These DR Lule Bo
These DR Lule Bo
Méthodes
Six études ont été menées dans la ville de Kinshasa de 2013 à 2015. La première
étude, était transversale et a été conduite auprès des prestataires de soins pour
évaluer leur niveau de connaissances et pratiques sur les facteurs de risque
cardiovasculaires en général et l’HTA en particulier. Au total, 102 infirmiers de
36 centres de santé (CS) ont été interviewés.
I
La cinquième étude a consisté en une étude des caractéristiques de base
des patients avant de mettre en place une intervention. Au total 974 patients
hypertendus éligibles enrôlés dans les ménages ont été référés dans les CS et
enquêtés. Cette étude avait comme objectif de déterminer la fréquence des
facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire (FRCV) auprès des malades hypertendus et
leurs facteurs associés.
Résultats
L’enquête auprès des prestataires de soins a trouvé que seuls 9,5% avaient déjà
bénéficié d’une formation en cours d’emploi sur les FRCV, à peine près de la
moitié (51,7%) disposaient des protocoles pour la prise en charge de l’HTA.
Moins d’un quart connaissaient le seuil de positivité de l’HTA (22,5%), du
diabète (3,9%) et de l’obésité (2,9%). Seuls 14,7% connaissaient les objectifs
thérapeutiques pour un patient hypertendu non compliqué. Les antihypertenseurs
utilisés n’étaient pas appropriés selon les recommandations utilisées.
II
La troisième étude a trouvé que plus d’un quart de patients hypertendus
recouraient aux soins alternatifs et complémentaires (26,1% ; IC 95 %: 20,7%
- 31,8%). Les types de soins alternatifs les plus cités étaient l’usage des plantes
médicinales (42,5%) et la prière (35,6%). Les facteurs associés à ce recours
étaient la mauvaise perception de la curabilité de l’HTA (OR = 2,1; IC 95 %:
1,1-3,7) et l’expérience des effets secondaires (OR = 2,9; IC 95 %: 1,7-5,1). La
mauvaise perception de la curabilité de l’HTA était quant à elle associée à la
religion et à la durée de l’HTA.
(OR= 10,3; IC95%: 3,8 – 28,3) et le type d’antihypertenseurs utilisé (OR= 4,6;
IC95%: 1,3 –16,1).
III
probabilité d’être contrôlés à toutes les visites que ceux du groupe contrôle
(OR= 6,4 ; IC 95%: 1,8-22,5). L’étude n’a pas trouvé d’effet de l’intervention
sur les autres facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire, excepté pour la consommation
de légumes où les patients du groupe intervention avaient deux fois plus de
chance d’augmenter la quantité des légumes consommée que ceux du groupe
contrôle (OR=2,2; IC 95%: 1,3-3,8).
Discussion et conclusion
Ces études ont montré que les barrières au contrôle adéquat de la pression
artérielle décrites dans la littérature s’appliquent pour la ville de Kinshasa en
RDC. La faiblesse du système de santé peut expliquer en grande partie ce faible
contrôle de la PA.
IV
LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS
V
PA Pression Artérielle
PAD Pression Artérielle diastolique
PAS Pression Artérielle systolique
PMA Paquet Minimum d’Activités
PNS Politique Nationale Sanitaire
RDC République Démocratique du Congo
SIDA Syndrôme de l’Immunodéficieince Acquise
SSP Soins de Santé Primaires
TTT Traitement
USAID United States Agency for International Development
ZS Zone de Santé
VI
IN MEMORIUM
En mémoire de mes chers et regrettés parents Hubert Lulevo Lua Mantubani
et Joséphine Diankenda Musau, pour nous avoir élevée dans l’esprit de la
recherche continue de l’excellence.
DEDICACE
A mes oncles et tantes, plus précisément au Professeur Samuel Mampunza pour
ses orientations, soutien et accompagnement,
A mes sœurs et frères, Claris Lulebo, Mamie Lulebo et Jordy Lulebo, pour tant
d’amour, de soutien et d’encouragement,
A mon cher époux Evrard Lutonadio Nkua Mambu, pour tant d’amour, de
soutien, d’encouragement et sacrifices,
A tous mes enseignants, pour tout ce qu’ils ont apportés pour ma formation.
VII
VIII
REMERCIEMENTS
Au terme de cette dissertation, nous exprimons notre gratitude à Dieu le Tout
Puissant, Maître des temps et des circonstances, qui nous a soutenue tout au long
de ce travail. Nos remerciements s’adressent à toutes les personnes physiques et
morales qui nous ont aidée et accompagnée dans la réalisation de ce travail. Ces
remerciements s’adressent particulièrement :
Au professeur Mapatano Mala Ali, pour avoir accepté d’encadrer ce travail quoi
que ne faisant pas partie de votre département. Nous avons été très marquées
par l’intérêt que vous avez porté à cette recherche et par le souci que vous avez
toujours exprimé de nous voir la terminer. Vous avez fait preuve de beaucoup
de patience, de rigueur, de volonté et d’amour pour que nous arrivions ce jour
à ce fruit. Trouvez également en ce travail, le fruit de votre accompagnement.
IX
Au comité Directeur de l’Ecole de santé Publique de Kinshasa, nous pensons
aux professeurs Emile Okitolonda Wemakoy, Didine Kaba Kinkodi et Pélagie
Babakazo Diambalula, et à tout son personnel tant académique, scientifique
qu’administratif, nous disons merci pour toutes vos contributions à l’élaboration
de ce travail.
X
Table des matières
RESUME............................................................................................................ I
Chapitre 1 : INTRODUCTION GENERALE....................................................1
1.1. Ampleur des maladies chroniques non transmissibles et
facteurs de risque.................................................................................2
1.2. Transition épidémiologique et système de santé dans les pays de
l’Afrique Subsaharienne.....................................................................4
1.3. Le non contrôle de la pression artérielle : ampleur, conséquence et
déterminants........................................................................................5
1.4. Stratégies pour le contrôle de la pression artérielle dans les pays à
ressources limitées..............................................................................6
1.5. Interventions conduites en Afrique Sub-saharienne pour
améliorer le contrôle de la pression artérielle et leurs limites...........9
1.6. Cadre conceptuel et hypothèses de recherche..................................13
1.7. Objectifs de la recherche....................................................................15
Chapitre 2 : METHODOLOGIE......................................................................17
2.1. Sites, types et populations d’études..................................................18
2.2. Populations d’études.........................................................................20
2.3. Techniques et outils de collecte des données....................................20
2.4. Variables et définitions opérationnelles............................................21
2.5. Analyses statistiques.........................................................................25
2.6. Considérations éthiques....................................................................25
Chapitre 3 : RESULTATS.................................................................................33
3.1. Etudes de base sur l’ampleur du non contrôle
de la pression artérielle à Kinshasa et ses déterminants...................34
Résumé des études de base........................................................................34
3.1.1. Assessment of hypertension management in primary health
care settings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo...36
3.1.2. Predictors of non-adherence to antihypertensive
medication in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a
cross-sectional study.............................................................44
XI
3.1.3. Prevalence and determinants of use of complementary and
alternative medicine by hypertensive patients attending
primary health care facilities in Kinshasa, Democratic
Republic of the Congo: a cross- sectional study...................52
3.1.4. Task shifting in the management of hypertension in
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo:
a cross-sectional study...........................................................61
3.2. Mise en œuvre de l’intervention dans les structures
primaires pour améliorer le contrôle de la
pression artérielle..................................................................69
3.2.1. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and
determinants of obesity among hypertensive patients in
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo: A cross-
sectional study.......................................................................71
3.2.2. Effect of an intervention in primary health care
settings on blood pressure control in Kinshasa, Democratic
Republic of Congo: A cluster randomized trial.....................89
XII
ANNEXES 1 : QUESTIONNAIRES D’ENQUETE.................................... 148
ANNEXE 2 : OUTIL D’EDUCATION DES PATIENTS............................. 187
ANNEXE 3 : APPAREILS UTILISES......................................................... 190
XIII
Chapitre 1 :
INTRODUCTION
GENERALE
Chapitre 1
En 2010, les MCNT ont causé 34,5 millions de décès à travers le monde,
représentant plus de deux tiers de la mortalité générale, près de 80% de ces
décès étaient survenus dans les pays à ressources limitées. Ces décès étaient
essentiellement causés par les quatre principales MCNT dont les maladies
cardiovasculaires (MCV), le diabète, le cancer et les affections respiratoires
chroniques [3].
