These Sierra
These Sierra
! $ !%
( )* ( * +( , ()
- ) ( .( ( ( )
/ . *
? ) @ / ) ( 3 ((
) ( 8 ) )
C * ) . # *
* 8 . > 3 8
8 /8 3 9 .
?DDD . E@ ( F "G1 ?" " " 1 @
* 9
/ * .> ) ( /%" , ) 8
) ( ( 8 * 8
E 0#
/ ) * . *
. * . 8
E ) (( * 9 8 8
8 E
. 3 8 ) .
*
> . 8 (
? 8 8 @ 0# )
. ( ) I ((
. 8 8
> . 7 . ( 7
> (( 8 . (
% ( ) > . 7 8
7 8 8 * -
. ) 8 *
* .
" .> ) 8 E ,
* 3
8 * 3
/ . 8 E
- > ) > (( 8
7 (( .2 3 3
7 (( . 8
E J * ) 7 8 )
( * 7 8 8 3 3
" ) > 3 ( . 8
8 E . 3 0#
I PROBLEMATIQUE DE LA LIAISON ACIER/ALUMINIUM ................................................. 8
?3 !/ ! ! 2 ?
??????
????
????????????
??????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
????????
?0
# " . 2 =
# " K
# # K
# #
# G' .
# <! ( G
?6 && " ! 1$ ! & !+ ????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
???????38
# 0 ( A
# / (( A
# G' .
?7 !" 1 "+ @ & " + ??????
?????????
?????????
????????
???????34
II TECHNIQUES D’ASSEMBLAGE ACIER/ALUMINIUM ....................................................17
?3( / 2 " ?????????
??????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
???????30
?6( / 2 .( "2 1 "? ????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
???????3;
## 3 K
## ' K
## 2 .> 1 E"
## (
## '
### 2 .> 1 E"
## G ( , 3 G
## G ' G
## G 2 .> 1 E" G
## < " 7 8 A
## A / A
?7( / 2 ! ! ". "? ?????
?????????
????????
???????68
## G " 1 E" 7 8
## G '
## G 2 .> 1 E"
## G G
## G ' G
## G 2 .> 1 E" G
## G G 1 E" ( 8 G
## G G ' G
## G G 2 .> E G
## G < 1 E" ( GG
## G < ' GG
## G < 2 .> G<
## G A / GK
?5( / 2 ! ! ". " ? ????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
???????5=
III SYNTHESE......................................................................................................................42
IV METHODOLOGIE RETENUE..........................................................................................43
!
!
"#$%&% " "' ( )"% $ "("$
8 3 3 ((
(( .2 3 37
- > >
2 > 1 ," ) * 8 ) ) (( 8 * L
7 (( .2 3 3
*
+ ,!
" " "! ! $ -"#$%
*
+*+ ',%)!!
.% &/( "#$%
-8 * . 2 ) 3 3
8 2 8 ! * ?1 #, @ ? ) AB
@7 8 ( 8 ) H > 8 3
37 8 ) ( . 1 3" 2
8 * (( ( 3 ( )
. J 1 " ) 1 G" ) 1 " )
1 "A 1 "G # 3 . 1 " G)
"
#, ! . 1 "G * (
1 <" G
! ! " ! !
1 $ / A7
! 2 1 EF !?( G EH2? G
E( G // ,<A :)=
IA /1/ , )G :)=
( M // G,AA A)A=
7( M - G G,G< ):
6( 7 N / A=, A
(6 O 0 , )K
6( 8 P ! . . : ,:G <)
(7 Q :<)A,: )A G)K
(E G /1/ KK)KK=, ) K
' 3 ) 8
) . R5. )=K T 5 ) G T5 ) G T5 )KA T 5 )K= T
/. )= T - )K T -2 )K T % )= T )K: T ) T ' ) T . ) T 0 ) G T 0 )K= T & )KA T
U )KK T ) T )= S ( . 1 "A * )
. 1 " G) 8 )
8 ( . * . 1 ")
1 " )1 "G 1 " A RV ) <S
*
+*0 ',%)!)"( !
"#$%
$
%$$
%
8 8 8 ) *
) 8 7 .
R5 ) G T5 ) G T5 )KA T 5 )K= T /. )= T -2 )K T % )= T )K: T . ) T )= S)
*L 8 8 R0 )K=S) *L 8 8 R0 ) GT
U )KK S) 8 ? 8
#
!
* 7 8 ?: Y/,K Y/@) *
8 8 ? ,G @) 8 .
. 8 ( 1 " AE * -8 >
E . R5 ) G T 5 ) G T 5 )KA T 5 )K= T
/. )= T -2 )K T % )= T )K: T . ) T )= S) .
* > ) 8
. 8 8 (( .
8 8 > * . "
8 ) . . 1 "A ( / . ((
7 * 8 * 3 ) 83 L
( /8 ) >
> - ) . 1 "A( C
(( > R5 ) G T 5 ) G T
5 )KA T 5 )K= T /. )= T -2 )K S ( %
. ) . 2 J
3= ⋅;⋅ Z#, [
,
* 3J . ? @) ; J ? @ J
8 ?@
%&
. 1 " G) 8 R5 )K=S >
.
(( 8 ( 7 * . 1 "A 3
( . . 1 "G . 1 "A ( 7
8 ( 1 E1 " A * 8 (( 7 * 1 "A 7 8 (
1 " AE1 " G . 1 " G) * ( (( ?1 #, @
> . * * 8 8 * ) 7
(( . ) 7 . >
( 8
83 7 ' > R/. )= T -2 )K S
8( . J
3=/ +V − − 5 R − 3 ?− V ? − @S Z#, [
&⋅ρ
\ 5= ⋅/ Z#,G[
⋅ρ/ ⋅ϕ
* 3J . ? @) / J . ? @) V J
, E
(( ? @) J 8 ? @) J ?@
, E
V J ? @T
G ,G
&J* ? @) ] J * ?; @) J (
* ? @) ]/ J * . ?;
,G
@) ^J ( . ?B@) / J (
?B @
7 8 2 .
8 7 8 8 7 8 ) *
8 . - )
* ) 8 8 8 8
? 8 @ 2 . > ) (
. - ) 8
%%
!
8 ? ) ) / _@ * ( ( . )
7 8 - ) 8
E * L (( . (
8 L L ( *
8 .
% ( ) 8 . 1 "A
8 8 8 C (( )
. 2 > 1 ," ,
, R' ) T & ) S ( >
- > . ((
2 > 1 ," ,` * R ) AS
$
%$$
' 8 8 % ((
* ? *L ( ) @)
8 9 ( . ) (
> ( /8 *
8 8 ((
/ )( * 8
8 RV ) <S) * (
. 8 1 ," ( 8
* 9 87 , B) 8
. ) 8 > 8 1 ,"
*
+*1 , " !' ) ("#$%'&%',. '%'"(!
% ! "#$%'
' . 1 3" 2 !
( * 3 2 R )K S
. 2 > 1 ," . (
>* 7= +* . 1 "G 7 +* .
1 " A ?0 #, @ . 1 " 1 G" * . (
! H C E ? 3.6G
(7 =K ) A
6( 8 G )G
( <:
7( GG
/ A6 ! " ! ! #( $'B
J '
;9D
%
" 8 ) ( 8
V#/) 8 > ( 8 >
. 1 " 1 G" 8 . 8 *
( ) ( 1 "A
1 "G
/ (( . 1 ,"
* ( 8 3 ()
1 #,G
*
+*2 ,!
" "' !
" ( &%') , ' '3 '
> . 7 8 8 (
. " ) 3
) > . 1 "A 1 "G C (( ) )
7 8 ( E 7 8 )
%
!
. ( 8 ) )
( > ?* . )
@) 8 ( 7 8
3> . 7 8 * )
( ) ( 89 8 8 *
7 ( . 7 '
(( ) ) 2 ) * I
3 8 .
8 . *
3 R" ) T 5 ):G T 5 T % )= S % R% )= S
. 1 " A) 8
* ( " ) (( 7 8
7 * . 1 "A 8 * #
. ( (
8 7 . )" D R" ) S 89
A B * 7 8 A B 8 .
/ (( ( 5 8. ; R5 ):GS .
(
5 8. ; R5 ):GS * 89 I 9 87 : B 8
. ) * 8 * * 3 I )
8 7 ) .
(
8(( (( 8 . (
8 8 ) ( #,<
2 A5 && !" ! "+ "" ! E ' ' ' ' ', ' ' G " / "+
+ " 1 " ! & " + ! "+ / B( '
D
%
*
0 "3
3 %()% &% , , " ! ' ,./'"#$%' %(!% % 3
% %!
$ "("$
8 3 3 (( ( * ( 8
.2
( .2 ( 8
#,G
! $ / ! (
,G
< ] ; :=: K=
!" & E3=37 / G 0( Y/ AG )<A
,
! !1 / ; V, <A ?1 ,b@ =K:
A 7 : ?1 ,c@
,
" !< ! !1 d U V, :A G:
, ,
&& !" " ! ! b V ) ?1 ,b@ G)
G)< ?1 ,c@
*
0*+ % , !
$ %&%3
$'" (
8 ( ( 8 ((
7 8 * ( 8 8 % ((
8 ( 7 Y/ ( ( AG Y/
8 > 8 ( ) 3 8
8 ( * AKG A Y/) 8 !
( * 8 3 3 E )
7 - ) 8 ( 3 3
* 2 8 ! (( 8
? , AG Y/@ 8 8
*
0*0 %3
3")"%(!&%&" !!
" ( "( "#$%
(( (( ( 8 * 7
, ,
) 8 (( G) V )
, ,
8 ) V ( ?1 ,b@ % * . ) * )
? 7K Y/@) (( . ) 8 ?1 ,c@
, ,
7 G)< V
%
!
(( (( ( 7 K Y/ >
8 * 7 8 8 3 3 % ((
(( ( . 3 ( > 8
)* H 8 . * 8 (
3 3 / * 7
. *
8
%" %1
σ= ×?α " −α 1 @×∆0 Z#,<[
% " +% 1
L > *
? _ @) ( * (
*
0*1 , " ! '!
.% "#$%'
8 * 8 ( ) . (( (
> ) . ' 3 ) ((
,
* . ( ?:A U V, @ 8 ? G: U ,
V, @ H (
2 . . 8
-8 ) 8 (( . 3 3 > (( )
> 8 .
8 8 % (( 7 * .
(( * . / (
J
= λ Z#,A[
ρ/
, ,
* J (( * . ? @) d J * . ?U V, @ T ] J
,G ,
?; @T/ J . ( ? ; V, @
A ,
" 7 AY/) (( * . 8 K)=
A ,
)K ( ) 7 * .
8
%
*
1 "'% %( ) ,!
% &% ) $).% & $ "(% 4 '$ 3 )% &%
$ "("$
3 * ) 7 8
. 8 32 7 ( - 8 ) ( * 8
" !G .2 8 * * ; ? )
.> @ - 8 ) . . 8 32 *
( 8 8 32 8 > 7
. 7 ( 8 (
* 8 <GY/ " 8 * ( 8 )
. 8 32 3 7 ( 3 7 8 8 )
L. 8 (
' . 8 7 ( 8 ) 8
* ) 8 * . > (
8 ) > * ) ( * 8 32 '
8 ) 8 ( 3 ( . 8 ( *
8 ( 7 # 3 ((
( 3 * . 8 7 ( 7
( 8 *
- 8 8 8 7 8 ) .
8 ) ) 8 8 ?
* 8 ) 9 C . @ "( 8
8 > ) * ) 8 . 8 32
/ ) 8 > 8 '
8 8 ) ( )
. (( , ) 8 . 8 32 8
, *
%
!
- ) 3 8
E ) 7 8 ) 8
*
+ ''% -%, , )& ) ("#$%
8* . 8 *
3 *L )
3 (( ? ) 2 > @ 3
8 8 * ) ) .
* , F
' ) * , F . *
( * 7* * 8 *
8 . 3 C ?1 #,A@ (
F ( ( 7(
2 A8 "+ 1 2 ! ! B H'
;;D
/ . 8 L 8 . > 8
C 8 (( 7 . %
* . ) ( F R' ) AS H (
( ) ( 8 8 C 8 ) 8 * C
* , F R5 ) AS 7 ( * 3 ,
F ?1 #, @ > > ) 7 ( 8*
8 ( ( ) g 7 8(( )
%"
* . . 3 . ) *
( 8 C * ) h H 8 8 *
! * " R" ) S (
8 * , F 8 C 8 C 8
(( (( 3
3
*
0 ''% -%'5% , ' $& -%%( ,. '%' "&%
. 8 . , !
3 ) ( ) ( , 3 )
(( ) ( ,
% i * ( * 8 .
* 7 7 ( * 9 W ( X? )
* _@ % (( ) 7 8 ) 7 8
. > > ) > 8
) ) I 3 9
*
0*+ $& -%, %6, '" (
$$
%$%'
83 ) 8 . 83 ( *
3 ( 7 7 " 83 ) )
W X) > > 7 8 (
3 ( ?1 #,: @
? @
? @
%#
!
? @
83 9 * C ) *L ) C ( ) )
9 ( 9 ( / 9 H
32 ( 7 ( ) 7 8 8 9
/ . * 7 8 C ( )
3 ) 7. ?0 ) 0 ) ` @
- 3 8 J @ h i * ) @
> 7 8 . 3 *
$$
%$ ( ) !*
8 E 3 C
) 32 ? @
8 ? A @ A ?" , @ 3
J @ 8 ? G @ 8 ) @
C 8 A * *
* " ) 3R )=KS 7 7:
' ) 8 . 7 ' ? * . I
@) 7 I <( 8
C / * ( + R+ ) GS 7
K '
8 ( E . (( 2 4 R 2 )KAS)
( 8 . . 1 " 1 "A +
R+ ) GS * ( . 1 "G7 8 ( E ?" @
&
? %0@ ) * 7
8( 8 8 ) *
?1 #,: @) * ( 3 ( E . E )
) .
% ( ) 8 ? 8 9 @ 8
32 G <? @ 8 8 " A ? 9 @) - R- )KKS
* 8( ( (
" ) ( 8 * a ) Aj 7 * a )
j G ( 8 8
*
0*0 $& -%, 3")!
" (
$$$
%'
( 3 3) . 3 ( *
8 . (
> > ) * * 7 >
-> 3 3 > 7 (( )
8 3 > 8
* 8( 7 I
. (( ( ! > 9 ( J
* ) 8 (
8 (
$$$ ( ) !*
8 8 R! )K<S 8 ( )
* 3 8 8
W X ( 8 8 8 * )
)
%
!
7 7 8
. ( 3 ( E . 1 <" G
8 j 7 < j *
" A ) " " G) 8 * 8 * ( .
1 "G 1 "A ) ) j j )
RV D) T )KAS 1 ; >* . 1 G"
1 " . R1 ;)K=S (( ( (
8 (( 7 8 ) H
. ? 1 ;@) * ( R )KAS
V D RV D) T ! .) <S 8 (( 8 7
7 8 8 ?1 #,= @ % (( )
8 ( H * (( > ?*
( @ . ) > (( * 7 83
?1 #,= @) * 8 . R1 ;) ) V D) S
1 3
acier aluminium
? @
? @
" ) ) I ?
. @ I ? . @ - )
7 ( ( R1 ;)K=S (
8 * * )
* 8 8 ?. I @ (
1 ; R1 ;)KKS 8 * I ((
. ?`"0@ 8 8 > 7
8 `"0 8 $ .R ) S
/ ( * 8 (
E L ( 8 )
I > * 7*
*
0*1 $& -%, 3")!
" (7 6 -%
( k 3 ) 8 )
( D ?1 U@
$$$
%'
( , 3 ?1 #,K @ 7 > 7 8 8
, ,
? @ ?< 7 @ 7 ? 7 @
9 7
? @ ? @
8 8 8 ((
( ( >
> 9 87 8 * C 3
L (( . ( 8 C )
> ( ? g 3@ 8 *
? Y7 GY@ ( > ( 8
$$$ ( ) !*
8 3 ( , 3
( 7 * 8 " )
( \ 8 8 ?1 #,K @)
8 3 :I 8 R I ) AS J @ 8 ) @ `"0
!
/. V * * ) R/. ) <S . 8 ) 7
. ) 8 * 7 8
3) 8 E
(( 7 8
% 7 ) * 8 8 ?1 #,K@) )
> ? , 9 )* ) *
8* @) 8 7 =A B 8
RV ) <S) * 2 I R I ) AS
( * L ( ? * ( G B7
" G,0<@
/ R ) AS)
C 8 , C 8 ?1 #, @
pion
A5182
DC04
- ( ) 8 8 7 *
8 8 3 ?G= +* )G@
* I ( 8 ) 8 7 * 8 (
E / ( > (
8 8(( 8
*
0*2 $!%', ) & '&%' $& -%4 ! !' "&%
' 7 8 ) 8 )
8 (( ) 8
8 . (( 8 8 ( * ) 8
;+I 3 379
0 9 R0 ) S E
( 7 ) 8
> * 7* ) 8
8 ( ) 2 ( )
. ( 7 8 ( ) 2
*
0*8 ()$'" (
. 32 ((
8 ? A ) : @ g 7 8 8 8
8 3 * 7 8 ) > ( . ?l j @
( 7 8 ( ) ' i .
* ) 1 " ) 1 " A ) 1 " G) 1 G" ( 3) . 8 )
. 8 2 - * 7K B
8 8 (
( k 3 3 ) H
8 8 8 )7
( 8 ( 8 * (( *
* . > 7 8 * ( )
* J ( 8 8 >
2 3 ) * 3 i * ( , 3
? ) 8 * @
*
1 ''% -%' "' ' , $(% "(!
% )!
" ( )"%
' "&% $ "("$ "#$"&%
. .
3 L / ) . >
> ) * 8 ( * 7
8 3 3 /8 9 8
E ( * ( 8
8 " ) . ? ) )
!
( ( 8 @ (
. ( 8
*
1*+ ''% -%'5% "' ', ' $& -%4 )
$$
%$%'
8 7 8 ) * > 7
( 7 ( ( 7 ( 8 ( '
7 8 8 E ) J
@ * ( ) # ? # @ " U ? "U@
8 8 ( ( ) * 8 *
I T
@ * ( ) 0 # ?0# @ 0 "
U ? 0"U@ \ 8 8 >
. 8 * I
> 8L H 7 8 # 0#
8 ) I *
$$
%$ ( ) !*
8 8 8 ( *
3 KG *
8 8 . ( ( .
( /8 7 9 ( 3 3 8
R" ) T 5 ) T 5 ):G T )A T ) S % ( ) R5 ) G T ) G )
) G T `. ) S #
. > *
R )A S 8 0# 32 G <
*L 8 8 ,0 ( * 8
8 < <G ?" , @ ( 8 7 ?1 #,
@ 8 8
? @
? @
? ( I @) 7
8 3 * 8 ?1 #, @) * (
8 * I
' 8 K)A > 7 8 8 G
> ) ( 7 : $
<< $ A
5 8/. ; R5 ) S) ( 8 L 8 8 8
8 8 9
. ) ( "( 8
) 5 8/. ; ? @ 8 C
8 * * 8 * 8 *
' ) *L ? 3 @
8 E
* 9 ( C *L )
* 7
*L I ) * 8 8 ( 8 " ,A 8(( (
7 * 8 8
; 2 *R ) S L 2 8 7 8
32 *L 8 ", ) * 8 (
7 3 * *L I )
? K ' 7 ' @) *L " ,` ? A ' 7 =
' @ *L 8 / ,` ? ' @ * 8
8 ) ,L *L 7 (
8 ? ", @) 8 8 ? 2 "
@
8( 3 8 ( ( 5 8. ;
R5 ):GS 0# C 8 * 32
C 8 ", ( . 3 8
. ? )/ @ * ( 8 )
. 8 ? = ,G ' @ * L
" ) 8 . *
32 E( 8 " ,< ? , K ' @ 8 ( " ,/
8 ? = , A ' @) 8 ( ",
` ? : ,G< ' @) 7 I , :B
' ) * 8
E * % 7
8 8
/ > ) ( * #
,
R5 ) G T `. ) S) * ? )A, @ 8 8
* ( 8
m
8 ? / 0 1 )/ 0 ( @) ( ( .
8 8 8 ?1 #, @
7 7 8 7 8
R`. ) S - ) * * 8
A ' . 8 j j )
8 A ' 8 8 " ,
0< 8 -/ < * ) * B 7 8 8
`"0 8 )
"
8 8 "A =
8 > ) * I (( / .
7 * I (( ) H
8
; R ) G T ) G S #
8 8 " A
* 8 ( ( 8 8 ?" , @ 8 ( 3 ?/ 1) " 1G) V1)
" !G@ * ) I ( ) . b," ) * .
", " :)<1 ( 8 I
( . ( 7 8 (
3 ) " :)<1 ) j
j 7 3 *
* 7= ' ) `"0 8 ?1 #, @) :
B 8 8 " A
? @
? @ ? @
. )7 8 ( E ?1 #, @
7 . 7 * ( 7 ' ? @ >
?1 #, @) 7 7 8 ( `1E`"0 8 )
*
#
!
*
1*0 $& -%, , "(!
'
$$$
%'
. (( 8
* 8 % ) > 7
3 * ( " ) 2 . ((
(( 8 > * 7 *
, > > ( ) 8 . (( 3 7 8 ( > 7
) 7 \ * ) ( 2
( g 7 8(( 3 ?1 #, G@
effort
noyau
électrode
? @ ? @
0 > * L J 8 )
) 8(( 3
$$$ ( ) !*
8 E *
8 8 E R! ;)K T ! ;)KK T ) <T )K S
3 2 3 8
8 8 8 ) 8 8 8 8 2
. E , 3 *
8
8 8 "A A ) * 7
. ? " @ R )K S) 8 .
( ( ) j 7 A j 8 )
1 "A 5 * 7 8 (
&
E ) 8 7 8 .
) ( 7 < $ )7 , A $ * )
2 3 > < = - )
8 8 % * . ) 8 8
( 8 8 ) $ G $
/ * * 3 8(( 7 . 3
I . . 8
8 8 . * ?1 #, < @
* 8 *
8 ' > 8 ( 7 ) .
8 . * ( * 3 8((
?< $@ ' > 8 7 ) 8
8 ) * 3 8(( * $7 A $
? @
? @
!; D R! ;)K S ( 2 R )K S 8
" :,0G) "A " ,0 *
E 7 .
* 8 8 )
8* . ) H 7
8 ( ( 8 ? ,G j @
R ) <S 3 * ) 8 .
