Appendix A

Physical Properties
Table A.1 Molar, gas, and critical properties

Properties of various ideal gases at 25° C, 100 kPa∗ (SI Units)

Chemical Molecular R ρ Cpo Cvo
Gas formula mass kJ/kg-K kg/m3 kJ/kg-K kJ/kg-K k
Steam H2O 18.015 0.4615 0.0231 1.872 1.410 1.327
Acelylene C2H2 26.038 0.3193 1.05 1.699 1.380 1.231
Air — 28.97 0.287 1.169 1.004 0.717 1.400
Ammonia NH3 17.031 0.4882 0.694 2.130 1.642 1.297
Argon Ar 39.948 0.2081 1.613 0.520 0.312 1.667
Butane C4H10 58.124 0.1430 2.407 1.716 1.573 1.091
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 0.2968 1.13 1.041 0.744 1.399
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.1889 1.775 0.842 0.653 1.289
Ethane C2H4 30.07 0.2765 1.222 1.766 1.490 1.186
Ethanol C2H5OH 46.069 0.1805 1.883 1.427 1.246 1.145
Ethylene C2H4 28.054 0.2964 1.138 1.548 1.252 1.237
Helium He 4.003 2.0771 0.1615 5.193 3.116 1.667
Hydrogen H2 2.016 4.1243 0.0813 14.209 1.008 1.409
Methane CH4 16.043 0.5183 0.648 2.254 1.736 1.299
Methanol CH2OH 32.042 0.2595 1.31 1.405 1.146 1.227
Neon Ne 20.183 0.4120 0.814 1.03 0.618 1.667
Nitric oxide NO 30.006 0.2771 1.21 0.993 0.716 1.387
Nitrogen N2 28.013 0.2968 1.13 1.042 0.745 1.400
Nitrous oxide N2O 44.013 0.1889 1.775 0.879 0.690 1.274
n-octane C8H18 114.23 0.07279 0.092 1.711 1.638 1.044
Oxygen O2 31.999 0.2598 1.292 0.922 0.662 1.393
Propane C3H2 44.094 0.1886 1.808 1.679 1.490 1.126
R-12 CCI2F2 120.914 0.06876 4.98 0.616 0.547 1.126
R-22 CHCLF2 86.469 0.09616 3.54 0.658 0.562 1.171
R-134a CF3CH2F 102.03 0.08149 4.20 0.852 0.771 1.106
Sulfur dioxide SO2 64.059 0.1298 2.618 0.624 0.494 1.263
Sulfur trioxide SO3 80.053 0.10386 3.272 0.635 0.531 1.196

Adapted from Reference [1].

Thermoelectrics: Design and Materials, First Edition. HoSung Lee.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
324 Thermoelectrics

Table A.2 Thermophysical properties of gases at atmospheric pressure

ρ cp μ 107 v 106 k 103 α 106

T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
Air
100 3.5562 1.032 71.1 2.00 9.34 2.54 0.786
150 2.3364 1.012 103.4 4.426 13.8 5.84 0.758
200 1.7458 1.007 132.5 7.590 18.1 10.3 0.737
250 1.3947 1.006 159.6 11.44 22.3 15.9 0.720
300 1.1614 1.007 184.6 15.89 26.3 22.5 0.707
350 0.9950 1.009 208.2 20.92 30.0 29.9 0.700
400 0.8711 1.014 230.1 26.41 33.8 38.3 0.690
450 0.7740 1.021 250.7 32.39 37.3 47.2 0.686
500 0.6964 1.030 270.1 38.79 40.7 56.7 0.684
550 0.6329 1.040 288.4 45.57 43.9 66.7 0.683
600 0.5804 1.051 305.8 52.69 46.9 76.9 0.685
650 0.5356 1.063 322.5 60.21 49.7 87.3 0.690
700 0.4975 1.075 338.8 68.10 52.4 98.0 0.695
750 0.4643 1.087 354.6 76.37 54.9 109 0.702
800 0.4354 1.099 369.8 84.93 57.3 120 0.709
850 0.4097 1.110 384.3 93.80 59.6 131 0.716
900 0.3868 1.121 398.1 102.9 62.0 143 0.720
950 0.3666 1.131 411.3 112.2 64.3 155 0.723
1000 0.3482 1.141 424.4 121.9 66.7 168 0.726
1100 0.3166 1.159 449.0 141.8 71.5 195 0.728
1200 0.2902 1.175 473.0 162.9 76.3 224 0.728
1300 0.2679 1.189 496.0 185.1 82 238 0.719
1400 0.2488 1.207 530 213 91 303 0.703
1500 0.2322 1.230 557 240 100 350 0.685
1600 0.2177 1.248 584 268 106 390 0.688
1700 0.2049 1.267 611 298 113 435 0.685
1800 0.1935 1.286 637 329 120 482 0.683
1900 0.1833 1.307 663 362 128 534 0.677
2000 0.1741 1.337 689 396 137 589 0.672
2100 0.1658 1.372 715 431 147 646 0.667
2200 0.1582 1.417 740 468 160 714 0.655
2300 0.1513 1.478 766 506 175 783 0.647
2400 0.1448 1.558 792 547 196 869 0.630
2500 0.1389 1.665 818 589 222 960 0.613
3000 0.1135 2.726 955 841 486 1570 0.536
Ammonia (NH3)
300 0.6894 2.158 101.5 14.7 24.7 16.6 0.887
320 0.6448 2.170 109 16.9 27.2 19.4 0.870
340 0.6059 2.192 116.5 19.2 29.3 22.1 0.872
360 0.5716 2.221 124 21.7 31.6 24.9 0.872
380 0.5410 2.254 131 24.2 34.0 27.9 0.869
400 0.5136 2.287 138 26.9 37.0 31.5 0.853
420 0.4888 2.322 145 29.7 40.4 35.6 0.833
440 0.4664 2.357 152.5 32.7 43.5 39.6 0.826
460 0.4460 2.393 159 35.7 46.3 43.4 0.822
480 0.4273 2.430 166.5 39.0 49.2 47.4 0.822
Appendix A: Physical Properties 325

Table A.2 (continued )

ρ cp μ 107 v 106 k 103 α 106
T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
500 0.4101 2.467 173 42.2 52.5 51.9 0.813
520 0.3942 2.504 180 45.7 54.5 55.2 0.827
540 0.3795 2.540 186.5 49.1 57.5 59.7 0.824
560 0.3708 2.577 193 52.0 60.6 63.4 0.827
580 0.3533 2.613 199.5 56.5 63.8 69.1 0.817
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
280 1.9022 0.830 140 7.36 15.20 9.63 0.765
300 1.7730 0.851 149 8.40 16.55 11.0 0.766
320 1.6609 0.872 156 9.39 18.05 12.5 0.754
340 1.5618 0.891 165 10.6 19.70 14.2 0.746
360 1.4743 0.908 173 11.7 21.2 15.8 0.741
380 1.3961 0.926 181 13.0 23.75 17.6 0.737
400 1.3257 0.942 190 14.3 24.3 19.5 0.737
450 1.1782 0.981 210 17.8 28.3 24.5 0.728
500 1.0594 1.02 231 21.8 32.5 30.1 0.725
550 0.9625 1.05 251 26.1 36.6 36.2 0.721
600 0.8826 1.08 270 30.6 40.7 42.7 0.717
650 0.8143 1.10 288 35.4 44.5 49.7 0.712
700 0.7564 1.13 305 40.3 48.1 56.3 0.717
750 0.7057 1.15 321 45.5 51.7 63.7 0.714
800 0.6614 1.17 337 51.0 55.1 71.2 0.716
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
200 1.6888 1.045 127 7.52 17.0 9.63 0.781
220 1.5341 1.044 137 8.93 19.0 11.9 0.753
240 1.4055 1.043 147 10.5 20.6 14.1 0.744
260 1.2967 1.043 157 12.1 22.1 16.3 0.741
280 1.2038 1.042 166 13.8 23.6 18.8 0.733
300 1.1233 1.043 175 15.6 25.0 21.3 0.730
320 1.0529 1.043 184 17.5 26.3 23.9 0.730
340 0.9909 1.044 193 19.5 27.8 26.9 0.725
360 0.9357 1.045 202 21.6 29.1 29.8 0.725
380 0.8864 1.047 210 23.7 30.5 32.9 0.729
400 0.8421 1.049 218 25.9 31.8 36.0 0.719
450 0.7483 1.055 237 31.7 35.0 44.3 0.714
500 0.67352 1.065 254 37.7 38.1 53.1 0.710
550 0.61226 1.076 271 44.3 41.1 62.4 0.710
600 0.56126 1.088 286 51.0 44.0 72.1 0.707
650 0.51806 1.101 301 58.1 47.0 82.4 0.705
700 0.48102 1.114 315 65.5 50.0 93.3 0.702
750 0.44899 1.127 329 73.3 52.8 104 0.702
800 0.42095 1.140 343 81.5 55.5 116 0.705
Helium (He)
100 0.4871 5.193 96.3 19.8 73.0 28.9 0.686
120 0.4060 5.193 107 26.4 81.9 38.8 0.679
140 0.3481 5.193 118 33.9 90.7 50.2 0.676
160 — 5.193 129 — 99.2 — —
180 0.2708 5.193 139 51.3 107.2 76.2 0.673
(continued )
326 Thermoelectrics