Les MCV constituent une des principales MCNT entraînant une très forte
mortalité. En 2008, les MCV étaient responsables de 17 millions de décès
représentant environ un tiers de l’ensemble de décès enregistrés dans le
monde [3]. Parmi ces décès, 9,4 millions étaient dus aux complications de
l’hypertension artérielle (HTA) qui, en même temps, constitue un facteur de
risque majeur des MCV [4].
2
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
3
Chapitre 1
Alors qu’il est décrit dans la littérature que des progrès sont enregistrés à
travers le monde en termes de contrôle des MCNT ces dernières décennies,
l’ASS continue à enregistrer le plus grand nombre de décès aux MCNT. La
4
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
faiblesse du système de santé des pays de l’ASS est décrite comme étant le
principal facteur pouvant expliquer cette mortalité élevée [21].
1
Cette faiblesse se traduit par l’absence dans les formations sanitaires, de
prestataires des soins formés, de médicaments essentiels disponibles et de
capacités organisationnelles [22-24], ainsi que l’inaccessibilité des soins par
les patients [24, 25]. Ceci a comme conséquences le sous diagnostic, le sous
traitement des malades et le sous-contrôle de l’HTA [21].
En RDC le contrôle de la pression artérielle (PA) est faible. Les deux études
publiées ont trouvé respectivement une proportion de contrôle de 13,6% pour
les malades hypertendus interrogés dans les ménages et de 22,5% pour ceux
interrogés dans les formations FOSA [13, 27].
5
Chapitre 1
Toutes ces études ont conclu à une consultation tardive des patients qui
se présentent à un stade très avancé de la maladie, rendant ainsi non
seulement le pronostic mauvais mais également la prise en charge onéreuse
et inaccessible. Cette consultation tardive pouvant être liée soit à un sous-
diagnostic de la maladie ou à une référence tardive des cas.
6
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
des soins de santé aux populations. Elle est définie comme une situation
où une tâche normalement réalisée par un médecin est confiée à un
professionnel de santé d’un niveau de formation inférieur ou à une personne
1
spécialement formée à exécuter une tâche limitée sans avoir une formation
médicale formelle [37].
C’est depuis les années 80, à l’issue de la conférence d’Alma Ata tenue en
1978, que les pays de l’Afrique ont adopté la stratégie des soins de santé
primaires (SSP) afin d’atteindre l’objectif de santé pour tous d’ici 2000 [38].
Les SSP ont été décrits comme faisant partie intégrante tant du système de
santé national que du développement économique et social de l’ensemble
de la communauté. Ils sont le premier niveau de contacts des individus,
de la famille et de la communauté avec le système national de santé,
rapprochant le plus possible les soins de santé des lieux où les gens
vivent et travaillent, et ils constituent le premier élément d’un processus
ininterrompu de protection sanitaire [38].
Les pays de l’Afrique avaient donc revu leur politique sanitaire par la
création, pour certains, des zones de santé (ZS) et pour d’autres, des districts
sanitaires (DS), qui représentent le niveau opérationnel des soins de santé.
En 1981, la RDC, ayant souscrit à la déclaration d’Alma Ata sur les SSP, avait
subdivisé le pays en zones de santé qui représentent l’unité opérationnelle
de mise en œuvre de sa politique nationale sanitaire (PNS). Actuellement, le
pays compte 516 ZS.
7
Chapitre 1
Au niveau des CS, la prise en charge des patients se fait par l’utilisation des
ordinogrammes qui sont des outils d’aide à la décision clinique. Il existe des
relations entre le CS et l’HGR, il s’agit de la référence et contre référence, de
la formation, de la supervision et du contrôle de qualité.
8
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
La première revue avait inclus toutes les études ayant abordé le concept de
la délégation des tâches dans la prise en charge des MCNT dans les pays
à ressources limitées et avait retenu 22 articles dont 7 étaient des essais
randomisés contrôlés et 15 étaient des études « avant-après » (41). De ces
études, 5 avaient porté sur l’HTA et étaient conduites en ASS. Parmi elles,
seule une étude avait un groupe de comparaison (42). Quatre études sur cinq
n’ont pas de groupes de comparaison et ont montré qu’il y avait une diminution
significative de la pression artérielle après l’intervention (43, 44, 45). L’étude
avec groupe de comparaison avait noté une différence entre les groupes du
point de vue rétention des patients mais aucun effet n’a été rapporté sur la
pression artérielle (42).
La deuxième revue était limitée aux essais randomisés contrôlés sur maladies
cardiovasculaires et leurs facteurs de risque conduits dans les pays à ressources
limitées. Trois articles ont été retenus dont deux de l’ASS (18). De ces deux
études, une n’a pas trouvé de différence du point de vue adhérence au traitement
et contrôle de la PA entre les groupes (42). Le deuxième essai quant à lui, a
noté une réduction de la pression artérielle plus importante à 12 mois dans le
groupe avec intervention que dans le groupe contrôle, mais moins de la moitié
des patients hypertendus dans les deux groupes avaient une PA contrôlée (23).
9
Tableau 1 : Résumé des interventions de délégation des tâches menées en Afrique pour le contrôle de l’HTA
Auteurs
Pays/milieu Méthodologie Type d’intervention et résultat
Année
Adeyemo A Nigeria Type d’étude : Essai randomisé en grappes Intervention : Prise en charge clinique et visite à
Chapitre 1
10
Labhardt ND Cameroun Type d’étude : Essai randomisé en grappes Intervention : Motivation financière (1 mois
et Rural Durée : 1 année de traitement gratuit aux patients qui se
al. 2011 (46) Participants : Etaient éligibles : présentaient régulièrement aux visites de suivi.
Patients adultes Lettre de rappel pour un autre groupe en cas
Etre nouvellement diagnostiqués avec une d’absence à une
HTA non compliquée et ou être diabétique de visite de suivi.
type 2 Résultats : Dans l’ensemble 69% avaient une PA
Habiter dans le quartier du centre de santé contrôlée à la dernière visite. La PAS a diminué
Au total 221 patients inclus dans 33 centres de de 175,8 à 135,6 mm Hg (p< 0.001) Et la PAD
santé et 109 retenus de 100,7 à 80,1 (P < 0.001).
