[k.

M II
vkèkqfudrk ls bdkbZ 3 iafMrk jekckbZ% efgyk vkSj èkkÆed çkfèkdj.k
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa
dk loky
lajpuk
3-0 mís';
3-1 izLrkouk
3-2 thou] dk;Z vkSj n'kZu
3-3 jekckbZ dk bZlkbZ èkeZ ls vkeuk&lkeuk
3-4 jekckbZ dh laLFkkxr lfØ;rk
3-5 ukjhoknh Çpru esa jekckbZ dk ;ksxnku
3-6 lkjka'k
3-7 lanHkZ
3-8 cksèk ç'uksa ds mÙkj

3-0 mís';
bl bdkbZ dk mís'; vkidks vkèkqfud Hkkjr dh ,d vuqdj.kh; efgyk vkSj
lekt lqèkkjd iafMrk jekckbZ ds thou] n'kZu vkSj dk;ks± ls ifjfpr djkuk gSA
bl bdkbZ dk vè;;u djus ds ckn] vki bl ;ksX; gks tk,ax%s
 iafMrk jekckbZ ds thou] dk;Z vkSj n'kZu dks tkusa
 Hkkjr esa ukjhoknh fopkj vkSj dk;Z esa jekckbZ ds ;ksxnku dks le>sa
 efgykvksa dh eqfä ds fy, mudh fe'kujh vkSj 'kSf{kd xfrfofèk;ksa dk
o.kZu djsAa

3-1 izLrkouk
;g bdkbZ ,d vlkèkkj.k çfrHkk'kkyh lekt lqèkkjd vkSj vkèkqfud Hkkjr esa
efgyk f'k{kk ds pSafi;u ds fopkjksa ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA mUuhloÈ lnh ds Hkkjrh;
lanHkZ esa mUgsa ukjhoknh fopkj vkSj O;ogkj dh vxz.kh ekuk tk ldrk gSA mudk
dke HkkSxksfyd vkSj lkaL—frd lhekvksa dks ikj dj x;k vkSj lkekU; :i ls
efgykvksa dh eqfä esa ;ksxnku fn;kA gkykafd] bfrgkl us jekckbZ tSlh ckSf)d
:i ls rst efgyk ds ;ksxnku dks vklkuh ls NksM+ fn;k gSA ;g eq[; :i ls


MkW- lafgrk tks'kh] vfllVsaV izksQslj] ukxfjd 'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr foHkkx eqacbZ fo'ofo|ky;

46
blfy, gS D;ksafd muds fopkj vkSj dk;Z dkQh egRoiw.kZ FksA mUgksaus efgykvksa] iafMrk jekckbZ%
fo'ks"k :i ls mPp tkfr dh foèkokvksa] tks vR;fèkd neudkjh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jg efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
çkfèkdj.k
jgh FkÈ] dh fLFkfr;ksa dks lqèkkjus ds fy, lkekftd lqèkkjksa ds fy, –<+rk ls
la?k"kZ fd;kA fir`lÙkkRed lekt vkSj ml le; dh Çgnw èkkÆed O;oLFkk dh
dqjhfr;ksa ds f[kykQ efgykvksa dh ,dek= çfrfufèk ds :i esa etcwrh ls [kM+h
jgÈA mUgksaus Çgnw èkeZ dh :f<+okfnrk ds f[kykQ foæksg djus vkSj pqukSrh ds
çrhd ds :i esa cgknqjh ls bZlkbZ èkeZ viuk fy;kA efgykvksa vkSj ukjhoknh
çopu esa mudk ;ksxnku u dsoy oSpkfjd gS] cfYd ç—fr esa laLFkkxr Hkh gSA

3-2 thou] dk;Z vkSj n'kZu

23 vçSy] 1858 dks dukZVd jkT; ds djdy ¼if'peh ?kkV½ ds ikl xaxkewy ds
xgjs taxyksa esa tUeh] ,d cgqr gh çxfr'khy vkSj mnkj czkã.k ifjokj esa] iafMrk
jekckbZ us vius ifjokj ds lkFk ,d lrr HkVdrs cpiu dk vuqHko fd;kA
muds firk vuar 'kkL=h Mksx a js ,d xSj&vuq:irkoknh czkã.k Fks] ftUgksaus dBksj
Çgnw lkekftd O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh nsus dh ekax dh FkhA mUgksua s viuh iRuh dks
laL—r i<+k;k tks ,d vijaijkxr dk;Z FkkA jekckbZ dks Hkh vijaijkxr rjhds ls
ikyk x;k Fkk] ftlus mUgsa 'kq#vkrh iRuhiu vkSj ekr`Ro ls jksdk Fkk] tks vkerkSj
ij ml le; yM+fd;ksa ij Fkksik tkrk FkkA og HkkX;'kkyh FkÈ fd mUgsa f'k{kk
çkIr gqbZ vkSj ml le; efgykvksa dks nh tkus okyh tsM a j fof'k"V Hkwfedkvksa ls
fojke feykA muds O;kid fnekx okys firk us mUgsa laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj Çgnw èkeZ
ds ifo= xzaFkksa esa Hkh çf'kf{kr fd;kA ckjg o"kZ dh vk;q rd mUgksua s Hkkxor iqjk.k
ls vBkjg gtkj 'yksd lh[k fy, FksA muds firk us iqjk.kksa ds Nanksa dk ikB
fd;k vkSj mudk ifjokj iwjs Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa ,d foLrkfjr rhFkZ;k=k ij
x;kA bl riLoh HkVdus okys vfLrRo us ikfjokfjd dfBukb;ksa vkSj Hkq[kejh dks
tUe fn;k ftlus vdky ds nkSjku muds LokLF; dks çHkkfor fd;kA muds
ekrk&firk dh e`R;q ds ckn Hkh xjhch] rhFkZ;k=k vkSj nqnZ'kk dk thou tkjh jgk
D;ksafd ;s Hkze.k jekckbZ vkSj muds HkkbZ ds fy, tkjh jgsA

