Quest Journals

Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science

Volume 7 ~ Issue 4 (2019)pp.:61-65
ISSN(Online):2321-9467
www.questjournals.org

Research Paper

Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ % ,d

lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u
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lkjka'k %&
fo'o esa ekuo vf/kdkjksa ds çfr tkx:drk ds fodkl ds lkFk efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds çfr fpark cM+h gSA
Hkkjr esa xqykeh dh vof/k esa lkekftd fLFkfr;k¡ Øe'k% fcxM+rh x;h vkSj ijra=rk dh ekufldrk us jk"Vªdfo
eSFkyh'kj.k xqIr dh iafä;ksa dks bl çdkj pfjrkFkZ fd;k& ^^ge dkSu Fks D;k gks x, vkSj D;k gksxa s vHkh vkvks fopkjs
vkt feydj ;s leL;k,a lHkh^* vktknh ds ckn 73 o"kksZa dh fodkl ;k=k esa ns'k esa efgykvks]a mudh f'k{kk] LokLF;]
vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj lkekftd ekU;rkvksa ds çfr –f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu dh lqxcqxkgV vo'; yf{kr gSA ysfdu bl
fo'kky vkSj vufxur fofo/krk okys ns'k esa bl ifjorZu dk va'k ux.; gh gSA lafo/kku esa efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds
leku gh vf/kdkj fn, gS] vR;kpkjksa ls nch mudh n;uh; thou fLFkfr;ksa dks :ikarfjr djus vkSj lkekftd]
vkfFkZd rFkk fof/kd igpku cukus ds fy, dbZ dY;k.kdkjh ekU;rk,a nh gSA ysfdu mudh fodkl dh fLFkfr vkSj
n'kk vkt Hkh fparuh; gSA
ewy'kCn & efgyk] vf/kdkj] lekurk] ifjfLFkfr] lkekftd] leL;k] ifjokj HkwfedkA