Table A.2 (continued )

ρ cp μ 107 v 106 k 103 α 106
T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
Helium (He) (continued)
200 — 5.193 150 — 115.1 — —
220 0.2216 5.193 160 72.2 123.1 107 0.675
240 — 5.193 170 — 130 — —
260 0.1875 5.193 180 96.0 137 141 0.682
280 — 5.193 190 — 145 — —
300 0.1625 5.193 199 122 152 180 0.680
350 — 5.193 221 — 170 — —
400 0.1210 5.193 243 199 187 295 0.675
450 — 5.193 263 — 204 — —
500 0.09754 5.193 283 290 220 434 0.668
550 — 5.193 — — — — —
600 — 5.193 320 — 252 — —
650 — 5.193 332 — 264 — —
700 0.06969 5.193 350 502 278 768 0.654
750 — 5.193 364 — 291 — —
800 — 5.193 382 — 304 — —
900 — 5.193 414 — 330 — —
1000 0.04879 5.193 446 914 354 1400 0.654
Hydrogen (H2)
100 0.24255 11.23 42.1 17.4 67.0 24.6 0.707
150 0.16156 12.60 56.0 34.7 101 49.6 0.699
200 0.12115 13.54 68.1 56.2 131 79.9 0.704
250 0.09693 14.06 78.9 81.4 157 115 0.707
300 0.08078 14.31 89.6 111 183 158 0.701
350 0.06924 14.43 98.8 143 204 204 0.700
400 0.06059 14.48 108.2 179 226 258 0.695
450 0.05386 14.50 117.2 218 247 316 0.689
500 0.04848 14.52 126.4 261 266 378 0.691
550 0.04407 14.53 134.3 305 285 445 0.685
600 0.04040 14.55 142.4 352 305 519 0.678
700 0.03463 14.61 157.8 456 342 676 0.675
800 0.03030 14.70 172.4 569 378 849 0.670
900 0.02694 14.83 186.5 692 412 1030 0.671
1000 0.02424 14.99 201.3 830 448 1230 0.673
1100 0.02204 15.17 213.0 966 488 1460 0.662
1200 0.02020 15.37 226.2 1120 528 1700 0.659
1300 0.01865 15.59 238.5 1279 568 1955 0.655
1400 0.01732 15.81 250.7 1447 610 2230 0.650
1500 0.01616 16.02 262.7 1626 655 2530 0.643
1600 0.0152 16.28 273.7 1801 697 2815 0.639
1700 0.0143 16.58 284.9 1992 742 3130 0.637
1800 0.0135 16.96 296.1 2193 786 3435 0.639
1900 0.0128 17.49 307.2 2400 835 3730 0.643
2000 0.0121 18.25 318.2 2630 878 3975 0.661
Appendix A: Physical Properties 327

Table A.2 (continued )

ρ cp μ 107 v 106 k 103 α 106
T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
Nitrogen (N2)
100 3.4388 1.070 68.8 2.00 9.58 2.60 0.768
150 2.2594 1.050 100.6 4.45 13.9 5.86 0.759
200 1.6883 1.043 129.2 7.65 18.3 10.4 0.736
250 1.3488 1.042 154.9 11.48 22.2 15.8 0.727
300 1.1233 1.041 178.2 15.86 25.9 22.1 0.716
350 0.9625 1.042 200.0 20.78 29.3 29.2 0.711
400 0.8425 1.045 220.4 26.16 32.7 37.1 0.704
450 0.7485 1.050 239.6 32.01 35.8 45.6 0.703
500 0.6739 1.056 257.7 38.24 38.9 54.7 0.700
550 0.6124 1.065 274.7 44.86 41.7 63.9 0.702
600 0.5615 1.075 290.8 51.79 44.6 73.9 0.701
700 0.4812 1.098 321.0 66.71 49.9 94.4 0.706
800 0.4211 1.22 349.1 82.90 54.8 116 0.715
900 0.3743 1.146 375.3 100.3 59.7 139 0.721
1000 0.3368 1.167 399.9 118.7 64.7 165 0.721
1100 0.3062 1.187 423.2 138.2 70.0 193 0.718
1200 0.2807 1.204 445.3 158.6 75.8 224 0.707
1300 0.2591 1.219 466.2 179.9 81.0 256 0.701
Oxygen (O2)
100 3.945 0.962 76.4 1.94 9.25 2.44 0.796
150 2.585 0.921 114.8 4.44 13.8 5.80 0.766
200 1.930 0.915 147.5 7.64 18.3 10.4 0.737
250 1.542 0.915 178.6 11.58 22.6 16.0 0.723
300 1.284 0.920 207.2 16.14 26.8 22.7 0.711
350 1.100 0.929 233.5 21.23 29.6 29.0 0.733
400 0.9620 0.942 258.2 26.84 33.0 36.4 0.737
450 0.8554 0.956 281.4 32.90 36.3 44.4 0.741
500 0.7698 0.972 303.3 39.40 41.2 55.1 0.716
550 0.6998 0.988 324.0 46.30 44.1 63.8 0.726
600 0.6414 1.003 343.7 53.59 47.3 73.5 0.729
700 0.5498 1.031 380.8 69.26 52.8 93.1 0.744
800 0.4810 1.054 415.2 86.32 58.9 116 0.743
900 0.4275 1.074 447.2 104.6 64.9 141 0.740
1000 0.3848 1.090 477.0 124.0 71.0 169 0.733
1100 0.3498 1.103 505.5 144.5 75.8 196 0.736
1200 0.3206 1.115 532.5 166.1 81.9 229 0.725
1300 0.2960 1.125 588.4 188.6 87.1 262 0.721
Water Vapor (Steam)
380 0.5863 2.060 127.1 21.68 24.6 20.4 1.06
400 0.5542 2.014 134.4 24.25 26.1 23.4 1.04
450 0.4902 1.980 152.5 31.11 29.9 30.8 1.01
500 0.4405 1.985 170.4 38.68 33.9 38.8 0.998
550 0.4005 1.997 188.4 47.04 37.9 47.4 0.993
(continued )
328 Thermoelectrics

Table A.2 (continued )

ρ cp μ 107 v 106 k 103 α 106
T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr
Water Vapor (Steam) (continued)
600 0.3652 2.026 206.7 56.60 42.2 57.0 0.993
650 0.3380 2.056 224.7 66.48 46.4 66.8 0.996
700 0.3140 2.085 242.6 77.26 50.5 77.1 1.00
750 0.2931 2.119 260.4 88.84 54.9 88.4 1.00
800 0.2739 2.152 278.6 101.7 59.2 100 1.01
850 0.2579 2.186 296.9 115.1 63.7 113 1.02

Adapted from Reference [2].