HkVdus ds nkSjku] mUgksaus vius Øwj fooj.kksa esa mPp tkfr;ksa dh cky foèkokvksa dh
n;uh; thou fLFkfr;ksa dks ns[kkA blus mUgsa Hkhrj ls gh iqjkus Çgnw èkeZ ds Hkhrj
efgykvksa ds dkj.kksa vkSj Çprkvksa ds fy, yM+us ds fy, –<+ ladfYir dj fn;kA
bu dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa us jekckbZ dks ml èkeZ ds deZdkaMks]a ifo= xzaFkksa vkSj
nk'kZfud vkèkkjksa ij Hkh loky [kM+k dj fn;k] ftudk og ikyu dj jgh FkÈA
muds HkkbZ Jhfuokl vkSj jekckbZ varr% 1878 esa dydÙkk igq¡ps] tks Hkkjrh;
iqutkZxj.k vkSj lkekftd lqèkkj vkanksyuksa dk ,d 'kkunkj LFkku Hkh FkkA iafMrk
jekckbZ czãlekt ds lnL;ksa vkSj bZlkbZ èkeZ dh fe'kujh xfrfofèk;ksa ds laidZ esa
vkb±A laL—r ij mudh vlkèkkj.k idM+ vkSj ifo= laL—r xzaFkksa ds Kku us mUgsa
iafMrk ¼cqf)eku O;fä½ vkSj ljLorh ¼lh[kus dh nsoh½ dh mikfèk fnykbZA mUgksaus
vius igys lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku ds ekè;e ls mifuos'kokn dh Çglk ij Hkh 'kksd
O;ä fd;k] ftls ,d laL—r dfork ds :i esa fy[kk x;k Fkk] ftldk 'kh"kZd
Fkk] ,d fnO; Hkk"kk dk foyki] ftls 1881 esa cÆyu esa gq, ,d lEesyu esa çLrqr
fd;k x;k FkkA
47
[k.M II mUgksaus vius ckSf)d f{kfrt dk foLrkj djus ds fy, dM+h esgur dh vkSj
vkèkqfudrk ls efgykvksa dh eqfä ds fo"k; ij lkoZtfud vkSj O;kid :i ls O;k[;ku fn;k
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa ftlesa mUgksaus Çgnw èkeZxzaFkksa ls lanHkZ fy;kA bl chp 1880 esa gStk ds dkj.k
dk loky mUgksaus vius HkkbZ dks le; ls igys [kks fn;k] ftlls og cslqèk gks xbZA mUgksaus
vius iSr`d èkeZ esa iwjh rjg ls foÜokl [kks fn;k vkSj foæksg ds fu'kku ds :i esa
mUgksaus fcfiu fcgkjh nkl esèkkoh ¼vle ds flygV ftys ds jgus okys½ ls 'kknh
dh] tks 'kwnz ¼fupyh½ tkfr ls Fks] vkSj fookg ukxfjd iathdj.k dh ,d ubZ 'kq:
dh xbZ ç.kkyh ds ekè;e ls gqvkA muds ifr us muds dke dk vR;fèkd leFkZu
fd;k] ysfdu ,d cSifVLV fe'kujh vkbtSd ,yu ds ekè;e ls jekckbZ dh bZlkbZ
èkeZ esa ubZ #fp ds ckjs esa Hkh lansg FkkA fel gQksZMZ ftUgksaus mUgsa vaxzsth fl[kkbZ]
us Hkh mUgsa ejkBh esa ckbfcy ls ifjfpr djk;kA ckn esa] jekckbZ us ;g Hkh
Lohdkj fd;k fd og ugsek;kg xksjsg ds dke ls çHkkfor FkÈ vkSj fnekxh :i ls
vkÜoLr FkÈA

jekckbZ us Çgnw lkekftd O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj mPp tkfr dh foèkokvksa ds thou dks
ns[kkA mudh fLFkfr n;uh;] vekuoh; vkSj uhp FkÈA mUgsa cfg"—r dj fn;k
x;k Fkk] mudh bPNkuqlkj diM+s iguus dh vuqefr ugÈ Fkh] tks mUgsa ilan Fkk
mls [kkus dh vuqefr ugÈ Fkh] ikfjokfjd lekjksgksa ;k mYykl esa Hkkx ysus ls
oafpr dj fn;k x;k Fkk] ftls v'kqHk ekuk tkrk Fkk vkSj iquÆookg ij Hkh jksd
yxk nh xbZ FkhA jekckbZ ges'kk bu mPp tkfr dh Çgnw foèkokvksa dks ifo=
èkkÆed O;oLFkk ds paxqy ls eqä djkus ds fy, dke djuk pkgrh FkÈA mUgksaus
vius ifr ds lkFk cky foèkokvksa ds fy, ,d vkoklh; fo|ky; 'kq: djus dh
dYiuk dhA gkyk¡fd] fu;fr dh Øwjrk jekckbZ ij rc iM+h tc 'kknh ds nks
lky ds Hkhrj vius ifr dks [kks fn;k vkSj xksn esa ,d Ng eghus dh cPph
euksjek dh ns[kHkky djus ds fy, og vdsyh jg xbZA

ysfdu cgknqj fny jekckbZ og ugÈ FkÈ tks ijh{kk ds le; ls fgy tkrh vkSj
mUgksaus Çgnw èkkÆed O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj efgykvksa ds fy, ,d lekt
lqèkkjd&dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa ,d mYys[kuh;] vFkkg vkSj vuwBh ;k=k tkjh j[khA
blds ckn] mUgksaus U;k;ewÆr jkukMs tks fd fpÙkikou czkã.k Fks] ls ckj&ckj
fuea=.k feyus ij vius iSr`d LFkku iwuk ¼vc iq.ks½ tkus dk QSlyk fd;kA iq.ks
igqapus ds ckn] mUgksaus lkekftd lqèkkjksa vkSj efgykvksa dh eqfä ds fy, [kqn dks
dke esa yxk fy;kA og çkFkZuk lekt ds lnL;ksa ds laidZ esa vkbZ] tks ,d
vkfLrd laLFkk Fkh tks dydÙkk esa czã lekt ds leku FkhA U;k;ewÆr jkukMs vkSj
mudh iRuh tSls lekt lqèkkjdksa ds lkFk muds ?kfu"B laidZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i]
mudk igyk laLFkkxr ;ksxnku vkSj efgykvksa dks eqä djus ds fy, 1882 esa
vk;Z efgyk lekt dh LFkkiuk ds :i esa gqvkA bl laxBu us efgykvksa dks
f'k{kk çnku djus dh ekax dh vkSj cky fookg tSlh dqjhfr;ksa ls cpk;kA
lkekftd lqèkkjksa ds çopu ij iq#"kksa dk çHkqRo Fkk vkSj jekckbZ bl le; ds
nkSjku ,dek= efgyk lekt lqèkkjd FkÈ] ftudk mís'; efgykvksa ds eqíksa ij
dsfa ær lqèkkj ,tsM
a k esa ;ksxnku djuk FkkA vk;Z efgyk lekt egkjk"Vª ds vU;
'kgjksa tSls vgenuxj] lksykiqj] Bk.ks] eqacbZ] ia<jiqj vkSj cjlh esa Qyk&QwykA
lkFk gh] blus ml le; ds :f<+oknh czkã.kksa esa ukjktxh iSnk dhA cgqr

