*

7-1 mís';
7-2 ifjp;
7-3 ;qok vkSj igpku
7-3-1 fodklkRed vofèk ds :i esa ;qok
7-3-2 tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds :i esa ;qok
7-4 ;qok igpku ij oS'ohdj.k dk çHkko
7-4-1 oS'ohdj.k] çkS|ksfxdh vkSj ;qok
7-4-2 oS'ohdj.k] ;qok vkSj cnyrs dk;Z-rjhds
7-4-3 oS'ohdj.k] ;qok vkSj cnyrh laL—fr
7-4-4 oS'ohdj.k] Çyx igpku vkSj ;qok
7-5 lkjka'k
7-6 izeq[k 'kCn
7-7 Lo vkdyu ç'uksa ds mÙkj
7-8 bdkà ds var esa ç'u
7-9 lanHkZ
7-10 izLrkfor iqLrdsa

bl bdkà ds vè;;u ds mijkar] vki fuEufyf[kr esa l{ke gksaxs%

• ;qok igpku vkSj thou dky ds fodkl esa blds fof”k’V LFkku dks le>uk(
• lkekftd-vkÆFkd lanHkZ dks cnyus esa ;qokvksa dh Hkwfedk] mudh vkdka{kkvksa vkSj
{kerk dh vkykspukRed leh{kk( vkSj
• oS'ohdj.k dh ?kVuk vkSj ;qok igpku ij blds f}-fn'kkRed çHkko dks le>ukA

gekjs thou dks o;Ldrk esa <kyus okyh ;qokoLFkk thou dky fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ
pj.k gS ftls vkRe-tkx:drk vkSj igpku ds fodkl }kjk fpfàr fd;k tk ldrk gS
vkSj ;g gesa o;Ldrk dh rjQ vkxs c<+krk gSA bls Hkkjr esa ,slh tulkaf[;dh; Js.kh
ds :i esa oxÊ—r fd;k tk ldrk gS tks lekt ds ifjorZu esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
jgh gSA oS'ohdj.k dh ?kVuk us gekjs vkRe vkSj igpku xBu esa dà ewyHkwr ifjorZu
fd, gSa] fo'ks"kdj ;qokvksa ds lanHkZ esaA blus vkdka{kkvksa] dSfj;j dh ryk'k] f'k{kk]
fo'ks"kdj mPp f'k{kk] dke vkSj izokl (migration) ds rjhds dks cny fn;k gSA
çkS|ksfxdh] laL—fr vkSj Çyx igpku (gender identity) ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k ds
fufgrkFkks± dk nwjxkeh egRo gSA

146 *M‚- f'kYik , iafMr] ,lksfl,V çksQl

s j] euksfoKku foHkkx] fpUe; fo'ofo|ky;] dsjy
bdkà 6 esa] geus lkekftd fuÆefÙk ds rkSj ij vkSj vfLrRo ds ,d rjhds ds :i esa
Çyx igpku ds ckjs esa ppkZ dhA Çyx tSfod lsDl ls vyx gS vkSj thou ds nkSjku
T;knkrj Çyx igpku gekjs lkFk tqM+h jgrh gS] tc rd] ge bls cnyus dk fu.kZ; u
ysaA nwljh rjQ ;qokoLFkk Hkh tSfod cnyko ls lacafèkr gS] ijarq ;g Hkh T;knkrj
lkekftd fuÆefÙk gh gSA

vkb, ge ns[ksa fd ;g fdl izdkj ls gSA vkt ls yxHkx 150 ;k 100 o"kZ igys ds Hkkjr
ij fopkj djsaA tc cPpksa dk fookg tYnh gks tkrk Fkk vkSj ekuo thou dh vkSlr vk;q
de gksrh FkhA ;gka rd fd iks"k.k vkSj xjhch tSls dà dkjdksa ds pyrs ;kSoukjaHk
¼Puberty½ dh mez Hkh vfèkd FkhA blds ifj.kkeLo:i ckfyx gksrs gh iq#"kksa vkSj
efgykvksa dks lekt esa o;Ldksa ds :i esa ekuk tkrk FkkA yxHkx 100-150 lky igys
lekt esa o;Ldksa ds :i esa igpkus tkus okys iq#"k vkSj efgyk,a 15 vkSj 19 dh mez esa
ekrk-firk cu tkrs Fks] os ikjaifjd dkedkt djrs Fks vkSj lekt esa mRiknu vkSj
çtuu yxHkx fuckZèk vkSj fLFkj FkkA vc] vkt ds ;qokvksa dh dYiuk djsa - os vè;;u
vkSj@;k dke dh ryk'k esa O;Lr gSaA muesa ls dqNsd 'kk;n ukSdjh dj jgs gksa ;k
ukSdjh ds lkFk-lkFk vè;;u Hkh dj jgs gksaA ;s ;qok vius thou esa dà phtksa ds ckjs
esa vlaetl esa gksaxsA vius vareZu esa os dà egRoiw.kZ lokyksa dk tokc <+wa< jgs gksaxAs
vkt Hkh] xzkeh.k {ks=ksa vkSj dqNsd leqnk;ksa esa] 20 o"kZ rd i<+kà can dj nsuk vkSj fookg
djuk vke ckr gS] ijarq ogka Hkh FkksM+k cgqr yphykiu vkSj vkxs i<+kà djus dh vkarfjd
vkdka{kk cuh jgrh gSA blfy, lekt cnyus ds lkFk-lkFk gekjs ;qokvksa dh fuÆefÙk vkSj
muls visf{kr Hkwfedk,a Hkh cny xà gSaA
if'pe ds dqNsd lektksa esa] lkekftd oSKkfudksa us uo o;Ldksa ¼emerging adults½ dh
èkkj.kk dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA

euksoSKkfudksa vkSj lekt’kkfL=;ksa ds vuqlkj thou dky fodkl ds pj.k ds :i esa

;qokoLFkk ,d egRoiw.kZ vofèk gSA vkerkSj ij ;qokoLFkk dks cpiu vkSj o;Ldrk ds chp
ds varjky ds :i esa le>k tkrk gS vFkok ;wusLdks ds vuqlkj – ;g cpiu vkSj
o;Ldrk ds chp dk laØe.k dky gSA pwafd fofHkUu lektksa esa nqfu;k Hkj esa muls
vis{kkvksa esa csgn fHkUurk gS] blfy, ;qokvksa dh ifjHkk"kk esa Hkh cgqr fHkUurk gSA oLrqr
;qokoLFkk fuf'pr vk;q-oxZ gksus dh ctk; csgn yphyh Js.kh gSA fQj Hkh] dkykuqØfed
vk;q ds lanHkZ esa ;qokvksa dh ifjHkk"kk D;k gS\ f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj ds lacaèk esa] ;qokvksa dks
ifjHkkf"kr djus dk lcls vklku rjhdk mez gSA *lHkh {ks=ksa esa lkaf[;dh; lqlaxrk
lqfuf'pr djus ds fy,] blds lnL; ns'kksa dh ifjHkk"kkvksa ls çHkkfor gq, fcuk] la;qä
jk"Vª ;qokvksa dks 15 ls 24 o"kZ dh mez ds chp ds yksxksa ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrk gSA*
¼UNESCO, http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/
youth/youth-definition/½

bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd ;qok ds fupys Nksj esa fd'kksjksa] fo'ks"k :i ls fd'kksjkoLFkk ds
eè; vkSj vafre pj.k ds fd'kksjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA Åijh Nksj ij ifjHkk"kk
O;kid gS] cfYd bruh O;kid gS fd blesa iwjh rjg ls fodflr vkSj ftEesnkj o;Ldksa
dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA 147
 bl O;kid ifjHkk"kk dh viuh dfBukb;ka Hkh gSAa ;qok var{ksi dk;ZØeksa ¼youth intervention
programs½ ds fy,] ;g O;kid ifjHkk"kk T;knk mi;ksxh ugÈ gS D;ksafd bl O;kid
ifjHkk"kk ds varxZr vkus okys mi-lewgksa dh euksoSKkfud] lkekftd-HkkoukRed vkSj
f'k{kk lacaèkh vko';drk,a vkSj Çprk,a vyx-vyx gSaA vius mís'; ds fy,] ge eq[;r;k
rhu vk;q lewgksa ij ppkZ djsax-s 15 ls 19 o"kZ dh vk;q] 20-28 o"kZ dh vk;q vkSj 29 ls
35 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA ;g ,d ,slk oxÊdj.k gS tks Hkkjrh; lanHkZ ds fy, çklafxd gSA
-