çLrkouk %&
fdlh Hkh lH; lekt dh fLFkfr ml lekt esa fL=;ksa dh n'kk ns[kdj Kkr dh tk ldrh gSA efgykvksa dh
fLFkfr esa le;≤ ij ns'k dky ds vuqlkj ifjorZu gksrk jgk gSA le; ds lkFk Hkkjrh; lekt esa vusd ifjorZu
gq;s ftlls efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa fnu&çfrfnu fxjkoV vkrh xbZ rFkk xjhc efgykvksa ij bldk vf/kd çHkko iM+k]
D;ksfa d lSdM+ksa o"kksZa dh ijrU=rk ds dkj.k Hkkjro"kZ fo'o ds lcls xjhc ns'kksa esa ls ,d gSA lekt ds fuekZ.k esa
efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk mruh gh çeq[k gS ftruh fd 'kjhj dks thfor j[kus ds fy;s ty] ok;q vkSj Hkkstu gSA fL=;ka
gh larfr dh ijEijk esa eq[; Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS fQj Hkh çkphu lekt ls ysdj vk/kqfud dgs tkus okys lekt rd
fL=;ka misf{kr gh jgh gSA mUgsa de ls de lqfo/kkvks]a vf/kdkjksa vkSj mUufr ds voljksa esa j[kk tkrk jgk gS] blh
dkj.k efgykvksa dh ifjfLFkfr vR;Ur fupys Lrj ij gSA Hkkjrh; lekt dh ijEijkxr O;oLFkk esa efgyk;sa vkthou
firk] ifr vkSj iq= ds laj{k.k esa thou&;kiu djrh jgh gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa iq:"kksa ,oa efgykvksa dks leku ntkZ
vkSj vf/kdkj fn;s tkus ds ckotwn bl rF; ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd fodkl vkSj lkekftd Lrj dh –f"V
ls efgyk;sa vHkh iq#"kksa ls dkQh ihNs gSaA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk vkt Hkh detksj oxksZa esa 'kkfey gSA efgyk
ifjokj dh vk/kkjf'kyk gS vkSj lkekftd fodkl cgqr dqN mlh ds ln~ç;klksa ls lEHko gSA ftl lekt dh efgyk;sa
mis{kk vkSj frjLdkj dk f'kdkj gksrh gS og lekt dHkh çxfr ugha dj ldrkA
efgykvksa ds Åij lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd] 'kS{kf.kd] O;olkf;d ,oa vU; vusd ,slh fu;ksXZ ;rk;sa ykn
nh xbZ gS ftlds dkj.k mUgsa thou esa vkxs c<+us ,oa O;fäRo dk leqfpr fodkl djus dk volj ugha feyrkA ;s
fu;ksXZ ;rk;sa muds fy, cgqr cM+h pqukSfr;ka ,oa leL;k;sa cudj mHkjh gSA bu fu;ksXZ ;rkvksa ds dkj.k dk;Z esa n{krk]
;ksX;rk ,oa dq'kyrk gksus ds ckotwn ;s efgyk;sa u rks lkoZtfud {ks= esa viuk ;ksxnku dj ldrh Fkh vkSj u f'k{kk
çkIr dj ldrh Fkh] u mPp laLFkkuksa esa ukSdjh dj ldrh Fkh vkSj u fdlh çdkj dk /kkfeZd dk;Z fcuk iq:"k ds
lEikfnr dj ldrh FkhA iq:"k oxZ ds lkFk [kkuiku ij çfrcU/k FkkA efgykvksa ds fy;s mPp f'k{kk ds njokts
iw.kZr;k cUn Fks ftlls mUgsa foo'krkiw.kZ ftUnxh ?kj dh pgkjnhokjh ds vUnj O;rhr djuh iM+rh FkhA bUgsa
i<+&fy[kdj ukSdjh djus ds vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr j[kk x;k FkkA efgykvksa dh cnrj fLFkfr ds fy;s ewy:i ls gh
yM+dks]a yM+fd;ksa dks laLdkj :i esa feyus okyh lksp ftEesnkj gS] mlds ckn ikfjokfjd] lkaL —frd] /kkfeZd vkSj
lkekftd ijEijk;s] ewY; rFkk jhfr&fjokt bl –f"Vdks.k dh vksj iqf"V djrs gSaA vr% bl lksp esa cnyko ykuk
efgyk fodkl dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh gSA efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ij cy nsrs gq;s fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk vk;ksx ¼1948½ ds ;s
,sfrgkfld 'kCn Hkh /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS] tks fuEu gSa &
Corresponding Author: 0 61 | Page
 Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u
**f'kf{kr L=h ds fcuk f'kf{kr iq:"k gks gh ugha ldrkA ;fn iq#"kksa vkSj fL=;ksa esa ls dsoy fdlh ,d ds
fy;s lkekU; f'k{kk dk çko/kku djuk gks rks ;g volj fL=;ksa dks fn;k tkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d ;g f'k{kk Lo;a,eso