 Appendix A: Physical Properties 329

Table A.3 Properties of solid materials

Properties at various temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)
Melting ρ cp k α 106
Composition point (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Aluminum
Pure 933 2702 903 237 97.1 302 237 240 231 218
482 798 949 1033 1146
Alloy 2024-T6 775 2770 875 177 73.0 65 163 186 186
(4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, 473 787 925 1042
0.6% Mn)
Alloy 195, Cast 2790 883 168 68.2 174 185
(4.5% Cu) — —
Beryllium 1550 1850 1825 200 59.2 990 301 161 126 106 90.8 78.7
203 1114 2191 2604 2823 3018 3227 3519
Bismuth 545 9780 122 7.86 6.59 16.5 9.69 7.04
112 120 127
Boron 2573 2500 1107 27.0 9.76 190 55.5 16.8 10.6 9.60 9.85
128 600 1463 1892 2160 2338
Cadmium 594 8650 231 96.8 48.4 203 99.3 94.7
198 222 242
Chromium 2118 7160 449 93.7 29.1 159 111 90.9 80.7 71.3 65.4 61.9 57.2 49.4
192 384 484 542 581 616 682 779 937
Cobalt 1769 8862 421 99.2 26.6 167 122 85.4 67.4 58.2 52.3 49.3 42.5
236 379 450 503 550 628 733 674
Copper
Pure 1358 8933 385 401 117 482 413 393 379 366 352 339
252 356 397 417 433 451 480
Commorcial bronze 1293 8800 420 52 14 42 52 59
(90% Cu, 10% Al) 785 460 545
Phosphor gear bronze 1104 8780 355 54 17 41 65 74
(89% Cu, 11% Sn) — — —
Cartridge brass 1188 8530 380 110 33.9 75 95 137 149
(70% Cu, 30% Zn) 360 395 425
Constantan 1493 8920 384 25 6.71 17 19
(55% Cu. 45% Ni) 237 562
Germanium 1211 5360 322 59.9 34.7 232 96.8 43.2 27.3 19.8 17.4 17.4
190 290 337 348 357 375 395
Gold 1336 19300 129 317 127 327 323 311 298 284 270 255
109 124 131 135 140 145 155
(continued )
 330 Thermoelectrics

Table A.3 (continued )

Properties at various temperatures (K)
Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)
Melting ρ cp k α 106
Composition point (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Iridium 2720 22500 130 147 50.3 172 153 144 138 132 126 120 111
90 122 133 138 144 153 161 172
Iron
Pure 1810 7870 447 80.2 23.1 134 94.0 69.5 54.7 43.3 32.8 28.3 32.1
216 384 490 574 680 975 609 654
Armeo
(99.75% pure) 7870 447 72.7 20.7 95.6 80.6 65.7 53.1 42.2 32.3 28.7 31.4
215 384 490 574 680 975 609 654
Carbon steels
Plain carbon 7854 434 60.5 17.7 56.7 48.0 39.2 3a 0
(Mn 1 %, Si 0.1 %) 487 559 685 1169
AISI 1010 7832 434 63.9 18.8 58.7 48.8 39.2 31.3
487 559 685 1168
Carbon-silicon 7817 446 51.9 14.9 49.8 44.0 37.4 29.3
(Mn 1%, 0.1% < Si 501 582 699 971
0.6%)
Carbon-manganese­ 8131 434 41 .0 11.6 42.2 39.7 35.0 27.6
silicon
(1% < Mn 1.65%, 487 559 685 1090
0.1% < Si 0.6%)
Chromium (low) steels
Cr- Mo-Si 7822 444 37.7 10.9 38.2 36.7 33.3 26.9
(0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si)
1 Cr- Mo 7858 442 42.3 12.2 42.0 39.1 34.5 27.4
(0.16% C, 1% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si)
1 Cr-V 7836 443 48.9 14.1 46.8 42.1 36.3 28.2
(0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 492 575 688 969
0.15% V)
Stainless steels
AISI 302 8055 480 15.1 3.91 17.3 20.0 22.8 25.4
512 559 585 606
AISI 304 1670 7900 477 14.9 3.95 9.2 12.6 16.6 19.8 22.6 25.4 28.0 31.7
272 402 515 557 582 611 640 682
 Appendix A: Physical Properties 331

AISI 316 8238 468 13.4 3.48 15.2 18.3 21.3 242
504 550 576 602
AISI 347 7978 480 14.2 3.71 15.8 18.9 21.9 24.7
513 559 585 606
Lead 601 11340 129 35.3 24.1 39.7 36.7 34.0 31.4
118 125 132 142
Magnesium 923 1740 1024 156 87.6 169 159 153 149 146
649 934 1074 1170 1267
Molybdenum 2894 10240 251 138 53.7 179 143 134 126 118 112 105 98 90 86
141 224 261 275 285 295 308 330 380 459
Pure 1728 8900 444 90.7 23.0 164 107 80.2 65.6 67.6 71.8 76.2 82.6
232 383 485 592 530 562 594 616
Nichrome 1672 8400 420 12 3.4 14 16 21
(80% Ni, 20% Cr) 480 525 545
Inconel X-750 1665 8510 439 11.7 3.1 8.7 10.3 13.5 17.0 20.5 24.0 27.6 33.0
(73% Ni, 15% Cr, — 372 473 510 546 626 — —
6.7% Fe)
Niobium 2741 8570 265 53.7 23.6 55.2 52.6 55.2 58.2 61.3 64.4 67.5 72.1 79.1
188 249 274 283 292 301 310 324 347
Palladium 1827 12020 244 71.8 24.5 76.5 71.6 73.6 79.7 86.9 94.2 102 110
168 227 251 261 271 281 291 307
Platinum
Pure 2045 21450 133 71.6 25.1 77.5 72.6 71.8 73.2 75.63 78.7 82.6 89.5 99.4
100 125 136 141 146 152 157 165 179
Alloy 60Pt-40Rh 1800 16630 162 47 17.4 52 59 65 69 73 76
(60% Pt, 40% Rh) — — — — — —
Rhenium 3453 21100 136 47.9 16.7 58.9 51.0 46.1 44.2 44.1 44.6 45.7 47.8 51.9
97 127 139 145 151 156 162 171 186
Rhodium 2236 12450 243 150 49.6 186 154 146 136 127 121 116 110 112
147 220 253 274 293 311 327 349 376
Silicon 1685 2330 712 148 89.2 884 264 98.9 61.9 42.2 31.2 25.7 22.7
259 556 790 867 913 946 967 992
Silver 1235 10500 235 429 174 444 430 425 412 396 379 361
187 225 239 250 262 277 292
Tantalum 3269 16600 140 57.5 24.7 59.2 57.5 57.8 58.6 59.4 60.2 61.0 62.2 64.1 65.6
110 133 144 146 149 152 155 160 172 189
Thorium 2023 11700 118 54.0 39.1 59.8 54.6 54.5 55.8 56.9 56.9 58.7
99 112 124 134 145 156 167
Tin 505 7310 227 66.6 40.1 85.2 73.3 62.2
188 215 243
Titanium 1953 4500 522 21.9 9.32 30.5 24.5 20.4 19.4 19.7 20.7 22.0 24.5
300 465 551 591 633 675 620 686
(continued )
 332 Thermoelectrics

Table A.3 (continued )

Properties at various temperatures (K)
Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)
Melting ρ cp k α 10 6

Composition point (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg K) (W/m K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Tungsten 3660 19300 132 174 68.3 208 186 159 137 125 118 113 107 100 95
87 122 137 142 145 148 152 157 167 176
Uranium 1406 19070 116 27.6 12.5 21.7 25.1 29.6 34.0 38.8 43.9 49.0
94 108 125 146 176 180 161
Vanadium 2192 6100 489 30.7 10.3 35.8 31.3 31.3 33.3 35.7 38.2 40.8 44.6 50.9
258 430 515 540 563 597 645 714 867
Zinc 693 7140 389 116 41.8 117 118 111 103
297 367 402 436
Zirconium 2125 6570 278 22.7 12.4 33.2 25.2 21.6 20.7 21.6 23.7 26.0 28.8 33.0
205 264 300 322 342 362 344 344 344

Adapted from Reference [2].

 Appendix A: Physical Properties 333

Table A.4 Thermophysical properties

Properties at various temperatures (K)

Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)
Melting ρ cp k α 106
Composition point (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg (K) (W/m (K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Aluminum oxide. 2323 3970 765 46 15.1 450 82 32.4 18.9 13.0 10.5
sapphire — — 940 1110 1180 1225
Aluminum oxide, 2323 3970 765 36.0 11.9 133 55 26.4 15.8 10.4 7.85 6.55 5.66 6.00
polycrystalline — — 940 1110 1180 1225 — — —
Beryllium oxide 2725 3000 1030 272 88.0 196 111 70 47 33 21.5 15
1350 1690 1865 1975 2055 2145 2750
Boron 2573 2500 1105 27.6 9.99 190 52.5 18.7 11.3 8.1 6.3 5.2
— — 1490 1880 2135 2350 2555
Boron fiber epoxy 590 2080
(30% vol) composite
k, || to fibers 2.29 2.10 2.23 2.28
k, to fibers 0.59 0.37 0.49 0.60
cp 1122 364 757 1431
Carbon
Amorphous 1500 1950 — 1.60 — 0.67 1.18 1.89 2.19 2.37 2.53 2.84 3.48
— — — — — — — —
Diamond,
type IIa — 3500 509 2300 — 10,000 4000 1540
insulator 21 194 853
Graphite, pyrolytic 2273 2210
k, || to layers 1950 4970 3230 1390 892 667 534 448 357 262
k, to layers 5.70 16.8 9.23 4.09 2.68 2.01 1.60 1.34 1.08 0.81
cp 709 136 411 992 1406 1650 1793 1890 1974 2043
Graphite fiber epoxy 450 1400
(25% vol)
composite
k, heat flow
k, || to fibers 11.1 5.7 8.7 13.0
k, heat flow
to fibers 0.87 0.46 0.68 1.1
cp 935 337 642 1216
(continued )
 334 Thermoelectrics