48
yksdfç; dsljh us bl vfèkfu;e dh vkykspuk djrs gq, dgk fd lekt lq/kkj iafMrk jekckbZ%
iq#"kksa dk dke gS u fd iafMrk efgykvksa dk] D;ksfa d mUgsa vkus okys yacs le; efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
çkfèkdj.k
rd iq#"kksa ds fu;a=.k esa jguk gksxkA gkyk¡fd] og bl lc ls fopfyr ugÈ gqbZ
vkSj 1882 esa ejkBh esa L=h&èkeZ uhfr ¼ukjh dk uSfrd½ uked ,d iqLrd fy[kh]
tks ukjhoknh fopkj vkSj çopu esa mudk igyk ;ksxnku FkkA

jekckbZ us mPp tkfr dh Çgnw foèkokvksa ds fy, ,d vkJ; x`g LFkkfir djus esa
Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA mUgksaus 1882 ds gaVj vk;ksx ls efgykvksa dks f'k{kdksa
vkSj Ldwyksa ds fujh{kd cuus ds fy, f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k çnku djus dh vihy
djds ukjhoknh çopu esa ,d u;k fooknkRed {ks= tksM+kA mUgksaus vk;ksx ls
efgykvksa dks M‚DVj ;k fpfdRld cuus ds fy, çf'k{k.k çnku djus dh Hkh
vihy dh] tks vR;fèkd Çyx&i`Fkd Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk jksfx;ksa rd igqapus
ds fy, egRoiw.kZ FkkA :f<+oknh vkSj fir`lÙkkRed mPp tkfr ds Çgnqvksa us bldh
cgqr vkykspuk dhA ;g vkjksi yxk;k tkrk gS fd gaVj vk;ksx ds le{k mudh
vihy ds ifj.kkeLo:i ckn esa fczfV'k efgyk M‚DVjksa vkSj ulks± dks Hkkjr Hkstus
ds fy, MQfju ;kstuk 'kq: dh xbZA

;|fi bl dky ds czkã.k ykHkkFkÊ gksus ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd tkx`fr çfØ;k

ds lw=èkkj Hkh Fks] czkã.k efgykvksa dks :f<+oknh vojksèkksa ds vèkhu fd;k x;k FkkA
jekckbZ us vius fnekx esa ,d lqèkkjoknh ,tsM a s ds lkFk ,slh lHkh efgykvksa ds
fy, vdsys dke fd;kA mUgsa cgqr cnuke fd;k x;k vkSj varr% rFkkdfFkr
lqèkkjdks]a dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj ml le; ds muds vius yksxksa }kjk mUgsa vyx&Fkyx
dj fn;k x;kA mUgksaus efgykvksa dh xfjek vkSj lekurk ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa
ds fy, fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa lexz ySafxd U;k; ds fy, dke fd;kA
mUgsa dbZ oSpkfjd n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kk x;k gS vkSj bl çdkj] mUgsa nsork ds :i
esa Hkh fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA mudh dbZ igpkuksa dk fuekZ.k fofoèk vk[;kuksa dk
mi;ksx djds fd;k x;k gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i muds }kjk fd, x, dke dks
Nqik;k tkrk gSA

vius okLrfod ç;klksa ds ckotwn jekckbZ dks egkjk"Vª esa :f<+oknh leqnk; ls
xqLlk vkSj rh[kkiu feyk vkSj ckn esa mUgksaus vius ckSf)d f{kfrt dk irk
yxkus vkSj foLrkj djus ds fy, 19 oÈ 'krkCnh ds var esa vius ewy LFkku iq.ks
dks NksM+us dk QSlyk fd;kA tUeHkwfe ls ;g çLFkku Hkh mUgsa thou esa èkkÆed
vkReh;rk vkSj Çgnw èkeZ ds lkFk lacaèk ls ,d çLFkku FkkA og igys ls gh vius
iq'rSuh èkeZ esa vius foÜokl VwVus ds ckjs esa tkx:d gks xbZ FkhA var esa] tc og
viuh mPp f'k{kk ds fy, baXySaM xbZ rks mUgksaus bZlkbZ èkeZ viuk fy;kA bZlkbZ
èkeZ ds lkFk jekckbZ dk vkeuk&lkeuk] mudh fe'kujh vkSj 'kSf{kd xfrfofèk;ksa
vkSj ySafxd U;k; ds fy, mudh lexz yM+kbZ vkxs ds [kaMksa esa ppkZ dh tk,xhA
fuLlansg jekckbZ ,d foiqy laL—r fo}ku] efgykvksa ds vfèkdkjksa vkSj f'k{kk dh
pSafi;u] ,d cgknqj èkek±rfjr FkÈ] ftUgksaus vkfèkiR; vkSj fir`lÙkkRed bZlkbZ
gBèkÆerk ds f[kykQ Hkh yM+kbZ yM+hA

49
[k.M II cks/k ç'u 1
vkèkqfudrk ls
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
dk loky ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ jekckbZ ds thou vkSj n'kZu dh la{ksi esa ppkZ dhft,A

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3-3 jekckbZ dk bZlkbZ èkeZ ls vkeuk&lkeuk

Hkkjr esa foèkok efgykvksa dks eqfä fnykus ds vius ç;klksa ds fy, jekckbZ dks
:f<+oknh Çgnqvksa ls feyh ukjktxh vkSj ihM+k us 1883 esa fpfdRlk dk vè;;u
djus ds fy, baXySaM tkus ds muds fu.kZ; esa ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgksaus oÆtu] lsaV
eSjh ds leqnk; dh cguksa ds lkFk laidZ LFkkfir fd;kA baXySaM esa okaVst esa
flLVlZ d‚UosVa jekckbZ dks foÙkh; lgk;rk vkSj vkokl çnku djus ds fy,
lger gqvkA cnys esa] mlus mu cguksa dks ejkBh fl[kkbZ] tks viuh fe'kujh
xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy, egkjk"Vª vkus okyh FkÈA bl ;k=k ds muds vuqHkoksa dks muds
vius 'kCnksa esa ejkBh esa baXyS.Mpk çokl ¼o‚;st Vw baXySaM½ ds :i esa çdkf'kr
fd;k x;k gSA bls ejkBh esa fy[kk x;k igyk ;k=k o`Ùkkar Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA
baXySaM igqapus ds rqjar ckn] jekckbZ us c‚Ecs çslhMsl
a h ds iwoZ xouZj lj ckVZys Ýsjs
ls eqykdkr dhA mUgksaus ejkBh esa fy[kh viuh fdrkc *n ØkbZ v‚Q bafM;u
oqeus * esa enn dh xqgkj yxkbZA bl iqLrd esa de mez esa fookg] oSokfgd
mRihM+u] ifr }kjk ifjR;kx vkSj foèkokiu ds ekè;e ls Hkkjrh; efgykvksa ds
mRihM+u dk fooj.k gSA mUgksaus vk;Z efgyk lekt dh vksj ls Hkkjr esa *foèkok
?kj* dh vihy Hkh dhA

