_2}lolag. Kinetic THEORY OF GinsEs. = Tone: ‘ == |) Bohavious af gases . 8) Deguoo af frrordern . _ Y6ta8 Lows 1 Law of oquiparstiticn of onagy. S| kinotic They af Ideatgns - 1®) apecitic hoak capacly af gazes. . PAifjorent-apoed of gas molecules. 1 spocifie beak capacty ay sctrds. | Symanwat eeltzinam distwibutioncye, 12) 2Petifle boat cagacity of water. = & Pressure of an icleatgas . 12) moan F100 path . A) kthetic Intex protatien J termperaturo, = t) BEHAVIOUR OF GASES: ~ biases at lew pressure amt high temperature Satisfy a. 2trnple relation between thoi pressure , temperate and velurro by = kg boltzmann constant (1-32xid *s]ic), = N-sno- ef molecules. om : uD Hef => NEMNA-@® Nn-onegacionumber (6.022%), S pt Oin® ; PN = PNaKeT- = > Ideal gasaquation. : = A gas that satisfies the oquatton py : = is cold as idol gas. aqpation Py =uRT ak all Eempavatere and pressure, =} COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR: (z)-& Real gases oboy iloalgascquation at low Pressure and hightomparalcac. eel enanals oquation + an?) (Yonb) — Pomeastred| preasute . |" ) a Vomeasured volume « “kK Volume comection : Accstatn Portion af. Volume ta covewed| by roplecutles Itself. Hene offective space available $+ sce. motfon ia (V-nb), “Pessina covection: Pue to thlemoleculax foro wnteal gas tho obsrwed, Pressune of gas will tp less ie., (Pa aW{ya) . 2) GIAS LAWS: i)Boyiels LAW: Py=peT [pst constant] - Pv =constant - Ciey PA VY Py vt =? PM = Poe = Pag. Keeping the tomparatuve and nunvbax Moles as constant , pressure ef a, is ime Prporifonal tits volume. g * vom . p, . v P (teh PY, P= constant ‘i PY= constant Le 1 vip v P v Ww \p ih CHarcds paws PY=HRT (H,P> constant). VtIts VUTY. YY =constant. + keoping tne pressure and number af moles as constant. volumear a ‘ Dhrectly proportional tp its temper oh 7 ; Ogos NOTE : =If the pressure Yemains constant, the volt ® increases o¥ decreas by '/or3.1¢ of tts vo “yigo ov. in berrporatine « fos Ni Me. OF the given mass of a. fume at 0% por each Pe Ve =Vo ft +it__t iH [ QAR Vo, vit a Volume Votumaat ae tec Po Fe =aBIS © temperature. Sn nnn manna nnnnnnnAnrnunnrpnnrwy: W v Via ths content VATA. ye constant: — nN ; ] Erefceonst [erent r — nV T = Vr STD Deo Cc j uy u ae) Ml) GIAY - Lussacts LnW oR PRegcuRE LAW Pv= ERT [V, fi constant J - Boer PTI; PL Ty —f-constant Poet = Ps “Ty 7 “T2 as Keepin the. volume and number of. motes Aydconstant, pressure ga gas is Abectly "proportional to Tis tempovature. : NOTE: . ‘The Volume yemaiining constant, tne pws ure of a. given mass ef 2 gs increases orclecreases by | /o73.15 Of IES pressure at 0% Jor gach fe. vise on Jali in tempevatare . Pe eee i ef! + aaa J. fe oa eo) Peesstereat | * temperature . ase oO HES vee Prveene. ¥ oar th Fhasnpzcorstont Vip, OF OS p sBeconstont | : | Prep const uence 5 ; T TH Fone =r la iv) AvoGIADRo's LAW: wal volume of atl gases under sfvitay conditionsa perature and prossurel contain qual Numboras molecules. ia [Nt ae * V) GRAHAM'S LAW OF DIFFUSION : o : When tuo gases at same ressute and + to use. into cach other , the ne of cigpusion oma aes a ie . proportional, to the equare rot Sf the Clongtty Ff the a “ Y¥—rate of diffusion; a Soe = ie v—orate of diffusion. SEV voumeargas diffuse in time t Y= Vie = Vix Yo vo- t1: A VA)PALTON'S LAK OF PARTIAL PRessuRE ¢ ‘@ @ x Presane ovorted