8 3 "A = ,! *
E 7( ?1 #, G @ " 8 8 ) .
8 * j 7 8 ( E
8 ( J )( (
%
!
8 ) 8 * ( E
2 (
8 8 . ) C 8 *
. ? W X@ 2 " )
* ) 8 ( ) . 2
C * ( 7 $ = $
*
1*1* $& -%5% , 3 "')% $ & %)! ('
$$$
%'
( 8 ( 7. 8 8
7* 8(( 8 8 8 ;& 7
A ;&) 7 > * 9 > 7 8
8 * (
F > 7 ( 8 / )
( 8 )
* ?W ; 2,. X@ 8 *
$$$ ( !
8 E ( 8 !
8 2 * R 2 ):AS 8 8
32 G < 8 8 " ?( 8
@ ( * 8
. ( :j 7Kj ?1 ) / )
$ @3" 2) ?3 2 * @ 8 C 8 8 * )
. . ) 8 2 ( j 7 G j ) *
) ( , * 8 ? (( (
8 @ % . ) .
. 1 "G
' * ) ( 8
.> * > 5 . R5 ) <S
. 7 . ( ? . )
_@ *L 8 . I 8 " "A =
7 8 8 ) * 8 8 (
8 ", ) ?( 8 ( 8 @
"* 8 ) 9 * )? 7 ' @
* - %
* . ) 8 8 "A = 7 ( )
A ' K ' ) * I ( 8
3 (( J? @ 8 8 ( *
8 " ( ( * ?( *
8 8 8 @) ? @ . 8 ( ?
. @ " ) 8 8 "A =
8 8 ( 3 8
8 )7 8 * * ? A B@
,
* 8 ? 8 @ *
* (? . ## G < @
C 9 3 ,C
* L
*
1*2 $& -%5% , 3 "')% $ '%
$$$
%'
) ( 8 ( 7
. 8
! 3 ( J
@ * ( ( * 8
* ?W ; 2,. X@ - ) . ( ? >
( 7 @ (( *
! C 8 * * )
* ) * ( (
7( 8 ? . @ /8 (
>
T
@ * ( ( ( ? . (
( @
( 8 ) . !
!
$$$ (
> 8 . > E
75L ?" @ KK 5 ; R5 )K S *
8 C 8 * 8 . (( ) 8
8 * * 3 C ?1 #, A @ 8 9 (
* ( 8 . ( 8 )
* ( ) ( 8 8 8 7 8
laser
acier aluminium
? @
? @
8 ( 3 32 8 . 8 32 7 ( 8
8 8 8 8 *
-/ 8 " * *
,
8 $ J "
- ?1 #, A @) . ( 8 * j
8 . 1 "A C 8 . 1 "G C
* 8 K:
' 2 * `"0 8 ) 7
* K B 8 % * 8 )
8 % . 8 . . )
8 7 `"0 8
- * ) V 2 RV )KKS
L 8 ( * ) ?1 a $@ C
7 ( 8 9 3 ,C . I 8 ( 8
", 8 8 . 7
j ' ( * ?1 #, A @) 2
= ' % ( ( 7 ) 8 '
2 ) 7 := B 8 8 - )
`"0 8
V 2 RV ) <S ( 8 ) > 7
8 ( )
8 ?1 #, ) @
? @
? @
? @ ? @
8 8 * ( 3 32 ?1 #, @)
8 8 8 ", . I
`"0 8 ) 7
L 8 RV )KKS) (
7 * ? A< ' @ - 8
R` )KKS *
. ( 7 8 ( ( - R- ) AS) L
8 ) ?( 8 ( * ( 8
7 * 8 @) * ( .
1 "A 1 "G * ?+& ) A a =A @) 8 8 *
" A ) 8 ( 3 8
. 8 I * ) ?9 87 G j @ ( #
* 8 7 8 ( ?
!
@ H 8 . )
8 8 8
. ( U RU ) S) 7 8
8 2 %0 I ( -/ <
8 " A )? . ( ( 8 3 (( 4) *
8 @) 8 . 1 "G C
8 . 1 " 1 "A C
. V R ) <S ?( 8 @) *
2 /! ' 8 8 , * ) .
( ( ) * 1 "G * H 1 "A C
) 1 " * H 1 G" C 8 * 8 7
(3 H 8 . .
. . ( ?1 " 1 G" @ . 1 " A ) 1 " G) .
.
<j 7Aj . . (
A B 7 < B - ) 7 8 (
8 * 7 8 A ' 7 AA ' 8 2
( > ?- 4@ ( . 1 ")1 "G 1 "A7 8 (
7 ' 7 A ' *
* 8 ) L 7 8
. 7 8 . . ( 1 " 1 G"
' 8 8 * RV ) S) V .
. 1 "G 8 . *
8 7 7 8 ( = Y/ ?*
, ,
)G ) j @ 7 A Y/ ?* ) ) Aj @
( 7 A $ G $) *
8 ( ) 8 3) ( *
8 . 7 Aj ) ? @
* ( 7 * j -
* I )
( * 7 * )
- 8 ( * 2 . R 2) AS
/ 3 R5 )K T - ) A T V )KK T V ) < T V ) T ) <TU ) T
` )KKS) ( C 8 )?
8 8 @ ( *
C 8 8 "A A 8 * 8 ?
@ . ) ( 3 * ) 1 "G E
1 " A) * G j = j *
7 L * R5 ) G T V ) T ) G T ) <T )KK T
)K T ) G T ` )KK TS) 7 * ( 7 *
8 . % * . ) I L
> 8
* ( ? 7 >
8 8 @) I ( 8 )
8 * 8 8.2 > 8
? @ ? @ ? @
? @
' 8 ) I ) ( ` , A " ?1 #, @ . L
3 . J1 "G 8 * I ) 8
( 7 j * ?K +& ) @ )
* ) 3 n ?( 7
,
@) 8 $ * '
?1 #, : @) 8 )
( 7 ?1 #, : @) 7 8 ( )
* `"0 8 * ( 8 ` ," ? ( @
7 3 * ( ", ? @
' * ( 8 ", ) . (( ( 8
,
8 7 * K $
% ( ) 8 * () 8 . *
3 7 8 ( E ) 2 ( , R ) < T
) A S
- I R ) AS) 8
3 L ( ?7 @
( ? . @) (
> ) 7 A ' 7= ' ( 7
, ,
3 $ * ( 8 ` ," ) $ * ( 8 ",
)
8 ( 8 ` ," * C 8 * 8 L
( 7 8 E '
3 ) 8 8 8 ` , " R ) AS 8*>
( ( ? = V@ - ) ; R ) AS
* 8 " ,0 * ( 8 ` , "
( 3 L ( . ?1 #, : ) @ 8
* . 1 "A * ( *
I ) 3 ( 7 j *
* 7: B ( 7 " ,0 ?
,
$ @) 8 ( 7 ) * `1
8 8 7 9 87 = B 8
" ,0 . ? =AY/ , @ > ( *
8 I (( . ? I (
,
. 8 ( 7 A$ ) ( 7 @
"
*
1*8 ()$'" (
' (( 8 E ) 8 9 ( 9
8 . ( * 7 8
8 * ) (( . *
% 7 8 ) 3 . * J
, . W . XJ 8 *L 8 ?" )` )
", ) $ ,` ) ` ," ) " ,` ) / ,` @ (
*L 8 ) . 7
8 ( E *L - 7 ' 7 ' * )
* 32 ( 7
T
, . W( XJ R5 ) G T ) G ) ) G T
`. ) S C ( 8 # ? / 0
1 ) # @ ( 8 8 7 8
% ) 8 8 E 3
2 3 * 8 8
7 7 2 3
: ' ' * 2 3
' 8 ( 8 ) (
- * .
* * 8 A ) (
C 8 ( 8 ", ` ,"
) .
) I * 8 ( 8
8 * ( 3
I ) ( ( . (
- 3 ( * J
@ ( 8 * ( 8
. (( 7 C - ((
2 > 2 ? * @ *
7 T
#
!
@ ( 8 R 2) AS)
( 8 8 R ) AT ) A T ) AS - ) >
8 8 ( 8
8 ( . C ) 8 (
( - 2 (( 7
1 ) ? ) _ @) 8 8
8 7 ( .
. 1 "A 1 "G 8 .
7 8 ( E ) > 7
(( . C ((
8 8 1 E" ? @) *L 8 ? 7
8 @ 7 8 )
7 . - L ) > (
* 8 ?( 8 @
3 > % * . ) * 7 8 0#
, , ,
( ? ) A 7 ) @) * # ? ) ,
@ 7 8 () L * 7* /
,
8* 8 * ? ,G @
( 3
*
2 ''% -%, "(!
% )!
" ( )"% "#$"&% $ "("$ "#$"&%
8 E * >
( ( ) 9
. 1 3" 2
! 8 I ; R )K S 8 7 8
32 G 8 " < ( 8 * ( " ,
8 ) A 9 3 C 8 .
? @ 8
8 8 ) 8 ( 8
( 8 * * 8 32
( * . I
8 " ?" @ o,?" " @ *
( . 1 " ! 2 * 8 8
( > 8 ( EI ) 8
&
. b,1 ?" @) 8 ( EI 8
" ?" @
' ) V 2 RV ) <S 8 E (
* - 3 ( J > ) 8
8 C 8 C 8 T ) 8 8
. C 8 9
7 L ?1 #, =@
- > ( ) ( 8 32 G < 7
8 " A ) "A = ) " , ) ", $ 8 )=
* g. ( j > )A ;U)
, ,
* )< <)= 8
( 8 8 (
( 8 7 )G - )
,
* * * 8 i ) * 7 G)
8 b,1 ?" @ +& A +&) 7
,
8 ? +&@ ' * )< )
. 1 ") 7G +& -
( ( 8 .
) 8 L 1 " )1 "A E 1 " G) * +&
' * * ) ( ( 8 )
,
:A $ (
,
8 " A ) K $ 8 32 G <
8 "A = % ( 8 G < 8 "A = )
8 ( ?9 7 @)
,
7 J GA $
%
!
/(!
.9'%
2 .> 8 E ((
8 ) 7 8 * ( 8 3 3
6 ) 8 8 8 7 (
. ( 3 ( E / .
. 1 "A 1 " G) 8
32 ) (( 8 ? ) ) A
@ 8 8 ) . L (
( ( ? 8 ", @) I ?
8 " ,` @
> . * (
? * ( @ *
8 8 ) *
' 9 () 3 * . .
J
@ ( . ( (
(( C . T
@ 89 > 8 8 7 8 (
E -8 * ) 8
* 8 ) 8 .
/ 3 8 ) *L 7 ( 8
?$ ,` ) ` ," ) " ,` ) / ,` @ /
. 7 %
* . 8 8 ", ( ( * )
.
? * (
( @ 8 8 8 ` ," ) )
8 ( 3 8 8 * 7
* ?0 a = V@
-8 > ) ( 8 8
8 ) 8 E 8 ( *
( 8 ( . 7 * 8 -
8 8 2 8 >
C 7 # ( > (
8 8 7 8
! ) (( ) 8
( > ? (
C 7 . @ > 9 ,C
-8 * ) * 7
8 3 . ) 8 3
. 3 >
( C 9 (( 7 8 8 * )
, 3 *
8 * ) 3 ( (
,
? D @) ( ?$ @ ? ' @7
- 3 2 * J? @ `"0 8 )
8 * 8 8 ) ? @
. ) 8(( . >
R ) A S `"0 7 ?
@ 7 ? A @ (
? . @) 2 (
/. 9 ( 8
C ) . ,
3 8
% ( ) 8 E .
( . ( / ) > V 2 RV ) <S
8* 8 > ) 8
) *
: !
. & -"% %!
%($%
" 8 8 . ) * . * 8 . >
E * 0#
. 3 9 ( 8
7 8 > 2 ((
8 ) 8 *
E 0# % (( ) 8 #
7 8 ?* * @) 0# )
!
) C 8 8
' 8 8 ? (@) *
( ( 8 * ) ( 8
7 * 8 * 0# % (( ) ( 8 (
8 * R 2) AS " ) 0# (
8 . (( 8 8) 7 9 * - )
* ( 8 8 > 7 ) *
8 . (( 8 ) ( 8
8 ( 8 ", * ) * 7
8 ) ( 7 , ?( 8
8 8 * 8 @ / 2 8 2 )
8 7 () ( F (
( % 3
0 9 7 () ; 2,. ? @
) * V 2
RV ) <S / 3
$ * J
@ 7 * (( 8 ? E ) E ) *
8 @T
@ 7 7
8 ( ( ,
(( . J ? @ 7 8 .
* )? @ * ?G@ 8 *
- ) 7
( 0#
- 8 ( ) ,
?; 2,. @ * 3
5
R" ) S "5%) 0 V"0!) V ! #) 2 ( 2 . 2 (
* ) ) ) ::) < :,<
R" )S " " " 2 )" # )" =
R" ) S - "$- %U ) " 2 " U )
) K ) A , A=
R5 ) <S 1 ,U 5"/+) " 5%$# " +) V 1 "-%) &% % "$$) $ *
D k ( D I . ., . k
.2 ) ! " #
$) 2
R5 ) S 0 " 5" $% ) # '" +5 ) . ( (
' ## , . * . ( )
) ) KK) : ,:K
R5 ) S " 5% 8/+ V) # * ( ( ( . , D (
2 ) ) K ) ?A@) <,
R5 ):GS " 5% 8/+ V) ( . ( , D . 2 9
2 ) % & " ## ' ) - / ) K:G
R5 S 5% "$ % ) +%$ ) "$`) * 8 ) . J *L
7 . ) AA
R5. )=KS 5 5+" "0) D.; ( (
( ( 3 ) " ) K=K) <)
<K , A
R5 ) G S " 5! " "-) % 3
.2 , . . * 8 (
E ) G) .> ) %$ " " )"
R5 ) G S " 5! " "-) / % ! %00") " 5% V%5# ) " " 5" #) V
D ) " ) G)
G G) AG,
R5 )KAS V 5! /+%) % . 3 ?( ; @
8 ) KKA) .> ) * ' * )
R5 )K=S V 5! /+%) 1 5" 5#% ) " /! %0) # 2 D. D
) " ) KK=) <K) :,
:A
R5 ) AS ' ,! 5! /+" -) 0! #% ) *
F )' J 0 . 8 ) A) 5 :=
R5 )K S 5 !/V "$$) V -#/V "$$) / "- /+%#0) % /+ 5% 0) %'! -)
. ( . 9 ( . . . )
' ) KK ) G) %< ,%<:
R5 ) GS 5 /V$% ) " k 9 ( D . ) )
G) , ) = , =
R/. )= S " /+"/ !$%) % . ( .
8 *L 8 8 8 , ) K= )
.> * I
R/. ) <S / /+%$) V!&"/%&#/) (" 2 "# # = 2
(( ( ( D ) &
) <) <<) A, <
R- )KKS + -"0%) V!5" "V"U") $"V") . (
,D , 9 )
) KKK) =A) , :
R- ) AS -#$ ) 1 #) 1 6 ) ' '% %) 1"55 !) # * I "" A
" 2 4/ = D, )' (# A) G) ? @) ,<
R- )K S - "$0) " % $%" 0) 5 /"$0! ) I (
D . ) " ) KK ) G ) A=K,
!
"
;<
;
/ . 3 J
8 . * 8 ) ( 3
I - *
2 8
- ) 0#
E ) 3 3 *
% ( ) > >
2
#
I LES MATERIAUX ..............................................................................................................51
?3 + =5 ??
??
?????
????
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????83
# A
# *L * A
# G# ( 8 AG
# <' AA
?6 2 "+ ?
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????89
# A
# A:
# G# ( 8 A=
# <' AK
?7 & #" / 2? ????
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????9=
#G
#G / .
#GG'
?5 " " N ? ?
????
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????96
II PROCEDES D’ASSEMBLAGE.........................................................................................62
?3 " ???
????
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????97
## ! ( G
## ( <
## ' <
## ' 3 A
## G/ 3
## G #
## G /
## G 0. :
?6 " )? ???
????
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????94
## ' 7 8 0# :
## # 0# , K
## G / 3 :
## < # :
III TECHNIQUES ET CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES ....................................................71
?3 ! ! $ "+ 2 ? ?????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????46
### ! * :
### ! * :
?6 ! @ / $ 2 E ,G ! $ ! ! @"
"+ 2 E G??
??
??
?????
????
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????47
?7 " ! ??
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????45
?5 && ! " $ O E OG ? ??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????48
?8 " ! H ? ? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????48
?9 A " !! ? ??
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????49
?4 ??
???
? ?
??
??
???
????
??
??
??
??
?? ?
??
??
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
???????44
### : 8 * ::
### : % 8 . :=
&
+ ( ,- (( ,(
;<
;
%' ! " $6
3 8 ) * * ((
8 ) . * 8 8
>
( 3
8 ) 8 8 8
. I 8 0#
*
+ )"% =2
*
+*+ ") '!$)!
$%
8 2 3 -/ < ( %$ G
/ 2 8 7 ( 7( )
) ( ) ( >
8 8 -/ < ##,
( P
=5 ) = )< )
/ A3 ! 1 EF ?
G" + =5 B(& '
;0D
8 3 -/ < ( ( 7(
3 ?1 ##, @ (
2 A3 2 1 ! " + =5
%
! * ) * < j
? @ j *
*
+*0 %>?!
% %(!- > ("'
C 8 8 C * ) 8 7
*L 8 . I ( ( 8 8 32 % )
) *L 7 ( 8 * 7 .
R6 ) <S - ) C 8 I 7
<A Y/ <: Y/ 7A ) I
7 8 ( 8 ) (( ( I !
* ?1 ##, @ ( 8 . ` ?P@ ( C ) 8
. ` ,1 O) o ) r
/ - & ;
% ?P@ ` G:
-I ?O@ 1 ` G :
- ?o @ 1 ` : <A ,<:
1 ` G
?r@ 1 ` A ,AA
1 A`
? @ ? @
! ( 1 ,` 8 7 8
?+& a A * @) H ( ( .
8(( . 3 (( ((
. ( * * ) 8
*L * 8 sG j
' * ( *L C 8 ) 8 * *L
?1 ##,G@
*L * L 3 . ) H ( 7
) 8 * j Aj
*
+*1 (3$%()% &% , !
" ( &% ' $& -% '$
") '!$)!
$%
8 ( * 7 8 I
( ) I ( ?`1@ . 9
7 * 8 ) ( ) * 2
8 .>
2 . ? . (( ( @ ) H
( * *
I J I ( ?`1@ I (( . ?`"0@
' ) . > .
( * I 7 8 8 1 ,
/) 3 (( I ) >
2 . ) > . )
2 . 2 - ) (
. * 7 (( 8 " )
( ( * * 7 (
. ) (
/ ) 8 * ( % R% )=GS
5 R5 ) S ( ?1 ##,<@ >
2 A5 !! 1 ! " " && ! N "+ M ! " B '
07D
" . (( ) * ) ? ) AB /@ F
* I ( I * J
, (( 8 ) 8
( " ?: :Y/@)
' 8 ? ) AB /@)
( b ?( b 1 G/@ T
, I W * X AA Y/ * )
. > *
* * T
, I ( \ " "G ?
=G Y/@) 3 ( b 8 c I ((
. ?`"0@ 7 * ? 7" @T
, I "G <KAY/) (
h
I . I ( ) * 8 T
, I I ( I ((
. ) (( 7 * ( ) *
83 8 . . ( o) ? <KAY/ l 0 l 0(@
- ) 8 -/ < ( ? ) =B /@ >
8 8 ? )<B @) ( (
) ( * ( 3 L ) (
2 ( ( ,
*
+*2 , " !' ) ("#$%'
8 -/ <) %$ G )
##,
( E G E G ( EF G
=5 t : , GA u G=
/ * 3 * ? *
* * 7 @
"( ( * ) ?1 ##,A@
* * * 8
8 3 ( ) (
2 ' 2 ) 3 . ( ? 7= @ ) 8
* 3 J 7
7 8 7
>
*
0*+ %&$ )"''% %(!'!$)!
$
7 . J? @ . ((
8 7 * 8 8 )? @
?G@ (( * 7
2 ? Y/@) 7
? * @) ? @ : ? I @
( 7
g 7 ( ? 8
@ 8 * (
? > / @ - ) )
2 β 8 8 b /1/)
. ) . .
8 " ) 8 0< ? @ 7
* ( I ' ) 8 0 3 7
( β88 . * ) β8 β 7
* . > ?1 ##, @ '
) (> 7 R5 ) S
*
0*0 ") '!$)!
$%
8 8 A
% * ?9 87 A B@ A )
* ) * G
8 7 8 0<) . ##,G
! ( 2 L ( !
(9=39 )K, )A ) , ) ) A ) ) )A ) ) A
(9303 )=, ) ) , ) ) ) A )<A ) )
/ A7 ! 1 EF ?
G" 2 "+ ! B '
;4D
! 8 " A R" ) AS ( ( * ? ) k
) B@ H ( * 3 ? . 6)
" G/ K : RU ) S) 8 . )" / )M *
8 @)
8 " A ,0< ?1 ##,: @
* = j j
* / 8 ,0< ?1 : @ * 8 * j
j *
? @ ? @
' 8 ) ( H
( ) 8 > ( 7 8
I ( ) ( . > ) (
( ) H I (
) . I (( . )
( 2 . ) 7 (
I
' 7 ?2 @) . R )KAS
8* 7 7 I ( ?1 ##,=@
! ) 7 8 0 ? Mv
v
@)
3 8 3 Y/ 7 A Y/ * ? @) 8
( % 3
Y/ GA Y/) 7 , * 8
8 . I ( Mv
v *
Mv?1 ##, @ - I 9 7 I ( )
) GA Y/ 7 0() " I
h > ) 8
* ( ) ?1 ##,K@
"
+ ( ,- (( ,(
! * * * I ( )
> " ) I 9 ?I G@ 7 I ( ?I
<@ * * . ? * = B@ ?I @ I
( 7 ) 7 * 3 8 (
( )
( 8 8
*
0*2 , " !' ) ("#$%'
8 ##,<
! 87 8 0<) * ) 8 " A >
3 " " =
( 2 ='
6 E G E G ( EF G
(9=39A 5 < =
(9303A 5 : =
#
2 A3= " / " ! ! " + 2 (9=39A 5 " < !! <
" 2! " !" ! <
) * 7 ? ' @ 3 *
( ? < ' @ / * L 7
8 ) 8 0< ? I k
' @ 7 8*
/ ) 7 ? =, K B@ ( 7 * (
9 E * 8 ,0< /
* 8 A ,0< ?" 3 ) @ 8
= ,0< ?" 3 ) , @ ( 3 *
* 8 ,0<
*
1 %3$6&% ' -%
8 )( * 8
3 7 8 ) 8 . 8 7
( 8 , E
' . 8 32 ) 8 * ? @ E
* . ? @ # 8 ( 3 )
* . * . 8 32 /8
8 8
*
1*+ ( "! '
( 3 9 ) 8 8 ) C 8 .