cgjgky] jekckbZ ds fy, fu;fr dh dqN vU; ;kstuk,¡ FkÈ vkSj mUgsa viuh lquus
dh {kerk dh deh dks tkudj fpfdRlk vè;;u dks vkxs c<+kus dh viuh
;kstuk dks jí djuk iM+kA mudh ,dek= Hkkjrh; efgyk lkFkh vkuanhckbZ Hkxr
dh vkRegR;k us muds mRlkg dks de dj fn;k vkSj jekckbZ FkksM+h nsj ds fy,
volkn esa pyh xb±A flracj 1883 esa jekckbZ vkSj mudh csVh euksjek] nksuksa dks
okaVst esa ,afXydu ppZ }kjk eSjh jekckbZ vkSj euksjek eSjh esèkkoh ds :i esa
cifrLek fn;k x;k FkkA ;|fi bZlkbZ èkeZ esa ifjorZu dk ;g fu.kZ; Li"V :i ls
vpkud yx jgk Fkk] ;g xSj&lekurkoknh vkSj efgyk fojksèkh Çgnw èkeZ ds lkFk
muds yacs le; ls eksgHkax dk ifj.kke FkkA mudk –<+ foÜokl Fkk fd Çgnw èkeZ

50
us efgykvksa dks ,d fuEu fLFkfr ds vèkhu dj fn;k vkSj mUgsa eks{k ls Hkh oafpr iafMrk jekckbZ%
dj fn;kA I;kj vkSj {kek] lsok vkSj ns[kHkky ds bZlkbZ igyqvksa us mUgsa bl èkeZ efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
çkfèkdj.k
dh vksj vkdÆ"kr fd;k vkSj og vius çkP; èkeZ ls nwj pyh xbZA mudk ekuuk
Fkk fd bZlkbZ èkeZ esa fxjh gqbZ efgykvksa ds iquokZl ds fy, ,d LFkku gS] D;ksfa d
Çgnw èkeZ esa mUgsa dM+h ltk nh tkrh gSA
tSlk fd visf{kr Fkk] bZlkbZ èkeZ esa ifjoÆrr gksus ds muds QSlys us cgqr Øksèk
vkSj vieku dks vkeaf=r fd;k vkSj foÜokl?kkr vkSj HkkM+s ds O;ogkj ds :i esa
fpf=r fd;k x;kA tksfrjko Qqys vkSj lkfo=hckbZ Qqys Hkkjr esa muds èkek±rj.k
ds cpko esa ,dek= vkokt FkÈA tYn gh mUgksaus çk—frd foKku] xf.kr vkSj
vaxzsth dk vè;;u djus ds fy, psYVugSe efgyk d‚yst esa 'kkfey gksdj viuh
i<+kbZ tkjh j[kus dk QSlyk fd;kA psYVugSe esa] tc mUgsa vaxzsth iq#"kksa dks
i<+kus dk volj feyk] rks ppZ ds vfèkdkfj;ksa vkSj ykgkSj vkSj c‚Ecs ds fc'kiksa us
tedj fojksèk fd;kA bZlkbZ èkeZ esa :f<+okfnrk ds lkFk ;g mudk igyk
vkeus&lkeus dk la?k"kZ FkkA mudk ,afXydu fc'ki vkSj uuksa ds lkFk yacs le;
rd erHksn jgkA fo'ks"k :i ls cgu xsjkfYMu ds lkFk >xM+k] tks mudh
vkè;kfRed nsoh ek¡ Fkh vkSj tks euksjek eSjh ¼jekckbZ dh csVh½ dks Hkh dkQh ilan
djrh FkhA vlarks"k ds vius èkkÆed vkèkkjksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] mUgksaus
,afXydu gBèkÆerk vkSj elhg ds thou ls tqM+s peRdkjksa tSls fd csnkx xHkkZèkku
vkSj iqu#RFkku dks Lohdkj djus ls budkj dj fn;kA mUgksaus vius çeq[k fl)kar
ds :i esa *ioZr ij mins'k* dks Lohdkj djus ij tksj fn;kA og ,d etcwr
efgyk Fkh ftlus fcuk vuqj{kd ds ;k=k djus ls budkj dj fn;k FkkA muds
vfM+;y O;ogkj us ,afXydu çfr"Bku dks pkSadk fn;kA mu ij ,d etcwr
mifuos'k fojksèkh joS;s] uLyh; vkSj lkaL—frd iwokZxzgksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i vgadkj
vkSj foÜokl dh deh dk Hkh vkjksi yxk;k x;k FkkA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; iks'kkd
iguuk tkjh j[kk vkSj 'kkdkgkjh cuh jghA xsjkfYMu us xgjk 'kksd O;ä fd;k
fd] *Hkkjr dh csfV;ksa esa ls ,d ftls ge vk'kk djrs Fks fd bZ'ojh; çdk'k dh
fdj.k dks ml vaèksjh Hkwfe ij okil ys tkus ds fy, çf'k{k.k ns jgs Fks] mUgsa lR;
ds çdk'k ds fcuk ml vaèksjs esa ykSV tkuk pkfg,*A fel MksjksfFk;k chys]
psYVugSe ysMht d‚yst dh Ççfliy] tks ,d mnkjoknh ukjhoknh Hkh FkÈ vkSj
baXySaM esa efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dh fgek;r djrh FkÈ] mUgksaus jekckbZ dks muds
ç;klksa vkSj dkjukeksa esa iwjs fny ls leFkZu fn;kA

,afXydu ppZ ds inkuqØe us muds lkoZtfud O;k[;kuksa ij inkZ vkSj fu"ksèk dh

çFkk dks ykxw djds] jekckbZ dks ,d vuq'kkflr /kekZUrfjr vkSj çpkj ds dq'ky
lkèku ds :i esa <kyus dh dksf'k'k dhA iafMrk jekckbZ ds i= vkSj i=kpkj bl
cgqvk;keh la?k"kZ dks çHkkoh <ax ls çysf[kr djrs gSa vkSj ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd
mUgksaus vaxzsth Hkk"kk ij fdruh rsth ls vkSj vk'p;Ztud :i ls egkjr gkfly
dhA vius thou ds fdlh Hkh Çcnq ij] jekckbZ us ,d vkn'kZ fe'kujh ds :i esa
fQV gksus ls budkj dj fn;k D;ksfa d bZlkbZ èkeZ esa mudk /kekZarj.k vkarfjd
'kkafr dh ,d cgqr gh O;fäxr [kkst ds fy, FkkA og bl rF; ls voxr Fkh
fd ftl rjg dh çkfIr dh mUgksaus dYiuk dh Fkh] og foèkok efgykvksa dks ugÈ
nh xbZ FkhA jekckbZ dk dn Åapk gS D;ksafd mUgksaus lkfcr dj fn;k fd bZlkbZ
èkeZ esa èkek±rj.k dk eryc mifuos'kokfn;ksa ds izkf/kdj.k ds v/khu gksuk ugha
51
[k.M II FkkAA jekckbZ dk thou iFk mudh jk"Vªoknh Hkkoukvksa dks vk'p;Ztud :i ls
vkèkqfudrk ls fpf=r djrk gS D;ksfa d mUgksaus tksj nsdj dgk fd Hkkjrh; èkekZUrfjr yksxksa dks
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa ,d ØkWl iguuk pkfg, ftlesa laL—r esa f'kykys[k fy[ks gksaA ckSf)d :i ls
dk loky çfrHkk'kkyh vkSj vkè;kfRed :i ls tkx:d bl efgyk us vius thou dh
vafre lkal rd ;h'kq dks vius xq# ds :i esa ekukA og ekStwnk Jsf.k;ksa ls vkxs
fudy tkrh gS D;ksafd mUgksaus ,d vdsyh ek¡ ds :i esa dbZ Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkb±]
HkDr ijarq tkx:d èkek±rfjr lekt lqèkkjd vkSj efgykvksa dh f'k{kk vkSj
vfèkdkjksa dh dêj j{kdA