Pas de différence en termes de contrôle de
la PA ou du changement entre les groupes.
Labhardt ND Cameroun Type d’étude : Etude avant-après Intervention : Formation des prestataires
et Urbain et rural Durée : 2 ans (prévention, diagnostic et traitement de
al. Population : Etaient éligibles : l’HTA et du DM), équipement et supervision
2010 (43) Patients hypertendus et ou diabétiques Résultats : la PAS a diminué de 22,8mmHg et la
804 enrôlés et 796 analysés PAD de 12,4mmHg à la fin de l’étude tandis que
la glycémie a baissé de 3,4mmol/l
Tableau 1 : Résumé des interventions de délégation des tâches menées en Afrique pour le contrôle des MCNT
(suite et fin)
Auteurs
Pays/milieu Méthodologie Type d’intervention et résultat
Année
Mendis S et al. Chine et Nigeria Type d’étude : Essai randomisé en grappes Intervention : Cette étude a consisté en
2010 (23) Durée : 1 an l’application des algorithmes de l’OMS
Population : Hommes et femmes âgés de 30-70 conçus pour les pays à faibles ressources
ans (scénario 1) dans les CS.
PAS entre 140 et 179 mm Hg
Pas sous traitement antihypertenseur
Pas d’hypertension artérielle secondaire Résultats : L’étude a trouvé une moyenne de
Pas d’autres pathologies circulatoires telles que diminution de la PAS de 2 mm
l’attaque cardiaque, AVC, Hg dans le groupe d’intervention que dans le
AIT, angine de poitrine groupe contrôle (P
Les femmes enceintes étaient exclues des < 0.05), et une moyenne de PAD de 1 mm Hg (P
ATCD de diabète = 0.07). Au bout d’une année moins de la moitié
Incapacité de participer au suivi incapacité de des patients quel que soit le groupe d’étude avait
fournir un consentement éclairé une PA contrôlée.
Au total 2397 patients (40 centres de santé)
étaient enrôlés et 2156 analysés.
11
2009 Cameroun Type d’étude : Etude avant et après Intervention : Adaptation des protocoles
Kegne Urbain et rural Durée : 26 mois de suivi internationaux et locaux couplés à la disponibilité
André Population : Patients adultes diagnostiqués avec des tests diagnostics et de suivi plus des
Pascal and al. HTA (3 mesures de la PA si la moyenne de la PA médicaments de base (formation des infirmiers,
(44) 2 et 3 ≥140/90 mm Hg éducation des patients, définition des cas,
Projet ENHIP Au total 732 patients enrôlés et 493 analysés diagnostic et TTT, référence).
Résultats : Le changement moyen de la PAS était
de -9.1 mm Hg (-11.3à -6.9 mm Hg) (P<.001); et
pour la PAD - 6.1 mm Hg (-7.5 à -4.6 mm Hg;
P<.001).
1998 Afrique du sud Type d’étude : Une étude avant-après Résultats : Au total, 68 % des patients avaient
R. Coleman Rural Durée : 2 ans une HTA contrôlée, 82 % des
and al. (45) Population : Les patients ayant consulté pendant diabétiques de type 2 et 84% l’asthme avec
cette période, présentant soit l’HTA, le diabète, seulement l’intervention des infirmiers ; l’ob-
l’asthme ou l’épilepsie quel que soit l’âge servance du traitement passée de 79 à 87%
Au total 1343 patients avaient consulté mais les (p=0,03).
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
Au vu des faits décrits plus haut en RDC, une fréquence élevée des complications
de l’HTA où l’on note une fréquence élevée des MCV enregistrées au niveau
des FOSA secondaire et tertiaire attribuées principalement au non contrôle
de la PA. Nous avons pensé qu’il était important de mener des études pour
identifier les barrières au contrôle de la PA en vue de mettre en place une
intervention basée sur les évidences, adaptée au contexte et qui corrigerait
certaines faiblesses des études antérieures.
12
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
1.6. Cadre
1.6. conceptuel et hypothèses
Cadre conceptuel et hypothèses dede recherche
recherche
Le contrôle de la pression artérielle peut être influencé par plusieurs
Le contrôle de la pression artérielle peut être influencé par plusieurs facteurs qui sont
1
facteurs qui sont résumés dans le modèle conceptuel ci-dessous :
résumés dans le modèle conceptuel ci-dessous :
Connaissanc
e de l’HTA Barrières des capacités
- Connaissances et compétences Contrôle
Barrières d’intention adéquat
- Motivation de la PA
Adhérence Traitement - Mémoire et attention
aux guidelines contre l’HTA - Croyances sur les conséquences
(Style de vie
cliniques et
- Habitude d’interrompre les soins
- Influence sociale
médicament) - Situation prioritaire
- Identité professionnelle
- Croyances sur ses capacités
Suivi de l’HTA - Stress, anxiété, dépression
par un Barrières du système de santé
prestataire - La disponibilité des soins
- L’accessibilité aux soins
- L’acceptabilité des soins
- Les barrières liées aux médicaments
Figure 1 : Barrières à la prise en charge de l’hypertension artérielle modifié par Michie et col
Figure(2005) et Fishbein et à
1 : Barrières colla
(2000).
prise en charge de l’hypertension artérielle modifié par
Michie et col (2005) et Fishbein et col (2000).
Cette représentation graphique est issue du modèle de changement de comportement qui a été
Cette modifié
représentation
par Fishbein en graphique
2000 et Michie esten issue du modèle
2005 [47,48]. de changement
Ce cadre conceptuel a été choisi de
comportement qui a été modifié par Fishbein en 2000 et Michie endes2005
pour deux raisons principales : premièrement il a été conçu après une revue systématique
différentes
[47,48]. Ce cadreétudes conduites
conceptuelà traversale été
monde ayant rapporté
choisi pour les
deuxbarrières au contrôle
raisons adéquat
principales :
de la PA et est donc un modèle fondé sur les évidences scientifiques. Deuxièmement, cette
premièrement il a été conçu après une revue systématique des différentes
revue a été complète car elle a analysé les barrières perçues rapportées par les études
étudesqualitatives
conduites à travers le monde ayant rapporté les barrières au contrôle
et les barrières identifiées par les études quantitatives.
adéquat de la PA et est donc un modèle fondé sur les évidences scientifiques.
Deuxièmement, cette
De cette revue, un cadrerevue a aété
conceptuel complète
été élaboré car trois
et il décrit elletypes
a analysé les
des facteurs barrières
à prendre
perçues
en compte pour arriver au contrôle de la PA, à savoir : les facteurs liés aux patients, ées
rapportées par les études qualitatives et les barrières identifi aux par
les études quantitatives.
prestataires des soins et au système de santé. La non prise en compte de ces facteurs dans les
interventions visant le contrôle de la PA entraîne souvent la non atteinte des objectifs.
De cette revue, un cadre conceptuel a été élaboré et il décrit trois types des
facteurs à prendre
Le cadre engrandes
décrit deux compte pourquiarriver
barrières au contrôle
peuvent influencer de la PA,
le changement à savoir : les
de comportement
facteurs liés aux patients, aux prestataires des soins et au système deet santé.
des patients et des prestataires des soins. Il s’agit des barrières des capacités celles La
non prise en compte de ces facteurs dans les interventions visant le contrôle
de la PA entraîne souvent la non atteinte des objectifs.