8 32 7 ( ) 8 32 #
&
+ ( ,- (( ,(
( 8 7 8 ) 7
( 3 8
. ( , 3 # * 2
?$ G" 1 @ . 8 ) ) . ) 8 3
( 8 9 * ) 8 8(
8
- * ( 3 $ ;m
*
1*0 , '"!
" ( )." "#$%
/ ( 3 ( 8 . I( ?K B
,G
( 7 A j @) 7 )= # ( ,
( V ,G" 1<, ) 9 V" 1<
( 3 ##,A
# H C ( -
! =,G , = <K,AG l ) G l ) l )
/ A8 ! EF ?
G" & #" / 2 HR B D
%
*
1*1 "()",% )!
" ((%
( 3 ) ( 7 8 ) * (
> ( 7 ( 8 / ( 3 ,.2
,
8 ? l <)A @ . (
R S * J
0t Y/ J 8 .2 ) 7 ( * T
< 0 a A AY/ J ( 3 7( 9 87 ( 8 T
A ( J ( 8 ) ( ( 3 7
( ( 8 ( .
*
2 , $& %&%@"()
( . 3 .
3 7 8 ( / ( . ,L 8 (
C 3 * . 7 ( R )K S)
( . E 7 ( . E
- 8 ( . 8 8 ) I (
9 3 C 8 0# . 3
?0 ##, @ 9 ( ( ( ) * .
* ( 8 R ) A) ) A) ) AS
L < K K : G
/ A9 ! 1$ " N
I ?1 ; @ G j
*
+ %, ) & '%
) ( 8 ( 7. 8 %
) * )? 8 U @)
A ,
* * > ? 7 U
@ - ) . > .2 * 8 E >
3 . > *
*
+*+ !
%(!
" ( &$ 3 "')% $ '%
( . . )
8 / >
3 ? @ ) ( (
Gw
L I? /! @) ? 8 2 8 $
$ J " @) , ? 7 @ 8 ( ( * 83
* ) ( 3 > 3 ( *
?1 ##, @ ( * 7 * , ( .
) 8 d ) *
8 E > 8 (
8 ' 3 ) 8 ) 8 > 8 /! ?d a ) j @
8 A B) 8 8 $ J " ?d a ) j @ 8 ,G B
R" )K=S / * ( ( ( )
( ( ( 2 > ?1 ##, G@
8 ) 8 (
8 ( ( ) 8 7 8 * (
? k 9 a @) 8 .
3 ) ( * ?W ; 2,
. X@ " ) 8 * . ( ? k 9 x l
@) . ( ) 8
! ) )
; 2,. 3
*
+*0 % $" -% )!
"3, '% %( -" %&%) (&$)!
" (
$
%$$
%'
; 2,. > ( (
) ) (
( ) )
C ( * )7 8 ?" 3 @)
7 ( ) ( I (
,
* 8 ) 8 ( 7 )A ) ( 8
,
; 2,. ? * A @) . *
*
8* ( C (
? 7 7 ( . ( @) ( H )
)
+ ( ,- (( ,(
/ ) ( ?( ( @)
7 8 ( ! 8 *
. > 2 W ,. X ?" 3 )1 @) ,
. ?/. #&) 1 #&,G @
$
%$$ ' ,(
( 8 E (
7 * ( 8
8 ) ( ( 8 8 - (
?1 ##, <@) > 8 ( 7
( 8 . ( ) 8 I 8 )
8 . I * C ?1 ##, <
@
I 8 32 9 8 9
,
? > = @ * 2 > W ,9 X ) g 7
9 . I 8 ) 9 * ? _@
? @
? @
8 ( Y 7 8. I ? K Y@ (
7 ( 3 ; 2,. %
) ( 2
$
%$$ ,(
* ( (
" ( ) ( * ? < @ 7
k > 9 87 . * % 8 ? Y@
)
) . 83 ) ): ? @
"* ) C J
* 8 . 8. 7
( 8 T
* ( / (
.
8 * ) 8
/ > ) () ( 8
) 8 ( ( ( 8 7 8
8 ( * 8 8
7 ( - * 8 ( 3
) ( 8 *
E R ) AT ) AS / )
7 () * 8 *
* ( 3 / ( 3 7 ( 8 ( 8
? ( 3 8. @) 2 ' )
2 > ?1 ##, < @ 2
*
+*1 ('!$ %(! !
" (
8 8 *
2 . * .
8 E ) 8 E
0#
$
%$$
% (
. .2 9 *
8 * / . > ) * *
) 7 * > * 8
* 7 . ( 8 ? 8 ;+I@ 8 >
+ ( ,- (( ,(
7 ( 7 ;+I 8
* 8 .
- ) 8 ? 7 . ( 8 @
?G U@) . > ? A U@
/, 1 . I '. ) * * 7 ( 3 <
;+I ) 8 9 ( 8 ( (
8 d a =GA ! ( ( V G *
W X 8 $ J " ?d a ) j @) ( >
) 8* 8 8 * '.
7
% ) 3 . > * 7*
R+ ) GS J @ * ? W ; 2,. X@) @
( - * 3
( ) 8 * * 7 <AY
- () 8 9 ( * 2
) 7 <AY 7
8. I ?1 ##, < @
$
%$$ .
* . ( *
( 9 `"0) )
2 . (( 8
' (( . 3 ) . 8
( i * . - )
* . 2 V? . , @ > j .
. * 7 ( 3 > ) * ?
@ I ( 8 8 ?( +I@
& 5
*
0 %, ) &
*
0*+ "()",%&$ ' $& -%4 ), , )&
A ,
7 8 2 ? 7 U @ (
7 ' 7 8 ) 0# ?0
# @ 8
( ) (> > / 7 83
8 > ?1 ##, A@) * 8 .
82 ( * 8 ) .> I
I 8 ) L 7 8.
8.2 > ( 8 8
0# ( J
@ ) * )
(T
@ . ) 8 > ) 8 * I) 8
( 3 I 3) * 8
( ' ) . 8 g.
8 8 2 T
G@ I ) 8 ( 8 .>
' 8 ) 8 * .
> * ? . @ > 7 * ? @
! L ( ) 0#
9 * 8 * 8 8 F 8
8 . 8 > ) 8 8 .>
I ( 3 8 ? @ . ? @
* 8 ? > 7 @
. > .2 * 7 8 3? . >
) 2 _ @) ( (( 8* 8( .
> ! > *
8( ? @
J
"
+ ( ,- (( ,(
@ > ) ) 8 )* T
@ 8 ? . ) > 8((h @T
G@ I ? @T
<@ 8 . . * * ? @
*
0*0 ('! !
" ( &%' $& -% '% "7 $! !
"#$%
( 8 E 0# (
( 8 , C 8
- ) 2
9 ( 8 7 8# 0 $H R- ) <S /
( * . 0# 2 >
. ) k C 9
C 8 8 C
. ?1 ##, @
8 8 . 8
. 7 8 8 H
8 & 9D ; ?# 0 $H @
C 7 8 8 * ?1 ##, @)
( 8 J @ 7 8 ,C ) @
8* . g 7 (( * * 8
* <A C
( ? @ ( 8
#
*
0*1 (&"!
" ('%6, " %(! %'
V% ''# =A 8 2 > (
,
I 3 8 *
8 32 > . ? B@ *
8((h GAY) 8 (3 7 ( 8
. I
8 (? E @ (
8 H ( 8 ?1 ##, :@ '
8 ) k C 8 (3 7 )A )A
2 A34 &2 ! ! ! + / 2 )
( C 7 ( 3
7 ( 8 ( 8 ? ( 3
8. @
0 2 ('!$ %(! !
" (
(( 9 ? ) @
8 F 8 .
. ( 7 8 8 "( (( )
8 (( * > F 8
% ( 8 ? * C 8 8 @)
8 . 8 ) 8 *
8 ? @) * . 8 . V
0+% !/!"4m) > )A .
> ) 8 ?1 ##, =@ ( 82
2 .
&
+ ( ,- (( ,(
? @
? @
! ( A 8 ? 7 A ( ##, = @ >
. C 8 8
%).("#$%'%!) (&"!
" ('%6, " %(! %'
/ . 3
. > E (
7 * J
@ 8 2 . J
I ( (( . 8 8 '
( 7 ? @) 8 ( / 2
* * ( T
@ 8 . (
E T
G@ . (( I 7
8 ?%- @ 7 2
- ) 7 ((
. J
@ ? . ) `1) `"0@
& ; ) , ) `"0 8 )
T
@ *
* T
%
G@ ( 2
8 .
% ( ) 2 J
@ 8 * ( > 7 8 . ? %5@ T
@ 8 2 . ( > %- T
G@ 8 2 ( > (( 2 4
*
+ ") ') ,"% ,!
"#$%%! ( /'%& " -%'
*
+*+ '% > !
" (' ) ') ,"#$%'
8 * 7 8 . )
7 8 . . ! ' / /,A )
3 A 3 *
m m
8 2 8 R S # 0 R# S
*
+*0 '% > !
" (' ") ') ,"#$%'
. * * 7
?1 ##, K@
' . ) G * *
* 2 >
. . 7 . ) ((
( * n , "( * I
( 8 ?`1 `"0@) 3 ( . J @
8 ) $ ? B 7 < B +$!G) . @ @
8 ) ( V ? B +1) )A B +/ ) )A B +$!G) + !@ .
7 3 * .
.
+ ( ,- (( ,(
m
2 3 ## 8 //- # " ) >
"&0 " #$ 1, / * 8 8 ?"&0y y& Dy <@
*
0 ") ') ,"% %)! ("#$% 4 / -% A B%! ( /'% ,
',%)! !"%4&"',% '" ( & (% -"%A B
8 * L
8 ) ( . - )
2 . . 7 8 ?%- @
8 2 %- ) 2 4 8 ( 8
> k , ? , @
> ) 7 8 * . H
R' ) S
- 3 2 > 7 2
2 k GA /1 %! ) 8 2 >
8 2 %- V%&%4) 7 8# 0 $H * *
8 1 / ?/%" 2@) 7 2
? <G @ 8 %- #$/"
9 * 2 . * 8
;& 8
- 3 2 8 . * J @ * 8 7
3 * ?1 ##, K@)
. ) @ ( > ?1 ##, @
' 7 8 ( E ) 3 8 * 2
( * 2 .
2 . %- , * )
8 I 2 7
) B, ) B ( 2 R )K S ' ( *
) ( 8 ) 8 .
8 ) * . (( 2 4 *
( . ( . %- >
( * 8 2
*
1 ") ' (&% %)! ("#$%
( 2 4 8 . 8 * ( 8
) (( 5 * ( )
J
⋅ ⋅ Θ = ⋅λ Z##, [
* ;J 8 ( 2 4) J ) <J
8 2 4 J
8 2 . *
* 8 * ## * / 2
/" %/" 4
' . 0# 2
. J @ . ?1 ##, @) @ I
( 8 ?1 ##, @
8 2 . ( * j ) (
8 ) ( 8 . / 2
* 8 ;& * 8 2 )
( ?l j @ . ) *
. 8(( ( 8
( I ( 8 ?1 ##, @ *
Aj
+ ( ,- (( ,(
? @ ? @
*
2 "3
3 )!
" ( &%' / ('; A ;B
. (( 2 4 .
> 8 8 ( 2 4 8 . *
z) * * > 5 * (
Z.; [ ? ##, @) 2 (( . 4)
z 7 ( 8 . ! 8 F 7 8
z ( 8 ) (( # a ( ?Θ@)
. 7 (
(( * . > 7 2 )
( 8 2 (( (( Θ *
(( ( 2
(( ) ((
> ( > 2 !
2 . () 7 I
(( (( . 7 2
- (( 4 ) g 7 > ( 8 7
( ) ( > 8 2 ((
? ( 8 ( I a 3 {@ * . . )
* Θ Y < Y* Y /. 7
8 :A ? 8 9 8 2 @/
U # ,%$ " '
*
8 ") &$ %! :")C% '
8 (
% & ; ) ( 2 7 >
> * . 8
?+&@ 7 8 ( * J
+& = )=A<< ⋅ 1 = 1 Z##, [
* 1J ( ?; (@) J 2 8 ? @ J (
8
* 8
?1 ##, G @ 0# ?1 ##, G @ 8* 8 I
( ?`1@ I (( . ?`"0@ 8 8
? @ ? @
/ 2 ( ( 7 , 8 C
8 ) * . A
. & ;
8 . 7 Aj ' ( 7
j ) 8 . ,
*
D ( 7"(&%(! !
" (
8 , L 7 . J
(( I ( ) 8 (
. k . ?1 ##, <@
/ . ) 8 7(
8((
( 2 8 (( (
' 8 2 . k . ) * . (
8 ) ( k ) (
* ! ) ( 3
1 3
1 3 ( 8 ") += ) 8
"
.
+ ( ,- (( ,(
8 > $+0 , / % ) 8 2 5 ; * .? 2
7 @ * ( $7 $ "( 8
. ) ( (
. ?1 ##, @) * .
( .
, * 6 ,/ / . /
8% ' - "7"
*
E '' "' ) ("#$%'
8 7 i * )
R ) AT 2) A T ) G T ! ;)KKS 8 C E
* , / 7
* 7 8 ' * ,2 )
R ) AS 8 ( 3 C ) * I * )
H 3 8 ( ) 8 8
/8 ) ) ((
* , $ 8* .
( * ) 8 8 *
*
E*+ %'' " &%! )!
" ( ! ('>% '%
/ 2 * (( 8 ? 0# @
>
* 0 * * F ?1 ##,
A@ . ( * 2 ) 8 *
* *
? @ ? @
* ( 8 ) * *
) (3 7 % ,2 (
8 7 * ) (( . 3 3 8 *
8 ?1 ##, @
. .2 #$ 0 !$m ? > =A @
8 ( ;$ 8 8 > % #% #4
,
7* ?* a @ !
( a( ? @ ,
' 8 2 ) ( 7 * 8 * ?
,
@ 7 3 7 ( ( ?$ @
*
E*0 '' " & &. %()%, , !)
8 . R"( )= S * 3 *L ?1 ##, :@ )
( F 7( ) 7
0#
"
+ ( ,- (( ,(
? @ ? @
C * * ( (
? > < @ 32 7 / > 8
( 7 ( ( 7
) ( 8 E ( ( ) * *
*
/ 5 1 )$ / / 5 . 7 8 ,%
#
5
R"( )= S "1$! ) 8 . k . 7
8 . ) $1 0 G , ) ' J"1$! ) K= ) :
R"( )K=S "1$! ) $ %$ G ) ' ) ' 7 ( )
3 7( )' J "1$! ) KK=)
R" )K=S "# #6 #-%) ( ) )
. " ) KK=
R" ) AS " " % #$, %5% 0) % 3 *
C 9 7 v A ) =
A
R5 ) S / 5! /+% ) 8 ) ) )#
)' )
R- ) <S ' -"0!) , # !$-#) " ) 8
0# ) <) ' 9 ( 8 ) # 0 $H ) '
R% )=GS V %" 0% #$ ) # . .2 2 ( D ) % J
5 D . ) K=G
R1 ) S 1"55 !) V /+! 1) V 2,. D ) ##
) ) =:) ?K@) < :A,< =G
R ) AS #! #) 5 # !0) $#/! %) 0. ( . (
D I , 2)
" ) A) < ) G, =
R+ ) GS " +"5! -! ) / ) H
$ J " 8 8 ) = ' ) 2 ) G
3
R# S 8 2 8 # 0 ) . JEE 3 .
RV ) <S V %# % % ) 1 U" $% ) %'! -) - * ( 9 ,
( ( , 9 ) <) & . )
1 ) "
R ) AS + " V"$0) / U" "$$) % ) V! 0%) 5 0# $) + ,
+" -%$U"$ % ) "0`% ) 1 3 9 ( D .I
)" A) ) ? @) K,
R )K<S %%) 5 0% ) ' #%&% !$) 0. 2 ( ;
( , ( ) &
" ') KK<) G) /GG,/<
R )K S /& "-+ -"$") 0. / / ) KK ) J 1 1 )
. J ) A
R ) S / " % #0"0, % %$%0) % ( /E"
( * . ) =
" #0 ) )'
R ) AS " "0+#% ) % 8 . > E (
J . . .2 , . ) A) .> ) > 2 )
.> * 5
R ) AS % V %#$) " #% ") %# % ) - D (( D . .
.2 )" 5 & ) A) : ) A , A
R 2) AS # " +#0") 0!+) "V"+! #) + !V ") # $"V" "U") 4
#$,6 "$) D ( 2 2 .
2 . 2 ) & A) K) ? @) =:, K
R )K S !$/% ) . .2 8 2 ) > . 0 )
KK ) ' )
R ) GS 0 "V" #) V $"V"0") + 0!$ ) +#!) - 9 (
2 # I ( 3 D ) &"& & ) G) <G)
? @) AK ,
"&
+ ( ,- (( ,(
"%
/ . E
? (@
0# > 7 8 7 .
- )
? . @ I (( 8
"
I ÉLABORATION DES ASSEMBLAGES.............................................................................84
?3 2 !& ?
??????? ?
??
??????
??????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
??????
?05
# =<
## " * =A
## G " =
## < I ==
?6 "2 @ + )??
??
???
???
??
??????? ?
??
??????
??????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
??????
?;=
# K
# " * K
# G . * K
# G # E K
# G # E KG
?7 " " ! )? ?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
??????
?;9
II CARACTERISATION METALLURGIQUE DES ASSEMBLAGES....................................97
?3 1 " ! ? ?
???
???
??
??????? ?
??
??????
??????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
??????
?;4
## . K=
## # E K=
## # * E
## G# E I E
## </ . . G
## / . .
## # E
## # * E =
## G# E I E K
## < 2 .>
## G /
## < '
?6? N && ! " + EL !L( G? ??
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????337
## " 2 G
## / . :
## G ' K
## < 2 .>
III CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................122
"
/ ( (
!
" ( &%' ''% -%'
% (( ( 8 8 )
. > 8 8 !
, 8 * 8 ( )
( 8 8 8 $
. 8 () 8
-/ < * * ) 8 8 ,0<
*
+ $" -% )!
"3, '%
- ) 8 , ( 7
) * 8 ? ", ` ," @ ( 8
8 RV )KK T ) AT ) AS '
2 () RV )KK T ) <S
( ( 8 * . 7 *
8
# ( . ((
8 8 * 8 7 /
( ) 2 . R 2) AS 8
8 E (
*
+*+ &% , !" %
8 ( ( 7 ?1 ###, @
C 8 ( 8
8 7 ( 8 8(( *
"
2 A3 &2 ! @ + / 2 2 !&
' 8 ) ( ( ( 8 I
8 8 ' ( ? @)
( ?w ( @ 8 8 Y )
g. )A × ) * > 8 A
,
U
8 8 8( (( >
3 3 ? ') * *) ( 3 ) . I @ I
8 8 >
8 ###,
A3
EHV G <E ? G #/ 2
( G ): , ) *
( 2 < ,G ) , )< * E
8 * ) ( 3 2 2? * , j
8 @ 7 ( 8 * ) ( 8 . 8 7
( 8 ( * 8 E 8 *
8 * ( 3 EI )
* ( 3 * 8 , *
- ) 8 * .
) I 8 8 8
3 3
*
+*0 ',%)!>"'$% &%') & ('
83 ( 3 *> ( 9
( ! I ( 8
,
( * ( * ' ( * ? )
"
/ ( (
@) ?1 ###, @ * . *
( 8 E > ) *
* " ) 8 * *
,
? 7 @ W X ?1 ###, @ (
8 ) * * * 8 ,L ( 8
( 8 8
,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a )
,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a )<
*
+*1 (-%'&% $" -%
8( * 8 * . ? @ 1
,
###,G ( ? Y@) * )= 7
,
* )< ?<:Y@ ' (( * 3 . > J
? @ 7 8 3 ( * 8 )
( * 8 8 7 ( 8 % (( ) ( * ) C
−
8 * Φ ?U @ −G * * T
=%? @
−
*? @
? @ > ( C 8 * )
( * ) * ) 8 8 T
?G@ ) H *
8 ) 7 8 R 2 ) T 2 ) ST
"
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a )< ) ( 3 ? @ ' a G ;U) * a )= ) ( 3
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a )= ) * ( 3 ? @ ' a G ;U) * a )= ) * ( 3
8 8 * ( * 8 RV ) < T ) AT
) AS " ) 7 8 * ?1 ###,G @) 8 . I
8 2 j H ( ?1 ###,G @ %
8 I ) 8 8 7 ( 8
2 E % I ?0( ` a < KY/@) 8 ?0( " ,0<
a AK Y/, A Y/@ 8 . I - ) C
W X 8 I 7 8 8 W X (
8(( 8 2 E
% ( ) > ( ) 8 ( 3 ) 8
8 ?1 ###,G @ ( > . 8 32
7 ( 8 8 8 ( 3
( . 7 A AY/ 8 (
8 / . 8 )
7 * ( 8 R ) S / ) 8
> ) ( 3 . 7 * 8 ( * ((
> . 8 7 8 ( )
8 8
(( ( 3 * 8 2 .
. ( ###,< * 8 * *
"
/ ( (
*
+*2 -%$ &%'@ (%'&% " "' (
8 8 8 ) . ( 7
8 ( ) 3 3 .
7 I ( 8 ,L >
( ?1 ###,A@ % (( ) I ( ) ,L
7 I ?* I ) I ( 3 9 ,
C @ L. 8 8 8
,
' a G ;U) * a ) ) * ( 3
( 8 8 8 * G I
J
I ( ?`1@ 8 9 7 ( T
""
I (( . ?`"0@ 8 *
. 8(( 2 . T
. ?/ @ 8 8 8
" ( 8 8 ( ) *
8 (( * ! 8 7
. 8
8* I * ( *
> / * A >
?1 ###, @
* 7 8( > 8
8 * * 8* . " )
> ?* ) 8 * ) ( 3@
.
! * 3 3 L 3 J? @
* 9 ,C 8 E ? @ (
( 7 C 8 9
C ?1 ###,A@ (( . 8
8 ) 8 8 (( !
