus okyh laLFkkvksa dks y{; vkSj vkadM+sa miyC/k djkrh gSA
;g laLFkkvksa dks uokpkj vk/kkfjr vkSj vk/kqfud f'k{k.k i)fr;ksa dks vkjaHk djus
ds fy, vfHkizsfjr djrh gSA
laLFkk dh igpku dks ,d ubZ fn'kk nsrk gSA
laLFkk }kjk nh tk jgh f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk vkSj fo'oluh;rk ds ckjs esa lekt dks
crkrk gSA
laLFkkvksa ds chp esa var%fØ;k dks c<+kok nsrh gSA 279
 Hkkjrh; xq.krk ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa ds lkFk la;qä :i
ls 1997 esa dh xbZ FkhA o"kZ 1992 ls ,d ,slh laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dh vko';drk eglwl
dh tk jgh Fkh tks çR;k;u vFkok ekU;rk çnku djus dk dk;Z djsa ftlds }kjk
varjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij Loh—r gksus okyh çfØ;k ds vk/kkj ij vkdyu çLrqr fd, tk,aA
blds fy, ,d lfefr dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k ftlesa lacaf/kr ea=ky;ksa vkSj m|ksx {ks=
ds Hkkxhnkjksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;kA buls vis{kk dh xbZ fd og bl mís'; dh iwfrZ
ds fy, lq>ko nsaA bl dk;Z dk leUo;u m|ksx ea=ky; }kjk fd;k x;k vkSj lfefr
dh fjiksVZ dks dSfcusV ds le{k 1996 esa çLrqr fd;k x;kA lfefr ds lq>ko dks
Loh—r djrs gq, dSfcusV lfefr us Hkkjrh; xq.koÙkk ifj"kn dh LFkkiuk dk fu.kZ;
fy;kA bls ,d ykHk u dekus okyh Lok;Ùk'kklh lkslkbVh ds :i esa lkslkbVh
jftLVªs'ku ,DV 21&1860 ds varxZr LFkkfir fd;k x;kA bldk ns'k ds Hkhrj mís';
xq.koÙkk çlkj ds vfHk;ku esa enn djrs gq, çR;k;u dh lajpuk dk fodkl djuk FkkA

yksxksa ds chp esa xq.koÙkk ds çfr tkx:drk iSnk djuk

fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds mRikndksa dks xq.koÙkk ekudksa ds vuqikyu ds fy, çksRlkfgr djuk
xq.koÙkk mUu;u ds lrr dk;ZØeksa dks fØ;kfUor djuk
varjjk"Vªh; ekudksa ds vuq:i jk"Vªh; çR;k;u dk;ZØe dks fodflr vkSj fØ;kfUor
djuk
mu xfrfof/k;ksa dks vk;ksftr djuk] ftuds }kjk thou dh xq.koÙkk vkSj Hkkjrh;
ukxfjdksa ds LoLFk fodkl dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds
egRoiw.kZ {ks=ksa] tSls& f'k{kk] LokLF;] i;kZoj.k] lqj{kk] xousZal] vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk
fodkl] O;olkf;d çf'k{k.k] vkfn ds {ks= esa jk"Vªh; Lrj ds çR;ku;u dk;ZØeksa
dk fodkl vkSj fØ;kUo;u djuk
r`Rkh; ny vkdyu izfreku dk fodkl djuk vkSj blds vuqç;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk
ljdkj] fu;ked laxBuksa vkSj lekt ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa Hkkjrh; m|eksa ds chp esa
xq.koÙkk ds vk/kkj ij çfr;ksfxrk dks c<+kok nsuk
ekud vkSj xq.koÙkk ds fy, jk"Vªh; lwpuk vkSj [kkst lsokvksa ds çHkko'kkyh
fØ;kUo;u dks lqxe djuk
,slh f'kdk;rksa dks ftUgsa lacksf/kr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS ds fuiVku ds fy, fØ;k
fof/k dk fodkl djuk