15 ls 19 o"kZ dh vofèk laØe.k dk dky gS tgka ;qokoLFkk ds pyrs 'kkjhfjd-fØ;k

lacaèkh ifjorZuksa dk ;qokvksa ds euksoSKkfud] HkkoukRed] lkekftd vkSj 'kSf{kd cnykoksa]
fodYiksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa ij cgqvk;keh çHkko iM+rk gSA igpku çkIr djuk ;qokoLFkk ds
çeq[k fodklkRed dk;ks± esa ls ,d gSA

,fjdlu ¼1902-1994½ eukslkekftd pj.kksa ds lanHkZ esa ekuo fodkl dh voèkkj.kk nsus
okys çfl) euksoSKkfud FksA gjsd eukslkekftd voLFkk esa] ,fjdlu us euksoSKkfud
fodkl ds pkSjkgs ij [kM+s balku dh voèkkj.kk nhA mUgksaus eglwl fd;k fd çR;sd ckj
tc ladV iSnk gqvk vkSj gy gks x;k] rc O;fäRo ,d ldkjkRed fn'kk esa fodflr
gqvk] tcfd vulqy>s ladVksa us O;fäRo ds fodkl dks ckfèkr dj fn;kA fiNys
fodklkRed pj.kksa ds vulqy>s pj.k fodkl ds orZeku lanHkZ esa Hkh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA

,fjdlu ds vuqlkj fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fodkl dk çeq[k dk;Z *igpku cukuk* gSA
,fjdlu us eglwl fd;k fd *igpku dh Hkkouk dks çkIr djus esa ladV ls xqtjuk
'kkfey gS] tgka fd'kksj çpfyr ewY;ksa] ekunaMksa] fu;eksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ij vkSj muls
lacafèkr ekeyksa ij loky mBkrs gSaA fd'kksj vius vkRe dh Hkkouk] vius vklikl dh
nqfu;k ij loky mBkrs gSaA vUos"k.k] iwNrkN vkSj rdks± dh çfØ;k esa] fd'kksjksa dks muds
jktuhfrd fopkjksa ¼jktuhfrd igpku½] mudh ySafxdrk vkSj jksekafVd vkd"kZ.k@ukilan]
nksLrh vkSj I;kj ds ckjs esa mudh voèkkj.kkvksa ds lkFk-lkFk muds fopkjksa vkSj dkedkt
rFkk dWfj;j vkdka{kkvksa lacaèkh ;kstukvksa ds ckjs esa irk pyrk gSA bl çdkj] os
jktuhfrd] lkekftd] dWfj;j vkSj fyax igpku çkIr djrs gSa D;ksafd os vius vkRe ds
ckjs esa tkx:d gks tkrs gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy,] tSl-s tSls vki cM+s gq, gSa] vki vius ekrk-firk dh ekU;rkvksa ds ckjs
esa lksprs vkSj loky djrs jgs gksaxs] gks ldrk gS fd vius leqnk; esa çpfyr èkkÆed
çFkkvksa ds fo#) vkius foæksg fd;k gks ;k dqNsd ,slh çFkkvksa ij vkius loky mBk,
gksa tks efgykvksa dks muds fu.kZ;ksa ;k dk;ks± esa Lora=rk dk guu djrh gSaA

bl vUos"k.k loky ;k rd+Z dk mís'; fd'kksjksa@;qokvksa ds eu esa ladVksa dk lekèkku

ek= gh ugÈ gS] cfYd lekt dk cnyko Hkh gSA ;qok tc vius vklikl ds lekt esa
çpfyr ewY;ksa] ekunaMksa vkSj çFkkvksa ij loky mBkrs gSa] rks os vius vklikl ds lekt
dks cnyus vkSj :ikarfjr gksus esa Hkh enn djrs gSaA bl rjg fujarjrk (Production and
Reproduction) lekt'kkL=h ds 'kCn esa lekt ds fuekZ.k vkSj çtuu dks lwfpr djrk
gSA fujarjrk ds lkFk-lkFk lekt ds ifjorZu ftls lekt'kkL=h lekt ds *#ikarj.k*
(transformation) ds :i esa oÆ.kr djrs gSa] esa Hkh ;qok 'kfä dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA bl
rjg O;fäxr ls ysdj lkekftd {ks= rd] ;qok igpku fujarjrk vkSj cnyko dk laxe
gSA
148
vk;q vkSj vU; lanÆHkr fo'ks"krkvksa ds vuqlkj eq[; Çprk,a cnyrh jgrh gSaA 15-19 o"kZ
dh vk;q ds ;qokvksa dh çeq[k Çprk,a D;k gks ldrh gSa\ ;kSou ds dkj.k 'kkjhfjd
ifjorZu] lkekftd O;oLFkk esa Lo;a dks vthc dh eglwl djus dh Hkkouk] 'kkjhfjd
Nfo] 'kS{kf.kd Çprkvksa vkSj dkedkt vkSj dWfj;j ls lacafèkr ç'u] ikfjokfjd vkSj
lkekftd ftEesnkfj;ksa esa o`f) vkSj ifjokj ds cM+s o;Ld ds :i esa O;ogkj vÆtr fd,
tkus dh bPNk tSls dqN eqís gSa tks 'kq#vkrh ;qokvksa dks lqLr vkSj ijs'kku djrs gSaA
vkids vuqlkj vU; dkSu ls ,sls eqís vkSj Çprk,a gSa ftuds ckjs esa 'kq#vkrh ;qok lksprs
gksx
a \s
- –
T;knkrj lektksa esa ;qokoLFkk bl vk;q oxZ dks gh ;qok ekuk tkrk gSA ;|fi
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa mBk, x, ç'uksa dks iwjh rjg ls gy djus esa dà lky yx ldrs gSa]
fQj Hkh bl mez esa T;knkrj ;qok lqO;ofLFkr gks tkrs gSaA ns'k ds dà fgLlksa esa] bl mez
esa ;qok eq[; :i ls f'k{kk] dke] dWfj;j vkSj vkthfodk ds ckjs esa vius vkus okys thou
ds ckjs esa Çpfrr gksrs gSaA ;qok vkSj muds ifjokj vius {ks=ksa esa miyCèk voljksa vkSj i<+kÃ
tkjh j[kus ;k NksM+us dh O;ogk;Zrk ij ppkZ djrs gSaA

çkFkfed Lrj ls mPp f'k{kk rd Nk=ksa dh i<+kà NksM+us dh nj [krjukd :i ls c<+

tkrh gSA ,u,l,lvks (NSSO) vkadM+s ¼jk"Vªh; çfrn'kZ losZ{k.k dk;kZy;] lkaf[;dh
rFkk dk;ZØe dk;kZUo;u ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj½ n'kkZrs gSa fd 10-14 o"kZ dh vk;q esa
çR;sd rhljk O;fä ^çklafxdrk dh deh* dk gokyk nsdj Ldwy NksM+ nsrk gSA mPp
vk;q Lrj ij vFkkZr 15-19 o"kZ ds Nk= ftUgksaus vc rd Ldwyh f'k{kk tkjh j[kh gksrh
gS] muesa Mª‚i vkmV dk çfr'kr yxHkx 17% gSA dqy feykdj] çkFkfed ls mPprj
ekè;fed rd Ldwy NksM+us dh nj csgn T;knk gSA

fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS fd 'kSf{kd cqfu;knh <kapk] ikBîØeksa vkSj ladk;ksa dh miyCèkrk]

i;kZIr iqLrdky; vkSj iqLrdksa dh miyCèkrk vkSj fy, x, ikBîØeksa esa ukSdfj;ksa ds
voljksa esa deh] ,sls çeq[k dkjd gSa tks 20-28 o"kZ dh vk;q oxZ esa ;qokvksa dh 'kSf{kd
ilanksa dks çHkkfor djrs gSaA