. 8 > ( 8
. ? )A × ) @ 8 ?1 ###, @) 7 )
H * C 8 8 3 8 % ( )
, * ( 3 L
"#
/ ( (
7 ,. ) (
. R )K S 8 E
*
0 $& -%4 )
' ) 8 . > E 7 8
* 8 ( 8 E 8 8 *L
8 . 8 ( 7 R" ) T 5 ):G T *)K T ) T
) S) 7 R5 T GT )A T ;) G T ;) G T `. ) S * (
8 R5 ) S) 0# # *
# R5 ) G T ;) G T ;) G T `. ) S L
, " ) 8 (
8 7 * 8 ) 97 RV )KK T ) <S) 8
9 7 8 /8 * 8
8
*
0*+ &% , !" %
( ?1 ###,:@ \ C
8 C 8 ) 8 . )
8 ? W ( X@
8 * ? @ . 0#
8 . ) 3
, 7 ) 8 . 8 . * ,7,*
3 C 7 ) * 8 8
RV )KK T ) <S *
#&
8* . 8 ( ( * (
8 (
8 8( > ? * @ 8
3 * . 8 )A )A ? ,C 8 )
8 @) 8 * * % ( ) 2
8 ) J ? @ 8 , * 8 ) ? @ 8
* 8 ?G@ 8 , * 8 *
3 C I ( ?0 ###, @
A3
E(G <E ? G "E G EG
A , =A ) =, ) < )A =)= , K)
(
:A , KA ) =, ) < )A ) , )
/ A6 %! ! ! 2 !& )
"( . 8 ) ( 3 )
? . # @ 2 8 0# ) 8
7 8 8 , *
*
0*0 ',%)!>"'$%
/ 7 ( 7 ( ? . # @)
8 * * 0# 8(
8 I ( ?1 ###,= @
)A G)
,
? @ a )A ) # a A ") * a ) A
,
? @ a )A ) # a KA ") * a ) A
#%
/ ( (
,
? @ a )A ) # a KA ") * a ) =
( > ) * )
I ( 8 ? * @) (( * 7*
I ( ?1 ###,= @
% ( ) ( ( C ?# a
A,KA "@) ( *
*
*
0*1 ) - ,."%'! ('>% '%'
$$$
% !
' 8 * ) ( 8 8 C
?1 ###,K@) * 8 8 )
( (( 7 8 ) 3 . > *
,
a )A ) # a A ") * a )
% ( * . ( 8 ) 8 E
( . 8 / .
) 2 ( ) 8 3
3
#
8 ? ( 7 ) @) I 1 " AE1 " G 7
I ?" 3 @
,
" ) ( * 7 8 0# ? 8 ) @)
8 8 * ? 8
@ H ( ? ,G j @ 9
( ?1 ###,K@
$$$ !
% ( 8 ( ( 7 8 C )
8 8 ?1 ###, @ .
. * I (
8 3 3
,
? @ a )A ) # a =A ") * a ) <
,
? @ a )A ) # a =A ") * a ) <
8 8 8 H
8 8 * 8 8 !
( I ( 8 7 8 ?1 ###, @) *
8( * ( 8
#
/ ( (
2 A33 < ! " & " N & " " + & ! " & "
N & " "+ E! ! " & ! < G?( 2 < .( '" X 3'
8
8 I ( 8 * * 8 I (
8 ) 8 C 8 7 8 ) (3 I
( 8 ? ( ) @ / ) * *
I ( 8 8 L ?1 ###, @
I ( 8 (( I ( 8
* / 3 ,L 7 .
3 3 R )K S
8( . I (
( F . ( ###, " ) W * X . ) 1 ###,
? . * @) ( . 8 * 8 ( )
7 I ( 8 I ( 8
\ . ( ?1 ###, @
? @ ? @
" ) 8 ) ( . )7 I
( 8 8 ((
#
- ) . ( )
8 (( > 8 8 !
* 8* . (
J
0 l 0( ( 3 a A AY/ J . (( 8 ) 8 ) ( 3 8
. 3 )
( ) * * (( 8 ( T
A AY/ l 0 l 0( " a AK Y/ J ( ( 3 ( . 8
8 ) / ,
8 * . ( 3T
0 x AK Y/ J 8 ) ( 3 8 ( 3)
( 8 ) 7 ) 8
8 . ( ) .
.
( . 8 8
. ( . 3 ( ,L
8 ( C 3 * .
7 ( R )K S) ( . E 7 (
. E
- 8 ( . 8 8 ) I (
9 3 C . 3 (3 (
( ?0( a < KY/@ * 8
8 R ) AT ) AT ) AS 8 . ,L * ?1
###, G@ 8 I ( 8
#
/ ( (
8 . * 8 * ?
I j @ * ) ,L , I
. * ( 7 I ( ?
,G j @
" ) > . 8 8 . . 3
( 8 ) I (
8 ) . > ? )* ) @
*
*
1 , "' ( &%', ) & ' '% %!
8 ( E * 3 ( ((
( 8 . (( 8 ? * 0# ) @ . ((
8 ? * )7 @) 3 * 8* 8 *
( 8 ? 0# @ * ,7,* ( (
(( 7 3 ( (( )
7 ( ( .
,
* 8 ? * @ 7
,
0# ? * ) @) L ( 8
. (( 8 * 8 (
RV ) < T ) <S
( 0# ? ) * . (( 8 @ 8 8
* 2 C 8 8
#
. ( 7 ) ) ) )
. (( 8 8 . 8 ( ?
* 8 2 > (( 8 8((
* @
% (( ( ) 8 . )
( ?1 ###, @ (
? 0# @ . (( 8 ( 8
?1 ###, G@ - ) . * * (
8 ? E @ ( * ( 7 (
. ) . 8 ( * (
I " ) ( * . (( 8 ?0# @)
. * ( 8 )
. 8 I
C ?1 ###, G@
- ( F ) 8 . 3 H H
3 . - )
( ( 8 0#
% ( ) ( 8 8 )
? ) 0# @ ( 8 ?7 ) @ )7 8 I
( 8 I (( 8 8 3 3 7 .
7 ( 8 .
8 8
)! "' !
" ( ! $ -"#$%&%' ''% -%'
8 ? . ) I ( I ((
. 8 @ 7 . )
. (( I
2 8 J? @ , * E" ) ? @ * E" ?G@ ,
* E ` E"
*
+ $).%'&% )!
" (
' (7 ) , . ( 3 . .
( 8 ) (( 8 8 L
?1 ###,A@) H , ( 8 . (( * 8 (
#
/ ( (
E ) 8 . ( 8 3
. .
- L ) ( ?1 ###, @) 8 3 .
. ( C 8
0#
*
+*+ ,. -"%
$
%$%$
% !
. ( ( , *
( 3 ?1 ###, <@ ( ) ) 8 j <j
(
(
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a ): ? @ ' a G ;U) * a )
! * * 8 ( E . ) . * )
7 8 ( E . .
! * . * ?1 ###, < @)
. ( 8 8 . v ( - 3
* L 7 8 ( . J? @ > .
C 8 ) ( ( ) * 8
. 8(( ( ?*
,
8 ( @T? @ . ( *
8 (
#"
. . ( ( 0# ) .
( ?1 ###, A @ ( . E . E ,
,
? @ a )A ) # a KA ") * a ) , ? @ a )A ) # a A ") * a ) =
% * . ) 8 . ?1 ###, A @) 8 ( . E *
* . * 8 ( ) *
8 8 8 8
* R5 ) GT5 )K= T /. )= T -2 )K T . ) S
! * ) * ) I ( 8 )
3 ( 8 > ?1 ###, @)
. ) 97 *
, ,
? @ a )A ) # a =A ") * a ) KA ? @ a )A ) # a =A ") * a ) KA
(( 3 * ( .
% (( ) . ) 7 j
* ) ( 7 8 . . ( 0# 7
( / ( ?1 ###, @ > 7 8 ( *
##
/ ( (
7 8 . 7Aj
* ( 8 . *
8 ( L 7 (( ((
8 ) 8 8 *
8 ( ) . * . ) >
( ) * ( - L ) (
7 8 ( L *
- 0# ) I ( 8 )
, . ?1 ###, @ * /
. * ( . *
. > ? @7 (
$
%$%$ 0 (!
8 8 * ( > . ?1 ###,
:@ . 7 * 8 8 , *
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) * ( 3 ? @ ' a G ;U )* a ) ) ( 3
(( 8 . ( ) * <
µ ! 8 8 . C * 7
* ,I * 8 E 7 8 2
( 3 8 , * % (( ) 8 ( 3 8 * H
. ) L *
* ?1 ###, @) ( C ( 3
( 8 8 / (( W > (( X
( 3 97 * 8 , * R ) AS
%&&
. * ( ?1 ###, = @) > 7
8 ( ) ( 7 , # ( .
* 8 8 * j
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a )= ) ( 3 ? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) ) ( 3
,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) ( 3
' ( * ) . .
?1 ###, = @ # (( . ( 7 8 ( )
. . > *
' ( 0# ) . (
8 * 8 3 ( ? , Aj @
. ( * 8 , * % ( ) .
( ) 3 . ( * ! >*
(( . 8 ( . E , )
8 ( . E . ?1 ###, K@ ! *
. 8 * . 8 ?1 ###,
K @) 7 7 . . 8 ,
* ?1 ###, @
%&%
/ ( (
enrichissement en Si et Zn
,
? @ a )A ) # a : ") * a ) = , ? @ a )A ) # a : ") * a )
' . ( ) ( . 8 I
( 7 3 8 ( I ( 8 ?1 ###, K @)
. / . L 7
. > * 3 I ( ) ,
. > I ( . L
3 9 ( 7 3 8 ( ? . >
@
$
%$%$ ! 1 !
. ( * I ( 3
Aj Aj ) 9 ) ( / .
. > (( ( 8 ,
* * 8 ! 2 > ?1 ###, @
) * .
# . > .
* ?1 ###, @
! C , . E ?1 ###, @) *
8 . 8 / . W X L
( * . . 8(( . > * (
. " ) 8 3 . * 8 (
. * * (
* 8 ( 8 8 8 .
( * % (( )
3 ( ( ? 8 * ,
* @ . ( ( ) ( 8
%&
. ( H7 (
, ,
? @ a )A ) # a :< ") * a ) ? @ a )A ) # a :< ") * a )
$
%$%$ (
-8 * . ) . (
( ? ( 7Gj @ * * * ( C )
C ) 8 . '
. 8 7 A j ) * . (
8 I ( 8 8 I *
( . . ) 3)
. * * 7 8 I ( 8
8* . ( 0# 2
7 83 ) \ 3 ) * (*
3 3 ?1 ###, @ ! * . )
8 . ( ( 0# > 7 (
%&
/ ( (
? @
? @
( 8 ( . (
* L 7 ( . g 7 (
8 ( 7 % ) , (
8 8 I 8.
I " ) 8 8 ( ?I @) 97
* R1 ) G T `. ) S > .
3 ( 8 )7 * ) .
! . ? 8 A @ *
3 ? A j @) ( 7 8(( . . ?1 ###, @
8 3 . 7 8 *
8 8 ' 8 ?1 ###, @)
* j < j
?1 ###, @ 8
3 . 8 ( . # 8 7 8
7 Aj ) . 2 ( ' 0# )
* J . ( ?A j @ ( )
. 8 ? , A j @ * > $ )
* ( * 8 .
%&
? @
? @
# 7 8 ( (( ((
8 -/ <) 8 8 (
.
(( * 3 ) L 7 (
8 7 ? @) 8 7 3
8 ( ? @ * .
% * . ) ( ?0# @ )
( I ( 8 (
%&
/ ( (
*
+*0 , '"!
" ( )." "#$%&%') $).%'&% )!
" (
8 2 . . .
0# 8 <j G j
$
%$$
% !
' 8 8 , * ( ) >* 2
: )A 7 :G)= B ( <): 7 :)= B
,
' a G ;U) * a ): ) * ( 3
? @
? @
?1 ###, G@ . L
8 . . > ) 8
I ?/ @ J : )A B " T :)= B 1 T )< B / * )
1 ) 7 )G= 8 ( 1 " A ?0 ###,G@
"
" !/ ! .(
B " B " 3 3
( G AA )= G)GA
6( 7 A= A )A< ):
(6 )K )<K )A
6( 8 : :G )G: )<G
(7 :<)A : )A )G )G<
%&
# 8 3> . ( ? / @)
8 (( ?:G)= B " T <): B 1 )G B @ * C
1 )GG . L 1 "G
"
. 1 "A 9 . 1 "G . *
8 8 8 R5 ) GT5 )K= T
/. )= T -2 )K T . ) S " ) ( ? , )< B @
. ) . ( 3 (
8 8 E
8 2 . . ( ( 0#
7 3 ! * . 9 ? / @
. ) ?1 ###, < @ 2 ?: ) B " T :)G B 1 T )A B @)
1 = )G= 8 8 . 1 "A
"
,
a )A ) # a A ") * a ) =
? @
? @
! I C ?/ @) 2
%&
/ ( (
$
%$$ 0 (!
2 * E ( 3
) ( 9 . 1 "A? / )1 ###, A @
! 7 . 1 "G C ,L
. 1 " C ) 3 . > ( 7 . 1 "A
! * ? B@ ( 9 I
) B / ) I (
. ( .
,
' a G ;U) * a ) ) ( 3
? @
? @
% * . ) . ( ( 0# ((
( ! * . 1 "A C ? / )1
###, @ * ( ?9 87 G j @ ? )A, )A B @
I ? )A, B @ / ) . C ? / G@
( . 3 ? , GB T )G,: B ` @)
( .
%&"
,
a )A ) # a : ") * a )
? @
? @
% (( ) 8 . ( 2 > 1 ," , ) 97 * ( .
P,1 " A) |A," :)<1 ) | ," <)A1 R& ) S) P,1 " A? @ *
| ,K," G1 G ) Q," G1 <? @ R' ) S) Q,1 " G) |A," :)<1 ) | ,K," G1 G R ) AS
2 > 1 ," , ,` . 1
"
* 3 ( . |A," :)<1 ) |,
" <)A1 / ) I )9 87 : B ) .
8 8
$
%$$ ! 1 !
8 2 . . 3 . * )
. 1 "G C ? / )1 ###, : @ 1 "A C ) /
,
a )A ) # a : ") * a )
? @
? @
%&#
/ ( (
* . 3 . *
?0 ###,<@) . . ) ( *
8( 8 ?1 ###, : @ ( . 1 " G)
. 1 "A
F !? ( L .(
3 E ( 7G :G)G , :A): )A , G) ) , G) ) , ) ) = , )G
6 E 6( 8G :) , : )= G) , =) ) , )G ) , G): )G , )<
/ 3 . ( * 8 * ? ` a j @) 8 *
. * I . ) 8
7 3 8 ( ) I ? ,G j @
$
%$$
. ( 8 E
8 . 9 1 "A . 1 "G C ) 1 " C )
( / .
? , B @) I ? , B @ 8 8 *
' (( ? ) * ) w I @)
8 8 * 0# 7 ( .
|A," :)<1 ) | ," <)A1 E 2 > 1 D" 3 2` I . 1 "A
*
+*1 "( !
"#$%&%) "'' ()%
* 2 8 3 . (
?* J * @) 8 ) > 3 )
*E
E
7 8 3 3 )
8 . ?1 ###, =@
%%&
? @
? @
5 8 8 8 8 . )
. C
(( ) ( 7 * )
2 J
3= ;0 Z###, [
* 3J . ? @) ;0 J 7 0
,
? @ J 8 ? @7 0
/ * 3 (( * 8
8 E . R5 ) GT 5 )K= T /. )= T
-2 )K T . ) T )= S) 2 7 R5 ) G) -2 )K S
R5 )K=S . % (( ) 8 )
. * 8 8 ) * . 1 "A
1 " G -2 ; * R-2 )K S) 5 2 R5 ) GS *
1 " A) . 1 " G) 7 .
) 75 . R5 )K=S *
3 .
5 8 . 1 "A
8 8 8 C (( )
. 2 > 1 ," ,
, R' ) T & ) S) ( >
- ) . C
%%%
/ ( (
(( , )
(( . ) L 7 8 .
8
" ) (( . 1 "A (
8 8 ) . , (( *
> 3 3? ) ) * @ .
? ) @ (
2 . 7 8 ( E ) > ((
. #&
*
+*2 , " !' ) ("#$%' ) %'
- , .
( 8 , * ?1 ###, K @ * ?1 ###, K @ 8
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a )= ? @ ' a G ;U) * a )
* . 8 * , +& /
* 7 . 1 "A R )K S
3 . 7 . ) 83 3
. 1 "G 1 "A . / ) . 1 "G ,
J? @ ( (( 3 . ?=K +&
1 "G G +& 1 " A@ ? @ . 1 "G C
- . 8 j =j
* , * ) * 8 ) ( ((
%%
. . 1 "A? ` E @) 9
. ) ( ( * I ) H
( . 1 "A . 0# )
( * .
. ( * I
0# (( ( * 3 9 (
! =< +& $ . C ?1 " G? ) ` @@
GK +& $ . C ?1 " A? ) ` @@ * *
R )K S . 1 " A)
* *
/ 3 8 ) +& $ a K s K) 8 +& $ a K= s
G ) * 7 +& * .
> * ( ? @)
3 ( ) * 8
/ ) . * )
. ?1 ###, K @)
C ) `1
% ) . 2 8 ? ,
* E" ) * E" , * E ` E" @ * *
+& $
*
0* %'@ (%' 3
3%)! %'&% $ "("$ AF5%!F B
( 8 ( I ( ?1 ###,A
###, @) I (( . 9 ) * *
> 7 I
*
0*+ ( /'% ") '!$)!
$ %
- ) I ( 8 (
I( 2 ) ( ) 8
L ( 0# - ? * @) * ) >
. ) * * ?1 ###,G @
( 7 3 . ?1
###,G @) 3 * . ? ( @) *
, . 8
%%
/ ( (
? @ ? @
2 A7= E G L & " " + 9=39' < <" " < ! ?E/G " ! "
A3
N & " 1 " 1 " ! E X 7 HV '< X 3 ? ' 2 < G
' 8 8 , * ) * * ( 3) *
> ( 7 µ ?1 ###,G @ I (
8 8 2 . ( ) ? %5,%- @ *
* ? ,GG B @) ( 3 ?V ,G" 1<, @
) * ) 8
, ,
? @ a )A ) # a : ") * a ) = ? @ a )A ) # a :A ") * a )
/ 7 3 . ) )
%%
! * ) ( > I
( 8 ?1 ###,G @) 8 ,L * ",
, 7 ( 7 . R/ ) AS) 3 * ( *
* / ( .
, )9 ( 8.2 .> ( 8 ( -
( ( `"0 8 ) *
I ( ) 8 . > ?1 ###,G @
( 8 8 * ) 8 2 %- *>
. I I ( ?1 ###,G @
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) )( 3 ? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) ) ( 3
, ,
? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) ) ( 3 ? @ ' a G ;U) * a ) ) ( 3
/ 3 * ( ) ( 8
I ( 8 * 8 0# ) L 3
* ( ( 8
8 8 * 8 8 L 8
I > . I ) ?1 ###,G @ / *
) ( * ) 7 * I ?1
###,G @ % (( ) 3( * ) C 8 3 )
%%
/ ( (
* I ?0* a K :Y/@ 7 8 ( E !
* ( L 2 * 8 ( `1E`"0 8
8 ( 3 8 * 8 >
L ) 8.2 .> 8 . 9
( 3) 7 8 ( 8 L. 8
* I % * . ) ) (
* ( 3 ?1 ###,G @
- ) L ) 8 7
* I ) ) 2 )
* ( 3 ? > ( 7 j @) I ? ( 9 @)
I 8 - ) ?1 ###,G @)
* 89 ( 7 8 ( `1E`"0 8 *
* (
3 . ( ( 0#
(
% ) ) 8 9 ,C ?1 ###,GG@)
* ( ) ( * . > I
) 8 ? ` @
,
a )A ) # a =A ") * a ) KA
(( * 8 3 (
8 " ) 8 * , * ?1 ###,G< @ 7
8 ( * 9 3 ,C 7G j
%%
, ,
? @ a )A ) # a :A ") * a ) ? @ a )A ) # a : ") * a )
8 8 * 7 9 3 ) )
( 7 * I I ! * ((
* 9 ,C H 8 ( 8 * )
8 < j 7A j - *> ?1 ###,G< @ *
8 I ( ) * I ) 7
3 *L * - ( * ( *
#? 7 8 ( @ - L ) 8 I
H ( 9 3 ,C ) 7 < ,A j
*
0*0 , '"!
" ( )." "#$%
! ? ) , )< B @ ? )<, ): B @) 8 2 .
I ( 8 , * E
*> ( ) ): B ?0
###,A@ / , ( 8 ? ) B @) 3 > (
8 I ( 83 8 . > 8
E . (
I 8 8 * I (
8 0# ?0 ###,A@ > 7
I ( (
( A2 < ( 2 <
F !? 1 1 `
) , )< )< , ): ) , ): )G , ): ) , )
) ) , )= ) , )G )A , )= )G , ): G) , )
%%
/ ( (
(( 0# L
8 ( 0# 7 8
% (( ) ( I ( ) 2 . *
I ( ) C 8 (
7 8 ? G)A B l R1 S l A)A B
AAY/ l 0 l Y/@) 7 ( 8 ? )
B @) 3 . I (
. > 7 (
' 0# ) ( ( ? )G, ): B @ 8 8
* * 7 8 E 3
( ) 3 * 8 , * I
* ?G, B @ ( ( I ( 8 )
(
* * I ( 8 2
( - ) 8 . I 7 ( 8
8
8 I L > 7 ( ? )A, )A B @
I * A B / I 7
8 8 * ) I ( ) L 7
(
( ( ? * @)
( 7 8 ( ?9 87 @
. > * > % (( )
8 7 8 ) ( 7 ?* . #&@) ((
( 8 ? = - ) * J ? @) - (( (( (
,
8 ? @ J 8 ? @@) 8 * (
8 I ( " ) . > * ( * 8
. * ( 8 ( I .
( ) * > * 8 ( ) ( F
. > ( 8 I ( 8 * *
7 ( * ?1 ###,GA@ *
, ,
* ( 8* * 8 > )
) (( ( ( * ( )
.
%%"
? @ a ? @ a )
? @ a ) G ? @ a ) <
*
0*1 , " !' ) ("#$%' ) %'
"( 8* 8 I ( I (( .