Table A.4 (continued )

Properties at various temperatures (K)
Properties at 300 K k (W/m K)/cp (J/kg K)
Melting ρ cp k α 106
Composition point (K) (kg/m3) (J/kg (K) (W/m (K) (m2/s) 100 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1500 2000 2500
Pyroceram, 1623 2600 808 3.98 1.89 5.25 4.78 3.64 3.28 3.08 2.96 2.87 2.79
Corning 9606 — — 908 1038 1122 1197 1264 1498
Silicon carbide 3100 3160 675 490 230 — — — 87 58 30
880 1050 1135 1195 1243 1310
Silicon dioxide, 1883 2650
crystalline (quartz)
k, || to c axis 10.4 39 16.4 7.6 5.0 4.2
k, to c axis 6.21 20.8 9.5 4.70 3.4 3.1
cp 745 — — 885 1075 1250
Silicon dioxide, 1883 2220 745 1.38 0.834 0.69 1.14 1.51 1.75 2.17 2.87 4.00
polycrystalline — — 905 1040 1105 1155 1195
(fused silica)
Silicon nitride 2173 2400 691 16.0 9.65 — — 13.9 11.3 9.88 8.76 8.00 7.16 6.20
— 578 778 937 1063 1155 1226 1306 1377
Sulfur 392 2070 708 0.206 0.141 0.165 0.185
403 606
Thorium dioxide 3573 9110 235 13 6.1 10.2 6.6 4.7 3.68 3.12 2.73 2.5
255 274 285 295 303 315 330
Titaniunm dioxide, 2133 4157 710 8.4 2.8 7.01 5.02 3.94 3.46 3.28
polycrystalline 805 880 910 930 945

Adapted from Reference [2].

Appendix A: Physical Properties 335

Table A.5 Thermophysical properties of common materials

Structural building materials

Typical properties at 300 K
Density, Thermal Specific
ρ conductivity, k heat, Cp
Description/composition (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Building Boards
Asbestos-cement board 1920 0.58 —
Gypsum or plaster board 800 0.17 —
Plywood 545 0.12 1215
Sheathing, regular density 290 0.055 1300
Acoustic tile 290 0.058 1340
Hardboard, siding 640 0.094 1170
Hardboard, high density 1010 0.15 1380
Particle board, low density 590 0.078 1300
Particle board, high density 1000 0.170 1300
Woods
Hardwoods (oak, maple) 720 0.16 1255
Softwoods (fir, pine) 510 0.12 1380
Masonry Materials
Cement mortar 1860 0.72 780
Brick, common 1920 0.72 835
Brick, face 2083 1.3 —
Clay tile, hollow
1 cell deep, 10 cm thick — 0.52 —
3 cells deep, 30 cm thick — 0.69 —
Concrete block, 3 oval cores
Sand/gravel, 20 cm thick — 1.0 —
Cinder aggregate, 20 cm thick — 0.67 —
Concrete block, rectangular core
2 cores, 20 cm thick, 16 kg — 1.1 —
Same with filled cores — 0.60 —
Plastering Materials
Cement plaster, sand aggregate 1860 0.72 —
Gypsum plaster, sand aggregate 1680 0.22 1085
Gypsum plaster, vermiculite aggregate 720 0.25 —
336 Thermoelectrics

Insulating Materials and systems

Typical properties at 300 K
Density, Thermal Specific
ρ conductivity, k heat, Cp
Description/composition (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Blanket and Batt
Glass fiber, paper faced 16 0.046 —
28 0.038 —
40 0.035 —
Glass fiber, coated: duct liner 32 0.038 835
Board and Slab
Cellular glass 145 0.058 1000
Glass fiber, organic bonded 105 0.036 795
Polystyrene, expanded
Extruded (R-12) 55 0.027 1210
Molded beads 16 0.040 1210
Mineral fiberboard; roofing material 265 0.049 —
Wood, shredded/cemented 350 0.087 1590
Cork 120 0.039 1800
Loose Fill
Cork, granulated 160 0.045 —
Diatomaceous silica, coarse 350 0.069 —
Powder 400 0.091 —
Diatomaceous silica, fine powder 200 0.052 —
275 0.061 —
Glass fiber, poured or blown 16 0.043 835
Vermiculite flakes 80 0.068 835
160 0.063 1000
Formed/Foamed-in-Place
Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic binders, sprayed 190 0.046 —
Polyvinyl acetate cork mastic; sprayed or troweled — 0.100 —
Urethane, two-part mixture; rigid foam 70 0.026 1045
Reflective
Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; 10–12 layers, 40 0.000016 —
evacuated; for cryogenic applications (150 K)
Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; 75–150 layers; evacuated; 120 0.000017 —
for cryogenic application (150 K)
Typical silica powder, evacuated 160 0.0017 —
 Appendix A: Physical Properties 337

Industrial insulating
Description/composition Maximum service Typical Typical thermal conductivity, k (W/m K), at various temperatures (K)
temperature (K) density
200 215 230 240 255 270 285 300 310 365 420 530 645 750
(kg/m3)
Blankets
Blanket, mineral fiber, 920 96–192 0.038 0.046 0.056 0.078
metal reinforced 815 40-96 0.035 0.045 0.058 0.085
Blanket, mineral fiber 450 10 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.052 0.076
glass; fine fiber,
organic bonded 12 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.049 0.069
16 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.062
24 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.040 0.053
32 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.036 0.038 0.045
48 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.045
Blanket, alumina-silica
fiber 1530 48 0.071 0.105 0.150
64 0.059 0.087 0.125
96 0.052 0.076 0.100
128 0.049 0.068 0.091
Felt, semirigid; 480 50–125 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.039 0.051 0.063
organic bonded 730 50 0.023 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033 0.035 0.051 0.079
Felt, laminated;
no binder 920 120 0.051 0.065 0.087
Blocks, Boards, and Pipe
Insulations
Asbestos paper, laminated
and corrugated
4-ply 420 190 0.078 0.082 0.098
6-ply 420 255 0.071 0.074 0.085
8-ply 420 300 0.068 0.071 0.082
Magnesia, 85% 590 185 0.051 0.055 0.061
Calcium silicate 920 190 0.055 0.059 0.063 0.075 0.089 0.104
Cellular glass 700 145 0.046 0.048 0.051 0.052 0.055 0.058 0.062 0.069 0.079
Diatomaceous 1145 345 0.092 0.098 0.104
(continued )
338 Thermoelectrics

Table A.5 (continued )

Industrial insulating
Description/composition Maximum service Typical Typical thermal conductivity, k (W/m K), at various temperatures (K)
temperature (K) density
200 215 230 240 255 270 285 300 310 365 420 530 645 750
(kg/m3)
silica 1310 385 0.101 0.100 0.115
Polystyrene, rigid
Extruded (R-12) 350 56 0.023 0.023 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029
Extruded (R-12) 350 35 0.023 0.023 0.023 0.025 0.025 0.026 0.027 0.029
Molded beads 350 16 0.026 0.029 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.036 0.038 0.040
Rubber, rigid
foamed 340 70 0.029 0.030 0.032 0.033
Insulating Cement
Mineral fiber
(rock, slag or glass)
With clay binder 1255 430 0.071 0.079 0.088 0.105 0.123
With hydraulic
setting binder 922 560 0.108 0.115 0.123 0.137
Loose Fill
Cellulose, wood
or paper pulp — 45 0.038 0.039 0.042
Perlite, expanded — 105 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.043 0.046 0.049 0.051 0.053 0.056
Vermiculite,
expanded — 122 0.056 0.058 0.061 0.063 0.065 0.068 0.071
80 0.049 0.051 0.055 0.058 0.061 0.063 0.063
Appendix A: Physical Properties 339