vxyh ih<+h dks çkIr gks tk;sxhA^^
lu~ 1963 ds ouLFkyh fo|kihB esa Hkk"k.k nsrs gq;s ia- tokgj yky usg: us Hkh blh rF; dks nksgjk;k Fkk
fd yM+ds dh f'k{kk dsoy ,d O;fä dh f'k{kk gS ijUrq ,d yM+dh dh f'k{kk lEiw.kZ ifjokj dh f'k{kk gSA mijksä
foospu ls efgykvksa ds fy;s f'k{kk dh vko';drk ,oa egRo Li"V gksrk gS ysfdu L=h f'k{kk bruh vko';d gksrs gq;s
Hkh misf{kr gS blfy;s efgykvksa ds lkeus ;g ,d tfVy leL;k ,oa pqukSrh ds :i esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;h gSA
'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd vkfn lHkh –f"V;ksa ls efgyk;sa vHkh Hkh fiNM+h gqbZ gSA dkuwuh vkSj laoS/kkfud
–f"V ls vusd vf/kdkj çkIr gksus vkSj ;kstukxr fodkl dk;ZØeksa ds çko/kkuksa ds ckotwn efgykvksa dh ifjfLFkfr
'kkspuh; gh gSA
Lokeh foosdkuUn ds dFkukuqlkj dksbZ jk"Vª rc rd viuk iw.kZ fodkl ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd mldk
izR;sd ukxfjd jk"Vª ds fodkl esa Hkkxhnkj ugha curkA
bl çdkj L=h ,d vPNs lekt vkSj vPNs jk"Vª dk lzksr gksrh gSA fo|k ls gh O;fä ladh.kZ ekufldrk
vkSj :f<+okfnrk dh tathjksa dks rksM+ ldrk gSA ;fn L=h f'kf{kr gS rks iwjk ifjokj f'kf{kr gksrk gSA f'k{kk gh gesa
lkekftd HksnHkkoksa vkSj Å¡p&uhp dh Hkkoukvksa ls mckjus dk dke djrh gSA blfy;s fL=;ksa dk f'kf{kr gksuk cgqr
vko';d gks tkrk gS D;ksfa d mlds fopkj gh mlds cPps gksrs gS vxj og vius cPpksa dks bu :f<+xr fopkjksa ls nwj
j[ks vkSj ;g crk;s fd dksbZ NksVk ;k cM+k ugha gksrkA O;fä ds dk;Z vkSj fopkj gh mls NksVk ;k cM+k cukrs gSa A
;fn ekrk vius cPpksa esa tkfr&Hksn vkSj /keZ&Hksn jfgr fopkjksa dk chtkjksi.k djs rks vkxs pydj og ,d ,slk o`{k
cusxk ftlesa lkekftd&lejlrk ls iw.kZ Qy yxsx a s tks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds Nk;k Hkh çnku djsxkA
bl çdkj ,d f'kf{kr L=h ,d f'kf{kr ns'k dks tUe nsrh gSA ;fn ge bfrgkl ij utj Mkysa rks gesa ,slh
cgqr lh fonq"kh fL=;ksa ds uke fey tk;sx a s ftUgksua s viuh fo|rk dk yksgk euok;k Fkk vkSj bl çdkj bfrgkl esa
viuk uke vej djok fy;k FkkA ,slh fL=;ksa esa vikyk] ?kks"kk] xksik] lkfo=h] eS=s;h vkSj xkxhZ tSlh vU; vusd
fL=;ksa ds uke feyrs gSa ftUgksua s fo|ktZu dj fL=;ksa ds vfLrRo dks xkSjo çnku fd;k FkkA mudh 'kfä Fkh mudh
fo|k] ysfdu ckn ds dkyksa esa mudh ;g 'kfä muls Nhuh tkus yxhA mUgsa fo|k ls jfgr dj fn;k x;k vkSj ;gh
mudh fLFkfr dh voufr dk dkj.k cukA ns[kk tk;s rks vkt Hkh oks fLFkfr çkIr ugha dj ikbZ gSA gkykafd dqN gn
rd mlus vius dks mckjk gS] ysfdu vHkh Hkh iw.kZ:is.k mUufr gksuk ckdh gSA lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa dk mls f'kdkj
cuk;k x;kA NksVh mez esa fookg çkjEHk gq;s] miu;u laLdkj ls mls oafpr fd;k tkus yxk] QyLo:i mldk
O;fäRo dqafBr gks x;k gSA
cky&fookg ds dkj.k f'k{kk mlls fNu xbZ vkSj rc ;g dsoy lHkzkUr ifjokjksa dh fL=;ksa rd gh lhfer gks
xbZ ;k iq:"k dh ladh.kZ ekufldrk] L=h dks f'k{kk ls oafpr gksuk iM+k ftlds dkj.k og inkZ&çFkk] lrh çFkk]
fu;ksx&çFkk vkfn vusd cqjkbZ;ksa dh csfM+;ka dkVus esa vl{ke gks xbZ D;ksfa d mldk gfFk;kj ^^f'k{kk^^ mlls Nhuk tk
pqdk FkkA f'k{kk tks fd flQZ lokax Z h.k fodkl gh ugha djrh cfYd gesa lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa ls yM+us dh 'kfä Hkh
çnku djrh gSA oks gesa vius vf/kdkjksa ds çfr lpsr djrh gSA