13
Chapitre 1
Hypothèses de recherche :
Ce travail est parti de plusieurs hypothèses à savoir :
14
INTRODUCTION GENERALE
Objectif général :
1
De manière générale, cette étude vise à contribuer à la réduction de la morbidité
et de la mortalité cardiovasculaire dans la ville de Kinshasa par la définition
d’un cadre de prise en charge globale du risque cardiovasculaire au niveau du
système de santé de base.
Objectifs spécifiques :
15
Chapitre 2
16
METHODOLOGIE
Chapitre 2 :
METHODOLOGIE
17
Chapitre 2
2.1. Sites,
Cette partie types
présenteetdepopulations
manière générale d’études
les matériels et méthodes utilisés dans le présent travail.
Les détails des méthodologies de chaque étude seront présentés dans les articles repris dans la partie
résultats.
Toutes les études ont été conduites dans la ville province de Kinshasa, dans
la 2.1.
communauté
Sites, types etainsi qu’aux
populations niveaux des FOSA. Cinq études transversales
d’études
et un essai randomisé par grappes ont été réalisés. Ces différentes études sont
résumées ci-dessous en établissant leur lien avec les objectifs spécifiques.
Toutes les études ont été conduites dans la ville province de Kinshasa, dans la communauté ainsi
La numérotation des études est faite sur base de leur réponse aux objectifs
qu’auxques
spécifi niveaux
et des
nonFOSA.
par Cinq étudesàtransversales
rapport et un essai randomisé par grappes ont été réalisés.
la chronologie.
Ces différentes études sont résumées ci-dessous en établissant leur lien avec les objectifs spécifiques.
Figure 2 : Synthèse des études et liens avec les objectifs spécifiques
La numérotation des études est faite sur base de leur réponse aux objectifs spécifiques et non par
rapport à la chronologie.
Au vu de la fréquence élevée des maladies cardiovasculaires et rénales enregistrées dans les FOSA de
référence en RDC, il était important de savoir comment l’HTA était prise en charge au niveau des FOSA
de base qui constituent le premier contact entre le patient et le système de santé d’où l’étude 1 a été
conduite. Cette étude était focalisée sur le système
18de santé et les prestataires des soins.
La survenue de ces maladies cardiovasculaires et rénales témoignant d’un faible niveau de contrôle de
l’HTA, il était donc important de savoir quel est le niveau de contrôle de l’HTA dans les FOSA de base.
METHODOLOGIE
19
Chapitre 2
20
METHODOLOGIE
21
Chapitre 2
22
METHODOLOGIE
23
Chapitre 2
24
METHODOLOGIE
Statistiques descriptives
25
Chapitre 2
participant a fourni son consentement écrit avant d’être inclus. Les données
ont été collectées dans l’anonymat. Les informations pouvant aider à
identifier les patients, les prestataires des soins et les formations sanitaires
ont été gardées confidentielles et n’étaient accessibles qu’à l’investigateur
principal. Toutes les informations à caractère confidentiel n’ont pas fait objet
de publication.
Les entretiens se sont passés dans des endroits calmes en dehors des
regards pour préserver la confidentialité. De manière générale, l’étude n’a
pas fait courir des risques majeurs aux participants.
Tous les patients ont bénéficié dans le cadre du projet des consultations
gratuites. Toutes les formations sanitaires contrôles et d’intervention ont
bénéficié des mêmes équipements et ont été formés à leur utilisation.
Les médicaments utilisés dans l’étude sont des molécules déjà mises
sur le marché. Les patients du groupe contrôle ont bénéficié des soins
habituellement prescrits aux niveaux des formations sanitaires pour les
malades hypertendus. Une enquête de base a été menée pour interroger
les prestataires sur l’offre des soins aux malades hypertendus. Toutes
les formations sanitaires incluses dans l’étude avaient déclaré prendre en
charge les malades hypertendus.
26
METHODOLOGIE
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32
RESULTATS
3
Chapitre 3 :
RESULTATS
33
Chapitre 3
34
Tableau 2 : Synthèse des études de base
Etude Référence Objectif Méthodologie Réésultats
Etude Lulebo MA, Mapatano MA, Kayembe Evaluer la prise Etude transversale Faible niveau de connaissances et pratiques
1 KP, Mafuta ME, Mutombo BP en charge de Cent deux (102) Peu sont formés en cours d’emploi sur l’HTA et les
and Coppieters Y. Assessment of l’HTA dans les prestataires de soins autres facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires
hypertension management in primary FOSA du niveau interviewés dans 36 CS Faible disponibilité des ordinogrammes de prise en
health care settings in Kinshasa, primaire charge de l’HTA.
Democratic Republic of Congo. BMC
Health Services Research 2015; 15:573
Etude Lulebo AM, Mutombo PB, Mapatano Déterminer Etude transversale Faible contrôle de la PA (15,6%)
2 MA, Mafuta EM, Kayembe PK, Ntumba la fréquence Trois cents nonante Faible adhérence au traitement (54,2%)
LT, and Coppieters Y. Predictors of non- d’adhérence au cinq (395) patients La non-adhérence est associée au non contrôle de la PA
adherence to antihypertensive medication traitement et ses hypertendus âgés d’au ; à la non disponibilité des antihypertenseurs dans
in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of facteurs associés moins 18 ans sous les FOSA, à la faible connaissance des complications
Congo: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res traitement médical et de l’HTA, à la présence des effets secondaires et à
Notes 2015; 8(1):526. suivis dans les FOSA l’utilisation des produits non prescrits par les prestataires
35
primaires de Kinshasa des soins.
Etude Lulebo AM, Mapatano MA, Mutombo Déterminer la Etude transversale Plus d’un cinquième des malades hypertendus
33
3 PB, Mafuta EM, Samba G, and Coppieters fréquence et les Deux cents quatre vingt recouraient simultanément à la médecine moderne et
Y. Prevalence and determinants of use of facteurs associés (280) patients aux soins complémentaires et alternatifs. Le type des
complementary and alternative medicine au recours à hypertendus âgés soins alternatifs les plus utilisés étaient la médecine
by hypertensive patients attending la médecine d’au moins 18 ans traditionnelle et la prière et comme facteurs associés
primary health care facilities in Kinshasa, complémentaire suivis dans les FOSA à ce recours, l’étude a trouvé la présence des effets
Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross- et alternative primaires de Kinshasa secondaires, la mauvaise perception de la curabilité de
sectional study. BMC Complement Altern l’HTA. Cette dernière était liée à la religion et à la durée
Med. 2017; 17(1): 205. de la maladie.
Etude Lulebo AM, Kaba DK, Atake SE, Déterminer Etude transversale Le contrôle de la pression artérielle n’était pas lié au type
4 Mapatano MA, Mafuta EM, Mampunza l’association entre Deux cents soixante des FOSA où est suivi le patient. Quel que soit le type des
JM and Coppieters Y. Task Shifting la délégation patients d’au moins 18 FOSA la proportion de contrôle est très basse. L’étude
in the management of hypertension des tâches et le ans inclus dont 130 a rapporté également, que les CS et les HGR suivaient
in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of contrôle de la PA suivis dans les CS et quasiment le même type des patients et utilisaient
Congo: A cross-sectional study. BMC 130 autres dans les quasiment les mêmes types des médicaments.