8 ) ( 7 , C 8
R )==S) (( 8
, ,
' (( ? ) l* l ) @) I
( )A A `"0 * <
?1 ###,G @ * ( I
( 8 ) +& A a G 7 * `"0 ?*
2 : +& A @) * 8 h 9 87
?+& A a @
%%#
/ ( (
" I ( ) ( ) Mv β88 ( 7
8 ,0< ' `"0)
* I ( ? !@ .
) 3 - `"0
I ( ) . )
7 ( 3 ) > . ,
. ) . I 7 ( 8 * 8 ) ,, ((
I ( - L ) * * ) 2 . *
(( 8 ( * `"0) I
(
* * 0# ?1 ###,G:@) *
* 8( 2 . I (( 8
) 3
%&
% ( ) 0# ?0 ###, @
* I ( I (( 8
A3
F !? E? G - , - L - L(
) , ) G :
) ) =, ) < :G =
*
0*0*
2 /(!
.9'%
( 8 " ,0< H I ( )
* 7 G B 7 GA B ) I
(( . ) 7< ) ( A
B 7 A B ( ) * 7 8 ( `1E`"0)
* ( *
( . ,
I ( 8 7 * ( 3 I )
( 7 8.2 > ( ) *
8 * 0# *
( ( ! * ) 8 . > 8 E
. 8 ) ( I ( )
I 8 8 * - > ) ( I
I ( 8 0# 7
I ( ( / ((
3 . 8 ) (
0# 8 ) 3 (
* () 7 ) )
9 C )
> * 8 (
3 . ) 7 (
(( 3 % ) L ? 3 @
* Y :AY ?
@ L 9 7 ) 8
' 0# ) 3 . ) 2 )
* I I )7
8 - L ) 8 I 7 ( ,
* 3 . I *
%%
/ ( (
()$'" (
8 E ( ( 7 ? @ *
( 8 ) ( ?0# @
* . (( 8 8 8 ) *
8 I ( 8 H ( .
9 . 1 " A) . 1 "G C 1 " C
> ( 8 . * * J? @ 7 8
8 ) ( > ? )
* @) ? @ 8 8 * , * ?G@ ) ( 3
(( 3 8 * ((
( 8 * 3 )
( * * 8 * ) 8
,
8 ? * @) 0# ? * )
,
@) * . (( 8 0 ( )
8 * 7 0# / (( *
8 ( 0# H (
8 ? " 7 8 ?0 x 0( " @
3 @ * 8 ( E ) )
7 8 8 ( ?/. #&@ " )
,
( ) 3 ?' a G ;U) ): l* l )
,
@ 8 7 8 ) )<
( 0# ) ) )A ?# a =A ") aK
, ,
&) ) = l* l ) < @ ( 3 (
?K= , = Y/@ 7 0# ?:= ,= Y/@ / ((
8 ? @ 9 ( J
? @ `1 * * I
( 8 * ( 3 ' 8 * ( 3
? 0# @) 8 * ( ) 9 ( C
8 . 9 ( 3T
? @ ( I ( 8 7
* ( T
?G@ 8 * . ( ? , Aj @ 3 )
( 8 3
? ( (( . #&@
%
/ ) ( 8 ) E
. !) 8 2 8 (
8 . 7 j ( 8* ( / >
3 3 . (
- > ? ) )
* @ 3 . ? ) @) . , ((
* . #&
8* (
. & *
%
/ ( (
5
R" ) S - "$- %U ) " 2 " U )
) K ) A , A=
R5 ) S " 5% 8/+ V) # * ( ( ( . , D (
2 ) ) K ) ?A@) <,
R5 ):GS " 5% 8/+ V) ( . ( , D . 2 9
2 ) % & " ## ' ) - / ) K:G
R5 ) GS " 5! " "-) / % ! %00") " 5% V%5# ) " " 5" #) V
D ) " ) G)
G G) AG,
R5 )K=S V 5! /+%) 1 5" 5#% ) " /! %0) # 2 D. D
) " ) KK=) <K) :,
:A
R5 ) GS 5 /V$% ) " k 9 ( D . ) )
G) , ) = , =
R/. )= S " /+"/ !$%) % . ( .
8 *L 8 8 8 , ) K= )
0.> ) '.2 ) * I
R/ ) AS % /#/" ") - 11%0) + "$- `% %U V#) - %&% ) # $"0) + ;
", , 2 D , . (( )
" ) A) GKA) ,K
R-2 )K S & # - 5V!&) # ( =/ , $ D . )
" ) KK ) A) G A,G GG
R1 ) GS & 1%- "$#$) D 2 D ) &
G) :) ?<@) G <,G :
R ) AS #! #) 5 # !0) $#/! %) 0. ( . (
D I , 2)
" ) A) < ) G, =
RV ) GS V"0" " ") #` 0"$#) D ( )' (
# / " ( % ,!
?#/" %!8 G@) ? "@) G
RV ) <S V"0" " ") D ( 2 )
& ) <) =) ?=@) =, A
RV )K S V"00$% ) KK ) 5 2 2 . ) % ) 2 ; )"
# ) ' ;) !+) "
RV )KKS V %# % % ) %'! -) ' ( " , 0
5 ; !* 5 / ( )' (# 8KK
RV ) <S V %# % % ) 1 U" $% ) %'! -) - * ( 9 ,
( ( , 9 ) ' ( # 8 <) <)
1 ) ")
R ) AS + " V"$0) / U" "$$) % ) V! 0%) 5 0# $) + ,
+" -%$U"$ % ) "0`% ) 1 3 9 ( D .I
)" ) A) ) ? @) K,
R )K S /& "-+ -"$") 0. / / ) KK ) J 1 1 )
. J ) A
R ) S / " % #0"0, % %$%0) % ( /E"
( * . ) .> %
$ ' ) )
3) '
R ) AS ! " 0#$!$) " 8 8 8 * )
A) -%") * 8%* 2 ' 4#
%
R ) AS " "0+#% ) % 8 . > E (
J . . .2 , . ) 0.> ) > 2 ) .>
* 5 ) A
R )A S " # % ) % U " !$) ' ( ,D 9 D
) ) KA ) GA) ?:@) G G ,G =
R *)K S " $ "&%#$#V) & "5!&) # -` V!&#/+) & " &% % !&) & "
"$- #%$V!) & " #- "V#$) 1 ( . ( . I (
, D D .. D . D, )
) KK ) ) ? @) <GK,<<
R ;) G S 0 "V" #) V $"V"0") + 0!$ ) +#!) - 9 (
2 9 # I ) 5&) G) G ) ? @) GA,G:
R ;) G S0 "V" #) V $"V"0") + 0!$ ) +#!) - 9 (
2 # I ( 3 D ) &"& & ) G) <G)
? @) AK ,
R 2) AS # " +#0") 0!+) "V"+! #) + !V ") # $"V" "U") 4
#$,6 "$) D ( 2 2 .
2 . 2 ) & ) A) K) ? @) =:, K
R' ) S - '#% %) 1 5" 5%" ) '% !$$%0) 1 5! % %0) / &#" ")
2 . ( D ", 2) 3 3
6 2) ) K<, KK) AKG, AK=
R ) S - "5V#$) & "5!&) 0. D ( ,
2) % 2 7 "% 7 ) K ) ?:@) ,:
R ) <S "0+!-) V 0 $") ( " " 2 A A D,/
2 U ) ) <) ,
R 2 ) S & "5!&) U J 2 )
) ) <A) G, =
R 2 ) S & "5!&) " # +/+%$V!) %(( ( D 2 ( , D
9 .) # 5 & ) ) G ) A :,
A
R . ) S + +"+&% -#) +! " +/+#) +"5% 0" #) +% "`#)
2 ( ( D )
) ) <) G<A,GA
R ) S & " #- "V#$) & " 5! !&) & V+" 0!&) 5 D (
2 D, ) ) ) <A)
GA, <
R& ) S / &#" ") '% !$$%0) 1 5" 5%" ) 1 5! % %0) 5! #4) # (
. 2 2 ( D . ) ' 2#
) < :, <
R )K S " " ") V ! "U") 0 0"V") D ( .
D . ( . J 9 (
. ? @) & ) KK ) ) ? @) K A,K:
R )==S %! "$ ) . 2 * D 9
2 A =G . (( ( ,D D ; ) ) K==)
) GA,<
R )= S & $ % % %$V!) & $"0"$`!$) & # - 5V!&) 0. (( (
. D. ( 1 "A . , 2 )
" ) K= ) ) :<=, :A
R`. ) S + 0 `+"$ ) / 1%$ ) ' +%) + +"/V ) # ( .
( ,I , 9 2 (
D , I ) ' : ) )# '
R`. ) S U - `+ "$ ) 0 U %" " ) ( D 2 J
( 9 )" ) A) ?G@) A,
G<
%
: 7
55 5
. 8 . * L >
) . ( ? 7
µ @ (
8 9 ( 8 2 . , (( ( * >
> 3 3 7 .
( ) ( 8 ( (
. 3 2 . 8 (
E 8 2 83 3 7
i * ) ) * 8L 8
(( 7 8* 8 .
/ . J
@ > ) ( > .
( 0# ) 8 8
* -/ < 8 8 " ,0< T
@ > (( * 8*
8 .
%
2
:
I LA MODELISATION THERMIQUE PAR ELEMENTS FINIS DU MOUILLAGE REACTIF
128
?3 // 2 1 " ! !1 " "2 36;
# 8 . K
# / 3 G
# G . G
# G 7 8 G
# G GG
# <& > 83 G<
?6 " ! " 2 !& 378
# - ( > GA
# ' 3 GA
# . G
# G G:
# </ 3 G=
# GK
# & > <
# - <
# /2 . <
# / 2 . ( 3 <
?7 " ! " 2 !& ) 357
#G - ( > <G
#G . <G
#G G <<
#G </ 3 <A
#G < % . * 3 <A
#G < / . <A
#G <=
#G & > <=
#G - I ( <K
#G /2 . A
#G / 2 . ( 3 A
II CALCUL DIFFUSIONNEL DE LA CROISSANCE DES COUCHES DE REACTION 152
?3 // 2 1 386
?6 -$ !1% " 387
?7 !! 385
## G } . AA
## G }* . A
III CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES 158
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
: 7
55 5
& "' !
" (!
.% "#$%, %(!
'3"("'&$
$" -% )!
"3
8 H ) ) (
* ( I
9 ) 8 8 /
. > 8 * * ( ) * L
3 2 . /8 8*
8(( 8 . )
8 * R5 ) < T ) S
% 3 . > .2 7 8 8 8 ? ) 2 @
. > ? * ) _ @)
. 8 * . -
L ) 7 8 ) . > )
9 /8
3 ( ?"5"6 ) "$ ) /" 0% ) /! ! @
? U% -) " 0% @ > 7 8 " )
.2 .> ( ( . )
8 ) > 3 3 ) 8
2 . 8 "( 7 > ) * >
7 8 E (( . >
.2 9 * ? 8 @ H 7 8.
R ) T ) S $ 8 * )
8 . > ( 8* ( >
E( ) * )
(( . ( )
0# ) .2 .> * L ( * )
I ( ) . *
%"
2
*
+ ,,%' " " - ,."#$%' '$ & "' !
" (!
.% "#$% &$
' $& -%
*
+*+ ' $!
" ( &% #$ !
" ( &% ). %$
8 . 8
. ,L 2 > (3
? 7 > @) ?!) 3) 2) I@ > 2
, (( * > 7 . ) , ?!8) 4) )
`@) > % )1 #&,
- \ 7 * & 83 I) 8
3 > Z#&, [J
3 4 a3
2 ~ a2
* J )|J 7 8 ! > (3
. 8 7 8 .
Z#&, [ 8 J
∂0
ρ ⋅/ ⋅ = * ?λ⋅ 0@ + 6 ?3)2)I) @ Z#&, [
∂
,G ,
* ]J ?; @) / J . ( ? ; V, @) 0 J ?V@) d J
, ,
* . ?U V @ 6J * . *
,G
?U @
%#
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
*
+*0 (&"!
" (' $6 " "!
%'
# ( 3 .
* 2 * 3 ! ( ) ( 3
> ) 2 ? - . @ Z#&,G[ 2 ( 3
? $ @ Z#&,<[J
* 0J > ?V@) 0 J ( 3
> ?V@
- ) ( 8 > J
- 9 ) >
. * * ? .> ) > ) @
* L 7 * 3 2
* * 3 * Z#&,<[)
* . 7 * ? > ) @
> * ! * I R )KAS (
2 ( 3 * ( Z#&, [ . * g
E 2 > ) ( 3 7 > J
= −λ ⋅ ∂0 = −
λ ?0−0 @ Z#&, [
∂
,
* 8 J J ( 3 . . ?U @) d J *
, ,
. 8 3 ?U V @) 0 J ?V@) 0 J 8
3 ) ?V@) J 8 ? @ J 3
%&
2
λ . > 7 (( 8 . * ()
> *
*
+*1 & "' !
" ( &% ' $ )%&%). %$
. * ( -
3 2 . * ) 7 8
* 7 I ( 8*
. .
$
%$$
% 4
. R )< S . ( .
KG " 9 8. ) > 2 > 2
. / ) . 8 2
. 7 3 ( (
. )
/8 2 . 7 3 ( )
I ) 8 .
( ( 3 . *
%%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
8 2 ; * C ( )
, ( . ; ( ) > 7
. ) 8 * J
G ⋅ (ξ G3 G2 GI
?3)2)I@ = 6 ⋅ ⋅ 3 − ⋅ 3 − ⋅ 3 − Z#&,:[
⋅ ⋅ ξ ⋅π GE ξ
* •a ( 3 ( ( (( w ( a T ( ( = ( ( = T )
(+ (+
. 3 3 ( J J , ? @) J (
? @) ( J , * ? @) J , > ? @
6 a η. # Z#&,=[
* 6 J ?U@) P J ) > J J
?&@) # J ?"@
; 8* * ( ( (
? * . > * (@ 2 .
(( 7 8 ?0# ) # ) @ / )
(( 8 ( A > ( )
H > (
7 3 . (
8 ( > . 7 8 *
* I ( 8 ( ( ? @
, ? @ ? ( @
8 * ) 3 8 . ( >
V RV ) S 3 (
83 8 % 8 ) ; R )=<S
( = = > . *
* )7 H (
% * . ) % (( )
>* * B = B
0# ) = B * ( R )=KS
- R- )KA T 1 )K T )=KS
0# 7 - * :B = B
%
2
* 7 8 0# 8 32
. 2 ? @ ? 7 8 @7
I ( 2 . * >
R )=KS 7 ( ?G ,= B@ - R- )KA T
1 )K T )=KS) * * 8 ?G ,< "@
,
? , &@ * (3 ? )<=, ) @ % * . )
, ,
* ? ) < l* l ) @) > 3 ) H
R1 )K S
$
%$$
) * ? ( 3 @)
8 ( 8 ? @
7 . 8 . *
(3 ? 2 3) @
( ( 3 * ) * * ( 3
( 3 1 "(
L ) + R+ ) GS
> 7 C ( . > 7 C
* * ) * 3 / R/ )K S
R )KKS # 3 > 2
2 ; 2,. R1 )KAS 2 R )KAS) 8*
. * ( ) C
.
7 8 ) 9 C 7 ( > )
) 9 ( 8 -
. )
( L R- )KGS)
( 3 , ) .
;
/ 7 8 ) 8 ( 8 ?a
8 @ % (( )
( . ? 2 ( //- ( @
7 ( * ? 3 g 7 . .>
@ H ( ( 3 . (
/ ( 3 8 > * * ? * (
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
( @) 7 (( . i I
( ) ( (
*
+*2 : "& !
" ( &%' &9%'($ "#$%', %6, "%()%
! * ) 7 8 ) 3 . > .2
9 L >
( 7 > ( .2 .>
# * * 3 > 7 83 )
8 * ) 3 % )
L ( * 9 ( )
2 ?. ) . , ) . , @) *
3 ( 7 .
> 7* > . 8 2
' . 2
3 3 .
I ?`1 `"0@ 7 *
- (( . * L 2 .
3 3) . R5 )K= T / ) < T ) S) 2 ( , R+ ) GS)
. . ( , R ) AS ' . ) . ?0/@ 7
9 . 2 / . 3
* J? @ * 2 )? @
9 . ?G@ 8
8
* L 8 *
* ) * !
R- ) <S)
(( 2 4 ? > 3 @) .
R ) AS) i * I 7(
- ) . . 7 2 . 0 a( ? @ 7 8 (
E ( ) 7 8 8 > (( ) .
8 2 . * 7 ( ) (
* 7 3 ) 8 ( ) 8
(( 3
%
2
*
0 & "' !
" ( &$ $" -% )!
"3 '%
! . )7 8
( U% - R 2 ) S 8 *
7 ) ! 2 ( 3 * (
7 I R )KAS .
7 * 8 ) 7 * g
8
/ . 3 * 3 8 ) 8*
? * @ 2 . 3 3
? . V@
*
0*+ 3
"("!
" ( &$ &9%
$$
%$%' (( ( ,
3 ( R )K S
#&,
ET G =5 (9=39
,
d ?U V, @ / ? ; ,
V, @ d ?U ,
V, @ / ? ; ,
V, @
6= A <= : =K
3==
5== <A AKA
89= K
98= G
0== = =:A
8 ρ = := ; −G 8 ρ= : ; −G
' ) >
. ( 8 = ): A ; − 8
(
= G) K A ; − - ( 8
(
. ( 2 .
3
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
$$
%$
- 3 ? ( , ( ) *
8 Y@) (
) × ) 8 2 ( //- (
( . ?1 #&,G@
? @
? @
8 ,L 3 ( 3 ( .
. 3 8 8 Z#&,K[ ! 8 8 , n
I −&
€ =€ ⋅ − 3 − I −& * 3 + < Z#&,K[
3 3 I
I
* 3 I J , 3 ?? 3 a ) I a )G @) € J ( 3
= , ,
?€ a ) U @) & J * ? @
3 8 8 *
7 8 ? ) j @ / 7 8
.> 8 8 " ,0< ?1 #&,<@) 3
( ? @ (( 8 $ J "
%
2
8 ( * ,7,* ( 3 (
% (( ) 8 ( 7 AAY) ( 8 ? /
= @ ( . * KA B > = B ( 7 8 /
(( 7 * 8 8 8 (
8 * 8 " ( $ J " ?G B 7 8
@) ) G ;U 3
) 7 8 Z#&,K[) * ( 3 ( € !
> 8 ( 8 83 3 I) ( 3 Φ a ( ?3)I@
8 Z#&,K[ 7 ?G U × )G = K U@ !
= ,
€ a ) U
$$
%$ 5( (
8(( ( 8 " ) 8 * ) (
8 8 ( 8 / *
) ( ( )
I ) . . 7 * 8 ( $ >
7 8 ) 8 )
) * # 8 J? @
? K Y@) ? @ ( ? 3 @ ?G@
8 C
8 8 ) . I 8 -
L ) 8 > ( 8 3 ) 8 (
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
* . (( 8 (
) 8 8 ( 7
! . 8 )
C ( 3 ) 8 7 I .
8 * A Y = Y) 2
:AY ?1 #&,A@ (( 3 ?' a G ;U)
, ,
): l* l ) @
2 A8 2 " + / 2
I . C × * )
8 8 / (
C ? ×K @) ( 8
* * ? G @ 8 8
( ? ( @) 8 8
* 9 * 8 ,9 ) 7 ( 0#
! ( 8 ( 3 (
3 8 AA< GG
3 ( * '< ) +I "
" () . (
0
"5"6 < R' 2) S) ( ,
$$
%$ ,
3 2 J
, . * 2 * 3 T
, . 7 * T
%"
2
, . 7 * 8 ?
8 8 ) . C 2
×K × ) @
0 8 . * 3 *
? @
? @
2 A9 "! # !
,
* (( 8 . * ( * 8 ?. @ 7 AU V, R0 )KAS)
3 ?0 @ (3 7 KA V 8 * ?N@ 8 (3 7 )
8 7 ) R0 )KAS / (( ) .2 )
% ) . * ? / )1 #&, @
8 8 7 ( 3 * ( ? =−
λ ?0−0 @ = − . ?0,0 @ @ * . 7G
g
,
U V, R )KAS % ( ) 8 3 ( 8 ? " @)
, , , ,
." 7A U V ) 8 ? " @) ." 7 U V
7 * C ?1 #&, @
*
0*0 '$ ! !
'
" 3 ( ) 8
. 8 2 *
( ( C Z#&,K[
%#
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
$$$
%2
* > 7 2
. 83
$$$
%$%6
2 ?1 #&,: @ , ?
8 @ . 3 7 (
* L
* ( . 7 Y/ ?0( a Y/@
? @ ? @
,
' G ;U * ) ?1 #&,: @)
A)A s )A G)A ) 3 ?1 #&,:
@ A × )A
, ,
* ) ): l* l ) (
2 > ( 7 * 3 / L
7 , (( * ( )
,
* ( ? ) , @ 7 8 / ((
L ( *
( R/ )K T ) AT )KKS 8 8 *
. 7 8 H
3 7 ( (
%&
2
$$$
%$
2 . ?1 #&,=@ . V 7
< C * ( ?1 #&,= @
? @ ? @
2 A0 " $ !1 # ! #E @5 G !
/ 2 < 4 ? A3 !E/G < X 3 ?
X 7 HV !E G < X =' A3
3 , 2 . 8 *
3 8 ) L *
. (( ( 3 / )
3 E * * ?1 #&,= @
2 . 3
8*> ( (( .2 .> (
> ) ) C ( 3
$$$ 3 ,
> . * 2 . 7 8 (
E ?1 #&,K @) * . *
. ?1 #&,K @
, ,
* ? ) 7 ): @)
8 '? , @ ) H (
*
2 . ( ) 3 ? K= Y/ 7 = Y/@)
, ( 8 ? ) 7 )< @
%%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
? @
? @
2 . * L * ( 8 C
8 7 ( 8 * (( * * ( .
. 3 . n ! * 8 8
2 . ?1 #&, @
? @
? @
2 . H 8 )A ) ( ( 3
. / > 8*
) ( 8* 2 .
8 ( 9 8 3 > (( 8
2 . * 7 (( 8 ( )
I ) ((
( 8 . ?' . ##@
%
2
*
1 & "' !
" ( &$ $" -% )!
"3
( 0# 3 % (( ) )
3 8 8 ? @ L
83 - ) ( 8 >
. C 8 8 ) ( 8 (
* ( . 7 * 8
+ ) * 7 8 >
( % * 89 ) W X >
* 83 ( I ( 3 -
) . L I ( 8
8 ) ( . 8
) ( * > . ) (
% ) 8 ( 0#
C 8 ) g 7 . 2 ?" 3 G@)
8 * ( >
. 3 (( ( 8
. > ) ( ( >
*
1*+ 3
"("!