Çyx ds lanHkZ esa] yM+fd;ka vkSj ;qok efgyk,a crkrh gSa fd c<+rs gq, ?kjsyw dke ;k dM+s
lkekftd ekunaM tks fd xkaoksa ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj mudh eqä vkoktkgh dks ckfèkr
djrs gSa vkSj 'kknh djus dk ncko ,slh egRoiw.kZ ckèkk,a gSa tks mPp f'k{kk dks iwjk djus
dh fn'kk esa egRoiw.kZ ckèkk,a gSaA
f'k{kk jkstxkj ls tqM+h gqà gS] fo'ks"kdj Hkkjr esa vke turk dh ,slh gh dYiuk gS(
;qokvksa }kjk f'k{kk çkIr djus ds tks eq[; dkj.k crk, tkrs gSa] muesa vk; dk tfj;k
gkfly djds ifjokj dh enn djus dh ftEesnkjh çeq[k dkj.k gSA gkykafd] ;qokvksa dks
viuh f'k{kk dks jkstxkj ls tksM+us esa xaHkhj pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA Hkkjr
esa csjkstxkjh vkSj LoYi jkstxkj ¼under-employment½ ds ekeys c<+ jgs gSaA vkiwÆr vkSj
ekax i{k (Supply and demand) nksuksa ls lacafèkr dà dkjdksa ds pyrs ;qokvksa dks
jkstxkj ugÈ fey ik jgk gSA vkiwÆr i{k dh ckr djsa rks xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ukSdfj;ksa dh
la[;k yxHkx 'kwU; gSA uxjksa vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa vfèkdka'k ukSdfj;ka vukSipkfjd {ks= esa
gSa tks fd vFkZO;oLFkk dk yxHkx 7% gSA le; c<+us ds lkFk ljdkj ukSdjh nsus esa
vleFkZ gS] bl rjg T;knkrj ukSdfj;ka futh {ks= esa gSA ekax i{k dh ckr djsa rks
fu;ksäkvksa dks yxrk gS fd mEehnokj ukSdjh dh dkS'ky lacaèkh vis{kkvksa ij [kjk mrjus 149
 esa vleFkZ gSaA bls fu;kstuh;rk ¼employability½ ;k jkst+xkj {kerk dgk tkrk gSA 'kksèk
crkrsa gSa fd dq'ky dk;Zcy dh vkiwÆr vkSj ekax ds chp lkaetL; fcBkuk Hkkjrh;
vFkZO;oLFkk esa tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ¼demographic dividend½ ds nksgu ds ckjs esa
egRoiw.kZ Çprkvksa esa ls ,d gSA bldh ppkZ ge vxys Hkkx esa djsaxsA
eè;-;qokoLFkk dh nwljh çeq[k Çprk bl oxZ ds ;qokvksa dh thou'kSyh vkSj LokLF; gSA
dkjksa] eksVjckbdksa vkSj lkbfdyksa dh c<+rh ekaxksa esa ;qokvksa dh c<+rh Lok;Ùkrk vkSj
fo'okl ifjyf{kr gksrk gS( vkadM+ksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ;qokvksa vkSj eè;e ;qokvksa dh
e`R;q lacaèkh dkj.kksa esa ls ,slh nq?kZVuk,a eq[; dkj.k gSa tc os pkyd ugÈ cfYd ihfM+r
gksrs gSaA ¼http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/2.12.India .pdf½A
bl mez ds ;qokvksa dh thou'kSyh ds pyrs dqiks"k.k@vkgkj lacaèkh Çprk,a Hkh çeq[krk ls
mHkj jgh gSaA ;qok vius vkgkj ds rkSj-rjhdksa vkSj [kkus dh le;-lkj.kh esa dà cnyko
dj ldrs gSa vkSj lw{e iks"kd rRoksa dh deh okys vkgkj ds pyrs mUgsa ckn esa thou'kSyh
lacaèkh fodkj gks ldrs gSaA thou'kSyh lacaèkh vlaØked jksx (Non-Communicable
Diseases) dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij orZeku esa csgn T;knk cks> gS vkSj ,d vLoLFk vkcknh
mRiknd vkcknh ugÈ cu ldrh gSA
fo'ks"kdj] ;qok efgykvksa ds LokLF; vkSj iks"k.k lacaèkh eqís fof'k"V Çprk dk fo"k; gSaA
Hkkstu ds lsou esa ySafxd vlekurk,a] vkgkj dh fofoèkrk esa deh vkSj gjh iÙksnkj
lfCt;ksa] lw{e foVkfeu] çksVhu tSls çeq[k [kk| ?kVdksa dk lsou vkSj çtuu ekgokjh ds
nkSjku LoPNrk ls tqM+h lrr pqukSfr;ksa ds fy, vfèkdkfèkd lkekftd tkx:drk vkSj
ifjorZu dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
ns'k Hkj esa] tYnh fookg fd;k tkuk vkSj tYnh rFkk vfu;ksftr xHkZèkkj.k cM+h Çprk dk
fo"k; gSA lkoZtfud LokLF; lsokvksa dh xq.koÙkk esa Hkh jkT;ksa ds vuqlkj dkQh varj gS
vkSj ekr` e`R;q nj ¼Maternal Mortality Rate — MMR½ ds :i esa ;g varj vfHkO;ä
gksrk gSA
bl rjg eè;-;qokoLFkk esa ;qok igpku dkedkt vkSj fj'rksa ds LFkkf;Ro ij è;ku dsafær
djrh gSA

ifjiDo ;qok - 29-35 o"kZ dh vk;q

euksfoKku esa lS)kafrd :i ls] 29 ls 35 o"kZ dh vk;q ds chp] o;Ld igpku dk
,glkl gksrk gS vkSj dkedkt] dWfj;j vkSj vkthfodk esa fLFkjrk vkSj lkaetL; ds eqís
iwjs gksrs gSaA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa] 29-35 o"kZ dh vk;q ds vfèkdka'k ;qokvksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh
gS fd os u dsoy vius ifjokj ds çfr ftEesnkfj;ksa esa enn djsa] cfYd viuk Lo;a dk
ifjokj Hkh 'kq: dj nsaA Hkkjr esa fookg dh vkSlr vk;q c<+ jgh gSA fQj Hkh lHkh
efgykvksa esa ls 61 çfr'kr ¼xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 69 çfr'kr vkSj 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa 31 çfr'kr½ 16
o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys fookfgr gSaA igyh xHkkZoLFkk esa vkSlr vk;q 19-2 o"kZ gSA lkekU;
rkSj ij xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa ,Ã,e (AEM) nks o"kZ vfèkd gSA ¼lzksr%
MCY;w,pvks vkSj Hkkjr esa LokLF; vkSj ifjokj dY;k.k ea=ky;- 2011 dh fjiksVZA½

bl rjg ifjiDo ;qokoLFkk dh eq[; fo'ks"krk c<+h gqà ikfjokfjd O;Lrrkvksa ds lkFk
lkekftd-vkÆFkd fLFkfr ds lanHkZ esa c<+ksrjh ds lkFk o;Ld igpku dh bPNk gSA
blfy,] ifjiDo ;qokvksa dh çeq[k Çprk,a dkedkt lacaèkh vkdka{kk,a] ukSdfj;ka] jkstxkj
vkSj m|ferk] dkedkt dk ruko vkSj miyfCèk;ka gSaA viuk vkSj ifjokj dk LokLF;
150
vkSj iks"k.k] c<+rs cPpksa dh 'kSf{kd vko';drk,a vkSj ,d csgrj lkekftd vkSj vkÆFkd
fLFkfr Hkh vU; leku :i ls egRoiw.kZ Çprkvksa ds mnkgj.k gSaA

lqçfl) euksoSKkfud ,fjdlu us ;qokoLFkk@'kq#vkrh o;Ldrk ds nkSjku fodklkRed

ladVksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa çPNUu varjaxrk cuke vyxko (Intimacy vs. isolation) dks
fpfàr fd;k FkkA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa lkekU;r;k lHkh ;qokvksa dh 'kknh gksrh gS vkSj cgqr
de o;Ld vfookfgr jgus dk QSlyk djrs gSaA ;fn ;qok vfookfgr jgus dk fu.kZ; ysrs
gSa rks lkekftd vkSj ikfjokfjd Çprk,a vkSj ncko cgqr vfèkd jgrk gSA vfookfgr jgus
okys o;Ldksa }kjk vyxko vkSj vdsysiu dk vuqHko mu vk'kadkvksa esa ls ,d gS ftUgsa
muds ifjtu vdlj O;ä djrs gSaA gkykafd dà ifjokj vkSj lekt o;Ldksa ds
vfookfgr jgus ds fu.kZ; dks Lohdkj Hkh djrs gSaA

bl çdkj] orZeku [kaM esa geus ;qokvksa vkSj mudh igpku çfØ;kvksa dks Hkkjrh; lanHkZ
esa le>us dh dksf'k'k dh gSA vxys Hkkx esa ge ;g le>us dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd ;qok
igpku vpkud bruk eq[; eqík D;ksa cu x;k gSA ,slk eq[;r;k nks cM+s cnykoksa ds
pyrs gqvk gS- igyk cnyko vkxs ds [kaM esa ppkZ fd, tkus okyk tulkaf[;dh; mHkkj
gS ftlls Hkkjr vHkh xqt+j jgk gSA nwljk çeq[k cnyko oS'ohdj.k vkSj uà ehfM;k
çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds dkj.k cM+s eSØks Lrj ij vk, cnyko gSaA

tSlk fd loZfofnr gS Hkkjr *tulkaf[;dh; mHkkj* ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gSA ;gka 65%
vkcknh 15-65 o"kZ dh vk;q dh dkedkth vkcknh gSA dkedkth vkcknh dk cM+k fgLlk
;qok gSa vkSj blfy,] ,d Js.kh ds :i esa ;qok jktuhfrd vkSj uhfrxr Lrj ij vpkud
egRoiw.kZ gks x, gSaA