RESULTATS
35
RESULTATS
33
3
Chapitre 3
Abstract
Background: Hypertension-related complications have become more diagnosed at secondary and tertiary care
levels, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), probably indicative of poor management of hypertensive
patients at primary health care level. This study aimed to assess the management of hypertension in primary health
care settings by using guidelines of the International Forum for Prevention and Control of HTN in Africa (IFHA).
Methods: A multi-center cross-sectional study was carried out in primary health care settings. A total of 102 nurses
were surveyed using a structured interview. Mean and proportion comparisons were performed using the t Student
test and the Chi-square test respectively. The Kinshasa Primary Health Care network facilities were compared with
non-Kinshasa Primary Health Care network facilities.
Results: From the 102 nurses surveyed; 52.9 % were female with a mean age of 41.1, (SD = 10) years, merely 9.5 %
benefited from in-job training on cardiovascular diseases or their risk factors, and 51.7 % had guidelines on the
management of hypertension. Less than a quarter of the nurses knew the cut-off values of hypertension, diabetes
and obesity. Merely 14.7 % knew the therapeutic goals for uncomplicated hypertension. Several of the indicators for
immediate referral recommended by IFHA were unmentioned. The content of patient education was lacking, avoiding
stress being the best advice provided to hypertensive patients. The antihypertensive most used were unlikely to be
recommended by the IFHA.
Conclusions: This study showed a considerable gap of knowledge and practices in the management of hypertensive
patients at primary health care facilities in Kinshasa pertaining to the IFHA guidelines. We think that task-shifting for
management of hypertension is feasible if appropriate guidelines are provided and nurses trained.
Keywords: Hypertension, Management, Primary health care and DRC
36 36
RESULTATS
environment with its limited resources [10, 11]. Thus, was generated and HCs were stratified according to their
cost-effective approaches are needed to lift health ownership (public, private and confessional). From each
systems-level barriers for the management of NCDs in category, three HCs were randomly selected. From each
low and middle income countries (LMICs). The task- selected HC, three nurses involved in curative activities
shifting strategy defined as the rational distribution of and present on the day of the survey, were interviewed.
primary health care duties from physician to non- The study protocol was approved by the Kinshasa
3
physician health care providers is one of these ap- School of Public Health Ethical Committee (ESP/CE/
proaches [12, 13]. Previous studies carried out in LMICs 002/2012). All participants gave their verbal informed
have reported the effectiveness of this strategy in the consent according to the Helsinki Declaration II. Partici-
management of HTN [14, 15]. pants’ confidentiality was assured by not recording their
Task-shifting is also considered in the Health policy of identity or the name of health care facilities.
the DRC which is based on Primary Health Care (PHC).
A Health Center (HC) is run by a nurse. This represents Variables
the first level of care, the first-contact setting between Data were collected during face-to-face interviews using
patients and healthcare systems. Screening and manage- a structured questionnaire. Variables were mainly drawn
ment of NCDs such as hypertension and diabetes are in- from the IFHA guidelines which have been adapted for
cluded in the essential health activities package of HCs the first level of care; with particular emphasis placed on
[16]. Patient management at the HC should comply with clinical evaluation of risk factors adapted from the 2002
the Ministry of Health’s guidelines. These guidelines, WHO Cardiovascular Risk Management Package in low-
however, do not provide a clear indication on the man- medium Resource Settings scenario [25]. The IFHA
agement of HTN [17]. HCs have to refer patients to the guidelines have been summarized in terms of main skills
General Referral Hospital (GRH) [16]. expected from care-providers, as shown in Table 1.
Actually, the referral health care facilities register more
and more patients with HTN-related complications includ-
Statistical analysis
ing stroke and chronic kidney disease (CKD) [18–21]. The
Vitaraa study conducted in Southern Kivu (DRC), found Statistical analyses were performed using the statistical
that 86.4 % of hypertensive patients were uncontrolled [22]. package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Categor-
This shows the poor control of HTN in the country. ical data were summarized as percentages and continu-
In 2003, the International Forum for Prevention and ous data as mean and standard deviation (SD). Means
Control of HTN in Africa (IFHA) developed the guide- and proportions comparisons were performed using re-
lines for the management of hypertension in SSA coun- spectively Student t-test, Chi-square test and the Fisher-
tries [23]. These guidelines were adapted from the 2002 exact test when Chi-square could not be applied. The
Kinshasa Primary Health Care network facilities (KPHC)
WHO Cardiovascular Risk Management Package in low-
medium Resource Settings. The IFHA guidelines use the and the non- KPHC network facilities were compared.
The KPHC network facilities comprise a constellation of
global approach in the management of HTN, which aims
to reduce the absolute risk by the management of mul- confessional health centers organized around referral
tiple individual risk factors [24]. These recommendations hospitals. The KPHC network facilities have worked
emphasize the treatment of HTN, with particular atten- using an integrated approach in order to improve dia-
betes and hypertension care as previously described [26].
tion to cost-effectiveness and affordability in SSA coun-
tries [23]. The non-KPHC network facilities are the other health-
This study aimed to assess the management of Hyper- care facilities which do not belong to this network.
tension adhering to the IFHA guidelines in the primary
health care facilities. Results
Facilities identification and sample characteristics
Methods We interviewed 102 of 108 nurses (response rate:
Study design and population 94.4 %). As summarized in Table 2, the majority of sur-
A multi-center, cross-sectional study was carried in veyed health facilities did not belong to the KPHC net-
Kinshasa, the capital city of the Democratic Republic of work (78.0 %). More than half of the nurses were female
Congo (DRC) in July 2013. A total of 36 HCs were se- (52.9 %). Nurses from the KPHC network were older
lected using a multiple stage sampling and a total of 102 (44.9 ± 9.3 years vs. 40.0 ± 10.0 years) (p = 0.043) and had
nurses were surveyed. During the first stage, 12 Health a lower level of qualification (72.7 % vs. 36.2 %) (p =
Zones (HZ) were selected out of the 35 HZ situated in 0.002) than those working in the non-KPHC network. In
the city using simple random sampling technique. Dur- terms of responsibility in the facility, 71.6 % were not
ing the second stage, in each selected HZ, a list of HCs the head nurses.
37 37
Chapitre 3
Job training and existence/availability of guidelines diseases or on their risk factors (hypertension, diabetes…).
Table 2 also summarizes the existence of job training and Furthermore, the proportion of those who had received in-
guidelines. Although, 84 nurses declared they had already job training on cardiovascular diseases and on related risk
received in-job training, only a negligible proportion of factors was significantly lower in the non-KPHC network
them (9.5 %) have received in-job training on cardiovascular facilities compared to the KPHC network facilities (3.1 %
vs. 31.6 %) (p = 0.001). More of KPHC network facilities from the KPHC network were more capable than those
were in possession of guidelines for the management of pa- from non KPHC network in naming at least three car-
tients than the non-KPHC network facilities (81.8 % vs. diovascular risk factors (68.2 % vs. 30.0 %) (p = 0.001).