" ( &$ &9%
! . U% - R 2 ) S
8 C
. 8 8
" 3 . 3 ?0 #&, @) *
, , ,
89 8 " : J d a G< U V ? Y/@ AU V,
,
?= Y/@) / a == V V, ? Y/@ V ,
V, ?= Y/@
/ ) . ( 8 8
) (
$$
%$
! ;) Z#&,:[ . 0#
> ? , ( @ ( 7 *
, * ? (@ > ? @ ( 7
. V RV ) S 83 8
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
> ? ) # * &@ 8
( 3 . 6
* ?P@ 7 8 ) ?" 3 G@ = B)
, ,
* ? ) = l& l ) < @ ! ( 8.2 .>
3 ( ? , "@
( ?:A,KA "@) *
R- )KA T 1 )K T )=KS
> . #&,
3 6
" ! P ?B@ = =
,
! &? @ ) < ) KA
?&@ =)K K)
! ! # ?"@ =G =G
! ! ? @ )= )K
A 2 ? @ )A )A
A 2 < ! ( ? @ )A )<
A 2 % ? @ ) )
$$
%$ +
C 8 8 ) ×< × )
× < × A ?1 #&, @
? @
? @
%
2
? < K ::: @ * G-
? G @ ! (( I ?= l
Il @) 8
* ,7,* 3 ( C 8 EC 8 C
8 E 8 8 ( ) ( *
. > % ( ) ( ( 3
( , 3
3 ( <. * '< ) +I
"
$$
%$ ,
$$
%$$
%7 0 ,(
/ ) . *
$$
%$$
' 3 ) ( ? F 8 8 ) . ((
8 7 * 8 ( @) .
* 8 (
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
( . 3 .
3 3 7 * (
R )K S * Z#&, [J
" × f0
6 = . × " × f0 = Z#&, [
,
* 6J ?U@) " J ? @) . J . ?U V, @) J
. ?U, V@ f0 J 3 (
?V@
. .)
.) 8 . . I 7 8 ( J
. =. +. Z#&, [
,
* . J ?U V, @ . J I ?U ,
V, @
7 3 3
? * . ) ( @ 8 Z#&, [J
. =
) Gd z ' )K<
⋅
+
() Z#&, [
⋅λ ⋅λ
* dJ * . 2 λ= ?U ,
V, @) J
λ +λ
2 = + ? @) QJ 2 ?1 #&, @)
,
. J ?U V, @) + J ? ' @ 'J
? ' @
/ * 3 (
( # 3 * 8
I 3 J
λ
. = Z#&, G[
δ
,
* . J I ?U V, @) d J * . I ?U ,
V, @ oJ
9 2 3? @
% > 3 ) I # 3
I *
R )KGS ' ( ) ?l ' @ I ?. @
%
2
L ?. @ % * .
?x ' @ I 8 3> 7 >
,
?d a ) U V, @ ! * 7 8 G
: ,
U V, ?1 #&, G @ * 3
,
d ?U V, @ + ? ' @
" : <
" -/ < A
? @
? @
" ) 8* 8 ( 8 8 7 8
* 8 ?/. ###) ' . # G @ 8
!) 3
. (( 7 /8
> .
, I 7 8 E )
(( ?. @ 3 T
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
, I E 7
( ?. @ R )K S T
, I C 8 ' I
3 ( ) ?.G@ 7
( ( ?. @) 1 #&, G
I C 8 8 ? .@
* 8 ) 2 E ) E >
( 8 ) 7 *
. . * 2 . 8
8 8 8
/ * ( . ( * ,7,
* ) U% - * 2 ( 3 * ( = . ?0 −0 @
*
1*0 '$ ! !
'
$$$
%2
* > 7 ? @ I (
?`1@ I (( . ?`"0@ 8 8 ? @ 2
. (( 8
8 > 8 . )
. ) ) * L ( W X > * 83
. (3 7 ( *
%"
2
() * 8 . ?. xx .G x . @ /
* 3 3 ?I ( 2
. @ 9 (
( 8 . ?. ) . .G@ .
( 3 . 8 H * I
( ? @ 8 ? @ 8 ?1 #&, A@
? @ ? @
. .G ? ( C 8 E @ ( )
> 3 ) H ( . ( *
I ( 8 ?1 #&, A @ ( (( . 3
7 ( 8 * ( I
( 8 8 8 2 . 8 9 (
2 . 7 8 ( E )
* > 7 I ( 8
* ( > ( >
#&,G
13 16 17
1 EV ? A6?
CA3G )A A G A G
$$$
%$%6 1 3
( 3 3 ?1 #&, @
I ( 8 % * . ) I
( 8 , * 8 * A B AB
* ( ) *
%#
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
/ 7 ( 3 . 8 * 8 ) 8
( 8 L
. . / , .2 .> ( > )
9 (
$$$
%$
2 . 3 3) . ((
8 ?/. ##) ' . ## <@ 3 2 ?1 #&, :@
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
%&
2
' . C 8 8 ?1 #&, : @)
* > 2 .
3 ( ? Y/@ * ( )
. > (
*
2 . ?1 #&, : @) 2
( ?,< B * @ 3 3 ? A Y/ l 0 l Y/@
8 2 ( 7 83 ) *
. (( (
/ ) , .2 .> ( > ? 3 *
89 . 3 @)
* 7 ( `1 8 ) 2 . *
(( 8 ) > I
" ) > * * 2 . 7 8 (
E ) * .
$$$ 3 ,
( . 8 8 . 7
* 8 ( ) 2 . i 8 8 * ,7,
* ?1 #&, = @ (( " 2 . ) 2 2
. i ?1 #&, = @) 8 > ( 2 . (
? @ ? @
%%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
( 3 ?:= ,= Y/@ * 2 .
2 . ? 2 W X@) * 8
⋅# , ,
? @ 8 ( * ? ) = l* l ) < @
&
L 7 8. 8 8
. % * . ) 7 8 8 * >
, ,
( * J ) * ) < ) 7 )A * ) =
)$ &"3
3$'" ((% &% ) "'' ()%&%') $).%'&%
)!
" (
8 2 . . ( (
8 9 . 1 "A - ) *
8 3 . 8 ?/. ###)
' . ## G@) 8
E . ) 7
(( .
*
+ ,,%' " " - ,."#$%'
. . ((
8 8 8 . ? :
K Y/@ 3 R5 ) GT 5 )K= T /. )= T -2 )K T . ) T )= S
2 2 7 8 . 1 "A
2 J
3= ;0 Z#&, <[
* 3J . ? @) ;0 J 7 0
,
? @ J 8 ? @7 0
! 3 R 2) A T ) AS ( E
( * (( - > R 2) AS)
* 8 4 . ( J
6
4=V ⋅ ⋅ 3 ?− @ Z#&, A[
0
, E ,
* V J )A= ) J I ( ? a =)G V, @) 0 J
,
( 8 0( " ?V@) 6 J 8 * . ?6 a = ; @) J
(( ? , 0( " ? @@
%
2
/ ) > V 6 .
R .) S , (( ? 8 . @)
( * )
, ( 8 ?0( a Y/@) 8
7 ( 8 / 2 > (
( . . )
( 7 .
R ) AS 7 3 8* *
7 2 . ) * 9 >
, ,G , E
(( ?6 a G=) ; ; a ) < @ " 2 .
3 7 8 8 . * 8 ( )
> 8 * ) 8 ( 2
*
0 /, !
.9'%'&$ ) )$
! (( * 8 .
1 "A ( 8 ( ( . )
) Z#&, <[ 8 8
8 . ) : Y/ K Y/
6
;0 = ; 3 − Z#&, [
0
,
* ;0 J 7 0? @) ; J ( ( )6J
, ,
8 * ? @) J I ( ? a =)G < V, @) 0 J
?V@
! ( ( ; 8
E ) Y/ ? ( 8 " @ = Y/
? 3 7 8 ( @
! ?0 #&,<@ * 8 8 *
6 (( * * *
* 8 (( ( 3 8 #
* 8 8 * * R- )::S
8 ( ?9 87 ) : B @ " ) *
) 3 8 8 ( ?G
B @ R/. )= ) 5 ) GS) . . > . )
7
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
B- '
8;D B '
44D B1 '
09D B 22'
09D B, '
;0D B, '
=7D
) ET G : ,K :G,= : ,K : ,= : ,K : ,K
A3
* EH^? G A=)= : :) AA :G)
,: , ,: ,G ,:
H= )<G <) )A )A G) A
, , , , , ,
H3=47 E 6?A3G )K ): =) = :) ) A K) A
,<
' (( ) * . 8 ( ( ?; a @
,
8 * ?6 a ; @ 2 7 (( ?0 #&,
<@) * ; a ( ?0@ ) 2 8 3
% (( ) )
* 8 ? 8" 7 GA
@ ( 8 ) *
> * ( 8 - ) 8
8 ) 8 ? " ? )< B 1 @@ ( ) 7
G
3 8 ( ) ( * ?l A @ 9
( 3 2 . 7 8 (
E" ?1 #&,K #&, = @ . ) > 7 .
* f 8 4 J
6
4 + = 4 + ⋅; ⋅ 3 − ∆ Z#&, :[
0
8 4 w 4 8
2 . / 7 8 R ) AS
*
1 '$ ! !
'
. (( * 7 2
. ) 3 3 7
* .
( ) 3 )
%
2
*
1*+ , "''%$ &% ) $).%&% )!
" (
( #&, K (( * '
?1 #&, K @) . ? 7 j @ >
3 3 ?G 7 A j @ ( * E )
* 8 8 ( 3 / (( 83 8((
W > . X9 ( 3) 7 . / . >
8 ) 8 > . (
8 8 * 8 *
3 8 ( 3) *
* ) * - 8 * )
( 8 7 (( I ) 8
/8 *
*
" ) . 0# ?1 #&, K @
* ? A, j , Gj @) 8
8 3 ( 3) 8 ,
* / 9 ( 8(( > . ( 3
( 0# ) g . 3 . 8 (
E
? @ ? @
" 2 . 7 8 ( )
) 8 8 . 1 " A)
* 8 8 . ( 8(( .
( 3 > 0# 8 .
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
(( )9 ( 7 2
* 8 8 ) 3 * 83
*
1*0 > $!
" ( ', !
" %&% ) $).%&% )!
" (
. ( 0# 2 * * (
I ( 8 83 )
L . ) i
( 8 ( . % 7 3
. , (( ) * *
3 , . . ) 8 7 8*
8 ( ?1 #&, @
8 ( 8
8 ( ) > 8* ? ((
8 8 @ 8 ?1 #&, @ $ ) .
8 I 2 .
?1 #&, @) 8 * 8 (
(( 8(( 8 / 9 ( . 3 8
W X ?1 #&,A@ . 3 ( 8
* 7 I . ((
8 ( ? . 3 @* L ) 7 \8 (
. ( ) 7 7
83 8 7 8 ( (( 8*
8 8 ) 3 E
8 ( ?1 #&, @) C ) I
8 ,
%
2
? @ ? @
83 8
8 * ( 3 ' * ( 3)
8 ( ) 7 8 (( > .
( 3) 8
%
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
8 > ( (
8 E ( / J
@ 3 8 8
3 -/ < 8 8 ) 7
K Y/) 8( I T
@ 3 . 3 (( ( )
0# ) ( > ? )
( 3) _ @) . ( 7 3T
<@ % ( ) 7 ) .
> 8*
. 8 ) 7 8 - L )
I ( 8 0# 7
> ) ( *
. > 7 8 ) , > ) 3
, .2 ?/! ! _@
%"
2
5 :
R5 )K=S ,' 5" -!$) 5 /" " $%) 0 ( ) ?
> . 0 ) KK=) :G
R5 ) <S , 5% +%" ) ) ?
> . 0 ) <) 5 ::A=
R5 ) GS " 5! " "-) / % ! %00") " 5% V%5# ) " " 5" #) V
D ) " ) G)
G G) AG,
R5 )K=S V 5! /+%) 1 5" 5#% ) " /! %0) # 2 D. D
) " ) KK=) <K) :,
:A
R/ ) <S /" #$) ' ! %!$) - /" !$) ' % " !$) - /! %-% ) $
(% 5 U . )5% #0
02 6 ) <) G) ?G,<@) <:, :
R/. )= S " /+"/ !$%) % . ( .
8 *L 8 8 8 , ) =
8 % 0 :) K= ) '.2
R/ ) KS /!!'% ) 5 5 #V#/) !&"$!&#/+) 0. )
& @ K K) ) :K,G
R/ )K S /! 0"$0#$#) ( 8
/ * 8 > ( 8 8 ) .>
* ' ) KK
R- )::S -%$$% ) - !$% ) V D
E ( . , I )
K::) <) :, :<
R- ) <S -%' "-% 4) ," G &
3 ) 0.> ) #$ " 2 ) <
R- )KGS / - 5! /+%0) 0 . ( 7 8
/! $ J " ) 0.> ) * 8! 2) KKG
R- )KAS $ - '!$0) " " -% ) 0. (( 2 ( D )
KKA) < ,<
R-2 )K S & # - 5V!&) # ( =/ , $ D . )
" ) KK ) A) G A,G GG
R% )= S % % % ) U " % ) + V"% /+%) D D 2
2 D , D : = Y/)
` . ( (• ; ) K= ) ::) <) GK, <<
R1 )KAS 1"55 !) V /+! 1) -2 ( . ; 2,.
D ) ## ) ) ) ?<@) < , <=
R1 )K S ' U 1 % /+5"/+) " V$! !& V ) " 2 ( (( 2
D ) KK ) =:, K:
R ) S 1 "5 #% ) # 0V"0 /+%$V!) ! 5 "$/+!0) / .
> . 0# ) "
> ' A ) A ) ?KE @) A,
R )=KS U + #%-0) $ 0" % #/!) ' U 1 % /+5"/+) 0" D (( 2J
( ) 9 K=K) =,G
R )=<S ! -"V) " /+"V "&" 0#) 5#55 ) " D ( ( D
. ) K=<) A5) KK,G A
R+ ) GS " +"5! -! ) / ) H
$ J " 8 8 ) = ' ) 2 ) G
3
R+ )AKS 0 +% "$$) -#00 #/+) ; ; ; * ( (•
)` . ( (• ; ) KAK) A ) ) :
%#
+ ( 3
3 ( 3
RV ) S $ V% ! " 0) 1 7 . 8 32
) = ' )' )
R ) S % #$- %$) $ ( D ) ' 2# ##
) KA) : , :G
R ) AS )+ ; ) A) )' . J % )& )< A
R )K S /& "-+ -"$") 0. / / ) KKA) J 1 1 )
. J ) A
R ) S %-" %) . ,.2
* ( ) $ )
' ) <
R .) AS " "0+#% ) % 8 . > E (
J . . .2 , . ) .> ) > 2 ) =
8 % 0 ) A
R ) AS )* :) 0. . D ;# A) . JEEDDD .D ;
R 2) AS # " +#0") 0!+) "V"+! #) + !V ") # $"V" "U") 4
#$,6 "$) D ( 2 2 .
2 . 2 ) & A) K) ? @) =:, K
R' *) KS & '"&% #/) 0"$5"V /+#) ! " %+" ") ' % ) %3
. D ( . )
) K K) <=) ? @) KA ,G A
R )K:S % "$"0!U V#) " ' '!/U#" -!U V#) " 2 , * ( .
. 2 . +"` D ) 2 2 +
% J + / 9; ) KKK
R' 2) S ' '% %) #% ") 1 -% /+" 4,5%" %) - 0 " 0) 1 " )
(", 9 D . , * D ) "
)? @)
R )KKS ' ! %!$) - /! %-% ) - /" !$) ' % " !$) $ (
D ( J * 2 2 ( * 2
2 ) % + / 9;) + V - + 5 . , # (
) KKK) K G,K<G
R ) S 1 ! % ) V -"$ &"$) 8
" ) $ )' ) <
R )< S - ! %$0+" ) . . 2 (. D )
) K< ) ) ?A@) , G<
R ) S V "#-") U !$ ) V $# +# !0!) - I ( 2
D . ( )" ) A) )
? @) :, GA
R )KAS % " "`#$) 8 8 ) =
> ) KKA) )'
R )KAS & % "V) " +!'V#$ ) 2 D ) (
'.2 -J " '.2 ) KKA) =) <<G,
R . ) S + +"+&% -#) +! " +/+#) +"5% 0" #) +% "`#) V (
( D )
" ) ) G:) ,
R .) S V +#5"0" )1 ( . 2 2 . 1 ," (( )
# & ) K ) G ) G= ,G==
R )K S . ( 5 ;) : . % ) % %"5 q 55 ;
?5 D .q+ @) KK
R )KGS !$ ) !&"$!&#/+) 1 ! !!- "$) 0. (
( ( ) @ KKG) A) AGG,A<
R 2) S ( ) U% - )% # ! ')
R0 )KAS 0"#$%) ,' '%0#0) 0 ( . )# 3 ( )
G> )- ) ' ) KKA
%&
2
%%
:
/ . 8 2 E
( 0# > 7 8*
* 2 8 ? ) * ) w
I @ * ) 7
( ( > - )
( 8 * *
8 .
%
2
:
I ESSAIS MECANIQUES ...................................................................................................164
?3 " ! ! ! < ???
?????
? ?
???
??
????
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????395
# / <
# / ( 7 ? @ <
# " * E" <
# " * E"
# / ( ?0# @ :
# " 2 :
# 8 :
# ( :G
# # E" :G
# # * E" :A
# G# E I E" :
# G/ ::
# G/ ( 7 ::
# G / E0# ::
# G ' * 8 8 (( =
# GG/ (( 8
=
# <' . =
?6 " ! ??
??
???
? ?
??
??
???????
?????
? ?
???
??
????
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????305
II SIMULATION NUMERIQUE DE L’ESSAI DE TRACTION TRANSVERSE.....................185
?3 ! " ! ? ?
??
????
??
??
???
? ?
??
??
???????
?????
? ?
???
??
????
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????308
?6 1 " ! !" + / 2? ??????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????309
## / 3 =
## =:
?7 ! ! " ! " N & " ? ????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????300
## G " ==
## G " =K
?5 " ! !& " + ???
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????3;=
## < - ( > K
## < ' 3 K
## < / 3 K
## < " 2 0# K
## < / 8 K
## < & > KG
## < / 8(( KG
## < ( KG
## < G " 2 K<
## < G " 2 7 KA
## < G / 8 KA
## < G & > K
## < G G " 2 K:
?8 " " # &2 ! ? ??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????3;0
?9 !% " ! _? ?
?????
? ?
???
??
????
??
????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????????
?????????
????????
?????3;;
III CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................201
%
/ (
*
+ '' "'&%! )!
" ( ! ('>% '%
0 * * *
C
*
+*+ $ %'&%! )!
" (
$
%$%$
% 3 4 8 9
$
%$%$
%$%* 0 (!*
8 * ? , @ i * ? .
@ " 8 ) 8(( 8
H 8 * R ) AS . 8 ( *
8 ?1 &, @ ' ( *
8 , * ) 8 L 8 * . )
8 ( 3
* ( ?1 &, @ " )
8 I (
%
2
? @
? @
,
( 7 (( == $
, ,
KA $ / 7 ( 7 8 " ,0< ? $ )
,
@) ( 7 3 8 ? KA $ @ :A B
( 7 (
"( ( 7 3 3 )
8* ( L 3 ( .
? @ 8(( 8 8
8 ( 7 8 3 .
?1 &, @) * ? .
@ / * ) 3 (( R5 ) G T
V ) T ) GT ) <T )KK T )K T ) G T ` )KK S) L 3
? < j @) ,( ) . 8
3 ? , * ( 3@
% * . ) ( 7 ?1 &, @ 7 .
R 2) AS ( 7 )A ) * .
,
" , 7 * ? )A @) ( 7 7 * =A $
8* * . * 8 ?
`1@
%
/ (
? @ ? @
! 3 *
. " ) * C 8 -/ <
? ) @ C 8 " ,0< ? @) (
8 . ( 7 )A ) I ((
8 " I ( 7 )A ) * ( 7
( 7
$
%$%$
%$ * 0 (!*
8 8 * (( ( 7 !
2 * 8 ) ) * ( 7
, ,
$ ? ( 3@ A $ ? * ( 3J1 &,G@
? @ ? @
%
2
/ * 8 , * ) ( 7
8 7 8 . ?1 &,G @)
? ,< j @ ( 8 * - ) . ,(
? * * @ (
/ 3 8 , * ) ( 7
8* * . ?1 &,G @ % * . ) 8 ( 3
H ( 7
,
A $ ?:: , K<B " ,0<@ ( 3) . 7
,
A $ ?A: B " ,0<@ ( 3
$
%$%$ 3 8
.59
/ ( 7 ) 8 * 8 *
) ( . 8 ( 8 ?1 &,< @ '
2 8 ( 0# ? E" ) * E" ) E
` E" @) * 2 . ) *
( ?1 &,< @
? @
? @
,
( 7 ?1 &,A@ $ K
,
$ . 7 2 8
, * ( 7
,
( ) 7 A$ ) <= B ( 7 8 " ,0<
8 8 * 89 I * 8 , *
, ,
8 ( 7 7 * G $ K $ ?A ,:G B
" ,0<@ ? ) ,A)A @ ? ,G j @ .
%
/ (
* 8 L 7
( . . 8 I 7 8
( ) . ###
' ) 3
8 * ( 7 8 3 . % * . )
( 7 * * I
8 3 . # ( (( 8
* 3 ) L 8 8
. (
? @ ? @
* I ) ) 3
* ) ( 7
. / ) 7 ( > ) L *
8 3 *
( ( 7 8 , * L J? @
7 . ( ) I
?1 &, @) ( * ) ? @7
( . )
%"
2
8 I L 9 ( (
. ?/. #&@ ' 8 ) 8 8
8 I \ . ( )
?1 &, @) .
8* ( I ) E >
< KY/) . 7 8 ( E )
. ) ( ( 7
) 2 * * E
E I E
"( 8 ( 0# ) *
. ( > . /
, * * I ) . .
( ( * ?/. ###) ' . ## <@ " ) 8
. ? 7: @ H ( 7
,
? < $ @ K B 8 " ,0<)
( ) * 8 ?1 &,:@
/ ) * I ) * .
( . ( 8 )
97 * ( 7 (
/ ( 83 8 3 ? .