LoPN Hkkjr vfHk;ku dh lQyrk dks ekius ds fy, losZ{k.k djuk

o"kZ 2016 esa Hkkjrh; xq.krk ifj"kn us Lor% ls vkxs vkdj ;ksx esa çek.k
i= ysus dh i)fr vkjaHk dh ftldk mís'; ekud ;ksxkH;klksa dks fo'o Lrj ij çek.k
çekf.kr djuk FkkA Hkkjrh; xq.krk ifj"kn ;ksx çf'k{k.k 'kkykvksa ds fy, Hkh çek.k i=
fuxZr djus gsrq ,d dk;ZØe pykrk gSA

280
 ç/kkuea=h ujsaæ eksnh us “kwU; ghurk izfreku
dk vkjaHk o"kZ 2016 esa fd;k FkkA ;g esd bu bafM;k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd Fkk bldk
mís'; lw{e y?kq vkSj e/;e m|eksa dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj djus esa lg;ksx çnku djuk
FkkA
o"kZ 2017 esa fMftVy Hkkjr vfHk;ku ds varxZr mRikndksa ds çR;k;u
mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, D;wlhvkbZ us bZ&DosLV vf/kxe çek.k i= vfHk;ku dk vkjaHk
fd;kA ;g vfHk;ku m|fe;ksa dks mRiknu vkSj xq.koÙkk vH;kl ds dk;kZRed {ks= esa
çek.k i= vftZr djus esa enn djrk gSA

Hkkjrh; xq.krk ifj"kn 38 lnL;ksa dh ifj"kn gSA ;g laiw.kZ ra= esa ikjnf'kZrk vkSj oS/krk
dks lqfuf'pr djrh gSA blds varxZr 5 izR;k;u cksMZ gSa %
us'kuy cksMZ Q‚j DokfyVh çeks'ku] ,uchD;wih
us'kuy ,ØhfMVs'ku cksMZ Q‚eZ lfVZfQds'ku c‚Mht] ,u,chlhch
us'kuy ,ØhfMVs'ku cksMZ Q‚j ,tqds'ku ,aM Vªsfuax] ,u,chVh
us'kuy ,ØhfMVs'ku cksMZ Q‚j g‚fLiVYl ,aM gsYFkds;j çksokbMlZ] ,u,ch,p
us'kuy ,ØhfMVs'ku cksMZ VsfLVax ,aM dSfyczs’ku yScksjsVªht] ,u,chlh
(NBA)

jk"Vªh; çR;k;u cksMZ dh LFkkiuk 1994 esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn dh
/kkjk 10] ;w ds varxZr dh xbZ FkhA bldk mís'; vkorhZ :i ls rduhdh laLFkkvksa vkSj
dk;ZØeksa dk vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh ifj"kn }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekudksa ds vuq:i ewY;kadu
djuk FkkA 7 tuojh 2010 ls ;g ,d Lok;Ùk fudk; cu x;k ftldk mís'; xq.koÙkk
lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj f'k{kk dh egÙkk dks LFkkfir djuk gSA orZeku esa jk"Vªh; çR;;u
cksMZ Lora= :i ls fu.kZ; ysus okyh laLFkk gSA orZeku esa jk"Vªh; çR;k;u cksMZ vius
QSlys vkSj foÙkh; elyksa ds ckjs esa ,d Lok;Ùk'kklh fudk; gSA ;g ljdkj ;k
rduhdh vkSj mPp f'k{kk çnku djus okyh fdlh vU; fu;ked laLFkku ls dksbZ Hkh
vuqnku ugha çkIr djrh gSA f'k{kk dh nks çeq[k çR;k;u laLFkk,a gSa& jk"Vªh; vkdyu
vkSj çR;k;u ifj"kn ¼uSd½ vkSj jk"Vªh; çR;k;u cksMZ (NBA)A