lkfgR; voyksdu %&

vusd lekt'kkfL=;ks]a tula[;kfonksa rFkk f'k{kkfonksa us fL=;ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr dk vuqHkokRed v/;;u
fd;k gS rFkk vius fo'ys"k.k ds }kjk efgykvksa dh lkekftd] O;olkf;d xfr'khyrk rFkk iq:"kksa ds leku 'kS{kf.kd
o lkekftd vf/kdkj] ifjokj esa fu.kZ; fu/kkZjd Hkwfedk rFkk çnÙk ifjfLFkfr dks udkj dj] vftZr çfjfLFkfr }kjk
viuh {kerk ds u;s vk;keksa dks mn~?kkfVr djuk] ds lUnHkZ esa fofHkUu er çLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA ;gk¡ 'kks/k vkys[k ls
lEcfU/kr fofHkUu lekt'kkfL=;ks]a tula[;kfonksa rFkk f'k{kkfonksa ds lkfgR; dk voyksdu fd;k x;k gS ftlesa buds
v/;;u ds fu"d"kksZa dk laf{kIr fo'ys"k.k çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
ehuk{kh eq[kthZ ¼1988½ dk er gS fd iq:"kksa ls LorU= fL=;ksa dh igpku dh vfHkO;fä oSpkfjd –f"V ls
lEHko gS ijUrq O;ogkfjd rkSj ij ughaA ,d iq:"k dh vis{kk ,d L=h ds fy;s lkekftd vuqikyu vf/kd vko';d
gSA lkekU;r% ,d efgyk dh igpku Lo;a vkSj vU; yksxksa ds }kjk iq#"kksa ds lkFk ,d iq=h] ,d iRuh vkSj ,d ek¡
ds :i esa dh tkrh gSA
ehuk{kh dk ekuuk gS fd ifjokj gh fL=;ksa dks xqyke cukus okyh laLFkk ugha gSA lekt dh ç—fr gh ,slh
gS fd ftlesa fL=;ksa ds lkFk vuknj :i esa O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA
ekxzsV dkjeSd ¼1779½ us fo'ofo|ky; dh 500 Nk=kvksa ds v/;;u ds nkSjku ik;k fd yM+fd;ka d‚yst
tkuk vkSj yM+dksa ls fe=rk djuk pkgrh Fkha ysfdu os ;s Hkh pkgrh Fkha fd mudk fookg muds ekrk&firk r; djsAa
os viuh uo LorU=rk dk Hkksx Hkh djuk pkgrh gSa ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk iqjkus ewY;ksa dks Hkh cuk;s j[kuk pkgrh gSaA
xksfoUn dsydj ¼1981½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd gfjr ØkfUr okys {ks= iatkc esa fL=;ksa dks fnu&Hkj
dkedkt ds ckn ifr dh lsok Hkh djuh iM+rh gSA L=h }kjk myVdj tokc nsuk] Bhd rjg ls Hkstu u ijksluk ;k
dHkh&dHkh ikfjokfjd ekeyksa esa cksyuk mudk vijk/k ekuk tkrk gS vkSj blds fy;s mudh fiVkbZ Hkh gksrh gSA

Corresponding Author: 0 62 | Page

 Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u
d‚ij us dkuwu dh utj esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr dks Li"V djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA bl v/;;u ds vk/kkj
ij efgykvksa dh laoS/kkfud fLFkfr] çHkqrk] vf/kdkj] lEiUurk] dkuwuh 'kfä bR;kfn dks le>k tk ldrk gSA oLrqr%
efgykvksa dh ifjfLFkfr dks mPp cukus dh –f"V ls buds i{k esa dkuwu fufeZr fd;s x;s gSa] fdUrq Hkkjro"kZ esa iq:"k
ç/kku lekt gksus ds dkj.k Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk ,d çeq[k ,oa fopkj.kh; Hkkx dkuwu ds çko/kku ls vufHkK jg
x;k gS fQj Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt dh mPp oxhZ; efgykvksa us bldk ykHk mBkdj viuh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr dks mPp
fd;k gSA
feJ ¼1981½ us vius v/;;u ds }kjk ;g crkus dk ç;kl fd;k gS fd tc rd lkekftd&lkaL—frd
ck/kk;sa lekIr ugha gksxh rc rd Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk lokax Z h.k fodkl lEHko ugha gSA efgykvksa ds çfr iq:"kksa dh
–f"V esa ifjorZu vko';d gSA
vkt Hkh cgqr ls ,sls xzkeh.ktu gSa tks oklukRed fu"ks/k ds dkj.k viuh ckfydkvksa dks ?kj ds ckgj ugha
tkus nsrs vkSj ckY;koLFkk esa gh fookg dj nsrs gSA oLrqr% vkt Hkh efgyk;sa iq#"k dh utj esa efgyk vkSj ek=
efgyk gS] blds vfrfjä os dqN ugha gSa vkSj iq#"kksa dk oklukRed y{; cuh gqbZ gSaA bl –f"V esa ifjorZu vifjgk;Z
gSA
xksLokeh rqylhnkl us Hkh vius jkepfjr ekul ds }kjk bl rF; dh iqf"V dh gSA efgykvksa esa vf}rh;
{kerk ik;h tkrh gSA bUgksua s Hkfä lkfgR;] jktuhfr] f'k{kk] foKku] rduhdh] fpfdRlk] lsuk bR;kfn lHkh egRoiw.kZ
{ks=ksa esa tkdj viuh vnHkwr çfrHkk dk vuks[kk ifjp; fn;k gSA vkt efgykvksa dks igpkuus dh vko';drk gSA ;s
lc dqN dj ldrh gSA ,d vksj cgqr vPNh O;oLFkk dj ldrh gS rks nwljh vksj lekt esa ØkfUr Hkh yk ldrh gSA
iq#"kksa dh lsok djus esa le{k gS rks iq:"kksa dks >qdus vkSj muls viuh lsok djkus dh {kerk Hkh j[krh gSA

Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk ds fofHkUu Lo:i %&

fookg ewyd ifjokj esa L=h dh fHkUu&fHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa gksrh gS mnkgj.k ds fy, csVh] iRuh] cgw] ek¡
bR;kfnA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gS ,oa çR;sd Hkwfedk fuokZg ds le; muls
lei.kZ ,oa HksnHkko dh Hkkouk dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA ogk¡ Hkh mls fuEu ifjfLFkfr çkIr gksrh gS ,oa mudk dksbZ
i`Fkd o Lora= vfLrRo ugha gksrkA bl çdkj fL=;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa mrkj&p<+ko ik;k x;k gS] ijUrq ;g
ifjfLFkfr lEcU/kh mrkj&p<+ko vpkud ifjfyf{kr ugha gqvk vfirq ;g ,d Øfed çfØ;k dk ifj.kke gSA lekt esa
tSls&tSls ifjorZu o cnyko vkrs x;s oSls&oSls fL=;ksa dh fLFkfr esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrs x;sA
tc O;fä dh Hkwfedk,a vusd gks tkrh gS rks mu Hkwfedkvksa esa dHkh&dHkh la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gS
O;fä viuh lHkh Hkwfedkvksa dk iw.kZ vkSj ;Fkksfpr fuokZg ugha dj ikrk ftu efgykvksa dks ?kj ds Hkhrj vkSj ckgj
dk;Z djuk iM+rk gS os u rks ?kj esa vkSj u gh ?kj ds ckgj vius nkf;Roksa dk iw.kZ :is.k ikyu dj ikrh gSA xzkeh.k
lekt dh f'kf{kr yM+fd;ksa ds fy, mfpr oj ugha fey ikrk] tks feyrk Hkh gS mldh ekax bruh vf/kd gksrh gS fd
yM+dh ds firk mu ekaxksa dks iwjk djus esa vleFkZ gksrs gSA oSokfgd leL;k ,d Toyar leL;k gSA vkt dh f'kf{kr
efgyk;sa ftldk f'kdkj gSA
blls cM+h dksbZ foMEcuk ugha gks ldrh fd iq:"k lekt us lekt dh bl vk/kh nqfu;k dks vR;kpkjksa dh
dzwj tathjksa esa tdM+us esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+h gSa mldks dqpyus elyus vkSj mlds miHkksx ls fHkUu vfLrRo dks
Lohdkjus ds lanHkZ esa iq#"kksa dk lnSo nksgjk ekun.M jgk gSa efgyk nsg mldh ,d ek= igpku cuk nh xbZ gSa og
iq:"k dh bPNk] okluk vkSj fujadq'krk ds fu;a=.k dk vokafNr na'k Hkksxus dks foo'k jgrh gSaA efgyk,a pwfa d 'kkjhfjd
'kfä vkSj {kerkvksa esa iq#"k ls detksj gksrh gS blfy, iq:"k txr us mUgsa viuh ik'kfod 'kfä ds cy ls
cykRdkj] vigj.k] fiVkbZ rFkk vU; vR;ar vekuqf"kd vR;kpkjksa ls nck j[kk gSaA çfrfnu ds lekpkj i=] if=dkvks]a
jsfM;ks] Vhåohå rFkk vU; lwpuk ds ek/;eksa ls efgykvksa ij gks jgs vR;kpkjksa dk [kqyklk i<+dj jksxVs [kM+s gks tkrs
gSaA cykRdkj efgykvksa ds fy, lcls cM+h xkyh rks gS gh] vR;kpkj dh jk{klh yhyk Hkh gS] yTtk vkSj Xykfu ls
lkjs iq:"k lekt dk flj >qd tkrk gS tc lekpkj i=ksa esa ;g ykbZu i<+us dks feyrh gSa& ^^dksydkrk esa ,d firk
}kjk viuh ukckfyx iq=h ds lkFk cykRdkjA^^ njvly ukjh dh iqjkuh o ubZ fLFkfr esa dksbZ T;knk QdZ ugha vk;k
gSa] ojuk eqYd dh vktknh ds brus o"kksZa ckn Hkh yk[kksa ek¡&cgus]a os';ko`fÙk djus dks etcwj ugha gksrhA lSdM+ksa cgusa
ngst ds uke ij ekjh uk tkrh ;k vkRegR;k djus dks etcwj u dh tkrhA
ukjh dh fLFkfr esa dksbZ QdZ rHkh vk ldrk gS tc ukjh viuh ^lksp cnysxhA njvly xqykeh ds ca/ku
rHkh VwVrs gSa] tc ca/kuksa esa tdM+k vkneh vius vki dks vktkn eglwl djrk gSaA egkRek xka/kh us dgk Fkk ^^dbZ ckj
,slh ifjfLFkfr cu tkrh gS tc tsy esa jgdj vkneh T;knk vktkn gksrk gS] ctk; ckgj jgdj vuqfpr dkuwuksa ds
ekuus dsA^^ vkt ;gh fLFkfr ukjh ij ykxw gksrh gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt esa dkedkth efgykvksa dh orZeku fLFkfr ,oa lekt dk cnyrk Lo:i %&
çkphu le; esa efgykvksa dks ?kj ds ckgj dke djus ds fy, ugha tkus fn;k tkrk Fkk] mudk ewy dk;Z ?kj
esa jgdj ?kj ds dkedkt djuk FkkA efgyk,¡ pwYgksa ij Hkkstu idkrh Fkh rFkk lkekU; :i ls la;qä ifjokj çFkk
dk çpyu FkkA ifjokj cM+k gksus ds dkj.k çk;% NksVs&cM+s lHkh dk;Z ?kj dh efgykvksa dks gh djus gksrs FksA