Other materials
Density, Thermal Specific
Temperature ρ conductivity, k heat, Cp
Description/composition (K) (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Asphalt 300 2115 0.062 920
Bakelite 300 1300 1.4 1465
Brick, refractory
Carborundum 872 — 18.5 —
1672 — 11.0 —
Chronic brick 473 3010 2.3 835
823 2.5
1173 2.0
Diatomaceous 478 — 0.25 —
silica, fired 1145 — 0.30
Fire clay, burnt I600 K 773 2050 1.0 960
1073 — 1.1
1373 — 1.1
Fire clay, burnt I725 K 773 2325 1.3 960
1073 1.4
1373 1.4
Fire clay brick 478 2645 1.0 960
922 1.5
1478 1.8
Magnesite 478 — 3.8 1130
922 — 2.8
1478 1.9
Clay 300 1460 1.3 880
Coal, anthracite 300 1350 0.26 1260
Concrete (stone mix) 300 2300 1.4 880
Cotton 300 80 0.06 1300
Foodstuffs
Banana (75.7% water content) 300 980 0.481 3350
Apple, red (75% water content) 300 840 0.513 3600
Cake, batter 300 720 0.223 —
Cake, fully baked 300 280 0.121 —
Chicken meat, white 198 — 1.60 —
(74.4% water content) 233 — 1.49
253 1.35
263 1.20
273 0.476
283 0.480
293 0.489
Glass
Plate (soda lime) 300 2500 1.4 750
Pyrex 300 2225 1.4 835
Ice 273 920 1.88 2040
253 — 2.03 1945
(continued )
340 Thermoelectrics

Table A.5 (continued )

Other materials
Density, Thermal Specific
Temperature ρ conductivity, k heat, Cp
Description/composition (K) (kg/m3) (W/m K) (J/kg K)
Leather (sole) 300 998 0.159 —
Paper 300 930 0.180 1340
Paraffin 300 900 0.240 2890
Rock
Granite, Barre 300 2630 2.79 775
Limestone, Salem 300 2320 2.15 810
Marble, Halston 300 2680 2.80 830
Quartzite Sioux 300 2640 5.38 1105
Sandstone, Berea 300 2150 2.90 745
Rubber, vulcanized
Soft 300 1100 0.13 2010
Hard 300 1190 0.16 —
Sand 300 1515 0.27 800
Soil 300 2050 0.52 1840
Snow 273 110 0.049 —
500 0.190 —
Teflon 300 2200 0.35 —
400 0.45 —
Tissue, human
Skin 300 — 0.37 —
Fat layer (adipose) 300 — 0.2 —
Muscle 300 — 0.5 —
Wood, cross grain
Balsa 300 140 0.055 —
Cypress 300 465 0.097 —
Fir 300 415 0.11 2720
Oak 300 545 0.17 2385
Yellow pine 300 640 0.15 2805
White pine 300 435 0.11 —
Wood, radial
Oak 300 545 0.19 2385
Fir 300 420 0.14 2720

Adapted from Reference [2].

Appendix A: Physical Properties 341

Table A.6 Thermoelectric properties of saturated fluids

Saturated liquids
ρ cp μ 10 2
v 106 k 103 α 107 β 103
T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr (K 1)
Engine Oil (Unused)
273 899.1 1.796 385 4280 147 0.910 47,000 0.70
280 895.3 1.827 217 2430 144 0.880 27,500 0.70
290 890.0 1.868 99.9 1120 145 0.872 12,900 0.70
300 884.1 1.909 48.6 550 145 0.859 6400 0.70
310 877.9 1.951 25.3 288 145 0.847 3400 0.70
320 871.8 1.993 14.1 161 143 0.823 1965 0.70
330 865.8 2.035 8.36 96.6 141 0.800 1205 0.70
340 859.9 2.076 5.31 61.7 139 0.779 793 0.70
350 853.9 2.118 3.56 41.7 138 0.763 546 0.70
360 847.8 2.161 2.52 29.7 138 0.753 395 0.70
370 841.8 2.206 1.86 22.0 137 0.738 300 0.70
380 836.0 2.250 1.41 16.9 136 0.723 233 0.70
390 830.6 2.294 1.10 13.3 135 0.709 187 0.70
400 825.1 2.337 0.874 10.6 134 0.695 152 0.70
410 818.9 2.381 0.698 8.52 133 0.682 125 0.70
420 812.1 2.427 0.564 6.94 133 0.675 103 0.70
430 806.5 2.471 0.470 5.83 132 0.662 88 0.70
Ethylene Glycol [C2H4(OH)2]
273 1130.8 2.294 6.51 57.6 242 0.933 617 0.65
280 1125.8 2.323 4.20 37.3 244 0.933 400 0.65
290 1118.8 2.368 2.47 22.1 248 0.936 236 0.65
300 1114.4 2.415 1.57 14.1 252 0.939 151 0.65
310 1103.7 2.460 1.07 9.65 255 0.939 103 0.65
320 1096.2 2.505 0.757 6.91 258 0.940 73.5 0.65
330 1089.5 2.549 0.561 5.15 260 0.936 55.0 0.65
340 1083.8 2.592 0.431 3.98 261 0.929 42.8 0.65
350 1079.0 2.637 0.342 3.17 261 0.917 34.6 0.65
360 1074.0 2.682 0.278 2.59 261 0.906 28.6 0.65
370 1066.7 2.728 0.228 2.14 262 0.900 23.7 0.65
373 1058.5 2.742 0.215 2.03 263 0.906 22.4 0.65
Glycerin [C3H5(OH)3]
273 1276.0 2.261 1060 8310 282 0.977 85,000 0.47
280 1271.9 2.298 534 4200 284 0.972 43,200 0.47
290 1265.8 2.367 185 1460 286 0.955 15,300 0.48
300 1259.9 2.427 79.9 634 286 0.935 6780 0.48
310 1253.9 2.490 35.2 281 286 0.916 3060 0.49
320 1247.2 2.564 21.0 168 287 0.897 1870 0.50
Refrigerant-134a (C2H2F4)
230 1426.8 1.249 0.04912 0.3443 112.1 0.629 5.5 2.02
240 1397.7 1.267 0.04202 0.3006 107.3 0.606 5.0 2.11
250 1367.9 1.287 0.03633 0.2656 102.5 0.583 4.6 2.23
260 1337.1 1.308 0.03166 0.2368 97.9 0.560 4.2 2.36
270 1305.1 1.333 0.02775 0.2127 93.4 0.537 4.0 2.53
(continued )
342 Thermoelectrics

Table A.6 (continued )

Saturated liquids
ρ cp μ 102
v 106 k 103 α 107 β 103
T (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (N s/m2) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s) Pr (K 1)
280 1271.8 1.361 0.02443 0.1921 89.0 0.514 3.7 2.73
290 1236.8 1.393 0.02156 0.1744 84.6 0.491 3.5 2.98
300 1199.7 1.432 0.01905 0.1588 80.3 0.468 3.4 3.30
310 1159.9 1.481 0.01680 0.1449 76.1 0.443 3.3 3.73
320 1116.8 1.543 0.01478 0.1323 71.8 0.417 3.2 4.33
330 1069.1 1.627 0.01292 0.1209 67.5 0.388 3.1 5.19
340 1015.0 1.751 0.01118 0.1102 63.1 0.355 3.1 6.57
350 951.3 1.961 0.00951 0.1000 58.6 0.314 3.2 9.10
360 870.1 2.437 0.00781 0.0898 54.1 0.255 3.5 15.39
370 740.3 5.105 0.00580 0.0783 51.8 0.137 5.7 55.24
Refrigerant-22 (CHCIF2)
230 1416.0 1.087 0.03558 0.2513 114.5 0.744 3.4 2.05
240 1386.6 1.100 0.03145 0.2268 109.8 0.720 3.2 2.16
250 1356.3 1.117 0.02796 0.2062 105.2 0.695 3.0 2.29
260 1324.9 1.137 0.02497 0.1884 100.7 0.668 2.8 2.45
270 1292.1 1.161 0.02235 0.1730 96.2 0.641 2.7 2.63
280 1257.9 1.189 0.02005 0.1594 91.7 0.613 2.6 2.86
290 1221.7 1.223 0.01798 0.1472 87.2 0.583 2.5 3.15
300 1183.4 1.265 0.01610 0.1361 82.6 0.552 2.5 3.51
310 1142.2 1.319 0.01438 0.1259 78.1 0.518 2.4 4.00
320 1097.4 1.391 0.01278 0.1165 73.4 0.481 2.4 4.69
330 1047.5 1.495 0.01127 0.1075 68.6 0.438 2.5 5.75
340 990.1 1.665 0.00980 0.0989 63.6 0.386 2.6 7.56
350 920.1 1.997 0.00831 0.0904 58.3 0.317 2.8 11.35
360 823.4 3.001 0.00668 0.0811 53.1 0.215 3.8 23.88
Mercury (Hg)
273 13,595 0.1404 0.1688 0.1240 8180 42.85 0.0290 0.181
300 13,529 0.1393 0.1523 0.1125 8540 45.30 0.0248 0.181
350 13,407 0.1377 0.1309 0.0976 9180 49.75 0.0196 0.181
400 13,287 0.1365 0.1171 0.0882 9800 54.05 0.0163 0.181
450 13,167 0.1357 0.1075 0.0816 10,400 58.10 0.0140 0.181
500 13,048 0.1353 0.1007 0.0771 10,950 61.90 0.0125 0.182
550 12,929 0.1352 0.0953 0.0737 11,450 65.55 0.0112 0.184
600 12,809 0.1355 0.0911 0.0711 11,950 68.80 0.0103 0.187

Saturated liquid—vapor, 1 atm

Fluid Tsat (K) hfg (kJ/kg) ρf (kg/m3) ρg (kg/m3) σ 103 (N/m)
Ethanol 351 846 757 1.44 17.7
Ethylene glycol 470 812 1111c — 32.7
Glycerin 563 974 1260c — 63.0c
Mercury 630 301 12,740 3.90 417
Refrigerant R-134a 247 217 1377 5.26 15.4
Refrigerant R-22 232 234 1409 4.70 18.1

Adapted from Reference [2].