by a gagnus mixture i 'S qual to Sum of partial pressure af each a 7D & Cemponen Qases the mixture - Pr = Pacpan= PrP Potal = 4 B+Ps4.... th ——O. Volume. ancl tomporatye ae. Py= pir. - ia} ; corstarrt . Papet oo. : a c USING) => Pregal = MRT 4 [oer y 2.4 beer. vl Vv => 4 = Hirt - Hl- X > Praal SNE = “LRT (Hepes ctpiny — Htotat Lo rnetegraction « N P= Xix MOLE CONCEPT: a 1) No.of moles = Given mass Molax mass 2) no-epmeles SY. tic! NA’ > 2) No.of particles = NO.OF moles x NA - A)at stP arvle = 99. 4l. Ge? ens atoms] molecules At__STP | At_NTP [Ae sate ! % Starcond Temp & Prosswe > Nowmal Temp 2 Provuro ¥* Standard ambierE temp 2 x” T=0c * THA eee . + P=aatm. % P= Aotm. P= atm. # Amole = 92.41. [kame = 22-041. se amolo =99.489 1, 3) KINETIC THEORY OF IDEAL GIAS + 2 A. gps consist of a very lage Humber Of molecules which ave poxfect clastic Lk wolecub Of a. gas, axe in constant *ondom motion . % Duntng tnoly motion , Collide. with eachother andalsscotlide with wale of $e container . -Thawh collar ae asic. ° ie ¥ Sfz0 of molecule 1s hagligibte compared to the avenge ciistane. between mokculos . % No atbacdttve or veprilSive forto ack between Qos molecules . % Gravitational obactfon is heqligtble duet extremely smau masses andvexy high spoccl of rnolocules. =y ¥ donaity of gas Ts constant ataupotnts tn the container. ~] FFERENT SIEEDOF Gins MOLECULE? 1) ROOT MEAN. SQUARE SPEED: i SE Th is tho cquare yoot of mean af aquares OF the speed of ditto gos molecule . 3 ams i = iy Vi srncanequare speed. 4 poet Nesesearee cn ims = [8keT _ (age - SP. actual concept: | aE eth ant 3 FEavg=ipn ova, M-smolawmass - aH = m—>rmass ofeach molecule - ae 2) AVERABIE SPEED OF Gins MOLECULE: ct is the axtthmatic gnean of g different gas molecules at = agiven temperature . ¥ . ‘H 7 = Vavg = ViVa-b- -- ENA $ nN =| Vovq = [RkeT _ far : Se - = 8) MOST PROPAeLE SPEED: : ele the speed posscssad by mroxmum Feaction F total number cp 4 S)Maxwlen BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION CURVE: Brose 4 plot cles A 4 : :EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE oN DistRIBUTION 7 Nop . : humbex TX vps oT Molecutes ae Yo Vnps. > Virpt TF Molecular spoed —> ) PRESSURE OF AN rNEALG@AS: Considey an fdoat gas taken ina contatne of volurno V, Let the container be a cube oF Sido length \ . Y “IMPULSE > ZT =change in momentum =mv-mu. T=-mvVx-mvx 5 T=-amvx. CHANGIE IN TIME + COLLISION FREQUENCY : Atzoy, Ls % ity FORCE EXERTED BYA SINGLE MOLECULE: . T =Fxat, F=_= = ame - mz? AGUS Oe FORE EXERTEDGY N MOLECULE! F = Nm (Wats vndt = ot Veen) F=nm Ve. use know, V2 = Wer Weve. isotopic gas Ve = Vy = Ve. 3 3We =v*PEE = Ma, Nine (A=). 3 P= NmVans= 2 iS : Pe cam Vins [D= 9 number density J, Vvolume « y Now, ms Mass ef One molecule - ‘> mass of gas - 3 N —>N0-af Molecula - 3 => Nm=M- =_LM Vans? 3 P some 3 RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE AND KINETIC ENER@Y + =i P =+ SVs? __ , 3 Also, ae energy per unit Volume. Conergy density) - = 2 5 Lb 8vrms . Svemns*=2ke —_@. 3 pr @® in); t=) KINETIC INTERPRETATION OF TEMPERATURE + P=_1 Nmms2, =| Ba 3 => pe earn) : Py = 2 Nkeong —. 4 Algo we know > 3 PY = Nket —@. O-@. 2-N kEavg = Nket. f* Res=gesr] Se: => J average. KE of gas molecule cloponis onlyen absolute. tompasateuve . 