Corresponding Author: 0 63 | Page

 Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u
Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk iq#"k ç/kku gSA iq#"k ?kj ls ckgj dke djus tkrs gSa ,oa efgyk,a vius ?kjsyw
dk;Z dk laHkkyus esa yxh jgrh gSA cPpksa dk ikyu&iks"k.k ,oa ifjokj dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk mudk eq[;
dk;Z gSA vkfFkZd miktZu mudk dk;Z {ks= ugha jgk gSA ;|fi bl rF; ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd çkphu
dky ls efgyk,¡ ç—fr çnÙk oLrqvksa ,oa —f"k dk;Z esa layXu jgh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa efgyk,a dkedkth gksus ds
lkFk&lkFk lQy x`gf.k;k¡ Hkh fl) gks jgh gS] ysfdu dHkh fdlh us /;ku ugha fn;k gksxk fd efgyk,¡ fdl çdkj
lHkh dk;ksZa dk lek;kstu djrh gksxhA orZeku ;qx esa dkedkth efgyk,¡ cnyrs gq, oSf'od nkSj esa le; ds lkFk
cnyrs ifjos'k ds lkFk viuk lkeatL; djus esa l{ke gks jgh gSA ljdkjh ;k futh dk;ZLFky o ?kj ds dke esa vius
çcU/ku dh Hkwfedk c[kqch ls fuHkkrh gSA
/khjs&/khjs f'k{kk dk fodkl gksus yxk] uohu rduhdh çdk'k ls iq#"kksa ds leku çR;s d {ks= esa efgyk,a Hkh
vkxs vkus yxhA Hkkjr esa vkSlru çR;sd ?kj dh efgyk,a ?kj ds ckgj ;k ?kj ij dqN uk dqN vk; vtZu djus esa
yxh gSA lkFk&lkFk vius futh thou dks Hkh xfr'khy j[kus ds ç;kl djrh gSA dkedkth efgyk,a vius ifjokj
vkSj vius Hkfo"; dks laokjus ds fy, dk;Z djrh gSA bruh egxkbZ ds ;qx esa dsoy ?kj ds iq:"k dh vk; ij gh
fuHkZj jguk vkSj ml ij [kpZ dk cks> yknuk vdsys cSy ls [ksr tqrokus ds leku gSA
Hkkjr esa dqy 73 çfr'kr lk{kjrk] xzkeh.k {ks= esa 57-9] 'kgjh {ks= esa 79-1 çfr'kr jgh gSA efgyk f'k{kk ds
c<+rs Lrj us efgykvksa dks dkedkth gksus dh çsj.kk nh gSA Qyr% mudh ço`fÙk dkedkth gks x;h gSA vkt os fofo/k
Hkwfedk dk fuokZg dj jgh gS] vkt os lHkh {ks=ksa esa iq:"kksa ds leku inksa ij vklhu gSA jktuhfrd lÙkk dk {ks= gks
;k vkbZ-,-,l- v‚fQlj dh dqlhZ] vfHku; dh vfHkO;fä gks ;k u`R;kaxuk dk u`R;] lkfgR; dk {ks=] yfyr dyk]
vkaxu] jkx&jkfxuh;ksa dh ljxe gks ;k fp=dkjh dh fprsjh] fpfdRld ;k dkuwuh lykgdkj] ç'kklu dk {ks= gks ;k
f'kf{kdk çksQslj dk nkf;Ro] Kku foKku gks ;k dykRed çjrqfr] efgykvksa ds dkedkt dk foLrkj lHkh {ks=ksa esa
gqvk gSA dkedkth efgyk,a viuh ;ksX;rk ls u dsoy /ku vftZr djrh gS] vfirq os vftZr /ku ls ikfjokfjd
vkfFkZd lajpuk esa viuk ;ksxnku nsdj vkfFkZd lacy çnku djrh gSA efgykvksa dk vkfFkZd miktZu vkfFkZd {ks= esa
mudh vkRe fuHkZjrk dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA
dkedkth iRuh dks nksgjh ugha] rhgjh Hkwfedk fuHkkuh iM+rh gSA iRuh] eka vkSj dkedkth ukjhA ifjokj vkSj