2014 dh jk"Vªh; ;qok uhfr esa dgk x;k gS] Þ15-29 o"kZ ds vk;q oxZ ds ;qokvksa dk
tula[;k esa 27-5% fgLlk gSA orZeku esa] Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; vk; ¼Gross National
Income — GNI½ esa 15-29 o"kZ ds ;qokvksa dk ;ksxnku yxHkx 34% gSA gkykafd] jk"Vª
ds ukxfjdksa ds bl oxZ dh Je 'kfä esa Hkkxhnkjh c<+kdj vkSj mudh mRikndrk esa o`f)
djds bl ;ksxnku dks vkSj vfèkd c<+kus dh cgqr cM+h laHkkouk gSA ¼jk"Vªh; ;qok uhfr]
2014] http://www.rgniyd. gov.in/sites/ defaultfiles/pdfs/scheme/nyp_2014.pdf½
yxHkx 2030 rd Hkkjr dh tula[;k vius pje ij gksxh vkSj mlds ckn ;gka dh
vkcknh esa rqyukRed :i ls cqtqxks± dh la[;k T;knk gksuh 'kq# gks tk,xhA ;g è;ku
j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd fofHkUu jkT; laØe.k ds vyx-vyx nkSj ls xqtj jgs gSa vkSj dqN
jkT; tSls fd dsjy vU; jkT;ksa dh rqyuk esa igys gh pje ij igqap ldrs gSaA

tulkaf[;dh mHkkj ns'k dks ;qokvksa dh ÅtkZ vkSj deZ'kfä dk mi;ksx djus vkSj
vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa esa rsth ykus dk volj çnku djrk gSA Hkkjr esa vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa
esa rsth ykus ds fy, mPp xq.koÙkk okyh f'k{kk] i;kZIr vkSj mi;qä ukSdfj;ka vkSj
m|ferk volj çnku djus dh vko';drk gSA bl mRiknd vkcknh dks vius dkedkt
ij vfèkdkfèkd è;ku nsus esa l{ke jgus gsrq LoLFk Hkh jguk gksxkA bl rjg Hkkjr dks
vxyh 'krkCnh esa ys tkus okyh ,slh lqfoèkktud ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj ç.kkfy;ksa dks cukus
ftuesa ;qok vkcknh viuh laHkkouk dks lkdkj dj lds vkSj ,d LoLFk rFkk mRiknd
lekt cukus ds fy, ;g lkjxfHkZr le; gSA
151
 mi-[kaM 7-3-1 esa geus ;qokvksa dks rhu vk;q oxZ ds lewgksa esa oxÊ—r fd;k gSA ;g è;ku
j[kuk egRoiw.kZ gS fd rhuksa lewgksa dh vko';drk,a vkSj Çprk,a vyx-vyx gSaA blfy,]
vxj ge pkgrs gSa fd jk"Vª ds fodkl esa ;qokvksa dk vfèkdkfèkd ;ksxnku gks rks blds
fy, fofHkUu gLr{ksiksa dh ;kstuk cukà tkuh pkfg,A buesa ls dqNsd ds mnkgj.k uhps
rkfydk esa çLrqr gSa%

–
çkjafHkd ;qokoLFkk (15-19 o’kZ) dfj;j lacaèkh [kkst] Mª‚i vkmV esa deh vkSj Ldwyh
f'k{kk iwjh djuk] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk] çtuu vkSj
;kSu LokLF; f'k{kk] thou dkS'ky lacafèkr f'k{kk
eè; ;qokoLFkk(20-28 o’kZ) mPp f'k{kk iw j h djuk] dfj;j ekxZ n 'kZ u ]
fu;kstuh;rk] dkedkth yksxksa esa efgykvksa dh
lgHkkfxrk c<+kuk] lkoZtfud txgksa vkSj dk;Z{ks=ksa
esa efgykvksa dh lqj{kk c<+kus ds fy, var%{ksi] çHkkoh
fu;ksftr çokl] xfr'khyrk vkSj m|e fodkl
dk;ZØe]
ifjiDo ;qokoLFkk (29-35 o’kZ) izHkkoh lkoZtfud LokLF; lsok,a] dk;ZLFkyksa esa çHkkoh
cky ns[kHkky lsok,a] dq'ky lkoZtfud f'k{kk lsok,a
I
fuEufyf[kr ds ckjs esa lgh ;k xyr crk,a %
1½ ,fjdlu ds vuqlkj fd'kksjkoLFkk esa fodkl dk çeq[k dk;Z ^igpku dh miyfCèk*
gSA
2½ ;qok 'kfä dk lacèa k lekt ds *mRiknu vkSj çtuu* ds lkFk-lkFk *lekt ds
cnyko* ls Hkh gSA
3½ vke turk f'k{kk dks jkstxkj ls tksM+rh gSA
4½ varjaxrk cuke vyxko dk fodklkRed ladV fd'kksjkoLFkk pj.k dh fo'ks"krk gSA
5½ ;qokvksa esa tYnh fookg dksà Çprk dk fo"k; ugÈ gSA

fiNys 30-40 o"kks± esa] nqfu;k dk rsth ls *oS'ohdj.k* gqvk gSA oS'ohdj.k D;k gS\
oS'ohdj.k esa yksxksa] oLrqvksa vkSj fopkjksa dk cgqvk;keh çokg 'kkfey gS ¼vIiknqjÃ] 2000]
geZUl ,oa dsEisu] 1998½A ;g mifuos'kokn ls vyx gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ esa mifuos'kokn
D;k Fkk\ ;g ,d fons'kh O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; daiuh ¼fczfV'k ÃLV bafM;k daiuh½ dk
Hkkjr esa ços'k vkSj Hkkjr ds fofHkUu NksVs-cM+s jkT;ksa vkSj tkxhjnkjksa ds lkFk ,sls
O;kikfjd vkSj jktuhfrd lacèa k Fks ftudk çokg ek= ,d fn'kk esa FkkA 100-150 o"kks± dh
vofèk esa] daiuh rsth ls yxkrkj rkdroj gksrh xà vkSj blus bruk èku bdëk dj
fy;k fd ;g Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa vkSjksa dks _.k nsus yxh rFkk NksVs jkT;ksa vkSj
tkxhjnkjksa ls vuqcaèk ds ekè;e ls jktLo laxzg djus yxhA bfrgkl crkrk gS fd ml
le; dksà Hkh ,slk etcwr jkT; ugÈ Fkk tks fczfV'k ÃLV bafM;k daiuh ds jktuhfrd
152
vkSj vkÆFkd çHkko dks jksdus esa l{ke gksrkA jktuhfrd 'kfä ds bl fo[kaMu vkSj NksVs
{ks=h; jkT;ksa ds vkÆFkd vkSj jktuhfrd fgrksa dh çfrLièkkZ dk ykHk mBkdj fczfV'kksa us
Hkkjrh; diM+k vkSj gFkdj?kk m|ksx dks iwjh rjg ls u”V dj fn;k] ftlds çfr jks”k
dks ckn esa Lora=rk laxzke ds nkSjku fons'kh diM+s dks tykdj vfHkO;ä fd;k x;kA
1857 esa Hkkjrh; ,dtqV gq, vkSj 1857 esa Lora=rk ds igys ;q) us ,d xaHkhj ladV
[kM+k dj fn;k vkSj dà balkuksa dh tkusa xb±A fczfV'k ÃLV bafM;k daiuh rFkkdfFkr
*lSU; foæksg* esa dh xà Çglk dks lgh ugÈ Bgjk ldhA rc bl rkdroj daiuh us Hkkjr
ds jkT;ksa ij viuk fu;a=.k fczfV'k ljdkj dks lkSai fn;k vkSj 1876 esa fczVsu dh jkuh
dks Hkkjr dk laçHkq ?kksf”kr fd;k x;kA gkykafd] mifuos'kokn vkÆFkd xfrfofèk dh ,dy
fn'kkRed xfrfofèk Fkh] ftlesa Hkkjrh; daifu;ka fczfV'k ljdkj ds lkFk leku {kerk ls
ugÈ tqM+ ldrh FkÈA ÃLV bafM;k daiuh us ek= vius O;kolkf;d ykHk ds fy, Hkkjr ds
çk—frd vkSj vkÆFkd lalkèkuksa dk nksgu fd;kA