 Appendix A: Physical Properties 343

Table A.7 Thermophysical properties of saturated water

Temperature, Pressure, Specific Heat of Specific Viscosity Thermal Prandtl Surface Expansion Temperature,
T (K) p (bars)b volume vaporization, heat (N s/m2) conductivity number tension, coefficient, T (K)
(m3/kg) hfg (kJ/kg K) (W/m K) σ f 103 βf 106
(kJ/kg) (N/m) (K 1)
vf 103 vg cp,f cp,g μf 106 μg 106 kf 103 kg 103 Prf Prg
273.15 0.00611 1.000 206.3 2502 4.217 1.854 1750 8.02 569 18.2 12.99 0.815 75.5 68.05 273.15
275 0.00697 1.000 181.7 2497 4.211 1.855 1652 8.09 574 18.3 12.22 0.817 75.3 32.74 275
280 0.00990 1.000 130.4 2485 4.198 1.858 1422 8.29 582 18.6 10.26 0.825 74.8 46.04 280
285 0.01387 1.000 99.4 2473 4.189 1.861 1225 8.49 590 18.9 8.81 0.833 74.3 114.1 285
290 0.01917 1.001 69.7 2461 4.184 1.864 1080 8.69 598 19.3 7.56 0.841 73.7 174.0 290
295 0.02617 1.002 51.94 2449 4.181 1.868 959 8.89 606 19.5 6.62 0.849 72.7 227.5 295
300 0.03531 1.003 39.13 2438 4.179 1.872 855 9.09 613 19.6 5.83 0.857 71.7 276.1 300
305 0.04712 1.005 29.74 2426 4.178 1.877 769 9.29 620 20.1 5.20 0.865 70.9 320.6 305
310 0.06221 1.007 22.93 2414 4.178 1.882 695 9.49 628 20.4 4.62 0.873 70.0 361.9 310
315 0.08132 1.009 17.82 2402 4.179 1.888 631 9.69 634 20.7 4.16 0.883 69.2 400.4 315
320 0.1053 1.011 13.98 2390 4.180 1.895 577 9.89 640 21.0 3.77 0.894 68.3 436.7 320
325 0.1351 1.013 11.06 2378 4.182 1.903 528 10.09 645 21.3 3.42 0.901 67.5 471.2 325
330 0.1719 1.016 8.82 2366 4.184 1.911 489 10.29 650 21.7 3.15 0.908 66.6 504.0 330
335 0.2167 1.018 7.09 2354 4.186 1.920 453 10.49 656 22.0 2.88 0.916 65.8 535.5 335
340 0.2713 1.021 5.74 2342 4.188 1.930 420 10.69 660 22.3 2.66 0.925 64.9 566.0 340
345 0.3372 1.024 4.683 2329 4.191 1.941 389 10.89 668 22.6 2.45 0.933 64.1 595.4 345
350 0.4163 1.027 3.846 2317 4.195 1.954 365 11.09 668 23.0 2.29 0.942 63.2 624.2 350
355 0.5100 1.030 3.180 2304 4.199 1.968 343 11.29 671 23.3 2.14 0.951 62.3 652.3 355
360 0.6209 1.034 2.645 2291 4.203 1.983 324 11.49 674 23.7 2.02 0.960 61.4 697.9 360
365 0.7514 1.038 2.212 2278 4.209 1.999 306 11.69 677 24.1 1.91 0.969 60.5 707.1 365
370 0.9040 1.041 1.861 2265 4.214 2.017 289 11.89 679 24.5 1.80 0.978 59.5 728.7 370
373.15 1.0133 1.044 1.679 2257 4.217 2.029 279 12.02 680 24.8 1.76 0.984 58.9 750.1 373.15
375 1.0815 1.045 1.574 2252 4.220 2.036 274 12.09 681 24.9 1.70 0.987 58.6 761 375
380 1.2869 1.049 1.337 2239 4.226 2.057 260 12.29 683 25.4 1.61 0.999 57.6 788 380
385 1.5233 1.053 1.142 2225 4.232 2.080 248 12.49 685 25.8 1.53 1.004 56.6 814 385
390 1.794 1.058 0.980 2212 4.239 2.104 237 12.69 686 26.3 1.47 1.013 55.6 841 390
400 2.455 1.067 0.7.31 2183 4.256 2.158 217 13.05 688 27.2 1.34 1.033 53.6 896 400
410 3.302 1.077 0.553 2153 4.278 2.221 200 13.42 688 28.2 1.24 1.054 51.5 952 410
(continued )
344 Thermoelectrics

Table A.7 (continued )

Temperature, Pressure, Specific Heat of Specific Viscosity Thermal Prandtl Surface Expansion Temperature,
T (K) p (bars)b volume vaporization, heat (N s/m2) conductivity number tension, coefficient, T (K)
(m3/kg) hfg (kJ/kg K) (W/m K) σ f 103 βf 106
(kJ/kg) (N/m) (K 1)
vf 103 vg cp,f cp,g μf 106 μg 106 kf 103 kg 103 Prf Prg
420 4.370 1.088 0.425 2123 4.302 2.291 185 13.79 688 29.8 1.16 1.075 49.4 1010 420
430 5.699 1.099 0.331 2091 4.331 2.369 173 14.14 685 30.4 1.09 1.10 47.2 430
440 7.333 1.110 0.261 2059 4.36 2.46 162 14.50 682 31.7 1.04 1.12 45.1 440
450 9.319 1.123 0.208 2024 4.40 2.56 152 14.85 678 33.1 0.99 1.14 42.9 450
460 11.71 1.137 0.167 1989 4.44 2.68 143 15.19 673 34.6 0.95 1.17 40.7 460
470 14.55 1.152 0.136 1951 4.48 2.79 136 15.54 667 36.3 0.92 1.20 38.5 470
480 17.90 1.167 0.111 1912 4.53 2.94 129 15.88 660 38.1 0.89 1.23 36.2 480
490 21.83 1.184 0.0922 1870 4.59 3.10 124 16.23 651 40.1 0.87 1.25 33.9 — 490
500 26.40 1.203 0.0766 1825 4.66 3.27 118 16.59 642 42.3 0.86 1.28 31.6 — 500
510 31.66 1.222 0.0631 1779 4.74 3.47 113 16.95 631 44.7 0.85 1.31 29.3 — 510
520 37.70 1.244 0.0525 1730 4.84 3.70 108 17.33 621 47.5 0.84 1.35 26.9 — 520
530 44.58 1.268 0.0445 1679 4.95 3.96 104 17.72 608 50.6 0.85 1.39 24.5 — 530
540 52.38 1.294 0.0375 1622 5.08 4.27 101 18.1 594 54.0 0.86 1.43 22.1 — 540
550 61.19 1.323 0.0317 1564 5.24 4.64 97 18.6 580 58.3 0.87 1.47 19.7 — 550
560 71.08 1.355 0.0269 1499 5.43 5.09 94 19.1 563 63.7 0.90 1.52 17.3 — 560
570 82.16 1.392 0.0228 1429 5.68 5.67 91 19.7 548 76.7 0.94 1.59 15.0 — 570
580 94.51 1.433 0.0193 1353 6.00 6.40 88 20.4 528 76.7 0.99 1.68 12.8 — 580
590 108.3 1.482 0.0163 1274 6.41 7.35 84 21.5 513 84.1 1.05 1.84 10.5 — 590
600 123.5 1.541 0.0137 1176 7.00 8.75 81 22.7 497 92.9 1.14 2.15 8.4 — 600
610 137.3 1.612 0.0115 1068 7.85 11.1 77 24.1 467 103 1.30 2.60 6.3 — 610
620 159.1 1.705 0.0094 941 9.35 15.4 72 25.9 444 114 1.52 3.46 4.5 — 620
625 169.1 1.778 0.0085 858 10.6 18.3 70 27.0 430 121 1.65 4.20 3.5 — 625
630 179.7 1.856 0.0075 781 12.6 22.1 67 28.0 412 130 2.0 4.8 2.6 — 630
635 190.9 1.935 0.0066 683 16.4 27.6 64 30.0 392 141 2.7 6.0 1.5 — 635
640 202.7 2.075 0.0057 560 26 42 59 32.0 367 155 4.2 9.6 0.8 — 640
645 215.2 2.351 0.0045 361 90 — 54 37.0 331 178 12 26 0.1 — 645
647.3c 221.2 3.170 0.0032 0 45 45.0 238 238 0.0 — 647.3c

Adapted from Reference [2].