jk"Vªh; çR;ku;u cksMZ dk çca/ku o ç'kklu blds dk;Z ifj"kn }kjk cuk, x,
fu;eksa ds vk/kkj ij gksrk gS ftls egklHkk }kjk vkSipkfjd laiqf"V çnku dh tkrh
gSA jk"Vªh; çR;ku;u cksMZ rduhdh f'k{kk ls tqM+s v/;;u dk;ZØeksa tSls&
vfHk;kaf=dh vkSj çca/ku dk çR;k;u djrk gS tcfd uSd }kjk lkekU; fo'ofo|ky;ksa
vkSj egkfo|ky;ksa dk çR;k;u fd;k tkrk gSA jk"Vªh; çR;k;u cksMZ okf'kaxVu
,od‚Z dk laiw.kZ lnL; gSA
jk"Vªh; çR;k;u cksMZ dk;ZØeksa dk çR;k;u djrk gS laLFkkvksa dk ughaA blesa
vfHk;kaf=dh vkSj çkS|ksfxdh] çca/ku] QkesZlh] vkfdZVsDpj] vuqç;ksxkRed dyk vkSj
f'kYi] daI;wVj vuqç;ksx gksVsy çca/ku vkSj VwfjTe eSustesaV tSls dk;ZØeksa dk
çR;k;u fd;k tkrk gSA
281
 tc 2017 esa çR;k;u ,sfPNd Fkk rc Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn us ?kks"k.kk fd
og fdlh Hkh ,slh laLFkk dks ekU;rk ugha çnku djsxh ftlds vk/ks ls vf/kd
dk;ZØe çR;k;u esa vlQy gq, gksaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vk'oLr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd os ,slh mPp f'k{kk çkIr dj jgs gSa
ftlesa mPp vdkneh xq.koÙkk gS vkSj mldh is'ksoj egÙkk Hkh gSA ml v/;;u
dk;ZØe ds fØ;kdyki vkSj xfrfof/k;ksa esa dkjiksjsV txr dh vko';drkvksa dks
Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
(NIRF)

jk"Vªh; laLFkkxr jSafdax laLFkku f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk Loh—r gSA bls ekuuh; f'k{kk ea=h
}kjk 29 flracj 2015 dks vkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA jk"Vªh; jSafdax çk:i esa ,d fof/k dk
mYys[k gS ftlds vk/kkj ij ns'k ds lHkh laLFkkuksa dks Js.kh@jSafdax çnku dh tkrh gSA
blds fy, vusd vk;keksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS&

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk iath;u
ladk; lnL;&fo|kFkhZ vuqikr
dqy ctV vkSj mldk vuqç;ksx

çdk'kuksa dh xq.koÙkk dk vkdyu

isVsaV
ifj;kstuk dh Hkwfedk
is'ksoj vH;kl

fu;kstu dk la;qä çfr'kr

mPp f'k{kk vkSj m|ferk
fo'ofo|ky; ijh{kkvksa ifjek.k
e/;kUg osru
vPNs fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa ços'k dk ifjek.k
'kks/k dh mikf/k ds lkFk fuxZr Lukrdksa dk ifjek.k

vU; jkT;ksa vkSj ns'kksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk çfr'kr

efgyk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk çfr'kr
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd –f"V ls oafpr oxZ ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk çfr'kr
fnO;kax fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, lqfo/kk,a

282
lkFkh çR;{k.k& dfeZ;ksa ds fy,
 lkFkh çR;{k.k& vdknfed lkfFk;ksa ds fy,
yksd çR;{k.k
çfr;ksfxrk

d½ uhps fn, x, LFkku ij viuk mÙkj fy[ksaA

[k½ bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkjksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsa
fuEufyf[kr esa ls çR;sd dk ,d dk;Z crkb, uSd] ,uch,
9½ Hkkjrh; xq.krk ifj’kn ds nks mís';ksa dks fyf[k,A
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10½ ,uvkbZvkj,Q D;k g\S blds dk;ksaZ dks crkb,A
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xq.koÙkk Js’Brk dk ,d iSekuk gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh f'k{kk laLFkku esa lq/kkj ds fy, ?kVdksa
dh igpku vkSj muds lq/kkj ds fy, lek/kku xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA
tc Hkh ge xq.koÙkk fu;a=.k ;k lqfu'p;u ij fopkj djrs gSa rks gekjs efLr"d esa cktkj
esa miyC/k fofHkUu lkekuksa ds czkaMksa dh lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dk lanHkZ vkrk gSA
xq.koÙkk vkdyu loZçFke f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vkjaHk fd;k x;k FkkA f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dk
vkdyu dksbZ u;k vH;kl ugha gSA f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ljdkj ges'kk xq.koÙkk ds vkdyu
ij cy nsrh gS D;ksafd f'k{kk fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl dk ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVd gSA f'k{kk
dh egÙkk dks ns[krs gq, blds vusd i{kksa ds fujh{k.k dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