50.0 %) (p = 0.008). However, no statistical difference was The most common cardiovascular risk factor mentioned
observed regarding the presence/availability of guidelines was stress (60.0 %). The cut-off values of BP for HTN
for the management of hypertension between both groups (≥140/90 mmHg) was reported by less than half of them
3
(66.7 % vs. 45.0 %) (p = 0.127). and this proportion was lower among nurses of non-
KPHC network compared to those of KPHC network
Assessment of health-care providers’ knowledge (17.5 % vs. 40.9 %) (p = 0.040). The cut-off value of dia-
Table 3 presents an assessment of health-care providers’ betes (≥126 mg/dl) was mentioned by less than one fifth
knowledge. More than 50 % of health providers in both of nurses, but this proportion was lower among nurses
groups were able to mention at least one CVD. Nurses from non KPHC network (1.3 % vs. 13.6 %) (p = 0.031).
Table 4 Indication for immediate referral, contents of hypertensive patient education and the most used antihypertensive
medication
Variables Overall n (%) KPHC Network facilities n (%) Non KPHC Network n (%) P
Indications for immediate referral according to the IFHA recommendations
Mentioned at least one indication 85 (83.3) 19 (86.4) 66 (82.5) 1.000
Mentioned none 17 (16.7) 3 (13.6) 14 (17.5)
Patient education content
Avoid stress 68 (66.7) 11 (50.0) 57 (71.3) 0.061
Diet without salt / Low-salt diet 55 (53.9) 13 (59.1) 42 (52.5) 0.583
Drink of plenty water 13 (12.7) 3 (13.6) 10 (12.5) 1.00
Take a rest 25 (24.5) 3 (13.6) 22 (27.5) 0.181
Avoid coffee 11 (10.8) 3 (13.6) 8 (10.0) 0.699
Avoid alcohol 16 (15.7) 2 (9.1) 14 (17.5) 0.512
Respect taking medications and follow-up visits 23 (22.5) 9 (40.9) 14 (17.5) 0.040*
Avoid foods high in saturated fat 13 (12.7) 1 (4.5) 12 (15.0) 0.289
Physical activity 19 (18.6) 7 (31.8) 12 (15.0) 0.118
The most antihypertensive used
Aldomet 41 (40.2) 3 (13.6) 38 (47.5) 0.000*
Furosemide 24 (23.5) 1 (4.5) 23 (28.8)
Esidrex 16 (15.7) 15 (68.2) 1 (1.3)
Sub lingual adalat 15 (14.7) 1 (4.5) 14 (17.5)
Others 7 (6.9) 2 (9.1) 4 (5.0)
40 40
RESULTATS
unhealthy diet including excessive alcohol intake and corresponds almost to that of Mendis et al. [34], whereas
physical inactivity were less mentioned. It is described the IFHA guidelines indicate that the anti-hypertensive
that the control of these CVRFs has a favourable effect drugs with central action like Methyldopa should only
on blood pressure [29]. Counseling by health providers be used for resistant hypertension [23]. Also, it is more
can have a significant impact in motivating and support- expensive than hydrochlorothiazide [34]. On the other
ing patients’ behavioural change; unfortunately very
often health providers inappropriately counsel patients
about their life style as also reported by previous studies
hand, Furosemide is also recommended according to the
IFHA guidelines for selected indications including con-
gestive heart failure, advanced renal disease or refractory
3
[30, 31]. hypertension [23] and not for all patients.
This study indicates that the index of obesity was un- Despite the fact that nurses of KPHC network had
known by almost all care-providers. Nevertheless, it is lower qualifications than others, their knowledge and
established that obesity is a predictor of mortality among practices were better probably because these healthcare
hypertensive patients and that weight loss significantly providers received in-job training and were in possession
decreases blood pressure [20, 32]. It suggests that health of guidelines with a global approach that recommends
providers do not place emphasis on evaluating clearly hydrochlorothiazide as the first line drug. The non-
patients’ nutritional status. This finding is corroborated KPHC network facilities had their guidelines included in
by Mongati et al. who reported that none of the health the guidelines of care at Health Centers produced by the
workers interviewed in their study knew how to measure DRC Ministry of Health. These guidelines, place the
waist circumference [31]. The awareness of therapeutic diagnosis of hypertension in the symptoms’ context not-
goals is a major element for preventing clinical inertia ably headache or coma and recommends Furosemide as-
among healthcare providers and their ignorance is a fac- sociated with diazepam as antihypertensive medication.
tor in the poor control of blood pressure. Clinical inertia The DRC Ministry of Health recommends to HCs to
is defined as the failure of health-care providers to initi- manage hypertension but it does not provide them with
ate or to intensify therapy when therapeutic goals are suitable resources. We think that the task-shifting for
not reached [33]. Mendis et al. found that a lower pro- hypertension management is feasible in DRC if appropri-
portion of non physician health care workers (NPHWs) ate guidelines are produced and nurses trained like re-
knew the goals of treatment for uncomplicated hyper- ported by previous studies (14, 15).
tension compared to physicians (39 % vs. 75 %) [34]. However, this study has some limitations. The first
This study provides an even worse conclusion than limitation is related to the setting and small sample size
Mendis et al. which makes findings unrepresentative of the country.
According to the IFHA guidelines, patients with a high There is also a limitation from data collection; nurses
or very high cardiovascular risk should be referred to a surveyed self-reported their practices which were not
higher health care level. Among patients with a high car- observed. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the
diovascular risk are included hypertensive patients with first to have assessed the management of HTN at the
antecedents of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, CKD; primary level of care facilities including also facilities
patients with hypertension grade 1 or 2 associated to 3 which do not belong to the KPHC Network. In addition,
or more other cardiovascular risk factors and all patients this study can be a starting point for improving the man-
with hypertension grade 3 [18]. Some of them, namely agement of HTN in the DRC.
patients with HTN grades 3, patients with signs of stroke
and patients in coma have been the most mentioned in- Conclusion
dications for immediate referral among the surveyed This study showed a considerable gap in knowledge and
nurses. Subsequently, the management of this category practices related to management of hypertensive patients
of patients should not be realized at primary health level at primary health care facilities in Kinshasa according to
but at a General Referral Hospital or at the highest level the IFHA guidelines. This situation was mainly due to
of health care. This study shows that some patients with the lack of in-job training and the non-optimal quality
a high or very high cardiovascular risk are being man- of therapeutic guidelines on the management of hyper-
aged at the HC level which provides only an essential tension. These findings imply that the improvement of
package of care, insufficient for managing patients in the healthcare service delivery for hypertension requires
this category. This could explain the frequency of that healthcare providers be trained, and that appropri-
hypertension-related complications registered at the high ate therapeutic guidelines are designed.
care level.
Furthermore, this study showed that Alpha methyl- Availability of supporting data
dopa, Furosemide and Thiazides were the most adminis- The data set supporting the results of this study is avail-
tered antihypertensive drugs by nurses; this finding able in an additional file.
41 41
Chapitre 3
42 42
RESULTATS
3
Tshimanga M. Factors affecting diagnostics and management of
hypertension in Mazowe District of Mashonaland Central Province in
Zimbabwe: 2012. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:102.
32. Agence nationale d’accréditation et d’évaluation en santé. Méthodes
d’évaluation du risque cardiovasculaire global. France: Agence nationale
d’accréditation et d’évaluation en santé; 2004.