la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa jekckbZ dk çokl

jekckbZ dk baXySaM esa pkj lky dk çokl 1886 esa lekIr gqvk] tc mUgksaus
isuflYosfu;k ds efgyk esfMdy d‚yst ds Mhu M‚- jkpsy cksMys ls fuea=.k
çkIr djus ds ckn la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dh ;k=k 'kq: dhA ogka jekckbZ viuh
ppsjh cgu vkuanhckbZ tks'kh ds Lukrd lekjksg esa Hkkx ysus xbZ FkÈA vkuanhckbZ
tks'kh dks M‚DVj cuus ds fy, la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dh ;k=k djus okyh igyh
Hkkjrh; efgyk ds :i esa ;kn fd;k tkrk gSA la;ä q jkT; vesfjdk esa mudk
NksVk çokl rqyukRed :i ls vyx Fkk vkSj ,d rjg ls baXySaM ls dkQh csgrj
FkkA mUgksaus O;kid :i ls la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa lkoZtfud O;k[;ku nsrs gq,]
fofHkUu ppZ lewgksa vkSj efgyk dY;k.k lewgksa ls eqykdkr dh] vkSj Hkkjrh;
efgykvksa dh nqnZ'kk ds fy, viuh Çprk vkSj Hkkjr esa foèkokvksa ds fy, ,d
?kj@vkoklh; Ldwy cukus dh mudh ;kfpdk dks Hkh çpkfjr fd;kA vesfjdh
;k=k us okLro esa mUgsa ,d dk;ZdrkZ] f'k{kkfon~ vkSj ,d fe'kujh cuus ds fy,
çsfjr fd;kA Lora=rk ds lkFk vesfjdh vkd"kZ.k us mudk è;ku vkdÆ"kr fd;kA
fnlacj 1887 esa] cksLVu esa vesfjdu jekckbZ ,lksfl,'ku dk xBu fd;k x;k Fkk]
vkSj ckn esa lSu ÝkaflLdks esa ,d lgk;d daiuh [kksyh xbZ FkhA bl ,lksfl,'ku
us nl lky dh vofèk ds fy, Çgnw foèkokvksa ds fy, ,d èkeZfujis{k vkoklh;
fo|ky; ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk dk oknk fd;kA jekckbZ us bu xfrfofèk;ksa ds
fy, èku tqVkus ds fy, 1887 esa vaxzsth esa viuh igyh iqLrd] n gkbZ&dkLV
Çgnw oqeu Hkh fy[kh FkhA bl iqLrd dks O;kogkfjd :i ls ,d Hkkjrh; ukjhoknh
?kks"k.kki= Hkh ekuk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g :f<+oknh 'kkL=ksa vkSj deZdkaMksa }kjk
Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh vekuoh; fLFkfr;ksa dh rh[kh vkykspuk djrh gSA jekckbZ us
,d ejkBh iqLrd ij Hkh dke fd;k ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk ;qukbVsM LVsV~lfp
yksdsfLFkfr vuhçoklo`Ùk ¼n ihiy v‚Q ;wukbVsM LVsV~l½A Hkkjr ykSVus ds ckn
fnlacj 1889 esa ;g iqLrd c‚Ecs esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA jekckbZ us lekt dks csgrj
cukus ds fy, lkekftd vkanksyuksa vkSj ukxfjd lekt ds egRo dks mtkxj
djus dh dksf'k'k dhA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; n'kZdksa ls Hkkjr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dks
m[kkM+ Qsadus esa vesfjdh lekt ds iSVuZ dk ikyu djus ds egRo ds ckjs esa
vkxzg fd;kA

52
cks/k ç'u 2 iafMrk jekckbZ%
efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa çkfèkdj.k
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ ,d bZlkbZ /kekZarfjr ds :i esa jekckbZ ds vuqHkoksa dh ppkZ dhft,A

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3-4 jekckbZ dh laLFkkxr lfØ;rk

vesfjdk esa vius çokl ls ykSVus ds ckn] jekckbZ lfØ;rk ls çsfjr FkÈ vkSj bls
,d laLFkkxr dk;Z esa cnyuk pkgrh FkÈA 1889 esa 'kkjnk lnu ¼lh[kus dh nsoh
dk ?kj½] fo'ks"k :i ls foèkokvksa ¼vkSj vfookfgr yM+fd;ksa vkSj vukoklh Nk=ksa ds
fy,½ ds fy, ,d ?kj pkSikVh] eqacbZ esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA jkukMs] HkaMkjdj
vkSj rsyax tSls lekt lqèkkjdksa vkSj fnXxtksa us iwjs fny ls laxBu ds lykgdkj
cksMZ esa 'kkfey gksus ds fy, lgefr O;ä dhA ;g ,d vuwBk laxBu Fkk ftlus
efgykvksa dks f'k{kk vkSj O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k çnku djus dh ekax dh vkSj mUgsa
vkÆFkd :i ls vkRefuHkZj cuk;kA dsljh] ftlus igys jekckbZ dk etkd mM+k;k
Fkk] us vc fons'kh Hkwfe ij Hkkjrh; foèkokvksa ds fy, foÙkh; lalkèku iSnk djus ds
muds ,dy ç;klksa dh ljkguk dhA 'kkjnk lnu dh igyh f'k";k xksnqckbZ FkÈ]
ftUgsa ckn esa vkuanhckbZ uke fn;k x;k Fkk vkSj mudh 'kknh èkksaMks ds'ko dosZ
¼,l,uMhVh foÜofo|ky; ds laLFkkid½ ls gqbZ Fkh] gkykafd jekckbZ us dHkh Hkh
foèkok iquÆookg dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, dke ugÈ fd;kA lnu ds lkeus vkus
okyh foÙkh; dfBukb;ksa us bls iq.ks LFkkukarfjr gksus ds fy, etcwj fd;kA blus
:f<+oknh czkã.k leqnk; rd lhèkh igqap Hkh lqfuf'pr dhA lnu dks iq.ks
LFkkukarfjr djus ds jekckbZ ds QSlys ds ifj.kkeLo:i :f<+oknh] fir`lÙkkRed
czkã.k vkfèkiR; ls çfrfØ;k gqbZA lnu ij vius èkeZfujis{k fl)karksa dks R;kxus
vkSj dfFkr rkSj ij bZlkbZ çpkj djus dk vkjksi yxk;k x;k FkkA iwjs çdj.k dh
lkoZtfud :i ls O;kid :i ls vkykspuk dh xbZ ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i igys
mYysf[kr çfl) lekt lqèkkjdksa us 'kkjnk lnu ls viuk leFkZu okil ys fy;k]
lnu dh LFkkuh; lykgdkj lfefr us bLrhQk ns fn;k vkSj dbZ fuokfl;ksa dks
muds vfHkHkkodksa }kjk lnu ls gVk fn;k x;kA cksLVu jekckbZ ,lksfl,'ku {kfr
dks Bhd ugÈ dj ldk] ysfdu de ls de jekckbZ dks funksZ"k fl) dj fn;kA
og ml le; ds :f<+oknh vkSj lqèkkj fojksèkh leqnk; }kjk iwjh rjg ls gkf'k,
ij FkhA ckn esa 1899 esa mUgksaus lnu dks iq.ks ds ikl ,d txg [ksM+xkao esa
LFkkukarfjr dj fn;k vkSj bldk uke cnydj jekckbZ eqfä fe'ku dj fn;k