f'k{kk ,d ,slh lsok gS cu pqdh gS ftls cktkj esa miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA vius xzkgdksa
dks vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, bl lsok dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kuk vko';d gksrk gSA
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds ekudksa dks lqfuf'pr djuk laLFkkuksa dk çeq[k nkf;Ro gksrk gSA
f'k{kk dks ,d y{; lfgr vuqns'ku tSls vk;ke Hkh xq.koRrk ls lacaf/kr gksrs gSaA f'k{kk
ds }kjk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ksa dks iw.kZr;k eq¶r] leku
xq.koÙkkiw.kZ okyh çkFkfed vkSj ek/;fed f'k{kk çkIr gksA blds fy, çHkko'kkyh vkSj
egRoiw.kZ vf/kxe dh vko';drk gksrh gSA uSd Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ;wthlh ds ?kVd :i
283
 esa LFkkfir ,d Lok;Ùk'kklh laLFkk gS tks ns'k Hkj dh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dk vkdyu dj
mUgsa Js.kh@Øe@xzsM çnku djrh gSA blds vykok mPp f'k{kk dh laLFkkvksa dks laxks"Bh
ds vk;kstu esa Hkh foÙkh; :i ls enn djrh gSA
f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj ds fy, ,d etcwr fuxjkuh vkSj ewY;kadu dh vko';drk
gksrh gS tks lq/kkj ds fofHkUu ladsrksa ls lacaf/kr çek.k miyC/k djkrs gSA ;g ladsrd
f'k{kk {ks= esa visf{kr çxfr dk vkdyu djus esa enn djrs gSaA f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds
vkdyu ds vusd ladsrd “kkfey gSa& lanHkZ vk/kkfjr ladsrd] vkxr ladsrd] çfØ;k
ladsrd fuxZr ladsrd] vkfnA Hkkjrh; ekud laLFkku dh LFkkiuk 1997 esa Hkkjr
ljdkj }kjk vU; vkS|ksfxd bdkb;ksa ds lkFk Lora= :i ls dh xbZ FkhA ;g yksxksa esa
fofo/k {ks=ksa esa xq.koÙkk ds çfr tkx:drk dk dk;Z djrh gSA bldh eq[; ifj;kstuk,a
LoPNrk losZ{k.k] ;ksx lac/a kh ;kstuk] y?kq vkSj e>ksys m|ksx ds iath;u laca/kh ;kstuk
vkSj bZ&DosLV gSaA ;g ikap çR;ku;u cksMksaZ ds lg;ksx ls dk;Z djrh gSA

jk"Vªh; çR;k;u cksMZ dks vkjaHk esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk fodflr
fd;k x;k Fkk ftlls vkorhZ :i ls rduhdh laLFkkvksa dk ewY;kadu gks ldsA ;g 7
tuojh 2010 ls Lok;Ùk'kklh fudk; cu x;k ftldk mís'; f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks
lqfuf'pr djuk FkkA mPp f'k{kk ra= esa çR;k;u ds nks çeq[k laLFkk,a gSa uSd vkSj
,uch,A ,uvkbZvkj,Q dks f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk Loh—r çkIr gS vkSj bldk vkjaHk f'k{kk
ea=h }kjk o"kZ 2015 esa fd;k x;k FkkA ,uvkbZvkj,Q ds varxZr mPp f'k{kk laLFkkvksa dh
[email protected] iznku djus dh fof/k dk çfriknu fd;k x;k gSA

vius {ks= ds fdlh fo|ky; esa viuk, x, laiw.kZ xq.koÙkk çca/ku fof/k;ksa ijh{k.k
dhft, vkSj bldh fjiksVZ çLrqr dhft,A
;wusLdks }kjk lq>k, x, 'kk'or fodkl y{; ij euu dhft, vkSj crkb, fd
blesa vki D;k ;ksxnku dj ldrs gSaA