33. Lebeau JP, Cadwallader JS, Aubin-Auger I, Mercier A, Pasquet T, Rusch E, et
al. The concept and definition of therapeutic inertia in hypertension in
primary care : a qualitative systematic review. BMC Fam Pract. 2014;15:130.
34. Mendis S, Abegunde D, Oladapo O, Celletti Fand Nordet P. Barriers to
management of cardiovascular risk in a low resource setting using
hypertension as an entry point. J Hypertens. 2004;22:59–64.
43 43
Chapitre 3
Abstract
Background: Hypertension remains a public health challenge worldwide. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, its
prevalence has increased in the past three decades. Higher prevalence of poor blood pressure control and an increas-
ing number of reported cases of complications due to hypertension have also been observed. It is well established
that non-adherence to antihypertensive medication contributes to poor control of blood pressure. The aim of this
study is to measure non-adherence to antihypertensive medication and to identify its predictors.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Kinshasa Primary Health-care network facilities from October
to November 2013. A total of 395 hypertensive patients were included in the study. A structured interview was used
to collect data. Adherence to medication was assessed using the Morisky Medication Scale. Covariates were defined
according to the framework of the World Health Organization. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of
non-adherence.
Results: A total of 395 patients participated in this study. The prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive
medication and blood pressure control was 54.2 % (95 % CI 47.3–61.8) and 15.6 % (95 % CI 12.1–20.0), respectively.
Poor knowledge of complications of hypertension (OR = 2.4; 95 % CI 1.4–4.4), unavailability of antihypertensive drugs
in the healthcare facilities (OR = 2.8; 95 % CI 1.4–5.5), lack of hypertensive patients education in the healthcare facili-
ties (OR = 1.7; 95 % CI 1.1–2.7), prior experience of medication side effects (OR = 2.2; 95 % CI 1.4–3.3), uncontrolled
blood pressure (OR = 2.0; 95 % CI 1.1–3.9), and taking non-prescribed medications (OR = 2.2; 95 % CI 1.2–3.8) were
associated with non-adherence to antihypertensive medication.
Conclusion: This study identified predictors of non-adherence to antihypertensive medication. All predictors identi-
fied were modifiable. Interventional studies targeting these predictors for improving adherence are needed.
Keywords: Hypertension, Antihypertensive drugs, Medication adherence, DRC
© 2015 Lulebo et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
([Link] which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license,
and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ([Link]
publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
44 44
RESULTATS
45 45
Chapitre 3
Co-morbidity has been defined in this study as HTN corresponding 95 % confidence interval was reported to
associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) or organ damage quantify the strength of association. Significance was set
targets (heart disease, strokes, or CKD). Patients were at p-value of less than 0.05.
interviewed if identified by a health professional as hav-
ing one of these conditions. Results
Only the blood pressure measured by healthcare Patients’ socioeconomic and clinical characteristics
providers on the day of the survey and recorded in the Tables 2 and 3 summarize socio-economic and clini-
patient medical file was considered. Three hundred cal characteristics of the patients. A total of 395 patients
ninety (390) out of three hundred ninety five (395) had were assessed. The mean age of participants was
the values of blood pressure recorded in their medi- 63.3 ± 9.6 years and nearly 76 % were female; almost half
cal file (98.7 %). Uncontrolled HTN was defined, for were married (45.6 %) and Catholic Christians (48.9 %);
a patient without co-morbidity, as a patient with a SBP 40.5 % completed at least secondary school and 63.5 %
≥140 mmHg and a DBP ≥90 mmHg. For a patient with were unemployed.
co-morbidity, uncontrolled HTN was defined as a patient Approximately half of the patients suffered from HTN
with SBP ≥130 mmHg and for DBP ≥80 mmHg [18]. for less than 5 years. The mean systolic blood pressure
The self-reported medication adherence was measured was 148.6 ± 22.1 and 87.8 ± 14.3 mmHg for the dias-
using the Morisky Scale, which is a validated scale with a tolic blood pressure. The control of HTN was present in
good internal consistency. Its Cronbach’s alpha has been 15.6 % (95 % CI 12.1–20.0 %) patients. Almost two-thirds
reported to be of 0.90 in studies of inner-city patients of the patients (64.6 %) experienced physical symptoms
with hypertension [19, 20]. Patients responded, “yes” or due to HTN. Dizziness was the most common physi-
“no” to the four questions and have been categorized into cal symptom reported. Co-morbidities were present in
three groups, namely high, medium and low adherence, 53.9 % of participants, of which DM was the most com-
as summarized in Table 1 [19]. Thereafter, adherence was mon (52.4 %).
dichotomized in order to facilitate statistical analysis. The More than half of the participants had less than 5 years
low and medium adherence was merged and classified of antihypertensive treatment duration. On average, the
as non-adherent and patients with high adherence were patients took 1.7 ± 1.2 pills daily. Approximately half of
classified as adherent, like previously used by Patel [21].
Table 2 Socio-economic characteristics of hypertensive
Statistical analysis patients, Kinshasa, 2013 (n = 395)
All analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Variables n %
Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. (SPSS, Inc., Chicago,
Mean (SD), age 63.3 ± 9.6 years
IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize
Female gender 300 75.9
the study population characteristics. Continuous vari-
Marital status
ables were reported using mean with standard deviation.
Means for age of non-adherent and adherent patients Currently married 180 45.6
were compared using Student’s t test. Categorical vari- Widowed 178 45.1
ables were reported as a frequency and percentage and Divorced/separated 24 6.1
Never married 13 3.3
groups were compared using χ2 test. The logistic regres-
Religious affiliation
sion helped to identify independent predictors of non-
adherence. All variables associated with non-adherence Catholic Christians 193 48.9
to antihypertensive medication in the bivariate analysis Protestant Christians 73 18.5
were included in the final model. Odds ratio (OR) with a Pentecostal Christians 61 15.4
Kimbanguist Christians 24 6.1
Other religious affiliations 44 11.1
Education
Table 1 Morisky Scale
No formal 82 20.8
High adherence, if the sum = 0; medium adherence, if the sum is com- Primary 153 38.7
prised between 1 and 2 and low adherence if the sum is comprised
Secondary 126 31.9
between 3 and 4
Tertiary 34 8.6
Have you ever forgotten to take your BP medicine? 0. No 1. Yes
Employment
Are you sometimes careless in regard to your medicine? 0. No 1. Yes
Unemployed/retired 174 44.0
Do you skip your medicine when you are feeling well? 0. No 1. Yes
Employed 144 36.5
When you feel bad due to the medicine, do you skip it? 0. No 1. Yes
Housewife 77 19.5
Source: Morisky et al. [19]
46 46
RESULTATS
Table 3 Clinical characteristics of hypertensive patients, Table 4 Knowledge and perception of hypertensive
Kinshasa, 2013 (n = 395) patients, Kinshasa, 2013 (n = 395)
Variables n (%) Variables n (%)
the patients (55.9 %) experienced medication side effects, Health team and health system variables
20.5 % declared taking non-prescribed medications. Table 5 summarizes the health team and system vari-
Around one in three patients reported to have forgot- ables and shows that almost all patients declared that
ten to take blood pressure medicine (31.9 %) and to have their relationship with care providers was very good or
skipped taking drugs when they felt well (31.4 %). Using good (94.7 %). More than half of the patients reported
the Morisky Scale, we found that over half of participants that their health facility provided hypertensive patients
(54.2 %) were non-adherent to their medication. with education (65.1 %); 86.3 % declared they payed
for treatment. Three-quarters of the patients thought
Patients’ knowledge, beliefs and perception that the cost of the treatment was inexpensive (73.3 %).