@ / ) .
( ?:)A @ > 7 * (
7 ? )A @
%#
/ (
*
+*0 ( /'%&%' &%'&% $,!
$%
- 3 ?1 &,=@ * 8 *
( 0# ' ?7
@) * 8 ) 0#
? @) 9 .
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
?( @ ? . ) @
( ( 8 ?7 @) ((
G 3 ( 8 8 8
, ) . 1 " A) 9 .
> ( R )K S
$
%$$
%:
' 8 ) G * 3 ( 7 2 )? @
, ,
8 , * ? =A $ @) ? @ 8 * ( 3? A$ @ ?G@
,
8 * * ( 3 , * * I ?0# @) ? G $ @ / ((
( 7 * L 3 ? )
`1 `"0@) ( ? )( @
* 8 , * *
`1) ( ?1 &,K @
8 ) , . ( > ? ( 7A j @ *
8 ( E ?9 . @
%&
2
?1 &, @) 8 * ( 3 ) H
8 ? @ / *
L > 8 (
! *
?1 &,K @
? @ ? @
? @
8 F *
) I \ 8 3
8 8 * * ( 3 ? @) 8 , * *
I ?0# @ . 7 :)A )
`1 `"0 3 * , * ) *
,
( 7 ? G $ @ / (( 83 8
* , * ?1 &, @
%%
/ (
? @ ? @
' * ( 3 ? @) 9
I ( 8 ?1 &, @ ?1 &, @)
, 7 * I ?1 &, @ (
,
9 ( ( 7 ? , <A $ @
8 I (
( ?/. ###) ' . ## @
? @ ? @
( 7 8 ?1 &, @)
( 7 ( 8 * ( 3)
7 * I
%
2
,
- ( 7 ? :G $ @ ,
* ) 7 7 * ( 3
* I % * . ( 7 * .
,
8 7 8 0< ? <A $ @
* * ( 3 * I 0# ) (( 79 ( ) L
8 * I ( ) 2 . 7 8
8 * 8 8 / )
2 ( 9 > 8 8 )
. > ( ) 7 `"0
$
%$$ : 3
$
%$$$
% !*
%
/ (
? @
? @ ? @
/ 8 ) 8 F *
) I \ 3
* 3 (( ( ? E/ / E" @
. / * .
( 7 ? @ ?0# @
8 ( . (( 2 4
?1 &, < @ ?1 &, < @
*
? @ ? @
8 3 (( R% )K T % )KAS *
. 1 "A C ) * .2 . . 1 " ! *
( > . 1 "G / (
%
2
2 * .
1 "A C 1 "G C ( 8
7 8 ( 1 " GE1 " A) 8* * * ( >
?1 &, G @ * . 3 8
8 ) 3 ( E/ / E" ) 7
8 ( 1 " GE1 " A
$
%$$$ 0 (!*
* 8 *
J ? @ 7 8 ( E . ?1 &, A @ ? @ 8
, . ?1 &, A @
? @ ? @
8 * C ( > ?1 &, @
. ( )
7 8 ( E . .
. * %- ? :,:A B " T A,GG B 1 @ (
. 1 "G E 1 " A) * 2 C
I 9 . ?K ,K= B " T ) , )<
B 1 T ,= B V@) 8 (
, . ! * I .
( 3 ?V ,G" 1<, @ *
( * ?9 87 = B V@
%
/ (
? @ ? @
8 2 ( > ?1 &, @ I
. I ?K, B ` @ 8 ) F
( 8 ) *
8 7 ( ) ( 8
8(( ?1 &,< @
$
%$$$ ! 1 !*
% ( ) 8 * ( > 8 * 8 I )
0# ?1 &, : @ 83 I (( J
@ E" ) * .
?1 &, :) 2 G@ . )
* 2 T
@ I . ( ?1 &, :) 2 @ * 7
8 ( / E T
G@ ! * ?1 &, :) 2 @) 83 7
83 . ) 9 " `
8L * (( ) (( ) .
1 3" 2) 7 ( 8 " ,`
? " ,` 7 G= Y/@
%
2
B " 1 `
, = <,A :,GG
A, =:,K ,<
G G, = <, = ,= ,
? @
? @
$
%$$
E ( 0# L
8 . ) 8 F
9 7 83 . ) (
* (
* . ? . 3 ( @) `1
`"0 8 8 I - ?
* 0# , * @) 8 *
( . F 8 ?
( @) * 8 2 ( .
*
+*1 , "' ( &%'3 )%'4 $,!
$%
$
%$$
% !.5
% (( ( 8 ?7 @
0# ? @) ( 7 * L
%
/ (
)A L
. . E
5 ( 3 ) * L 2 .
. * ) . ?1 &, =@
( 7 ( 8 ( * `1 -
L ) 8 ( 3 * 8 * *
L * ) * 7G ) ( 8 ? G
,
$ @
* * 0# *
8 I ?1 &,:@ 8 * / ) (
) . . `1 8
. 7 :)A ( 7 8
,
7 * E" * ( 3? < $ @ " )
C 8 -/ < * 8 " ,0<
8 ) . 7G ( 7 )
7 :)A ( 0# ((
,
( ) ( 7 3 < $ ((
( 7 ? * @) 0# ?
w I @
- 3 3 * L * 9 ( ((
0# ) 8 > . W 3X
W X
%"
2
> . 9 ( ( 7 ( 0# ) L
. ) 7 ( . ( )
( . .
( 0# * ) 7
7 . ' .2 .> *
L * 3 (( * J
@ . . ( 0# ? . )
( 7 * @T
@ ( E/ / E" * 8
. ( . 8 T
G@ 3 . ( 0# ( ? ) 9 @
8 / 8 F 8 3 3
. ) 8* * ,7,*
T
<@ ( ) > . 0#
( I 7 8 8 ( ) ( 3 (
)( . * (
. 7 3 (
* 3 3 (
7 ( .
8 .
3 ( 7
&,
) E! G E@ G
, ` , `
1 3 / ? @ 1 ?$ @ / ? @ 1 ?$ @
( 2 < , )A , A "
/ A3 " ! ! " / 2 /! ! / /
=5 ! 2 (9=39A 5 & " !` " 3 "+
%#
/ (
$
%$$ '(0 (
( 3
3(
" 3 3 C ) 3 8*
( 7 E ( 7
8 3 % ( 7 ? @) ( 7 7
K< B ( 7 8 8 L
I ( `"0 8 ) ( 9 ?(
@ 7 8 L 7
`"0 `1
! * L * 8 8 ) L
I (( ) 8 C 8 8 `"0 `1
8 ( 8 )7 8
. R$ ;) AS " ) C 8 8 )
3 . , 7 I
(( 8 ) ( 7 7 K< B
,
8 ) 8 7 <: $ * ?1 &, K @
L L ( ( ?0# @) L
* ( 7 ?1 &, K @
,
" ) 8 <: $ *
C 8 ) 7 * .
) I ( `"0
3
? @ ? @
%"&
2
/ ) ( 7
8 . > E ) * (
( # H )
( F E ) 8 >
. 1 "A
$
%$$ ( (
3
3(
8 C 8 8 -/ < 7 8 8
" ,0< ( 0# ) ,
?" 3 @ ?" 3 @ J ? @ (( ( )
( 0# ) 7 (
, ) ? @ 8 * 8 ?( " , ,
I 0# @) * ( 7 .
8
%"%
/ (
? @ ? @
" ( ) 8 * ? () , @)
? 0# @ ( ?7 @) ( 7
,
7 G $ L 8 3
8 * 8 8 * ?1 &, @)
,
8* * 8 A
*
+*2 , " !' ) ("#$%'&%') $).%'&% )!
" (
(( ( 7 0#
. * 8 (( .
1 "A 2 . , (( (( ?/. #&@ - )
7 . * ( 7
8 ?$@) . ) (
%"
2
? @) 8 8 (
?1 &, @ ( 7 ( >
? @
? @
# 7 2 . 8
?1 &, @) ( ?1 &, @ 7
?= ' 2 @ 7 *
0# ?< ' @ L 8 (
(( 7 * . ( 0#
L 7 (( ( E . .
E (( ( H (( 2 . ((
( .
! * 7 * * I )
3 * , * / ((
,L J ? @ 7 (( . .
I ) * 3 *
.2 .> ? @ 7 (( % (( ) ( 7
* ( ) 7 .
2 8 !) 7
8.2 .> 8 ( . ) 8
J? @ 2 8 )? @ (( 8
8 ?G@ ) * ) 8
3 3 3 .
%"
/ (
8 * > ( i *
2 " ) .
. > E L 7
8 * ?' . ##@
*
0 '' "'&%, !)
' (( ) * .
* 7 GK ' ) .
G)< ( 0# ?" E" @ ' )
)7 8 ( C 8 E ! (
* . ) ((
( 0# ( ( &,
G
( 7
π⋅ ⋅σ
( 7 . ) 8 2 <
< ⋅ / ⋅σ /
> - 8* ) 8 J
. ?2 : :A@ C ) C *
) * 8 ( . .
%"
2
" $ !
" ( ($ "#$%&% %'' " &%! )!
" ( ! ('>% '%
*
+ (! &$)!
" (
8 9 ( 8 * 8 8
* . ( 3
3 8 2 8 * ? , @
8* ( 7 * . ) 8
R )=KS . ) ( 3 ?1 &, <@
3 - ) 8
. ( J
@ 3 3 . T
@ , 8 8 8 8 T
G@ I (( 8 8 ?`1 `"0@
(( 3
/8 ) 2 L * 8
. / 2 8 2 97 * >
R1 ) <S) . 3 ? ) )
( 3 _ @) R ) S 2 R ) <S
8 * 8 ( ,L
* 8 / (
%"
/ (
( ? 3 . @ * 8
8 )
R" ) AS /8 ( (
8 8 (
*
0 , .%('" ( &$ ) , !
% %(!&% ''% -%
"( ( > 7 8
* 8 . 8 9 87 )
. ( 8
E I E ( 0#
*
0*+ (&"!
" ('%6, " %(! %'
8 2 3 .
G
( 8 ( 8 * 8
RU )KKS ( ( 7 ( 8 * C
8 % 8 * * 8(( (
?1 &, A @ 8 8 )
? 2 2@ . , ) I ?1 &, A @ ' (
, ? 5 ; @
' ) 8 ( 8
. , 7 8 G- . ? ) A @ (
7 ( 8 8(( 8 *
* I) 7 ( 8 ( &, A
8 * 7 83 . ?1 &, A @)
H ?w ): @ 8 )
( ?, ) @) ( 3 8
G
/ g 75 U ? /) 0. 3@
%"
2
? @
? @
! . , * . (
*
0*0 '$ ! !
'
( 8 7 3
2 ?1 &, @ . I G-
8 * ?1 &, @ . ( ?N22@
,. > 7 ( 8
? @ ? @
%"
/ (
! * ( ( ? B@ I 9 7
. ) 8 * ( ? )= B@ * 83
. ) ,L 7 ((
( * I (( .
8 / L 3 8 *
`1 `"0 8 ?/. ###) ' . ## G@ + ) *
( . > 8 * - ) ) (
3 ( 3 ? B@ L
( 8 /8 .
7 8 8 0# (
% 8. . ( `"0
8 * ( ( 8 * . )
8*> (( I
8 J I ( I (( . 8
8
*
1 !
% "( !
" ( &%' , , " ! ' ) ("#$%' &%' @ (%'
3 (&$%'
I ( 8 8 * 7 .
* . 8(( 7 8
* * I ( 0# !
8 3 . *
I ( I (( . /
, * * I R‚ )KKS) .
( ( 7 8(( R ) AS
*
1*+ )"%
I ( 8 * > 7
?1 &, : @ ! * I ( 8 ) 7
) * ( 8 7
%""
2
? @ ? @
( 8 ( 8 * 7 8
3 ( 7 )
* (
&,
( =5 ='
6 E G E G ( EF G
! " / = G < )
L & " A KG <)=
8 ( 8 7
*
1*0 $ "("$
I ( 8 ,0< ?1 &, =@
8 7 / 9 ( (
? M, @ * I ( ) 7 8
?!@
%"#
/ (
? @ ? @
I ( * ) 7 7
8 ( `1E`"0 * 7 / 83
8 `"0) H ( I
?1 &, = @) * 8 E ?1 &, @
I
&,G
(9=39A 5 ='
6 E G E G ( EF G
! " / =)G
L & " K G G)<
L ! < == : K)
*
2 & "' !
" ( %(!
'3"("'&% %'' "
8 * ) * .
* ( ) 8 ? `1 `"0@ %
( . ? ,G j @ * ,7,*
8 ) . 8 ! (
8 8 .
*
2*+ 3
"("!
" ( &$ &9%
( 8 *
( J? @ ( (( * . (
%#&
2
? @ / > 8 (
. 8 * ) 8
*
$$
%$%' (( ( ,
$ > ((
I 8 8 ?1 &, K@
? @
? @
3 ( ?`1@) ( 3
>
`"0 8 8 * L 2 8 )
?/. ###) ' . ## G@ 8
`"0 ? " @) 8 7 3
* 8 ? 8 @ ? 8 @ *
? @ ? @
8 * 3 ?1 &, : &, =@ .
I ( !
%#%
/ (
* ) `1 `"0 8 ) 8 %
( * * 3 . )
3 3 (
/ > 2D R 2) S *
8
$$
%$ ,
* * 8
) ) 3 > 8 (
? 8 * @ 3 ( 7 3
2
( 8
*
2*0 ( /'%&%' ''% -%' %( ! (', %()%
$$$
%
8 ? < @ ( &,G
. ( . ) ((
( 3
? @
? @
% 8 ( ) (( 2 W
8 X * ?1 &,G @
(( . G <
%#
2
! 3 3 E I E" ?1 &,:@
* > ) * ( 7
.
$$$ 2
$$$$
% 3
3
> *
3 ?1 &,G @ (( ?1 &,G @
. ( 7 *
1 7 /
,
$
0# < G /
0# G) < /
? @
? @
* 3 3 )
> ( * L 7 (
3 ) 7 .
. ( 8 (
8 * * 8 ) 8
$$$$ + (3
( N22 * 3 .
8 ?/#@ ! * 2 8 *
) ( ?1 &,GG@
%#
/ (
. ( L 3 ! * (
* 7 3 9 ( 3
( ( 7 `"0) 8((
8
8* . ( * ) ((
* % * L 3 (( 7 ( *
( 8 > ((
8 ?1 &,G @) . I
) 3* ) 8
8 (
$$$ *
8 ( ?1 &,G<@ 2
8 8 * ,7,* %
. / 8 ( (
. ) * 3 3 3 . - )
8 2 8 ( ) 83 7
. * 2 8 8
2 7 ?σ = 1 @ 7 ( ?' . # <@
3 > 8
.
%#
2
? @ ? @
3 .
" . ?1 &,GA@) e e 3 8 (
* e
/ 2 3 . I
L 8 F / ) L e
* ) L *
*
2*1 ( /'%&%' ''% -%' '% 4)"(
$$$
%
8 ?1 &,G @ * ?
8 ) 8 @ (( ?W
8 X) @ 8 ( . I (
> 7 . ) 8
%#
/ (
?1 &,G @
8 ( ( 8 V
( 1 2R ()KKS ( 7 )
3 * 8
? @
? @
9 ( J
@ 8 ( *
( 0# T
@ .
`1 8
"( * 83 ) 3 J
* , * ? ) / a ) ) : Y@
* . ) *
`1 8 ? ) / aG ) * * ( 3)
Y@ / . 8 ( I (
$$$ 2
/ 8 0# ) * (
3 3 ?1 &,G: @
%#
2
" 1 /
,
$
< G "
$ K ) /
J * T$ J , *
? @
? @
! * ? @ > 83
*
$$$ *
8 ( ?1 &,G=@ )
0# ( . ! 3 3 3
. 8 * e 3 (
% * . ) ? @)
*
? @ ? @
' ( ) 3
7 ( ) ( ) 7
%#
/ (
* ! * 3 . ) * I
e
*
8 , "' ( &%'&%$6) (3
"-$ !
" ('
)6 G) :: G=< GG
) e * ) 7 .
7 7 ? @
?0# @ e
0# 8 )
e 7 8 .
0#
6 K <=: <G : :
' . 7
0 ( ) 8 ( >
* 8 * ?1 &, @ 8 F
) ) (
8 * . *
. E 3 ( E . . E /
%#"
2
( 3 3 . )
* ?1 &,GK@ - 8 )
( e ) > 3 7 8 .
?0 &,A@) ( * 8 e
( ( ) 3 3
(( *
? @
? @
/ 2 8 3 . )
) L > 8 F # *
H ) 8 * ) ( . ( ?( @
8* 8 I ( 8
*
D :% '$( ) "!
9 %&% $,!
$ %G
8 * ?e @
( / (( 83
( 3 ? 8 ( ( 7 @
. (( I ( 7 83 . ( *
( 7 ) 8
%##
/ (
( # (( * ?
< 7 @ 3 ((
) ( ( 3 8 *
"( * ( * 7 e 8
* * * 7 # 8 ( )
-? * 3@ 8 i * ?1 &,< @
? @
? @
8 ( (
. * 3 3 3 .
* 8 * $ ) * 7 3 ?e
a A ' @ ( 3* (
8 * ?G <,G=< ' @ - )
( ? * I@) 8
*
% ) L e (
9 ( ( ) ( 8 > L
7 8 % (( ) ( .
H * 3 . - L
* e e 7
. " ( 8 >
(( 8 8 >
% ( ) ( 8
(
-8 ) 3 * ? .
@ 8 8 )
&&
2
2 0 2 8 > L
J? @ ( * `1 8 ? @ ? @
% ( ) 3 . ( 0# )
) * 8 ( (( >
. ) ( 9
()$'" (
8* E
* 8 ( 7 7K B
?" ,0<@ . .
I 8 8 /
( ?0# @ 7 ? @ 8 2 3 3
. > * ,7,*
) 7 8 . * (
( * ( * ( 3
I
/ ) 8 > . 1 "A
* 8 8 7 8 (
. ) ( 3 8 * ( >
7 F ( ?7 @ 3
3 . ? @) \
3 . * 8
8 ( ? @
8 *
0# ( 8 8 . /
* ( . > ) 3
8 ( * . ) e 8*> >
* ) 8 * ? #@
8 > 7 e
) ?e e @ *
L
&%
2
5 :
R" ) AS 0 "$-% !$) 1 . )G ) A) 0 2 1
R5 ) GS 5 /V$% ) " k 9 ( D . ) )
G) , ) = , =
R‚ )KKS ‚" ) % # ) ‚ %$#) V!‚"V) - ( . (
( D 9 ) KKK) :=) KG ,
R% )K S % $% ) " % ) 4, 2 (( * . ,
. 1 " A) " # ) KK ) ) A ,A <
R% )KAS % $% ) ' 2 . . ( ( 1 <" G D
D . ,2 2) ' # " ? " " )
KKA) A )G ,G
R1 ) <S 1 ! ) U"$ ) 1 D . I 9 , )
<) G ,G=
RV ) S V 0 $") + !`"V#) $"V" "U") V # " !0!) D (
9 ( I 2)
& ' % V2 ) )
R ) S #$) '"$) U ) 0 0 "$) ' U $ ) 1 ( D
. ) & "
" ) GK) K,GK
R ) <S #$) '"$) U ) 0 0 "$) 1 ( D
. ) A# 2 <) <<) ? @) <:, A:
R ) AS % V %#$) " #% ") %# % ) - D (( D . .
.2 )" 5 & ) A) : ) A , A
R ) GS 0 "V" #) V $"V"0") + 0!$ ) +#!) - 9 (
2 # I ( 3 D ) &"& & ) G) <G)
? @) AK ,
R 2) AS # " +#0") 0!+) "V"+! #) + !V ") # $"V" "U") 4
#$,6 "$) D ( 2 2 .
2 . 2 ) & ) A) K) ? @) =:, K
R$ ;) AS " $#V#0#$ V##) % " % " # !&) " '# " !&) %3 ( . .
( I 9 ) & A) K) ? @) =K:,K
R )=KS "-" ) 2) . D 9 )
6 ) K=K) G<) <KA,A
R ) <S "0+!-) V 0 $") ( " " 2 A A D,/
2 U ) ) <) ,
R )KKS ! #$) U 0% ) V" "-%$#`) " ! 0%$ %$) .
(( , I 9 D ) KKK)
:=) ?A@) A , AA
R ) AS /V% 0) % ( 3 * ",0# J
(( 3 ) .>
) = 0 ) A
R ()KKS " "10") ' 1! " " ) * ( . D 9 )
. ( U '. A) :, G<) KKK
R 2) S ( ) U% - )% # ! ')
RU )KKS 5 U"00 # %) % . >
8 ) = 8 % 0 # &&) KKK
RU ) S ' U $ )"( , ( ( D ) A# 2
) G<) ? @) :, G
RU ) S ' U $ ) 0 U" +) " ! /+"$%) U 0%U" 0) 1 ( D
) A# 2 ) < ) ? @) ,
R )K S " " ") V ! "U") 0 0"V") D ( .
D . ( . J 9 (
. ? @) & ) KK ) ) ? @) K A,K:
&
/ (
R ) GS # "`) /! ) "/%0) # ( ( E ( ,
D ) ' : ) G) <K) < ,< K
R` )KKS # `% $% ) % /+ 5% 0) %'! -) - 9 )
& " ) 2 KKK) G, =
&
&
8 9 ( * 8 8 E
0# (( ? () , ) @) (
8 > ( 7
) 7 H 7 . > 9
- ) 83 8
( 0# ) 8 ( * ,7,*
83 8 ( (
. 1 "A ( ) (
* ,7,* (
" ( ) * 8 7
E ) ) ( ) (
8 2 . )
* ) . 9 3
, ) .
* *
- 3 ?0# @ 8 - . )7
8 8 . 8 ) 8 E 8 *
' 8 ( , ? 3 @) ( 7
?1 @ ( i * " ) .
8 ? @ 8 ? ( @
( 8 * 8 >
( 7 C 8 (
8 , 8 C 8 * ,7,*
8 ) *
' ( 0# ?1 @) 8 C 8 8
) ( ? * . (( 8 @)
. * 9 C
8 3 C 8
( . 8 8 8 ?I @7 ( ?
&
7 8 ( @ ( 8
. 8 E
? @ ? @
? @
% 8 ) * *
7 8 " ) 8 8 8
, ,
7 * 0#
% ( ) ( ) 1 ? ; 2,. J
3 @) ( 9 ,C
> 8 8 2 > 2 ? *
@ ( * ( 8 C )
,
8 - * 8 A
/ 8 * ) * .