tSlk fd [kaM dh 'kq#vkr esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gS mifuos'kokn ds foijhr oS'ohdj.k
esa oLrqvksa ¼vkÆFkd xfrfofèk½] yksxksa ¼dk;Zcy dk çokl vkSj vkokxeu½ vkSj fopkjksa dk
cgqvk;keh çokg 'kkfey gSa( bldk vFkZ gS fd nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh fgLls ds yksx vkilh
le>kSrs ds vkèkkj ij vkSj lacafèkr O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; uhfr;ksa ds vuqikyu ds vèkhu
jgrs gq, nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh vU; fgLls esa O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrs
gSa A bl rjg laHkkfor :i ls oS'ohdj.k O;kikj vkSj okf.kfT;d xfrfofèk;ksa ds fy,
leku Lrj dk volj çnku djrk gSA bldk eryc gS fd Hkkjrh; daifu;ka dgÈ Hkh
O;kikj dj ldrh gSa vkSj vuqcaèkksa ds fy, cksyh yxk ldrh gSaA fo'o Hkj ds lHkh ns'k]
fons'kh fuos'k pkgrs gSa vkSj bls vkeaf=r djrs gSaA ;g oS'ohdj.k ds lcls ldkjkRed
igyqvksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj blds pyrs dksfj;k] phu] baMksusf’k;k vkSj eysf'k;k tSls ns'kksa
dks O;kikj esa vkxs c<+us vkSj vkÆFkd ykHk vÆtr djus dk volj feykA gkykafd] blds
jktuhfrd fufgrkFkZ Hkh gSa] ,sls ns'k tks ckgj ds ns'kksa ls viuh ukSdfj;ksa vkSj vkS|ksfxd
vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa dks cpkuk pkgrs gSa vkSj ,sls ns'k tks tks vU; ns'kksa esa vius O;kikj
dks c<+kuk pkgrs gSa] esa dkQh [kÈpkrkuh gSA Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa us viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
oS'ohdj.k ds fy, [kksydj blls ykHk mBk;k gSA
lrgh rkSj ls ns[kus ij] oS'ohdj.k O;kikj] O;olk; vkSj vkÆFkd xfrfofèk;ksa esa ,d
fo'kky cnyko dh rjg fn[krk gS] ijarq xgu :i ls ns[kus ij irk pyrk gS fd
oS'ohdj.k ewy :i ls mu LFkkuksa ds lkFk gekjs lacaèk tgka ge jgrs gSa] gekjh lkaL—frd
çFkkvksa] vuqHkoksa vkSj igpkuksa rFkk yksxksa] LFkkuksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa ds lkFk gekjs lacaèkksa dks
cny nsrk gS ¼V‚eÇylu] 1999½A ,d Lrj ij] oS'ohdj.k eq[; :i ls vkÆFkd vkSj
O;kolkf;d ?kVuk ds :i esa çrhr gksrk gS vkSj nwljs Lrj ij] oS'ohdj.k ,d lkaL—frd
rFkk lekt'kkL=h; ?kVuk gSA oS'ohdj.k yksxksa ds vius vki dks ns[kus ds rjhds dks
cnyrk gS] ;g mudh Hkk"kk] muds ifjèkku] muds Hkkstu@Lokn vkSj muds vkuafnr gksus
ds rjhds dks cnyrk gSA oS'ohdj.k ewy :i ls gekjs lkFkZd dh èkkj.kk dks cny nsrk
gSA blh rjg oS'ohdj.k ;qok igpku dks xgjkà ls çHkkfor djrk gSA ge fofoèk laL—
fr;ksa ds feJ.k okys fo'o ;k fo'o laL—fr dh vksj c<+rs gSaA ;qok Lo;a dks ,d oSfÜod
igpku ls tksM+rs gSa vkSj vius ns'kksa ds ckgj dh ?kVukvksa vkSj vuqHkoksa ls tqM+us esa l{ke
gksrs gSaA ;g lekt rFkk laL—fr ds lkFk-lkFk fodkl'khy ;qokvksa dh igpku ds fy,
ldkjkRed vkSj pqukSrhiw.kZ cnyko gSA vkb, vc ge fuEufyf[kr ppkZ esa ;qok igpku
vkSj oS'ohdj.k ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij utj MkysaA
153
 lcls igys ldkjkRed rF;] çkS|ksfxdh lapkfyr ehfM;k vkSj oS'ohdj.k vkil esa tqM+s
gq, gSAa çkS|ksfxdh oS'ohdj.k dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA uà ehfM;k vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ohfM;ks]
lks'ky ehfM;k] v‚uykbu baVjusV vkSj eksckby çkS|ksfxdh ds ekè;e ls vyx-vyx
Lo:iksa esa fo'o Hkj dh ?kVukvksa vkSj gkykrksa ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çnku djrs gSa vkSj ;qok
igpku ij budk egRoiw.kZ çHkko iM+rk gSA tSl-s tSls ;qok eYVhehfM;k esa bu vuqHkoksa dks
ns[krs gSa] os Lo;a dks vU; ;qokvksa ds djhc eglwl djrs gSa vkSj Lo;a dks vU; ;qokvksa
ds lkFk [kM+k gqvk ikrs gSa] bl rjg mudh jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd igpku çHkkfor
gksrh gSA çkS|ksfxdh dh igqap us f'k{kk ds voljksa] cnyko dh laHkkoukvksa vkSj dWfj;j ds
fofHkUu fodYiksa ds ckjs esa tkx:drk dks ekSfyd :i ls cny fn;k gSA nwljs] ;g
fuÆookn rF; gS fd uà rduhd ykHk ls çsfjr gS vkSj dqNsd vioknLo:i mnkgj.kksa
tSls fd vksiu lkslZ l‚¶Vos;j vkfn dks NksM+ nsa rks okLrfod lp ;gh gSA blfy,] ;g
;qokvksa dks viuh oSfÜod igpku dk ykHk mBkus vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa vius m|e'khyrk ds
fopkjksa dks igqapkus dk volj çnku djrk gSA ;g çfrHkk'kkyh dk;Zcy dks xfr'khy gksus
vkSj vius fMftVy dkS'ky ds ekè;e ls fo'o esa dgÈ Hkh volj [kkstus dk volj
çnku djrk gSA f¶yidkVZ vkSj Naukri-com ds mnkgj.k ;gka çklafxd gSaA bl rjg
;qok jk"Vªh; vkSj lkaL—frd lhekvksa ds ijs ,d oSfÜod] vfèkd tkx:d igpku cukus
esa l{ke gSaA

nwljh vksj] ftu ;qokvksa ds ikl çkS|ksfxdh rd igqap ugÈ gS] os ihNs jg tkrs gSaA
çkS|ksfxdh vius vki esa rVLFk gS ijarq tks yksx bldk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gSa] os
fMftVy :i ls de tkudkj O;fä dh rqyuk esa muds –f"Vdks.k vkSj dà vU;
–f"Vdks.kksa dks çLrqr dj ldrs gSaA nwljs fdlh fopkj Çcnq ;k ifjçs{; ij lkspus vkSj
fopkj djus ds fy, vc T;knk le; ugÈ fn;k tkrk] ,sls esa vkosxiw.kZ fopkj gh LFkk;h
cu tkrs gSaA

oS'ohdj.k çfØ;k ds fgLls ds :i esa] f'k{kk ds rjhds cny x, gSaA nwjLFk f'k{kk] ohfM;ks
vkSj v‚fM;ks çk:iksa ds ekè;e ls v‚uykbu f'k{kk vkSj fofHkUu çdkj ds {ks=ksa ls lacafèkr
tkudkjh vkSj Kku ls :c: gksus dh lqfo/kk us thou Hkj lh[kus dh laHkkoukvksa dks
cny fn;k gSA Kkr vkSj ifjfpr {ks=ksa rFkk lanHkks± ls ijs dh tkudkjh] ,d ;k vfèkd
Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku vkSj èkkjkçokg cksyus dh {kerk vkSj ?kj ls nwj jgus dh rS;kjh( ,sls
çeq[k dkjd gSa tks f'k{kk vkSj jkstxkj nksuksa dks çHkkfor dj jgs gSaA ;g bl vFkZ esa
ldkjkRed fodkl gS fd ;qok lh[kus ds fy, vc vius HkkSxksfyd LFkku ls caèks gq, ugÈ
gSaA bruk gh ugÈ dkedkth thou ds nkSjku Hkh O;fä u, fo"k;ksa ;k #fp ds fo"k;ksa ds
ckjs esa lh[kuk tkjh j[k ldrk gSA nwljh vksj ,sls f'k{kd tks fo|kÆFk;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu
vkSj ftKklk mBus ij buds lekèkku ds fy, mifLFkr jgrs gSa] muls tqM+ko vkSj muds
çfr lEeku esa deh gqbZ gSA