https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ofsted/about
DokfyVh ,”;ksjsal ,aM eSustesaV] esgesV lkolj }kjk laikfnr] dzksfV;k 2012
lSfyl] bZ- ¼2002½- VksVy DokfyVh eSustesaV bu ,tqds”ku] r`rh; laLdj.k- yanu%
dks x u is t https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10394/10099/
De_Bruyn_PP_Chapter_2.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-
goals/goal-4-quality-education.html#targets
Naac.gov.in
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/education/role-of-national-assessment-
and-accreditation-council-naac-and-its-benefits/45185
http://www.nbaind.org
https://www.nirfindia.org/About
https://www.nirfindia.org/Docs/Ranking_Methodology_And_Metrics_
2017.pdf
284
 http://www.ncert.nic.in/departments/nie/dse/deptt/activities/pdfs/
Chapter_9.pdf
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ccd0/bcc357248bb301149d6e8aa79e88475
d535a.pdf
vkj- MCY;w gSfjl¼1994½ ^^,fy;u vkj ,syh- DokfyVh ,”;ksjsal bu ,tqds”ku]
oksY;we] 2 ua- 3 i`"B& 33-39

1½ xq.koÙkk lqfu'p;u fdlh lsok vFkok mRikn dh xq.koRrk ds visf{kr Lrj dks
cuk, j[kuk gSA ;g dsoy vafre mRikn ;k lsok dh xq.koÙkk ls lacaf/kr ugha gS
cfYd çR;sd Lrj vkSj çfØ;k esa xq.koÙkk dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA ;g xq.koÙkk
çca/ku ij dsafær gS vkSj ;g fo'okl fnykrk gS fd xq.koÙkk dh vis{kk,a iw.kZ gksaxh
2½ v‚¶LVsM dh Hkwfedk gS fd og lqfuf'pr djsa os laxBu tks cPpksa vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh f'k{kk çf'k{k.k vkSj ns[kHkky ls lacaf/kr lsok,a baXySaM esa miyC/k djk jgs gSa mPPk
ekud@Lrj dh lsok miyC/k djk,aA blds }kjk lSdM+ksa fujh{k.k fd, tkrs gSaA iwjs
baXySaM esa vusdkusd Hkze.k fd, tkrs gSa vkSj bldh v‚uykbu fjiksVZ dks çdkf'kr
fd;k tkrk gSA la{ksi esa] ;g miyC/k djkbZ tk jgh lsok dh xq.koÙkk dks lqfuf'pr
djus dk dk;Z djrh gS vkSj bls lnu esa çLrqr djrh gSA
3½ fdlh Hkh çHkko'kkyh fo|ky; dh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa&usr`Ro] vk/kkj
n'kZu] fo|ky; çca/k] dfeZ;ksa dk LFkkf;Ro] dsafær y{;] fu;ksftr dk;ZØe fo|ky;
Lrj ij vdknfed lQyrk dh igpku] vfHkHkkodksa dh Hkkxhnkjh] nyxr Hkkouk]
lewg esa dk;Z djus dh Hkkouk] fo|ky; esa leqnk; dk Hkko gksuk mÙke d{kk çca/
ku ;qfä;ka] mPp vdknfed layXurk vkSj fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh çxfr dh fuxjkuhA
4½ igyk mikxe xzkgd dsafær gksuk gS tks bl lanHkZ esa fo|kFkhZ gSaA bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
çHkko'kkyh çklafxd yksp'khy f'k{kk feysA f}rh; mikxe dfeZ;ksa ij dsafær gSA
bldk y{; laLFkk ds fØ;kdj.k dks çHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, dfeZ;ksa ds çn'kZu
dh ljkguk djuk vkSj mUgsa laof/kZr djuk gSA blds varxZr dfeZ;ksa dks çksRlkfgr
fd;k tkrk gS fd os csgrj uhfr cuk,a vkSj lrr fodkl ds fy, çkFkfedrkvksa dks
r; djsaA r`rh; mikxe dk laca/k fu;eksa vkSj fofu;eksa ls gS ftlds }kjk lqfuf'pr
fd;k tkrk gS fd laLFkk dk fØ;kdj.k ljyrk ls gksA bldk mnkgj.k fo|ky;