dk;Z{ks= dk nkf;Ro lQyrkiwoZd fuHkkus dh gksM+ esa mlesa ruko iSnk gks tkrk gS vkSj mldk çHkko mldh
dk;Z{kerk ij iM+rk gSA og u rks dk;kZy; esa viuh {kerk dk mi;ksx dj ikrh gS vkSj ?kj esa Hkh og lgh <ax ls
vius mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ugha fuHkk ikrh gSA vr% ,d dkedkth ukjh dks lQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djus ds fy, ikfjokfjd
okrkoj.k dk lg;ksx vko';d gksrk gS rHkh og viuh dk;Z{kerk dk lgh mi;ksx dj ldsxhA rHkh og vkxs c<
ldsxh vkSj mUufr dj ldsxhA og lekt esa Lo;a dk vkSj ifjokj dk LFkku cuk ldsx a hA blls mlds ifjokj dh
Hkh çfr"Bk c<sxh] lEeku c<s+xkA
lekt esa vkt dkedkth ukjh dk lEekuh; LFkku gSA og ?kj ls ckgj tkdj lfØ; gks jgh gSA vkt
lekt esa ,slk dksbZ dk;Z ugha gS tks ukjh dh lhek ,oa ;ksX;rk ds ckgj gksA lkFk gh ukjh us viuh ?kjsyw Hkwfedk dks
Hkh fuHkk;k gSA vkt Hkh ?kj dh eq[; ftEesnkjh mldh gSA dkedkth ukjh ds fy, ?kj ,oa dk;kZy; dh nksgjh
ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA nksuksa gh Hkwfedk,¡ vius&vius LFkku ij egRoiw.kZ gSA fdlh dks Hkh utj vankt fd;s fcuk lqpk:
:i ls fuHkkus esa ukjh ds lkekus vusd leL;k,¡ vkrh gSA
lkekU;r% ifjokjtu vDlj dkedkth ukjh ds lEcU/k esa xSj & dkedkth ukjh lksprh gS fd dkedkth
ukjh dh fLFkfr vPNh gSA mls vfrfjä vf/kdkj vkSj Lora=rk çkIr gSA fdUrq O;ogkj esa dkedkth ukjh ikfjokfjd
nkf;Roksa ls eqä ugha gSA dk;Z{ks= ls ?kj vkrs gh og ,d ?kjsyw ukjh cu tkrh gSAlHkh vko';d ?kjsy w dk;Z mls gh
djus iM+rs gSA eSa jkstkuk lqcg ,d v/;kfidk dks Ldwy tkrs gq, ns[krh gw¡A muds ifr dkj esa mUgsa NksMus tkrs gSA
rc mu dh v/;kfidk ds pgjs ij g¡lh dks ns[kdj lksprh gw¡ fd D;k ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds lg;ksxiw.kZ gkus ij
mldh dk;Z{kerk esa o`f) gksrh gSA
lkFk gh vU; efgyk tks dk;kZy; tkrh gS cgqr Fkdh&Fkdh lh yxrh gSA ,slk yxrk gS fd dk;kZy; tkuk
mldh etcwjh gSA og ftEesnkfj;ksa ds cks> rys nch gqbZ gSA mlds ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k lg;ksx iw.kZ ugha gksus ls
mldh dk;Z{kerk esa deh gks jgh gSA
,d dkedkth efgyk dks mldk ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k lg;ksx djrk gS rks vf/kd dk;Zdq'kyrk ls dk;Z
djrh gSA tc og vius dk;kZy; ls Fkdh gqbZ ykSVrh gS rc mlds ifjokj ds yksx mldh ifjfLFkfr dks ns[krs gq,
mldk lg;ksx djrs gS rks og Hkh vius ifjokjtuksa dh Hkkoukvksa dk vknj djrh gS rFkk mudk lEeku djrh gSA
og muds lkFk le; O;rhr djrh gS rFkk vius ifjokj esa vPNs ls lek;ksftr gks ikrh gSA