nwljh ckr ;g gS fd oSÜoh—r nqfu;k esa dkedkt ds rjhds esa Hkh cnyko vk;k gSA
vrhr dh rqyuk esa] tc fdlh ds fy, ukSdjh gkfly djuk vkSj fQj blh esa Çtnxh
fcrk nsuk lkekU; O;ogkj Fkk] cnyrs lekt esa ;qok yxkrkj ukSdjh cnyrs jgrs gSa(
dqNsd fo'ks"k {ks=ksa esa ;g cnyko rsth ls gksrk gS tSls fd vkÃVh {ks= tgka yksx
154
varjkZ"Vªh; Vheksa esa dke djrs gSa] vyx-vyx le; ds vuqlkj dke djrs gSa vkSj yphys
le; vuqØe ij Hkh dke dj ldrs gSaA bl rjg fuf'pr le; esa dkedkt djus] dke
djus dh fuf'pr vofèk vkSj dke dk leku rjhds vc cny x;k gSA ldkjkRed igyw
ns[ksa rks bldk vFkZ varjjk"Vªh; dk;Z laL—fr vkSj u;k Kku gSA bldk vFkZ rsth ls
dWfj;j o`f) Hkh gSA ysfdu nwljh rjQ] ;qok dke dh igpku cgqr {k.kHkqaxj gS vkSj ;qok
cgqr vlqjf{kr gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd mudh ukSdfj;ka dHkh lqjf{kr ugÈ gksrh gSa] muds dke
rsth ls vçpfyr gks tkrs gSaA varjjk"Vªh; dk;Z laL—fr c<+us ls vkdka{kk dh Hkkouk rst
gksrh gSA ;qokvksa dks igys dh ih<+h ds dke dh ljkguk vkSj lEeku djuk Hkh eqf'dy
yxrk gSA
bu ifjorZuksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd esytksy esa Hkh ifjorZu gq, gSaA
igys ds ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd esytksy vfèkd bRehuku okys] inkuqØfer vkSj
LFkkf;Ro okys gksrs Fks] ijarq vc ,slk ugÈ gSA vc ;qokvksa dks dà ckj yxrk gS fd cM+s-
cqtqxks± dks uà nqfu;k dh le> ugÈ gSA

ftl rjg çkS|ksfxdh nqfu;k ds ckjs esa gekjh tkx:drk esa u, cnyko yk jgh gS] blds
ifj.kkeLo:i ;g gekjs Lo;a dks ns[kus ds rjhds dks Hkh cnyrh gSA fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa]
[kk| inkFkks±] O;atuksa] diM+ksa] laxhr] u‘R; vkSj dyk ds laidZ ds lkFk] Lohdk;Z vkSj
vLohdk;Z ds lkekftd ekunaM( okaNuh; vkSj vokaNuh;( D;k QS'kuscy gS vkSj D;k
ugÈ( ;g Li"V :i ls fpfàr gks x;k gSA ,sls esa og ;qok mi laL—fr tks oS'ohdj.k ls
igys ds le; esa ges'kk ;qok igpku dk fgLlk jgh gS] vc oS'ohdj.k ds ;qx esa LFkkuh;
laL—fr ls ukVdh; :i ls fHkUu gks ldrh gSA varj-ih<+hxr varjky O;kid gks x, gSa
blfy, ekrk-firk vkSj vU; cqtqxks± ds ikl u, ekgkSy ls lkaetL; fcBkus ds fy, igys
ds mnkgj.k ;k ekunaM ugÈ cps gSaA pwafd uà çkS|ksfxfd;ka iwjh rjg ls vyx gSa] blfy,
iqjkuh ih<+h ds lgdeÊ bUgsa lh[kus ds fy, ;qokvksa ij gh fuHkZj gksrs gSa vkSj ,sls esa uÃ
ih<+h ds fy, fiNyh ih<+h ls laL—fr gLrkarj.k dk ra= vkt cjkcjh dk gks x;k gS vkSj
f}-fn'kkRed cu x;k gSA euksoSKkfud vkSj lkekftd oSKkfud bls vPNh rjg ekurs gSa
fd lekthdj.k u dsoy vkthou pyus okyh çfØ;k gS] cfYd f}-fn'kkRed Hkh gSA cPps
ekrk-firk dk ,d ifjokj ds :i esa lekthdj.k djrs gSa] ftl rjg ekrk-firk ifjokjksa
ds Hkhrj cPpksa dk lkekthdj.k djrs gSaA

;g f}-fn'kkRedrk vkxs ;qok igpku esa vkSj vfèkd ifjyf{kr gks jgh gS vkSj bldk
ifj.kke LFkkuh; laL—fr ds cnyko dh tfVyrk ds :i esa fn[k jgk gS] laL—fr ds dqN
igyqvksa esa rsth ls cnyko gks jgk gS vkSj dqN ‘ks”k esa ;k rks cnyko gqvk gh ugÈ ;k csgn
de cnyko gksrk gSA dqN lekt'kkL=h; Çprdksa us bls *ijLij vkRe* dgk gS - ,d
,slk vkRe tks fofHkUu lanHkks± esa fHkUu çrhr gksrk gSA blds ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed
nksuksa fufgrkFkZ gSaA ldkjkRed i{k ij] bldk vFkZ yphykiu vkSj rsth ls cnyrs ifj–
’; ds vuq:i vuqdwyu gSA udkjkRed i{k ij] ;g ,d [kafMr vkRe vkSj vfèkdkfèkd
vyxko dk ladsr gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vktdy yksxksa ds ikl vdlj ,d Hkzked
fMftVy O;fäRo gksrk gS vkSj ;g xSj-fMftVy *okLrfod* thou esa dkQh fHkUu gksrk
gSA cgqr ls ;qok fMftVy IysVQ‚eks± ds vius vuqHkoksa dks vius ifjokj ;k ifjtuksa ds
lkFk lk>k ugÈ dj ikrs ;k bu ij ckr ugÈ dj ikrsA bl izdkj] ,d rjQ os vius
ifjokj dks ^iqjkus QS'ku ds* vkSj Lo;a dks ^vkèkqfud* le> ldrs gSa ftlls muds vkSj
muds ifjokjksa ds chp ,d nwjh cu jgh gSA nwljh rjQ muds ifjokj Lo;a dks vuns[kk
155
 le> ldrs gSa vkSj iwjh ifjfLFkfr esa mudk vkRefo'okl Mxexk ldrk gSA nwljh rjQ
tkudkjh lk>k ugÈ djus ds pyrs O;fä ifjokjksa ls feyus okyh lqj{kk] lkaRouk vkSj
le>nkjh dh lykg ls oafpr jg tkrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ,d [kafMr vyx-Fkyx vkRe
l`ftr gksrk gSA dà ckj ;qok yksx v‚uykbu vkSj eksckby IysVQ+‚eks± ij miyCèk xseksa
vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa ls çHkkfor gksdj budh yr yxk cSBrs gSaA fQj os vius O;fäxr]
ikfjokfjd vkSj lkekftd thou esa iwjh rjg ls Hkkx ysus esa vleFkZ gks tkrs gSaA vyx-
Fkyx vkRe vkSj igpku dk vuqHko rc Hkh gksrk gS tc u‚u-fMftVy *okLrfod* thou
esa Hkh u, 'kCn] u, rkSj-rjhds vkSj lkspus vkSj dke djus ds <ax bR;kfn lekfgr gks
tkrs gSa] ijarq os ;qok ftlds ikl fuèkZurk vFkok xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe ds pyrs fMftVy
vuqHko rd ugÈ gS] mUgsa ,sls yxrk gS tSls os vyx-Fkyx iM+ x, gSa ;k ckfd;ksa ls ihNs
NwV x, gSaA

tSlkfd bdkà 6 esa ge ppkZ dj pqds gSa fd Çyx ,d lkekftd fuÆefÙk gS vkSj tSls fd
oS'ohdj.k ds pyrs lekt Lo;a rsth ls cnyrk gS] Çyx igpku ds çfr gekjh le>
Hkh rsth ls cnyrh gSA blls uà pqukSfr;ka vkSj volj [kM+s gksrs gSaA
fiNys vuqHkkx 7-4-3 esa] geus mu pqukSfr;ksa vkSj voljksa ij ppkZ dh tks oS'ohdj.k dh
otg ls laL—fr;ksa vkSj lektksa dks feyrs gSa vkSj ftuls lkekftd 'kfä vkSj Çyx
Hkwfedkvksa dh xfr'khyrk cny tkrh gSaA