Appendix A: Physical Properties 345

Table A.8 Thermophysical properties of liquid metals

Composition Melting T ρ cp v 107 k α 105 Pr

point (K) (K) (kg/m3) (kJ/kg K) (m2/s) (W/m K) (m2/s)
Bismuth 544 589 10,011 0.1444 1.617 16.4 0.138 0.0142
811 9739 0.1545 1.133 15.6 1.035 0.0110
1033 9467 0.1645 0.8343 15.6 1.001 0.0083
Lead 600 644 10,540 0.159 2.276 16.1 1.084 0.024
755 10,412 0.155 1.849 15.6 1.223 0.017
977 10,140 — 1.347 14.9 — —
Potassium 337 422 807.3 0.80 4.608 45.0 6.99 0.0066
700 741.3 0.75 2.397 39.5 7.07 0.0034
977 674.4 0.75 1.905 33.1 6.55 0.0029
Sodium 371 366 929.1 1.38 7.516 86.2 6.71 0.011
644 860.2 1.30 3.270 72.3 6.48 0.0051
977 778.5 1.26 2.285 59.7 6.12 0.0037
NaK, 292 366 887.4 1.130 6.522 25.6 2.552 0.026
(45 %/55 %) 644 821.7 1.055 2.871 27.5 3.17 0.0091
977 740.1 1.043 2.174 28.9 3.74 0.0058
NaK, 262 366 849.0 0.946 5.797 24.4 3.05 0.019
(22 %/78 %) 672 775.3 0.879 2.666 26.7 3.92 0.0068
1033 690.4 0.883 2.118 — — —
PbBi, 398 422 10,524 0.147 — 9.05 0.586 —
(44.5 %/55.5 %) 644 10,236 0.147 1.496 11.86 0.790 0.189
922 9835 — 1.171 — — —
Mercury 234 See Table A.5

Adapted from Reference [2].

Table A.9 Total, Normal, or hemispherical emissivity of selected surfaces

Metallic solids and their oxides

Emissivity, εn or εh, various temperatures (K)
Description/composition 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 I200 1500 2000 2500
Aluminum
Highly polished, film (h) 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Foil, bright (h) 0.06 0.06 0.07
Anodized (h) 0.82 0.76
Chromium
Polished or plated (n) 0.05 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.14
Copper
Highly polished (h) 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04
Stably oxidized (h) 0.50 0.58 0.80
Gold
Highly polished or film (h) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Foil, bright (h) 0.06 0.07 0.07
Molybdenum
Polished (h) 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.21 0.26
Shot-blasted, rough (h) 0.25 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.42
(continued )
346 Thermoelectrics

Table A.9 (continued )

Metallic solids and their oxides
Emissivity, εn or εh, various temperatures (K)
Description/composition 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000 I200 1500 2000 2500
Stably oxidized (h) 0.80 0.82
Nickel
Polished (h) 0.09 0.11 0.14 0.17
Stably oxidized (h) 0.40 0.49 0.57
Platinum
Polished (h) 0.10 0.13 0.15 0.18
Silver
Polished (h) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.08
Stainless steels
Typical, polished (n) 0.17 0.17 0.19 0.23 0.30
Typical, cleaned (n) 0.22 0.22 0.24 0.28 0.35
Typical, lightly oxidized (n) 0.33 0.40
Typical, highly oxidized (n) 0.67 0.70 0.76
AISI 347, stably oxidized (n) 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
Tantalum 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.28
Polished (h)
Tungsten 0.10 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.29
Polished (h)

Nonmetallic substances
Description/composition Temperature (K) Emissivity ε
Aluminum oxide (n) 600 0.69
1000 0.55
1500 0.41
Asphalt pavement (h) 300 0.85-0.93
Building materials
Asbestos sheet (h) 300 0.93-0.96
Brick, red (h) 300 0.93-0.96
Gypsum or plaster board (h) 300 0.90-0.92
Wood (h) 300 0.82-0.92
Cloth (h) 300 0.75-0.90
Concrete (h) 300 0.88-0.93
Glass, window (h) 300 0.90-0.95
Ice (h) 273 0.95-0.98
Paints
Black (Parsons) (h) 300 0.98
While, acrylic (h) 300 0.90
White, zinc oxide (h) 300 0.92
Paper, white (h) 300 0.92-0.97
Pyrex (h) 300 0.82
600 0.80
1000 0.71
Appendix A: Physical Properties 347

Table A.9 (continued )

Nonmetallic substances
Description/composition Temperature (K) Emissivity ε
1200 0.62
Pyroceram (n) 300 0.85
600 0.78
1000 0.69
1500 0.57
Refractories (furnace liners)
Alumina brick (n) 800 0.40
1000 0.33
1400 0.28
1600 0.33
Magnesia brick (n) 800 0.45
1000 0.36
1400 0.31
1600 0.40
Kaolin insulating brick (n) 800 0.70
1200 0.57
1400 0.47
1600 0.53
Sand (h) 300 0.90
Silicon carbide (n) 600 0.87
1000 0.87
1500 0.85
Skin (h) 300 0.95
Snow (h) 273 0.82-0.90
Soil (h) 300 0.93-0.96
Rocks (h) 300 0.88-0.95
Teflon (h) 300 0.85
400 0.87
500 0.92
Vegetation (h) 300 0.92-0.96
Water (h) 300 0.96

Adapted from Reference [2].

348 Thermoelectrics

Table A.10 Solar radiative properties for selected materials

Description/on/composition αs ε αs / ε τs
Aluminum
Polished 0.09 0.03 3.0
Anodized 0.14 0.84 0.17
Quartz overcoated 0.11 0.37 0.30
Foil 0.15 0.05 3.0
Brick, red (Purdue) 0.63 0.93 0.68
Concrete 0.60 0.88 0.68
Galvanized sheel metal
Clean, new 0.65 0.13 5.0
Oxidized, weathered 0.80 0.28 2.9
Glass, 3.2-mm thickness
Float or tempered 0.79
Low iron oxide lype 0.88
Melal, plated
Black sulfide 0.92 0.10 9.2
Black cobalt oxide 0.93 0.30 3.1
Black nickel oxide 0.92 0.08 11
Black chrome 0.87 0.09 9.7
Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness 0.87
Paints
Black (Parsons) 0.98 0.98 1.0
White, acrvlic 0.26 0.90 0.29
White, zine oxide 0.16 0.93 0.17
Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness 0.90
Snow
Fine particles, fresh 0.13 0.82 0.16
Ice Granules 0.33 0.89 0.37
Tediar, 0.10-mm thickness 0.92
Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness 0.92

Adapted from Reference [2].

Table A.11 Thermophysical properties of fluids (heat exchangers)

Engine oil
T (°C) ρ (kg/m )3
cp (J/KgK) k (W/mK) μ × 102 (N s/m2) Pr
0 899 1796 0.147 384.8 47100
20 888 1880 0.145 79.92 10400
40 876 1964 0.144 21.02 2870
60 864 2047 0.14 7.249 1050
80 852 2131 0.138 3.195 490
100 840 2219 0.137 1.705 276
120 828 2307 0.135 1.027 175
140 816 2395 0.133 0.653 116
160 805 2483 0.132 0.451 84
Appendix A: Physical Properties 349

50% Ethylene glycol

T (°C) ρ (kg/m )3
cp (J/KgK) k (W/mK) μ × 102 (N s/m2) Pr
0 1083 3180 0.379 1.029 86.3
20 1072 3310 0.319 0.459 47.6
40 1061 3420 0.404 0.238 20.1
60 1048 3520 0.417 0.139 11.8
80 1034 3590 0.429 0.099 8.3
100 1020 3650 0.442 0.080 6.6
120 1003 3680 0.454 0.066 5.4

Ethylene glycol
T (°C) ρ (kg/m )3
cp (J/KgK) k (W/mK) μ × 102 (N s/m2) Pr
0 1130 2294 0.242 6.501 615
20 1116 2382 0.249 2.140 204
40 1101 2474 0.256 0.957 93
60 1087 2562 0.26 0.516 51
80 1077 2650 0.261 0.321 32.4
100 1058 2742 0.263 0.215 22.4