1 "A ( 8 E C ((
L 8 8 . ) 8 ( 8
", ? , J 3 @ g C . 8 8 *
I ( . ) 9
. 1 "A . (
( 3 J *
. ) 8 3 ( L (
% > ( ( ? . 1 "A 7
+&@) ( (( ((
8 ) 8 8 * L (
. ) H ( ( . * L
&
* 8 F7 j 0 ( ) . ( 8
* ) > ( .
( ( )
9 " 8 )
8 . . ( ) * 3 3 * ?
@) (
" ( ) ( * `1 8 ?* ( 3) I )
( @) , ( * I . * ,7,
* 8 ( ( 7
C . ( L > ) *
. ) * ,7,* > *
' > ( ) (( 8 E 8
L ) L 3 - ( 7 7K B ( 7
,
8 ? " ,0< a $ @
8 ? ) , (@ '
C 8 . ( ) 8( .
*
" ) ( , ) 7
. `1 `"0 8
* ( ) .
8 `1 `"0 3( 7 *
' . ( ) 2 ( * .
> . 8 L
8 8 8 .
. ( 2 . 0 a( ? @ 7
8 ( E * . 8
2 > (( * I 8
. 0 ( ) > * *
. ) > ? )# 0# @ ) I
&
/ * 8 * * *
C 8 . > 8 3
. ) * 8
8 *
( i * 3 7 ) 9
. 3 ) ( 3 ! * )
) 3 3 3 . #
. * 8 * ? #@)
8 ( * ) 8 >
8 L ( /
9 ( 8 > L * 7 (
83 . (
" 8 * ) * . .
8 E ( )
8 , *
( . 1 "A # H
. 2 ? . ) ( @) 3 H
8 . ( E . E . ) 7 8 ) 3
8 (
8 8 8 8 (( 7 L (
) 3 .
9 3 `"0 `1
% ( ) 2 8 * ( L
> * H 8
8 / > ) 7 . 8 )
i * *L 9 . >
&"
! 0 3 * %
; + 7
: 5 7+0 "
/ > ) 8 E ,
RV ) < T ) AT ) AS) # R5 ) G T ) G T `. ) S , * (
8 * J
( 8 8 8 ? @T
8 ( 8 ( ? @) (
8* 8 ( 7 8 (
E L R ) S C 8
8 8 ( 8 ) 8 (
. 8 ! (
( 8 * . "
8 ", ?"< <:@ R ) AS C
. 8 8 *
8 ( 8 ` ," R ) AT ) AS ( ( ?G= ,
<G Y/@ ( % ( ) )
* C 8 . (( ( 8 R ) AS
$ 9 ( 8 -/ < 8 "
" = . .
) 3 (( ( 0#
(&"!
" ('%6, " %(! %'
( 8 7 ?1 @ 7 (
* 8
? @
? @
&#
* , %
(5=54 A::
( C 7 2 (?
/ ) * 8 7 8 @ ! 7 ( 8 ( 3
( * 8 8 8 8 ( >
i * 8
A3 A3
EHV G < E? G <& E ? G
( .(5=54.(9=39 , )A )= , ) )A , G)A
/ () > ) * * ( 8 )
L C ( 8 ( 3 C
!
$&%, !"#$%
*
+ ',%)!>"'$% &%') & ('
83 ( 3 *> ( 9 (
! I ( 8
( * ( ' * ? )A ;U@)
?1 @ 3( ? ;U@)
?1 @ (
, ,
? @ ' a ;U) * a ) *( a
%&
! 0 3 * %
, ,
? @ ' a ) A ;U) * a ) *( a
, ,
? @ ' a )A ;U) * a ) *( a
*
0 $,%'! ('>% '%'
8 * * ?1 G@ 8
. ) 8 8 ( 8 (
, , , ,
? @ ' a ;U) * a ) *( a ? @ ' a ) A ;U) * a ) *( a
, , , ,
? @ ' a ;U) * a ) *( a G ? @ ' a ;U) * a ) *( a G
%%
* , %
A3 A3
2 5 < ! " + 2 " 2 < E< X 3 ? '<& X 6 ? G
8 * ? . ( @)
C 8 ?1 G @) ( * 8 *
R ) S
. 7 ?1 A @) *
* . 8
( ) *
. 8 ?1 A @ " ) 8 C 8
( 8 ( ( ( . )
8 ? ( 3@) 8 .
( " ) ( )
* .
? @ ? @
%
! 0 3 * %
!
$&% ! $ -"#$%
*
+ " "' ( $ "("$ ) &(
8 C 8 * ( 8 ) (
8 * "E ! * ?1 @ ( (
* L 7 I ? I ( 3 9 ,
C @) L. 8 8 8
? @ ? @
( ?1 @ 7
8 ( "E * * .
*
0 &(
( ) * ( .
8 ( E ) 8 L 7 * ( 3 ?1 :
@) 7 ( ! 8 * >
( 7 8 ( E ?1 : @
? @ ? @
%
* , %
? @ ? @
! * 3 ? 2 @ ?1 : @
( * . ( 8 \8 *
?1 : @
. )
2 =B ( 8 ", * 8
" ? &" − @ ! * ( ?s A B@ *
&" − +&"
2 7 ( * ,
! * ( 7 I (
?9 87 j @) . > 8 E .
( 2 ( * ? ) B @ L
( ?/. ###@ % ( ) C ) (
8
B
" K )A s A)
=) s <)=
1 ) s )G
)G s )G
? @
? @
%
! 0 3 * %
*
1 " "' ( ) & ( )"%
. * ( 7 8 ( E '
3 ) 8 3 . 7 j .
) 8 * ( , C ! * ) I
8 (( 7 3 . ?1 K @
, , , ,
? @ ' a ) A ;U) * a ) *( a ? @ ' a ;U) * a ) *( a
, , , ,
? @ ' a ) A ;U) * a ) *( a ? @ ' a )A ;U) * a ) *( a
. 7 ( (
8 8 E"
) 3 * * ( ( - ) ?= B @
* I ( .
R/. )= T % )= S 2 *
. 1 G, : " : ,= . ?1 , <" :A,
= :,= @ * . ) 7 83 ) #
(( 8 ( i . . )
? . l )A j @ . * L ( 8 ",
1 , R' ) T& ) S
%
* , %
: !
$&% ) ("#$%
8 * ( 7
,
:*
+ $ %'& %3
3 !
! * 2 J? @7 8 ( "E )
> 8 C ?1 G @) ? @ 7 8 ( E ?1 @) *
. ?G@ 7 8 ( E ?1 @
- ) ( 7 C
8 R ) S
?1 @) ( 7 (
! * 8(( ?1 @ 2 ( ) (
. W 8 X 7 8 (
2
% * . ) * * . ?1
@) ( ?1 @
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
%
! 0 3 * %
8 * ( > ?1 @ *> 3 ((
* . 8 * ?1 ) @
. J
@ 8 F )7 8 \
3 T
@ J ? @ 7 8 ( .
E ? 1 @ \ 8 *
8 * * ) ? @ *
. ? @ ? @ * ( 7 8 ( . E
? G@ \ 8 * *
8 *
9 ( (( 8 ( > )
I ) ( 7 8 ( E .
I 8
? @
? @
? @ C ? @ C
%
* , %
:*
+ 5 )%'%!) (! "(!
%'4 $,!
$%
! * ( 7 8 ?1 @ *
8 . ? * @) (
(
? @ ? @
" ) 7 ) 7 ( ( >
. ) H (
) 97 * ( 0# ?/. &@ *
* (
/ 7 8
. ( ( ? -/ <E" @ ,
? -/ <E" , E" @
/ ) 8 * . . ? `1 @
* ( . 7 )A #
( , ?l @ 8 2
,
) ( 7 7 K $ - * * (
) 7 8 *> ) ,L
7 >
: ()$'" (
,
- ( 7 K $ ?:G B " ,0<@ 8 8
, * -/ < 8 8 " ,0< * ( 8 "< <:
( 3 / ( 8 R5 ) G T
) AT ) GS / 8 8 L 8 . (
%"
! 0 3 * %
?l j @) g C 8 8 ", 3
7 8 ( E # * ( 8
8 . ?x @) *
* ) ( 8 ( 7
%#
* ! ( ;
; 0 !
H 7
* ( ) *
( , -> * )
, > 8 8 > ) ( ,
( 3 1
&
* ,
' * 7 8 > H ( 8
( 8 * * 7
8 ( 7 ( ? (
) * @ ( 7 3 ? * ) ( J
1 @ 8 L * . .
? ( 3 @ . 2 ? , ( 3
* @
- * ? ) ` @ * * ) 7
( ( ) ) R+ ) GS -
3 * 3) 8 ) )
8 2 * R1 ) AS
? @
? @
- ) ( ( ) 8
( . ( ?1 @ ( W ,. X ' ) *
. > 8 ; 2,. - 3
( ) ( A 8
) 7 ( . ( <A j j > (
%') ",!
" ( &$ , '!
%%6, " %(!
(( 3 ?1 G@ J ? @ L 8
( ) 8 8 ( )? @ 2 >
8 3) 2) ?G@ I ? ,9 8
,
) 8 * * 8 32 @
% ( ) /, ( 8 > ) *
%
* ! ( ;
? @
? @
' ( ) C 8
8 8 8 ) 2 > ?1 G @ /
2 > 8 8 ) 9
,C 8 8 "( 3 H 9 ,C ) 2 >
2 ) 2 > 5#" RV ) <S * (
E ?1 G @ / 2 > 8* 8
8 8 ( 2 >
9 ( 8 - 0 ' ?# 0
$H @ V # 2 R# ) <S * /. ? % "# '@ & 9D ; ?# 0 $H @
*
+ !
$&%, !"#$%
- ( \8 8 ?1 <@) ( ( 7
( C 8 > * ) * 8 > C
8 . > 3 3 . 7
* ? ; 2,. @ ' 8 ) >
* ,7,* H 8 8
* ,
&"
3 ? @ ' 2
&" + &
E ) 8 ( 3 8*> )
3 3 7 8 2 2 8
* * > 8 7
> ( H 8 8
?'@ * ?*@ 3
( ?( a A @
c !d 1 !"
, ,
! ;U U
A )<A kG <k )K k )
(
) ) k G) <)A k A)A )G k )K
( 2 < ) )A k G <)A k A )K k )
8 * ( ( 9
8 3 > '
* ) * (
8 2 ) )A ?1 A@
? @
? @
? @
? @
2 8 2 1 ! " " /! < & " 6==
A3
!E G'E/G'EG / " 2 !! !E"G / " 2 "$ ?E G X 6'8 HV '< X 8 ? 'E/G' X 6'
68
8 ? A3'EG X 7 HV '< X 9 ?
HV '< X 5' A3
'E"G X 6'48 HV '< X 8 ? A3
* ! ( ;
8 ( 7 9 3 ,C * *
) C 8 3 *
* 8 8 2 L )
8* ) ( ) ( A
' ) E ) (
( * ) * * * / (
* 7 8 B 8
I ( ' ) . ) L *
((
( * ? * @) * 3
*
0 !
$&% ! $ -"#$%&%') & ('
8 E ( )
( E ( E
- ) ) ) I
(( . ) ( I ( ) I
(( . 8
* 9 E 7 (( ?1 :@
(( 3 ? * @ 3
( J ? @) ? @ ? @ A ? @
* . ( :) J
* ,
@ 8 ( *
? * ( @ /
( ) ( 8 ( 1 ," ? l B
" l @ * ? k j @) *
,
?<k @T
@ W X) 8* ( ( (
, * WI X)
*> .
T
G@ ) 7 8 ( * 8 ) (
3 * 8 A j ?1 : @
( L * ! * (
. I ( 8 ?1 : @ 9
I ?( 9 `"0 *
@ * 7 8 ( `1E`"0 L I
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
- 2 B 8 %5,%- 7 j 8 (
E * 3 ?1 = @ ( 8 B 2
8 * * ? B , AB "@
? @ ? @
- ( L 2 %- ?1 = @
* ) * 3 8 8 !
8 ?1 K@) 8((
7 (( 8 ) * ( 8
?8 ( +& 7 < +&@
I 8 8 .
( . 8 A j j /
. * * ) ( C) `1 8 )
2 %- ) * kG: B 1 Gk:K B " ? 2 )1 @
8 .
* ,
6 8 ) ( E
?1 @) L (( .
8 ! > `"0) ((
"G / ( . L * 7*
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
*
1 )! "' !
" ( ) ("#$%&%' ''% -%'
8
* ) 3 -
8 . ) * 7 8 ( E
' * ?1 @) )
( 7 * 8 2 *
? @ ? @
,
( 7 3 ? A $ a A= B ( 7 ,0<@
( 7< j " , 7 * ) ( 7 9 87
,
* :A $ ' ( 7 j ) *
. 8 ( E )
7 j ) 7 8 ( E
' ) ( 8 ) 3
L ?1 @ / * )
( 7 * 8 * 8
3 ) ( 8 8 )
8 7 * ( 7
,
A $ ? B " A ,0<@) j 7< j
- (( * ( J
, . 8 ( E ?1 G ) @ *
j A j T
"
* ,
, ( 7 8 ( E ?1 G @ (
G j 7: j T
, F 7 8 ( E ?1 G @)
I ( 8 ( x: j
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
- 8 ( . ) . (( 2 4
?1 <@ ( > * (( ? @
* 7 8 ( E ?1 G @
* . 1 ") ( > 8
. C ?1 G @ *> . 1 "A E 1 "G
. ? 8 ( E * 8 (
E @ L 7 ( 1 " 3 )
) 8 ) 8
8 ) 8 '
7: j ) ( 8 * . 1 "A E 1 "G
#
* ! ( ;
I ( ( ( ?1 @)
, (
. 1 " / . 1 " 3
. ( *
* 3
(( . > 8 * 3
8* ) 3 (( 3
8* 9 ?1 A@
* W X G 3<
, j
&
* ,
(( * ,L 3 8(( 8
* 8 .
,
/ 3 7 ( (( 7 ?A $ .
,
A $ * * @) ( ( 8
8 8 * > (
* I ?0& ` a K :Y/@) * * ( 8 ?0( a AG Y/@
* ? 9 @ 9 ,C ( -
. * 3 2 > (( ?1 @
( * 8 )
9 3 ,C
? @
? @
"* ) 9 ,C * j ? 3 @ j
* " ) * ) 8 ( F
C C * * ( * 8* I I 3
) 8 8 * H ( ( 7
* I ) , ? (( @ I ( 8
?1 : @ 7 (
?1 : @ 9 8(( ` * % * . )
(( 8 ( * ( , L ?
1 "A 7 8 ( E" 1 " 7 8 ( , @ - *
?1 =@) * 2 )
%
* ! ( ;
( 7 3 * 8 * /
7 * 8 8 , * )
* ( = ( 7 * 8
) * . *
? @ ? @ ? @
> * ,7,* E
* * 8 8 )
( ) ( > I
* ,
? @
? @
/ ) ( 8 )
2 ( 7 8 7 8 ( E )
( 8 8 " ) ( "E
L i ) 7 )
8 . ( . > ?1 @ 2 1 3" 2 ?G k= B "@
. ?" x K= B @
( E ?1 @ . 8 7A
j ) 2 ( ) . ? ( 7
,
A $ ( " " @
? @ ? @
" ) 8 * 8 7 ( 3 *
8 ) 7 8 ( E ) * ( 8
* ! ( ;
( B* 8 ) (
L > 7 (
: ()$'" (
% * RV ) <S) ; 2,. L
* 8 8 * ) 7
,
3 * 8 8 ? A $
,
) A $ @) ( ( ?l
< j @ ( * . 8 ( E
) J? @ 8 8
( * 3 8 * * )? @
2 1 " ?G@ 8 ( E
1 "A E 1 " G) 8 Aj j C
?7 j >@ ( H ?') *@
) *
3 %()%'
R" ) S ( ) ) . "
)
R1 ) AS 1"55 !) # "$#) 1 5 #"$-) 1 /! 0%) 2 ( ; 2. . * ( (
$ , /U D ) 3 ## ) A) G=)
? @) == , ==:
R+ ) GS " +"5! -! ) / ) H
$ J " 8 8 ) = ' ) 2 ) G
3
R# ) <S V # /" % ) / 8 2 > 2 )
' 9 ( 8 # 0 ' )$H ) <
RV ) <S V"0" " ") D ( 2 )
& <) =) ?=@) =, A
RV ) <S V %# % % ) 1 U" $% ) %'! -) - * ( 9 ,
( ( , 9 ) & . ) 1 )
")
6( ( (. 5 ( (
; 1
3 7 8 7
i * * * > B = B
0# ) 8 * = B (
R )=KS
- R- )KA T 1 )K T )=KS 7
- * :B = B *
8 32 . 2 ?
@ ? 7 8 @) 7 I
( 2 . * > R )=KS 7
( ?G ,= B@ - R- )KA T 1 )K T )=KS)
* * 8 ) ?G ,< "@ ? , &@
, ,
* (3 ? )<=, ) @ % * . ) * ? ) < l* l )
,
@) > 3 ) H R1 )K S
% * * 0# )
H ( 8 7 8 E
( 0# ) * . 8 (
( 8 C 8 -/ < 8
(&"!
" ('%6, " %(! %'
*
+ %') ",!
" ( &$ , '!
%&%' $& -%
! ( W ( X 7 (
0# % ( C ? @) 8 2 >
( 8* ( H .
8 ) ( C 8
2 > ? @ H . ' )
C ?1 ) @
* ,
? @
? @
> 3
A3
<E ? G E(G EG
T3 ) < )
T6 ) KA )K
/ * * * R1 )K S) 3 * 3
,
* . ( ? ) =, ) < @
*
0 ('!$ %(! !
" (
8 F 8 8 . ) 8
> ? ) @ > 8 F (
* 8 8 (
?1 @) )A & 7 )A & / L 9 ( (
. C H . , * 8 % * . )
8 * 8*
- . V 2 . ! .
* . ? > )A @ 7 3 I ( ? l
@ - . > )A
> 7 (( 83 ?G,GK @
?1 G @ 7 83 R5 )K= T / <S
! 3 7 Y/ . .
I ( ?1 G @ ! * 2 . .
2 7 83 ?0/ 0/:) 0/ 0/G@ 9 ( *
? @
? @
I ( 7 * C
?1 <@
* ,
, * > ( > 3 8 )
* . . #& RV ) S ! 3
(( > ?0 @ 7 8 ; ?/. #&)
#&,:) R )=<S@
T3 T6
,
! *? @ ) < ) KA
2 ?&@ ) )K
! ! # ?"@
! ! ? @ )G )<
A 2 ? @ )<: )
A 2 < ! ( ? @ )A )<
A 2 % ? @ )=G )
0 > ; ( 3 #
7 * ( (( 8 . * (
? 3 @ * L
& "' !
" ( ($ "#$%&% %'' "
*
+ ).%, , ' %
- 2D R 2) S
8 C ! . (3 * (( 8 .
* ). ' ( ) . 7 I
( ?0/K 0/ @) 3 (
. ! . . 7 * * (( .
( ?1 A ) @ 8 (( . <)A
, , , ,
U V 7 * G U V H AY/
( / * (( 8 . 3 *
. * 8 * R0 )KAS
"
6( ( (. 5 ( (
? @ ? @
? @ ? @
- ) > * * (( .)
! . . 7 3 E
3 2 . ) I
( 8( ? ,: B@ 3 ( A
% 8 7 8 2 . ?1 A @7 3
I ( ? , > -@)
* . G- C 8
*
0 &9%1
! . C 8 7 83 ) *
3 3 ) ?1 @ ! ( 3 . ?6 a @
C . 8 -/ < 7
( ?/. #&@
* ,
! (( 8 . * ( 2 ?. @ 7 (
. . * 8 ?/ @ * ( * 8 ?/ @)
, ( . C
$ . ) ) (( 8 . * (.
- 3> ) ( ( * *
9 87 E 3 I
( 2 .
: "& !
" ( &% & "' !
" (
" > ) ( *
,
(( 8 . * ( 2 ? ( C @ 7 U V, !
I ( 8 ?1 :@ (
( * * ) > 7 ( *
? @
? @
83 3 ? *
= B@ G
&
6( ( (. 5 ( (
T3 T6
%3 %3
! ! E G )GG )<A )< ) =
2 E G )K< ) )
2 E G )GK ) ) < )
, ,
! * 8 Y ?* a ) < @ 8 Y ?* a ) KA @
( (
E 3 2 . * . I ?1 =@)
3
? @ ? @
? @
2 0 E '/' G ! . # " $ !1 ?1 ! @
A3
E G ='
9 'E/G 7 !EG 7; " +# " " 2 E X 39 (' X 3='
; '< X ='
=;8 ? G
8 2 . 3 3
3 * 7 3 ?1 = @ ?1 = @ I ( % * . )
3 > . ( ? )A @ (
* ,
A Y/) L 7 8
. ? > @ 7 (( 7 2 .
7 3 I ( > . )
8 . > .2
! > 8 3 E )
I ( 2 . 3 (
: ()$'" (
! ( * = B)
( 0# E * 3*
* L (3 3
, ,
? ) =, ) < @ " * ? ) <
,
l* l ) @) * ( 9 ( *
? , "@) ( ( ) 7
( ? A,=A "@ R- )KA T 1 )K T
)=KS * * 8
(( 8 ( ?C 8 @
( 0# ) C . *
3 %()%'
R5 )K=S ,' 5" -!$) 5 /" " $%) 0 ( ) ?
> . 0 ) KK=) :G
R/ ) <S /" #$) ' ! %!$) - /" !$) ' % " !$) - /! %-% ) $
(% 5 U . )5% #0
02 6 ) <) G) ?G,<@) <:, :
R- )KAS $ - '!$0) " " -% ) 0. (( 2 ( D )
KKA) < ,<
R1 )K S ' U 1 % /+5"/+) " V$! !& V ) " 2 ( (( 2
D ) KK ) =:, K:
R )=KS U + #%-0) $ 0" % #/!) ' U 1 % /+5"/+) 0" D (( 2J
( ) 9 K=K) =,G
R )=<S ! -"V) " /+"V "&" 0#) 5#55 ) " D ( ( D
. ) K=<) A5) KK,G A
RV ) S $ V% ! " 0) 1 7 . 8 32
) = ' )' )
R 2) S ( ) U% - )% # ! ')
R0 )KAS 0"#$%) ,' '%0#0) 0 ( . )# 3 ( )
G> )- ) ' ) KKA