;gka ;g è;ku fn;k tk, fd] Çyx thou Hkj pyus okyk lekthdj.k gS] tcfd ;qok
igpku dk lacaèk thou dky esa ,d fof'k"V LFkku ls gh gS] tks fd o;Ldrk esa gekjs
O;fäxr] ikjLifjd vkSj lkekftd thou ds mrkj-p<+ko dks ifjHkkf"kr vkSj fuèkkZfjr
djrk gSA bl çdkj gesa ;g le>us vkSj ij[kus dh vko';drk gS fd oS'ohdj.k gekjs
ySafxd :f<+;ksa] vkdka{kkvksa] dkedkth vkSj ikfjokfjd fj'rksa dks ewyHkwr :i ls çHkkfor
djrk gS blfy, ,d uà oSÜoh—r ih<+h bl mFky-iqFky Hkjs ijarq fnypLi le; esa
dkedkt djuk 'kq: djrh gSA ;qok iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds lkFk-lkFk Vªkl a tsaMj igpku
okys yksx ,d ,slh tqM+h gqà nqfu;k esa dkedkt djuk 'kq# djrs gSa tgka igys ds lkaps
bl rjg cny jgs gSa fd vrhr esa mudk dksà mnkgj.k ugÈ feyrkA bl rjg ge ns[krs
gSa fd igys ds lektksa ds lHkh fLFkj <kaps - èkeZ] ljdkj@jktuhfr vkSj laL—fr] lHkh
uà dlkSfV;ksa ij ij[ks tkrs gSaA
ge rhu ,sls vkils esa etcwrh ls tqM+s lkekftd ?kVukØeksa dks ns[krs gSa tks bl rsth
ls cnyrs le; esa ,d iq#"k ;k efgyk ds :i esa iSnk gksus ds vFkZ vkSj ,d ;qok iq#"k
;k efgyk gksus ds vFkZ esa ewyHkwr ifjorZu vkSj :ikarj.k yk jgs gSaA

oS'ohdj.k esa Çyx igpku esa igyk vkSj Li"V ifjorZu 'kfä lacaèkksa esa ifjorZu dk gS
blfy, os ikjaifjd LFkkuksa ij dsafær gksus ds ctk; fofoèk LFkkuksa ij fodsafær gks tkrs
gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ,slk dgk tkrk gS fd tkudkjh ,d rkdr gS( igys bl 'kfä
vFkkZr tkudkjh ds ikjaifjd LFkku 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa fleVs Fks] ijarq oS'ohdj.k ds pyrs]
ehfM;k vkSj baVjusV ds ekè;e ls lwpuk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Hkh miyCèk gksxhA bl rjg Hkys
gh fdlh yM+dh ;k efgyk dks xkao esa ?kj ls ckgj tkus dh vuqefr ugÈ gks] ;k og
iapk;r ;k Cy‚d@ftyk dk;kZy; esa mlls lacafèkr tkudkjh gkfly djus ds fy, ugÈ
tk ldrh gks] fQj Hkh og ;g tkudkjh vius eksckby Qksu ds ekè;e ls gkfly ldrh
156
gSA pwafd vc mls 'kgjh {ks= ;k Cy‚d ;k ftyk dk;kZy; dh ;k=k ugÈ djuh iM+sxh]
,sls esa og tkudkjh gkfly djus ds fy, fdlh ij fuHkZj ugÈ gksrh gSA blls ;qok
yM+dh ;k ;qok eka ;k ;qok xHkZorh efgyk ;k ;qok Nk=k ds fy, laHkkoukvksa ds vikj
volj miyCèk gks tkrs gSaA vc] pwafd mlds ikl uà tkudkjh gS] blfy, nks pqukSfr;ka
mHkjrh gSa] ,d] mlds vklikl ds lekt dks bl ifjorZu ds vuqlkj <yuk gksxk vkSj
'kfä lacaèkksa esa bl ifjorZu ds çfrjksèk rFkk Lohdk;Zrk dh xfr'khyrk lektksa dk
Hkfo"; r; djsx a As mnkgj.k ds fy,] dà ikjaifjd lektksa es]a cqtqxZ ;qok yM+fd;ks@
a efgykvksa
dks eksckby Hkh çnku ugÈ djrs pwafd os 'kfä ds bl cnyko ls lkaetL; fcBkuk ugÈ
tkursA

nwljh pqukSrh lwpuk dh çkekf.kdrk vkSj mez vkSj@;k lanHkZ ds vkèkkj ij bldh
mi;qärk ds ckjs esa gSA ;g pqukSrh vfèkd xaHkhj gS vkSj bl ckjs esa euksfoKku esa dÃ
'kksèk fd, tk jgs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] baVjusV vkSj bl ij miyCèk lkexzh dà ckj
cPpksa ds fy, mi;qä ugÈ gks ldrh gS vkSj os vutkus esa ;k dHkh-dHkh tkucw>dj@
etcwjho’k bls ns[k ldrs gSa vFkok baVjusV xyr ;k vufèk—r tkudkjh çnku dj
ldrk gSA lexz :i ls vkSj Çyx ds fof'k"V lanHkZ esa] bu ifjorZuksa ds çfr lekt dh
çfrfØ;k ;g fuèkkZfjr djus esa egRoiw.kZ gksxh fd lekt ds lkFk-lkFk rduhd dk
Øfed fodkl dSls gksxkA
rhljk] fuf'pr vkSj fLFkj Çyx lekthdj.k ekunaMksa okys lektksa rd vU; lektksa
vkSj laL—fr;ksa ls egRoiw.kZ vkSj fojksèkkHkklh tkudkfj;ka igqap jgh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vQxkfuLrku esa tks lekt yM+fd;ksa vkSj efgykvksa dks insZ esa j[kdj lekthdj.k ij
fo'okl djrk gSa] os ,sls –';] lekpkjksa vkSj efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds mnkgj.kksa ls
:c: gks jgh gS tks viuh nqfu;k esa fcuk insZ ds jgrh gSa vkSj ckgj fudydj dkedkt
djrh gSaA vc bu lektksa dks bl *erHksn* dks le>us vkSj blls lkeatL; LFkkfir
djus ds rjhds [kkstus gksaxAs nwljh vksj] if'peh lektksa esa ,slh efgykvksa dks ÞfiNM+h
vkSj çfrxkeh *dgk tkrk gSA bl rjg if'peh lektksa dks vius lektksa ds Hkhrj
vkèkqfudrk vkSj fiNM+siu ds ckjs esa :f<+;ksa dk lekèkku djuk pkfg,A

geus è;ku fn;k gS fd oS'ohdj.k gekjs lektksa - gekjs lkaL—frd] vkÆFkd vkSj
jktuhfrd thou esa rhoz vkSj cgqvk;keh ifjorZu ykrk gSA ySafxd lekthdj.k vkSj
igpku vkÆFkd –f”V ls Hkh çHkkfor gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] foÙk vkSj cktkjksa rd
igqap ikjaifjd lajpukvksa ds fu;a=.k esa ugÈ jgrh vkSj bl çdkj efgyk,a vkSj yM+fd;ka
yphys dkedkt rjhds okys O;olk;ksa esa dke dj ldrh gSa ;k bUgsa pyk ldrh gSaA
iwath] eky] lwpuk vkSj yksxksa ds cgq-fn'kkRed çokg ds pyrs efgykvksa vkSj yM+fd;ksa ds
ikl f'k{kk vkSj dkedkt ds fy, ;k=k djus ds igys ls T;knk volj gSa vkSj bl
çdkj blds ifj.kkeLo:i dk;ZLFkyksa vkSj 'kS{kf.kd LFkyksa dks T;knk efgyk vuqdwy
cukuk gksxkA efgykvksa ds usr`Ro okys O;olk; cSadksa ;k èku-mèkkjnkrkvksa ds ekè;e ls
iwath ds ikjaifjd lzksrksa ij fuHkZj ugÈ gSaA ØkmM-Q+aÇMx ls ysdj eksckby ,si ds t+fj,
dkjksckj djus rd] foÙk vkSj ckt+kj rd igqap j[kus ds ikjaifjd lkèku Hkh cny x,
gSAa

efgyk usr`Ro ,d ,slk egRoiw.kZ igyw gS tgka lHkh lektksa esa ikjaifjd :f<+okfnrk fVdh
ugÈ jg ldrh vFkok bldks vkykspukRed leh{kk ls xqt+juk gksxkA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
ijaijkxr :i ls ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd efgyk,a dqNsd fo'ks"k dk;Z tSls foÙk vFkok
ehfM;k esa ukSdjh] bR;kfn ugÈ dj ldrh gSaA u, fopkjksa] çfrHkk vkSj iwath dh vken ds 157
 dkj.k] bu ySafxd :f<+;ksa dks lokyksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj lektksa dks vius
Hkhrj ds erHksnksa dks lkeuk djus ij etcwj gksuk iM+rk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ijaijkxr
:i ls] iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks ,d gh rjg ds t‚c çksQkby esa Hkh fn, tkus okys osru
esa varj jgrk gSA vc oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa bl rF; dks xaHkhj vkykspuk ls xqt+juk
iM+ jgk gSA