53
[k.M II x;kA ;gka ;g è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd 'kkjnk lnu dks ,d bZlkbZ fe'kujh
vkèkqfudrk ls laxBu esa ifjoÆrr djus ds bl dk;Z us iafMrk jekckbZ ds mPp tkfr Çgnw
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa foèkokvksa dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj ds fy, dke djus ds vius ewy y{; dks gjk
dk loky fn;kA

uofuÆer Ldwy Li"V :i ls ,d bZlkbZ bosx a fydy fe'kujh laLFkku FkkA vdky
ds nkSjku] og lgt :i ls if'peh vkSj eè; Hkkjr dh çHkkfor yM+fd;ksa vkSj
efgykvksa dks cpkus ds fy, vkxs vkb±A gkykafd] ch- th- fryd us bl —R; dks
Þvdky ds vuwBs volj ds nkSjku jekckbZ ds tky esa Qalh foèkokvksaÞ ds :i esa
oÆ.kr fd;kA 1900 rd jekckbZ eqfä fe'ku dh rkdr nks gtkj efgykvksa rd
igqap xbZA eqfä fe'ku us f'k{kk çnku djus] uÉlx esa O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k]
flykbZ] d<+kbZ] diM+k vkSj dkyhu dh cqukbZ] ÇçÇVx çsl] ckxokuh vkfn ds :i
esa efgykvksa dh eqfä esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;kA jekckbZ eqfä izs;j csy uked ,d
lekpkj i= fy[krh FkÈA cgjgky] jekckbZ dks egkjk"Vªh;u leqnk; }kjk
tkucw>dj vyx&Fkyx dj fn;k x;k vkSj og thou Hkj xqeukeh esa jgÈA
mUgksua s ewy fgczw vkSj xzhd ls ckbfcy dk ejkBh vuqokn Hkh rS;kj fd;kA Hkkjrh;
f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa mudh fof'k"V lsok ds fy, mUgsa 1919 esa fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk
dSlj&,&Çgn Lo.kZ ind ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA mudh csVh euksjek us
mudh vksj ls iqjLdkj Lohdkj fd;kA jekckbZ dk viuh csVh dh e`R;q ds ,d
o"kZ ckn 1922 esa pkyhl o"kZ dh vYik;q esa fuèku gks x;kA iafMrk jekckbZ Þvius
le; dh lcls fooknkLin Hkkjrh; efgykÞ FkÈ] çks- mek pØorÊ us jhjkbÇVx
fgLVªh% n ykbQ ,aM VkbEl v‚Q iafMrk jekckbZ esa fy[kkA lsVa yqbl esa
okÇ'kxVu foÜofo|ky; esa bfrgkl dh ,lksfl,V çksQl s j 'ksQkyh paæk us dgk]
ÞjekckbZ ,d ,slh efgyk FkÈ] ftUgksaus 19oÈ 'krkCnh esa nqfu;k dh ifjØek dh]
fons'kksa esa leqnk; dk fuekZ.k fd;k vkSj vkgkj] iks'kkd vkSj Hkk"kk lacèa kh pqukSfr;ksa
dks ikj fd;kAÞ jekckbZ dh Çgnw :f<+okfnrk vkSj fir`lÙkk dh vkykspuk] bZlkbZ
èkeZ esa muds /kekZarj.k dh mUgksaus Åaph dher pqdkbZ] bfrgkl esa muds lanHkks±
dk cfg"dkj dj fn;k x;kA

cks/k ç'u 3
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ ukjhokn esa jekckbZ ds laLFkkxr ;ksxnku dh ppkZ dhft,A

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54
3-5 ukjhoknh fparu esa jekckbZ dk ;ksxnku iafMrk jekckbZ%
efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
çkfèkdj.k
jekckbZ ds cpiu ds vuqHko] mudh mnkj vkSj dkQh vijaijkxr ijofj'k] muds
vklikl dh mRihfM+r efgykvksa dh okLrfodrkvksa vkSj jkstejkZ dh dfBukb;ksa ds
muds vius vuqHko us muds ckSf)d vkSj oSpkfjd ifj–'; dks vkdkj nsus esa cgqr
;ksxnku fn;kA ;|fi og vius firk }kjk laL—r Hkk"kk vkSj 'kkL=ksa esa f'kf{kr
vkSj çf'kf{kr Fkh] og fir`lÙkkRed Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa ij yxk, x,
v{ke vkSj HksnHkkoiw.kZ çfrcaèkksa ls cgqr voxr FkhA mUgksaus u dsoy Hkkjr esa
cfYd fons'kksa esa Hkh cM+s iSekus ij ;k=k dhA fo"ke Çyx lacaèkksa ds çfr mudk
joS;k] if'peh nqfu;k esa Lora=rk vkSj lekurk ds fy, mudh le> us Çgnw
lkekftd vkSj èkkÆed O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj Çyx vU;k; ds muds fo'ys"k.k dks
izHkkfor fd;kA jekckbZ] tks ,d laL—r fo}ku FkÈ] iafMrk ds :i esa lEekfur]
fupyh tkfr ds ,d O;fä ls 'kknh djds vius iSr`d èkeZ ds f[kykQ foæksg
fd;k vkSj cgknqjh ls bZlkbZ èkeZ esa ifjoÆrr gks xb±A Çgnw èkeZ esa ikbZ tkus okyh
Çyx fof'k"V lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ds f[kykQ mUgksaus foæksg dj fn;kA mUgsa cqjh
lkekftd çFkkvksa ds f[kykQ ,d vnE; ;ks)k ds :i esa ;kn fd;k tkrk gS]
ftUgksaus efgykvksa dh n;uh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks lqèkkjus ds fy, dM+h esgur dhA