4 > Therefore , tt Is tedepondent SF Pressure , Volume and pata of gas. 4 4BYDEGIRCE OF FREEDOM: ‘ 7 AN is the total numbsr of Cndeponclont ways(motion) by which a ator F Can possess. Ney . 2) Find u->intesnal enovgy of one molecule. . ° 3) Fird Us tnterno! enevgyep Na molecu (1 mote). 4) Find Ww adu. ‘ 5) Find €paecp: G-cv=R (mayers voratia). 6) Y= Phy- 1) MONOATOMIC GAS: © f= 3— 3 hanslational degree af freedom . @ u=BrLkKet =_2 ker- @ U=uxna =. Kener =BRT. @ Cvedujy, = 3h. oa E F=SA-B | A-sno.of tndeporcbnt pasticls (atoms) . [pre-e] Bostho- qj {ndepordont restsicttan (herd) « f ATOM Icy Y EXAMPLE. A B Figure ‘¢ monoatomte | Hey Ney AY a = oO dtatomic Ho. O2,No> 2 4 =5 (© E (rigid votatcr) | Clo 7 Oo c Riatomic Hao 3 BS} fee (non nea > e “Wiatomic Coo, Becl, | 3 2 BA Oe oO44 . Cineaxd | J - F @) LAW OF EQUIPARTION OF ENERGY : E In qquiltotum the totat enargy os Squally diststbulsd among att : deayeo lem Such that average energy tn cach clog yco cedem boty Re Ge tg dt gs feeding Keong = Kex +key +kez- | E Jor iscrepic gas: Kex =key =kez- E 2 kpT= akey . a F !0)SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACMY oF Gi~ASES: ‘ £ STEss: Fira 7. &E F t z = z F®cp=WaR = B,RIR= SHR ZW Pa cphey = Shhh wn = Sy: SY Shorrcur: Os -=3n-8. Hu- Fy KBr: sy © U=sprr- / Tdoalgee-{ U = yet [au- neyat} @Ov=sjor owes races I cee (pre. 3 O14 Dp. a xg W))PIATFOMIC GIAS + CRIGHD RoTHTOR) : “Along xovis Kelp? =O. ay is'* a — J=5— Bharsiationmotion + 2 xctaticral rnction « > 3 ia Ee a on ra yt oxlsof rotation is posstble only in Y ard zavig . = 9) DIBTOMIC GASES ( Non RIGID ROTATOR) : =| * avibration = 1+ \= adeguee of frectom . | 3 *e& x ee 5 2 J =A shane + 2yotatient Vibration (sdegrec) . y VH142/e =| 42, =F)4. B)POINFTIOMIC EIS : F F Hs F = 2hons+ gyotational + Vwi byatien - = Y= Aty, atv s MN) SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY OF SOLIDS: 4 “In solfts molocules vibrate about thety mean position . dan4D f=2 3. in SD f= bGam 3 we U= F,RT = 3eT. C=du = 88 =3x9.014 = 24, a du = SR = Bx8814 = 24.442 5]Kmol, 3 Note: Repos Table 12.3 In.NCERT.1d) SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY CF WATER : Hy 0 ¢ 2 Huyhogen satom =) Fob (4D) 72 oitgen | Mie, > Fab fi-is(3d)- W= fp RT= IS RT =ART. CH dujq, = WR=9%8.314 =14-29 5 |kmmd- NOTE: Sporisic heat capneity of Solfl tncxecses with rise tn ternposatecre and, ts value ts Aigfemnt tor dttpovont soltds at high tormpowcrturre . 8 2 CEA ip * kinotic encrgy for [mole af gas 13) MEAN FREE PATH : Meee Onl Das ‘3 ° ° ° ° seis its aNexage distance coved by @ molecule between Hwo Successive. callfsions - : 2 de = Mt Ao +t. | - tAN N Ae oad N-number density . and? | d—ydiamotoy of molecule « Average time. between Ccoltision ; T=A_ whores Vong = Yavg, ae TOM ta AT. Nt P GASEOUS MIXTURES + ’ Two one Mixed whose Number eculo tS Nrand Nethen of mat Nt=BINA and No= ona. hove y P=prtpe + #*rncloculoy weight efthe Mixture Ma Homi + HoMs Bit pi y Cun = PCM + YCve_, bot p2-oy * Pix = icp + fo Pe Prt pao wy FPO = Chie pt = PB “Cy mix Yrix- 1 VHA my * (Keixdaty = _pewird poy, Vp =i § ay Nore: st *Q=R | vat * Cpa YR P= Sar GRAPH RELATED TO MEAN FREE PATH: 3 Ac ema J PN =Nker pur Oin®; Nie x = —KeT_. a = ker _ Aor dws AAT x Ao = L + er P = = a ama algo, m= N= NE (eau. saved] — [M=Nm]J 34 n= 8 —@.- Put Qin © 4 da » dre | y= ice + Varr8d2 8 3 |n= AN. =fL= a 4 KgT 4. Speed of sound thyough a gas v=[3E ea == che