Glycerin
T (°C) ρ (kg/m )3
cp (J/KgK) k (W/mK) μ × 102 (N s/m2) Pr
0 1276 2261 0.282 1060.4 84700
10 1270 2319 0.284 381.0 31000
20 1264 2386 0.286 149.2 12500
30 1258 2445 0.286 62.9 5330
40 1252 2512 0.286 27.5 2450
50 1244 2583 0.287 18.7 1630

Water
T (°C) ρ (kg/m )3
cp (J/KgK) k (W/mK) μ × 102 (N s/m2) Pr
0 1002 4217 0.552 1792 13.6
20 1000 4181 0.597 1006 7.02
40 994 4178 0.628 654 4.34
60 985 4184 0.651 471 3.02
80 974 4196 0.668 355 2.22
100 960 4216 0.68 282 1.74
120 945 4250 0.685 233 1.45
140 928 4283 0.684 199 1.24
160 909 4342 0.67 173 1.10
180 889 4417 0.675 154 1.00
200 866 4505 0.665 139 0.94
220 842 4610 0.572 126 0.89
240 815 4756 0.635 117 0.87
260 785 4949 0.611 108 0.87
280 752 5208 0.58 102 0.91
300 714 5728 0.54 96 1.11
350 Thermoelectrics

Table A.12 Standard spectral irradiation

λ AM1.5G AM1.5D λ AM1.5G AM1.5D λ AM1.5G AM1.5D

μm W/m2μm μm W/m2μm μm W/m2μm
0.305 9.5 3.4 0.740 1211.2 971.0 1.520 262.6 239.3
0.310 42.3 15.6 0.753 1193.9 956.3 1.539 274.2 248.8
0.315 107.8 41.1 0.758 1175.5 942.2 1.558 275.0 249.3
0.320 181.0 71.2 0.763 643.1 524.8 1.578 244.6 222.3
0.325 246.8 100.2 0.768 1030.7 830.7 1.592 247.4 227.3
0.330 395.3 152.4 0.780 1131.1 908.9 1.610 228.7 210.5
0.335 390.1 155.6 0.800 1081.6 873.4 1.630 244.5 224.7
0.340 435.3 179.4 0.816 849.2 712.0 1.646 234.8 215.9
0.345 438.9 186.7 0.824 785.0 660.2 1.678 220.5 202.8
0.350 483.7 212.0 0.832 916.4 765.5 1.740 171.5 158.2
0.360 520.3 240.5 0.840 959.9 799.8 1.800 30.7 28.6
0.370 666.2 324.0 0.860 978.9 815.2 1.860 2.0 1.8
0.380 712.5 362.4 0.880 933.2 778.3 1.920 1.2 1.1
0.390 720.7 381.7 0.905 748.5 630.4 1.960 21.2 19.7
0.400 1013.1 556.0 0.915 667.5 565.2 1.985 91.1 84.9
0.410 1158.2 656.3 0.925 690.3 586.4 2.005 26.8 25.0
0.420 1184.0 690.8 0.930 403.6 348.1 2.035 99.5 92.5
0.430 1071.9 641.9 0.937 258.3 224.2 2.065 60.4 56.3
0.440 1302.0 798.5 0.948 313.6 271.4 2.100 89.1 82.7
0.450 1526.0 956.6 0.965 526.8 451.2 2.148 82.2 76.2
0.460 1599.6 990.8 0.980 646.4 549.7 2.198 71.5 66.4
0.470 1581.0 998.0 0.993 746.8 630.1 2.270 70.2 65.0
0.480 1628.3 1046.1 1.040 690.5 582.9 2.360 62.0 57.6
0.490 1539.2 1005.1 1.070 637.5 539.7 2.450 21.2 19.8
0.500 1548.7 1026.7 1.100 412.6 366.2 2.494 18.5 17.0
0.510 1586.5 1066.7 1.120 108.9 98.1 2.537 3.2 3.0
0.520 1484.9 1011.5 1.130 189.1 169.5 2.941 4.4 4.0
0.530 1572.4 1084.9 1.137 132.2 118.7 2.973 7.6 7.0
0.540 1550.7 1082.4 1.161 339.0 301.9 3.005 6.5 6.0
0.550 1561.5 1102.2 1.180 460.0 406.8 3.056 3.2 3.0
0.630 1434.1 1062.1 1.320 250.2 223.4 3.245 3.2 3.0
0.650 1419.9 1061.7 1.350 32.5 30.1 3.317 13.1 12.0
0.670 1392.3 1046.2 1.395 1.6 1.4 3.344 3.2 3.0
0.690 1130.0 859.2 1.443 55.7 51.6 3.450 13.3 12.2
0.710 1316.7 1002.4 1.463 105.1 97.0 3.573 11.9 11.0
0.718 1010.3 816.9 1.477 105.5 97.3 3.765 9.8 9.0
0.724 1043.2 842.8 1.497 182.1 167.1 4.045 7.5 6.9

Adapted from References [3] and [4].

Appendix A: Physical Properties 351

Table A.13 Absorption coefficients for Si

λ (μm) α (cm 1) λ (μm) α (cm 1) λ (μm) α (cm 1) λ (μm) α (cm 1)

0.218 1.80E + 06 0.458 3.58E + 04 0.698 2318 0.938 139.2
0.226 1.84E + 06 0.466 3.62E + 04 0.706 2091 0.946 121.4
0.234 1.80E + 06 0.474 3.04E + 04 0.714 1931 0.954 105.9
0.242 1.77E + 06 0.482 2.39E + 04 0.722 1896 0.962 92.53
0.25 1.83E + 06 0.49 2.01E + 04 0.73 1715 0.97 81.14
0.258 1.93E + 06 0.498 1.86E + 04 0.738 1702 0.978 71.41
0.266 2.09E + 06 0.506 1.72E + 04 0.746 1526 0.986 63
0.274 2.29E + 06 0.514 1.44E + 04 0.754 1505 0.994 55.43
0.282 2.38E + 06 0.522 1.33E + 04 0.762 1373 1.002 48.04
0.29 2.28E + 06 0.53 1.02E + 04 0.77 1302 1.01 40.5
0.298 1.83E + 06 0.538 1.12E + 04 0.778 1249 1.018 33.24
0.306 1.55E + 06 0.546 1.03E + 04 0.786 1110 1.026 26.72
0.314 1.38E + 06 0.554 7227 0.794 1110 1.034 21.42
0.322 1.27E + 06 0.562 7622 0.802 991.2 1.042 17.5
0.33 1.19E + 06 0.57 7449 0.81 885.7 1.05 14.37
0.338 1.13E + 06 0.578 5889 0.818 838.2 1.058 11.43
0.346 1.08E + 06 0.586 6523 0.826 765.8 1.066 8.812
0.354 1.07E + 06 0.594 5958 0.834 691 1.074 6.908
0.362 1.01E + 06 0.602 5214 0.842 621.6 1.082 5.681
0.37 6.91E + 05 0.61 5119 0.85 557.6 1.09 4.791
0.378 3.69E + 05 0.618 4557 0.858 498.7 1.098 3.972
0.386 2.21E + 05 0.626 4423 0.866 444.6 1.106 3.115
0.394 1.51E + 05 0.634 3676 0.874 395.1 1.114 2.167
0.402 1.13E + 05 0.642 3455 0.882 350.1 1.122 1.333
0.41 9.05E + 04 0.65 3142 0.89 309.2 1.13 0.9011
0.418 7.45E + 04 0.658 3060 0.898 272.3 1.138 0.9011
0.426 6.09E + 04 0.666 2847 0.906 239.1 1.146 1.001
0.434 5.35E + 04 0.674 2604 0.914 209.5 1.154 0.8774
0.442 4.69E + 04 0.682 2385 0.922 183.1 1.162 0.5019
0.45 4.08E + 04 0.69 2373 0.93 159.7 1.17 0.16

Adapted from Reference [5].

352 Thermoelectrics

References
1. Sonntag, R.E., C. Borgnakke and G.J.V. Fundamentals of thermodynamics, 5th ed. 1998, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. Incropera, F. P., Dewitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L., and Lavine, A. S., Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 6th ed., John Wiley
& Sons., 2007.
3. Standard ASTM E891-92, Standard for terrestrial solar direct normal solar spectral irradiance tables for air mass 1.5,
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshocken, PA.
4. Standard ASTM E892-92, Standard for terrestrial solar spectral irradiance tables at air mass 1.5 for a 37° tilted surface,
American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshocken, PA.
5. Palik, E.D., Handbook of optical constants of solids, Academic Press, New York, 1998.