jekckbZ dk è;ku ges'kk efgykvksa }kjk vuqHko dh tkus okyh lajpukRed

vlekurkvksa vkSj ifjfLFkfrtU; v{kerkvksa dks nwj djus ij FkkA mudk –<+
foÜokl Fkk fd Çyx vkèkkfjr vyxko us efgykvksa dks mudh ;kSu] çtuu vkSj
?kj cukus dh Hkwfedkvksa ds vkèkkj ij dsoy ifRu;ksa] cguksa] ekrkvksa ds :i esa
?kjsyw LFkkuksa ij NksM+ fn;kA blus mUgsa vkRe&lk{kkRdkj ds fdlh Hkh volj ls
oafpr dj fn;kA fookfgr efgykvksa ¼lkSHkkX;orh½ dks Çgnw lekt dh mPp
fir`lÙkkRed lkekftd lajpuk esa loksZPp ntkZ çkIr FkkA Hkkjrh; lekt esa
foèkokvksa dks vekuoh; O;ogkj vkSj ,d fuEu fLFkfr ds vèkhu fd;k x;k Fkk
ftls 'kkL=ks]a vuq"Bkuksa vkSj ifo= xzaFkksa }kjk ifo= fd;k x;k FkkA jekckbZ us bu
efgykvksa dks bu Hk;kog ?kjsyw ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls cpkus vkSj mUgsa f'k{kk] O;kolkf;d
çf'k{k.k vkSj vkÆFkd vkRefuHkZjrk ds ekè;e ls lkoZtfud {ks= esa LFkkfir djus
dk rdZ fn;kA

iafMrk jekckbZ dh leh{kdksa }kjk ç'kaflr iqLrd n gkbZ dkLV Çgnw owesu] Hkkjr
esa mPp tkfr dh foèkokvksa dh n;uh; fLFkfr;ksa dks le>us ds fy, ,d cgqr gh
egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa ukjhoknh lS)kafrd cgl dks Bksl cukus esa
jekckbZ dk lcls cM+k ;ksxnku viax Çgnw lkekftd&èkkÆed O;oLFkk dk fo'kn
fo'ys"k.k vkSj v{kE; vkykspuk FkhA og Hkkjr dh yk[kksa oafpr efgykvksa dh
vkokt cuÈA muds fopkjksa us Hkkjr esa yacs le; ls çpfyr efgykvksa ds
lajpukRed] HkkoukRed vkSj ckSf)d gkf'k, dks le>us esa lgk;rk dhA jekckbZ
ds vuqlkj] ySafxd vU;k; dks nwj djus ds fy, Çyxksa ds chp lekurk gh
,dek= rkÆdd lekèkku FkkA

jekckbZ ds ukjhoknh çopu dks muds ejkBh esa fy[ks x, dke] vFkkZr~ L=h èkeZ
uhfr dks xaHkhjrk ls ugÈ ysuk pkfg,A bl iqLrd esa] jekckbZ efgykvksa ds

55
[k.M II lrh&lkfo=h e‚My dk lq>ko nsrh gSa vkSj mudk leFkZu djrh gSa vkSj efgykvksa
vkèkqfudrk ls dks f'kf{kr vkSj vPNh iRuh cuus dh lykg nsrh gSaA ehjk dkslach fy[krh gSa fd
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa gkykafd jekckbZ ,d ukjhoknh dk;ZdrkZ FkÈ] L=h èkeZ uhfr esa mudk ys[ku
dk loky vk'p;Ztud :i ls mUgsa ljksxsV iq#"k lqèkkjd ds :i esa is'k djrk gSA L=h èkeZ
uhfr esa jekckbZ us vui<+ vkSj ew[kZ efgykvksa dks [kqn dks vkRefuHkZj]
vkRe&f'kf{kr vPNh ifRu;ksa vkSj ekrkvksa ds :i esa <kyus dk lq>ko fn;kA
cgjgky] tc mUgksaus *ØkbZ v‚Q bafM;u oqeu* fy[kk] rks ge mudh ukjhoknh
vfHkO;fä esa ,d rst cnyko ns[krs gSaA mudk ifjoÆrr #>ku rkjkckbZ Ç'kns]
vkuanhckbZ tks'kh vkSj j[kekckbZ tSlh çkjafHkd ukjhokfn;ksa ds lkFk muds ?kfu"B
lacaèk dk ifj.kke FkkA ckn esa] jekckbZ ilan vkSj nsj ls fookg djus dh dêj
leFkZd cu xb±] ysfdu dHkh Hkh [kqys rkSj ij iquÆookg dks c<+kok ugÈ fn;kA
jekckbZ ds ç;klksa dk ,dek= Qksdl efgykvksa dh f'k{kk Fkh D;ksafd mudk –<+
foÜokl Fkk fd efgykvksa dh f'k{kk mUgsa fir`lÙkk vkSj èkkÆed :f<+okn ds Çitjs
ls eqä dj ldrh gSA jekckbZ dk eqfä lnu tkfrxr HksnHkko vkSj ySafxd
HksnHkko dh vLoh—fr dk ,d thoar mnkgj.k gSA efgykvksa ds dkj.kksa vkSj
Çprkvksa] fo'ks"k :i ls Çgnw foèkokvksa] efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, yM+us ds fy,
Hkkoqd ç;kl vkSj efgykvksa dh lkekftd&vkÆFkd eqfä ds fy, yM+us ds fy,
laLFkkxr çfrfØ;k dh mudh vfHkO;fä ukjhoknh fopkj ds bfrgkl esa ges'kk ds
fy, vafdr gSA

cks/k ç'u 4
uksV% i½ vius mÙkj ds fy, uhps fn, x, LFkku dk iz;ksx djsAa
ii½ vius mÙkj dh tk¡p bdkbZ ds var esa fn, x, mÙkj ls djsAa