fu"d"kZ %&
vr% efgykvksa dh vHkko] vR;kpkj] ?kqVu] dqjhfr;ksa rFkk i'kqvksa ls Hkh cnrj thou fLFkfr;ksa dks vktknh
çkfIr ds ckn cnyus dk flyflyk çkjEHk vo'; gqvkA igys n'kd esa foLr`r los{Z k.k dj fodkl dh uhfr;ksa ds
pj.k fu/kkZfjr fd, x,A efgyk n'kd dh oSpkfjdrk us muds fodkl ds eqíksa dh u;h fn'kk çnku dhA bfrgkl esa
igyh ckj efgykvksa ds fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkxhnkjh dh igpku cuuk çkjEHk gqbZA f'k{kk rFkk dY;k.k dk;ZØ eks dk
lqçHkkr fn[kkbZ fn;k rFkk vf/kdkjksa vksj lekurk ds çfr tkx:drk ds fodkl dh >yd feyus yxhA
Corresponding Author: 0 64 | Page
 Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd leL;k,¡ % ,d lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u
dkedkth efgykvksa dks pwfd ?kj ckgj nksuksa txg Hkwfedk dk fuokZg djuk iM+rk gS QyLo:i mu ij
dk;Z dk cks> rks c<+rk gh gS lkFk gh dk;Z LFky ij ,oa ifjokj nks uksa gh LFkku ij mudk dk;Z çHkkfor Hkh gksrk gSA
nksgjh Hkwfedk buds Fkdku dk dkj.k Hkh gSA vf/kdka'k efgykvksa ds ikl ifjokj esa enn ds fy, dksbZ lnL; uk gksus
ds dkj.k mUgsa ?kjsyw ukSdjkfu;ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA dk;ZLFky esa ;kSu 'kks"k.k] fyax foHks nhdj.k ,oa vlqj{kk tSlh
leL;kvksa ls ;s efgyk,a tw>rh gSaA vf/kdka'k efgykvksa ds ukSdjh djus dk dkj.k vkfFkZd foo'krk gS fdUrq vusd
efgyk,a vkfFkZd LorU=rk ,oa viuh fof'k"V igpku cukus ds fy, Hkh ukSdjh djrh gSaA

lanHkZ&lph %&
1- ehuk{kh eq[kth % fj;fyVh ,.M fj;fyTe] bfM;u oqeu ,st çksVsxfuLV~l bu Qksj ukbVhaFk lsp a jq h u‚osYl]
bdksu‚fed ,.M i‚fyfVdy ohdyh] 1884
2- jke vkgwtk % Hkkjrh; lekt] jkor ifCyds'kUl] ubZ fnYyh 2002
3- xksfoUn dsydj % bEiSDV vkQ xzhu fjoksY;w'ku vku ohesUl odZ ikVhZflis'ku ,.M lSDl] lsUVj QkWj iksfylh
fjlpZ] ubZ fnYyh- 1881
4- eS=s;h d`".kjkt % fjiksVZ vku ofdaZx ohesu lkbafVfLV~l bu ckEps ,l-,u-Mh-Vh]-ohesu ;wfuoflZVh fjlpZ ;wfuV
vku ohesu LVMht] cEcbZ] 1971
5- nhik ekFkqj % owesu] QSfeyh ,aM odZ] jkor ifCyds'ku t;iqj] 1992
6- lq/khj JhokLro % owesu beikojesVa ] VkVk eSxzksfgy izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1985
7- ehuk{kh O;kl % fefMy ,aM yksvj Dykl ofdZx a owesu] lkSE;k ifCyds'ku] eqacbZ] 2002
8- lksju flag % flfM;wy dkLV bu bafM;k ,aM MkbZesU'ku vkWQ lks'ky psat] Kku ifCyds'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1997
9- u`isUnz dqekj % ikVhZlhis'ke vkWQ owesu bulkslkVh] ,f'k;k ifCyds'ku gkml] eqacbZ] 1982
10- izfrek diwj % n LVMh vkWQ ,MtLVesVa vkWQ ofdax owesu bu bafM;k] vkxjk ifCyds'ku] 1986
11- ,0 ,l0 vyVsdj % n iksft'ku vkWQ owesu bu fgUnw flfoykbts'ku] eksfryky cukjlh nkl] okjk.klh

Corresponding Author: 0 65 | Page