ftl rjg ySafxd :f<+;ksa vkSj HksnHkko ij loky mBk;k tk jgk gS] mlh rjg vkt cM+h
gks jgh yM+fd;ka vkSj efgyk,a dh viuh vkRe-tkx:drk vkSj vfHkO;fä] 20 o"kZ igys
ds ih<+hxr vglkl ls dkQh fHkUu gSaA rks ,slk D;k gS tks oS'ohdj.k ds lkeus cnyk
ugÈ gS] igpku dh dkSu lh vfHkO;fä;ka leku ;k le:i gSa\
,slk çrhr gksrk gS fd igpku dk ekuoh;-dsafær ;k lacaèk-dsafær igyw vfèkd LFkk;h gS
;k vkSj vfèkd egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA dk;ZLFkyksa esa vkSj lkekftd vkSj ikfjokfjd thou
esa lacaèk vkSj ekuoh; tqM+ko mrus gh egRoiw.kZ gSa] ftrus igys FksA okLro esa] vktdy
ds le; esa] fofoèk laL—fr;ksa vkSj vU; lanHkks± esa fe=rk vkSj lgdeÊ lacaèkksa esa
lgkuqHkwfr] lEeku vkSj laosnu'khyrk tSlh Hkkoukvksa dks egRoiw.kZ thou dkS'ky crk;k
tkrk gSA xkSjryc gS fd bu Hkkoukvksa dks igys ukjhRo ls tksM+k tkrk FkkA

oS'ohdj.k vkSj Çyx igpku esa Çyx #f<+okfnrk] HksnHkko] lkekftd 'kfä] thou 'kSyh
vkSj baæèkuq”k ds lHkh jaxksa ¼tSls VªkaltsaMj½ dks 'kkfey djus dk fopkj Hkh 'kkfey gSA
pwafd oS'ohdj.k gesa VªkaltsaMj yksxksa ls tqM+h gekjh xgu :f<+;ksa vkSj muds }kjk vuqHko
fd, x, HksnHkko ls :c# djokrk gS] blfy, lektksa dks Çyx igpku ds lHkh :iksa dk
lekèkku djuk pkfg, vkSj LoLFk ySafxdrk dks c<+kok nsuk pkfg,A ikjaifjd lekt bls
,d cM+h pqukSrh ds :i esa ekurs gSa] blfy, cs’kd ogka Vªkl a tsaMj yksx Hkh ekStwn gksa vkSj
dHkh-dHkkj feFkdksa vkSj dgkfu;ksa esa budk ldkjkRed ftØ gks] ijUrq os lekt esa
eq[;èkkjk esa jgus ds ctk; gkf’k;s ij gh jgrs FksA VªkaltsaMj yksx eq[; èkkjk ds fy,
ekuks v–’; gh FksA oS'ohdj.k vkSj lektksa ds eaFku ds lkFk] yksxksa dks pqukSfr;ksa vkSj
voljksa dk vuqHko gksrk gS tks –’;rk vkSj tqM+ko c<+krs gSaA lektksa dks viuh fo'okl
ç.kkfy;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS vkSj ekudks ds vuq:i ugÈ jgus okyh Çyx igpkuksa
ds çfr HksnHkko vkSj Çglk dks lekIr djus ds fy, dM+s dne mBkus gksrs gSaA gkykafd]
VªkaltsaMj O;fä;ksa dks lqLi"V –’;rk ds pyrs dà ckj Çglk vkSj HksnHkko dk lkeuk
djuk iM+rk gS] fQj Hkh oS'ohdj.k lHkh Çyx igpkuksa ds eS=hiw.kZ lacaèkksa vkSj lekos'k ds
volj ykrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] èkkjk 370 ij loksZPp U;k;ky; ds gkfy;k fu.kZ; us
bl fo"k; ij O;kid ppkZ vkSj cgl dks vkxs c<+k;k] blesa lekt us LGBTQI yksxksa
dh Çprkvksa ij fopkj fd;k vkSj iqjkruiaFkh dkuwu dh leh{kk djds bldk lekèkku
fd;kA bl vfèkd –’;rk us Vªkl a -yksxksa dks eS=hiw.kZ lacaèk cukus vkSj lekt ls
laosnu'khy çfrfØ;k,a gkfly djus esa enn dhA
II

1½ oS'ohdj.k D;k gS\

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158
2½ os dkSu ls çeq[k rjhds gSa ftuls oS'ohdj.k us Çyx igpku esa cnykoksa dks çHkkfor
fd;k gS\
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3½ oS'ohdj.k eS=hiwj.k lacaèkksa vkSj lHkh Çyx igpkuksa dks 'kkfey djus ds volj
çnku djrk gS - lgh ;k xyr
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bl bdkà esa] geus ;qokvksa ij oS'ohdj.k ds çHkko ij è;ku dsafær fd;kA ;qokoLFkk ds
fofHkUu pj.kksa dks muds lacfa èkr eqíksa vkSj Çprkvksa ds lkFk oÆ.kr fd;k x;k FkkA
lkekftd ¼oS'ohdj.k½ vkSj O;fäxr ¼;qokiu½ ifjorZu ds chp vkilh esytksy dh
tfVyrk,a gesa vfuf'pr vkSj jksekapd le; esa ykrh gSaA çkS|ksfxdh] cnyrs dk;Z rjhds
vkSj laL—fr ds lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k ij ppkZ dh xÃA blds vykok] geus oS'ohdj.k ds
;qx esa Çyx vkSj ;qok igpku dks Hkh le>k gSA tulkaf[;dh; ykHkka'k ds :i esa ;qok]
u dsoy vius O;fäxr vkSj ikfjokfjd thou dks ewrZ :i nsus dk volj vÆtr djrs
gSa] cfYd vius fu.kZ;ksa vkSj lfØ; çfrc)rk ds ekè;e ls lektksa ds Hkfo"; dks Hkh
lkdkj djrs gSaA

var esa] tc geus Çyx ij ppkZ dh] geus cgqr la{ksi esa bl ij ppkZ dh fd dSls Vªkl a -
O;fä;ksa ;k ,sls O;fä;ksa ftudh ySafxdrk lkekU; ekudksa ls fHkUu gSa] dks Lohdkj djuk
gekjh LoLFk ySafxdrk rFkk gekjs varoSZ;fäd rFkk lkekftd thou dk fgLlk gSA

cpiu vkSj o;Ldrk ds chp dk ifjorZu ¼transition½ vof/k gSA

vius vkl-ikl ds igys ls fuf'pr ewY;ksa] fu;eksa] ekudksa vkSj
fLFkfr;ksa ij loky mBkdj fd'kksjksa }kjk Lo;a vÆtr Hkkouk dks
n'kkZrk gSA
blesa yksxksa ¼dk;Zcy dk vkokxeu vkSj xfr'khyrk½] oLrqvksa
¼vkÆFkd xfrfofèk½ vkSj fopkjksa dk cgqvk;keh çokg 'kkfey gSaA
159
 -
I

mÙkj% 1½ lgh( 2½ lgh( 3½ lgh( 4½ xyr( 5½ xyr

II

1½ oS'ohdj.k dk vFkZ gS fd nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh fgLls ds yksx nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh
fgLls esa vkilh le>kSrs ds vkèkkj ij rFkk mu ij ykxw O;kikfjd vkSj okf.kT;d
uhfr;ksa dk vuqikyu djrs gq, O;kolkf;d xfrfofèk;ka esa layXu gks ldrs gSaA
2½ Çyx igpku ij oS'ohdj.k dk çeq[k çHkko rkdr ds lacaèkksa esa ifjorZu gS pwafd
ikjaifjd LFkkuksa ij dsafær jgus ds ctk; fofoèk LFkkuksa ij fodsafær gks tkrs gSaA
3½ lgh

1½ vf/kxe e‚Mîwy ij vius fopkj j[ksa vkSj vius {ks= esa ;qok igpku ls lacafèkr eqíksa
vkSj Çprkvksa ij 1000 'kCn dk fucaèk fy[ksa ¼vki vius mÙkj esa viuh rjQ ls dqN
tksM+us ds fy, dqNsd ;qokvksa dk lk{kkRdkj dj ldrs gSa½A
2½ vius {ks=] xkao@uxj@'kgj@ftys@jkT; esa ;qokvksa dh igpku ij oS'ohdj.k ds
çHkko ij yxHkx 1000 'kCnksa esa ppkZ djsaA
3½ vius vuqlkj ,sls rhu loZJs"B rjhds oÆ.kr djsa ftuds ekè;e ls ;qok fodklkRed
pj.k vkSj uà çkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds mn~Hko ls loZJs"B ifj.kke gkfly dj ldrs gSaA
;g mudh vkthfodk] lacaèkksa] laL—fr;ksa vkSj ikfjokfjd lajpuk vkSj dkedkt dks
fdl rjg csgrj cuk ldrs gSa\ yxHkx 1000 'kCnksa esa fy[ksaA

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