1½ ukjhoknh Çpru esa jekckbZ ds ;ksxnku dk ijh{k.k dhft,A

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3-6 lkjka'k
iafMrk jekckbZ dks vius le; ds iq#"k lekt lqèkkjdksa ds led{k ,d vdsyh
vkSj Økafrdkjh efgyk lekt lqèkkjd ds :i esa çfrf"Br fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mUgksaus O;kogkfjd :i ls Hkkjrh; ukjhoknh vkanksyu dh uÈo j[khA mudk iwjk
ç{ksi iFk ekSfyd lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj :f<+oknh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq,
vR;fèkd pqukSfr;ksa ls Hkjk Fkk ftlesa og dke dj jgh FkÈA fQj Hkh mUgksua s tks
fodYi pqus vkSj ftu laHkkoukvksa ds lkFk mUgksaus ç;ksx fd;k] os mu gBèkÆerk
vkSj :f<+okn ls muds dêjiaFkh çLFkku dks n'kkZrs gSa] ftlus u dsoy Çgnw

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èkkÆed O;oLFkk dks] cfYd bZlkbZ èkeZ dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;kA mUgksaus eq[; :i ls iafMrk jekckbZ%
fir`lÙkkRed] èkkÆed vkSj lkekftd fopkjksa vkSj çFkkvksa dks cnuke djus ds efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
çkfèkdj.k
f[kykQ yM+kbZ yM+h] ftlus efgykvksa dks vèkhu fd;k vkSj vleku O;ogkj dk
lkeuk fd;kA jekckbZ vius vkl&ikl ds fooknksa vkSj muds }kjk pqus x,
vijaijkxr iFk ds dkj.k bfrgkl esa vLi"V cuh gqbZ gSaA gkykafd] jekckbZ tSls
vlkèkkj.k] ckSf)d] lgt fnekx ds oSpkfjd vkSj laLFkkxr ;ksxnku ij è;ku u
nsuk ledkyhu lekt ds fy, ,d cM+h Hkwy gksxhA

3-7 lanHkZ
 ,aMjlu] ,- ¼2006½- iafMrk jekckbZ] n eqfä jhokbZoy ,aM Xykscy
isaVsdksLVfyT+e- Vªkl
a QkjQs'ku- 23 ¼1½] 37&48-

 cVZu] ,- ¼1995½- dksyksfu;y ,audkamVjl bu ysV foDVksfj;u baXySaM%

iafMrk jkekckbZ ,V psYVugse ,aM osaVst 1883&86- QsfefuLV fjO;w- 49
¼1½] 29&49-

 pØorÊ] ch-] ,aM ikaMs] vkj-ds- ¼2009½- ekMZu bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkWV%
VsDl ,aM daVsdLV- lst-

 pØorÊ] ;w- ¼2014½- fjjkbfVax fgLVªh% n ykbZQ ,aM VkbZEl vkWQ iafMrk
jekckbZ- tqcku-

 dkslach] ,e- ¼1988½- ohesu] besuflts'ku ,aM bDosfyfV & iafMrk

jkekckbZt+ dafVªC;w'ku Vw ohesu dkt- bZihMCY;w- MCY;w ,l 38 & MCY;w
,l 39-

 dkslach] ,e- ¼1992½- bafM;u fjLikal Vw fØlfV,fufV] ppZ ,aM

dksyksfu,fyTe% ds'k vkWQ iafMrk jkekckbZ- bZihMCY;-w 61&71-

 dkslach] ,e- ¼1998½- eYVhiy daVsLVs'kul% iafMrk jkekckbZt ,Mwds'kuy

,aM fe'kujh ,DVhfofV+t bu ysV 19oha laps qjh bafM;k ,am vczksM- ohesUl
fgLVªh fjO;w- 7 ¼2½] 193&208-

 dkslach] ,e- ¼2000½- enjgqM+ bu bZLV osLV ,udkmaVj % iafMrk jkekckbZt+

usxksfj,'kUl vkWQ MkVjgqM+ ,aM enjgqM- QsfefuLV fjO;w- 65 ¼1½] 49&67-

 dkslach] ,e- ¼2004½- Vªsflax n okbZl% iafMrk jkekckbZt+ ykbQ Fkzw gj

VsDVl- vkLVªsfy;u QsfefuLV fjO;w- 19 ¼43½] 19&28-

 dkslach] ,e- ¼2016½- iafMrk jekckbZ% ykbZQ ,aM ysM

a ekdZ jkbfVaXl-
:Vyst-

57
[k.M II  jekckbZ] ih- ¼1977½- ysVjl ,aM dkslZiksUMsUl vkWQ iafMrk jkekckbZ%
vkèkqfudrk ls ,fMfVM ckbZ ,- ch- 'kkg- c‚Ecs% egkjk"Vª LVsV cksMZ Q‚j fyVjspj ,aM
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa dYpj-
dk loky
 ljLorh] vkj-] ,aM jekckbZ] ih- ¼2003½- iafMrk jekckbZt+ vesfjdu
,udkmaVj% n ihiYl v‚Q+ n ;wukbVsM LVsV~l ¼1889½- bafM;kuk
;wfuoÆlVh çsl-

 Çlg] ,e- ih-] ,aM j‚;] ,p- ¼,M-½- ¼2011½- bafM;u ikWfyfVdy FkkWV &
FkhEl ,aM fFkadlZ- fi;lZu ,tqds'ku bafM;k-

 OgkbV] ds- ts- ¼2007½- bUlkbZVl bu Vw pkbYM fFk;kyth Fkzw n ykbQ

,aM odZ vkWQ iafMrk jekckbZ- VªkalQkbes'ku- 95&102-

3-8 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

cksèk ç'u 1
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr Çcnqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg,

 jekckbZ dk HkVdrk futh thou

 vijaijkxr f'k{kk vkSj çf'k{k.k
 efgykvksa ds eqíksa ij nSfud vuqHko vkSj ml ij muds fopkj

cksèk ç'u 2
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa dk mÙkj gksuk pkfg,A

 Çgnq /keZ ls eksgHkax

 bZlkbZ èkeZ esa #fp dk fodkl
 bZlkbZ èkeZ ds lkFk vuqHko
 ç'u tks jekckbZ us ,afXydu çkfèkdj.k ls mBk, Fks

cksèk ç'u 3
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr Çcnqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg,

 vk;Z efgyk lekt dh LFkkiuk ds muds ç;kl

 jekckbZ us vius laLFkkxr ç;ksxksa esa ftu pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk fd;k
 jekckbZ eqfä fe'ku

58
cksèk ç'u 4 iafMrk jekckbZ%
efgyk vkSj èkkÆed
çkfèkdj.k
1½ vkids mÙkj esa fuEufyf[kr Çcnqvksa ij çdk'k Mkyk tkuk pkfg,

 ukjhoknh çopu esa vxz.kh ;ksxnku

 Çgnw lkekftd O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj ySafxd vU;k; dk fo'ys"k.k
 efgykvksa dh f'k{kk vkSj vfèkdkjksa dk çpkj
 ukjhoknh cgl dks Li"V djus esa lkfgfR;d ;ksxnku

59
[k.M II
vkèkqfudrk ls
lkeuk vkSj Lkq/kkjksa
dk loky

60