esa v/;kidksa }kjk mifLFkfr dks ntZ djuk] fo|kfFkZ;ksa d{kk çn'kZu vkSj xzsM dk
fu/kkZj.k] ç;ksx'kkyk vkSj ykbczsjh ds le; dk fu/kkZj.k djuk] v‚fM;ks –’; JO;
vkSj vU; v/;;u lkefxz;ksa dh miyC/krk gSA
5½ 'kk'or fodkl ds y{; o’kZ 2000 esa la;qDr jk’Vª la?k }kjk cuk, x, lgL=kCnh
fodkl y{;ksa dk ifj.kke gSaA lgL=kCnh fodkl y{;ksa esa xjhch dks lekIr djus
dk mn~ns'; FkkA blds fy, pje Hkw[kejh vkSj xjhch dks lekIr djus] thouuk”kd
chekfj;ksa ds [krjs dks feVkus vkSj f'k{kk ds izlkj ds y{; Hkh FksA o’kZ 2012 esa
la;qDr jk’Vª la?k ds fj;ksfMtsusfj;ks lEesyu esa bUgsa la”kksf/kr djrs gq, laiks’k.kh;
fodkl y{;ksa ds :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;kA fo'o ds lkeus mifLFkr Ik;kZoj.kh;]
vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeus djus ds oSf”od y{; dks laiks’k.kh;
fodkl y{; dk;ZØeksa dk mn~ns'; crk;k x;kA bUgsa oSf”od y{; Hkh dgk tkrk
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 gSA buds ckjs esa fo'o ds leLr ns”kksa dh fpark gS vkSj buds lek/kku ds fy, lHkh
lg;ksx djuk pkgrs gSaA blds dqy 17 y{; gSa ftlesa lfEefyr gSa& “kwU; xjhch]
“kwU; Hkw[kejh] vPNk LokLFk] xq.koRrkiw.kZ f'k{kkA bl lwph esa f'k{kk 17 osa LFkku ij
gSA
6½ lanHkZ ladsrd vkSj çfØ;k ladsrd
7½ ,d v/;kid vius fo"k; dk Kkrk gksrk gS vkSj og vius fo’k; ls lacaf/kr v|ru
Kku j[krk gSA og ikBîp;kZ] ikBîØe vkSj ikBîiqLrd ds chp laca/kksa dks
le>rk gSA vf/kxedrkZ vo/kkj.kkvksa ls tqM+s ç'u iwNrk gS vkSj ikBîiqLrd ds
vfrfjä vU; lkefxz;ksa dks i<+rk gSA
8½ uSd dk eq[; dk;Z ns”k Hkj ds mPp f'k{kk laLFkkuksa dk çR;k;u djuk gSA blds
vfrfjä ;g mu laLFkkvksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk çnku djus esa enn djrk gSA bu
laLFkkvksa dks laxks"Bh vkSj dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu djus esa enn djrk gS vkSj
fofHkUu fgrfpardksa dks mPp f'k{kk ds xq.kkRed lq/kkj dh ;qfä;ksa dk irk yxkus
vkSj ppkZ djus ds fy, eap çnku djrk gSA
jk"Vªh; çR;ku;u cksMZ dk eq[; dk;Z rduhdh laLFkkvksa vkSj dk;ZØeksa dk vkorhZ
ewY;kadu djuk gSA blds fy, ;g Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn }kjk fu/kkZfjr
ekudksa dks dlkSVh ds :i esa ç;ksx djrk gSA 2010 ls bldk mís'; xq.koÙkk vkSj
f'k{kk dh dh egÙkk dks lqfuf'pr djuk gSA
9½ nks mís'; gSa&xfrfof/k;ksa ds çR;sd {ks= esa yksxksa }kjk xq.koÙkk dh ekax djus
laca/kh tkx:drk dks iSnk djuk vkSj mRikndksa dks çksRlkfgr djuk fd os xq.koÙkk
ekudksa ds vuq:i mRiknu djsaA
10½ jk"Vªh; laLFkkxr jSafdax ÝseodZ f'k{kk ea=ky; }kjk vuqeksfnr gS vkSj f'k{kk ea=h
}kjk 29 flracj 2015 dks bldk vkjaHk fd;k x;kA ;g ns'kHkj ds mPp f'k{kk
laLFkkuksa dh jSafdax ds fy, ,d fof/k dk çfriknu djrh gSA blds fy, f'k{kk
blds fy, f'k{k.k] vf/kxe vkSj lalk/ku] 'kks/k vkSj o`fRrd vH;kl] Lukrd
fu”ifÙk] foLrkj vkSj lekos'ku gsrq fd, x, ç;kl vkSj vyx&vyx fgr /kkjdksa
ds çR;{k.k ls lacaf/kr Hkkjka”k fy, tkrs gSaA

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