Table 4 summarizes the study of the population knowl- The majority of the patients reported that antihyper-
edge, beliefs and perception about HTN and its treat- tensive drugs were available in the healthcare facility
ment. Poor knowledge of the risk factors related to when they needed them (87.1 %). The healthcare facili-
lifestyle was observed. Stress/anxiety was the most fre- ties were for the most part accessible geographically
quent risk factors mentioned (67.6 %) and stroke was the (74.2 %).
47 47
Chapitre 3
Table 5 Health team and system related factors the probability of HTN being diagnosed incidentally
Perception of patient‑provider relationships n %
is high. Secondly, this study was carried out in primary
healthcare facilities that use essential or generic drugs,
Very good/good 374 94.7 which were inexpensive. The cost of drugs is described as
Somewhat good/bad 21 5.3 a factor of non-adherence; it has been minimized in this
Patient education performed in the healthcare facility 257 65.1 study. Also, some non-adherent patients may have devel-
Have paid for treatment 341 86.3 oped complications necessitating hospital admission at
Perception of treatment cost, n = 341 secondary and tertiary facilities. Overall, we believe that
Very inexpensive/inexpensive 250 73.3 if this study was carried out at secondary and tertiary lev-
Very expensive/expensive 24 7.0 els, the proportion of non-adherence would have been
Do not know 67 19.6 higher.
Healthcare facility accessible geographically 293 74.2 This study also reported a poor control of blood pres-
Availability of antihypertensive medications in the healthcare 343 87.0 sure. These findings corroborate previous studies car-
facilities ried out in African populations, where the proportion of
blood pressure control was very low, less than 10 % [5].
This poor control may be explained partly by the pres-
Predictors of non‑adherence to antihypertensive ence of patients with co-morbidity at primary-level care
treatment facilities. Co-morbidity has been defined in this study as
Table 6 summarizes the predictors of NAM after logis- HTN associated with diabetes or organ damage targets.
tic regression. Poor knowledge about complications of Hypertensive patients associated with these diseases are
hypertension (OR = 2.4; 95 % CI 1.4–4.4); unavailabil- categorized as high cardiovascular risk and this category
ity of antihypertensive drugs in the healthcare facilities of patients cannot be followed at the primary-level care
(OR = 2.8; 95 % CI 1.4–5.5), lack of hypertensive patients facilities [18]. The low proportion of blood pressure con-
education in the healthcare facilities (OR = 1.7; 95 % trol reported in this study could explain the prevalence
CI 1.1–2.7), prior experience of medication side effects of HTN-related complications reported at secondary and
(OR = 2.2; 95 % CI 1.4–3.3), uncontrolled blood pressure tertiary levels care in the DRC.
(OR = 2.0; 95 % CI 1.1–3.9) and taking of non-prescribed This study reports poor knowledge about risk factors
medications (OR = 2.2; 95 % CI 1.2–3.8) were indepen- related to HTN. This has also been described by a pre-
dently associated with NAM in this study. vious study carried out in Pakistan [26]. Furthermore,
stress is the main factor, as corroborated by a study car-
Discussion ried out in Zimbabwe where 70.6 % of patients men-
This study aimed to measure NAM and to identify its tioned stress as a cause of hypertension [27]. However,
predictors. This study found a high prevalence of NAM risk factors related to lifestyle such as obesity, tobacco
and a poor control of blood pressure. Patients, therapy use and excessive alcohol consumption were not often
and health system factors were the predictors of NAM. mentioned. In this study, stroke has been the most men-
The prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive tioned as a complication of HTN in contrast with a study
medication was high and consistent with previous find- conducted in Pakistan, where the heart complication was
ings [14, 22, 23]. However, this prevalence could have the most mentioned (30.6 %) [24]. This difference may be
been underestimated because of two factors: age of the explained by the fact that stroke has been described as a
patients and level of the facilities surveyed. The mean age major CVD present in the black population [18].
of patients in this study was 63.3 ± 9.6 years whereas a Social and economic factors (education level, sex, age,
previous study conducted in the DRC reported a mean employment) are described by the WHO as the NAM
age of 54.3 ± 9.2 years among patients admitted to hos- factors [14]. In this study none of these factors have been
pital for HTN-related complications [11]. Previous associated with NAM. We provided some explanations
studies reported that, compared with older patients, above on age and employment, the latter has not been
younger patients were more likely to be non-adherent associated with NAM, probably because the majority
[24, 25]. Then, we posed a question on the follow-up of of patients declared that antihypertensive drugs were
the younger hypertensive patients. Probably, younger inexpensive.
hypertensive patients in Kinshasa are underdiagnosed. Hypertension is considered as a condition without
The Vitaraa Study conducted in Southern Kivu province symptom, the experience of physical symptoms due
of the DRC reported that more than half of the hyper- to HTN influences treatment adherence significantly,
tensive patients were unaware of their status [6]. Given patients who do not feel unwell may be less adherent. In a
that older patients usually have several health concerns, qualitative study carried out in Bandundu (a province of
48 48
RESULTATS
Age 0.782 – –
3
Gender 0.8 (0.5–1.3) 0.412 – –
Education
No formal 1.0 (0.5–2.3) 0.921 – –
Primary 1.9 (0.9–4.2) 0.078 – –
Secondary 1.5 (0.7–3.3) 0.272 – –
Tertiary
Occupation
Unemployed/retired 0.9 (0.6–1.4) 0.832 – –
Employed
Duration of hypertension, year
Unknown 0.6 (0.3–1.5) 0.317 – –
≥5 1.3 (0.8–1.9) 0.284 – –
<5
Duration of antihypertensive treatment, year
Unknown 0.9 (0.4–1.9) 0.897 – –
≥5 1.2 (0.8–1.9) 0.342 – –
<5
Control of blood pressure n = 390
Uncontrolled 1.8 (1.1–3.2) 0.032* 2.0 (1.1–3.7) 0.018*
Experience of medication side effects 1.9 (1.3–2.9) 0.001* 2.2 (1.4–3.3) 0.001*
Experience of physical symptoms due to hypertension 1.4 (0.9–2.1) 0.122 – –
Presence of Co-morbidity 1.2 (0.8–1.7) 0.465 – –
Taking of non-prescribed medications 1.7 (1.1–2.8) 0.042* 2.2 (1.2–3.8) 0.006*
Poor knowledge of risk factors related to HTN 0.7 (0.5–1.1) 0.140 – –
Poor knowledge of HTN related complications 2.5 (1.4–4.3) 0.001* 2.4 (1.4–4.4) 0.003*
Poor knowledge of treatment benefit 1.5 (0.7–3.1) 0.324 – –
Beliefs that BP medications are helpful in controlling BP 1.3 (0.7–2.3) 0.421 – –
Accept hypertensive status 1.2 (0.7–2.0) 0.589 – –
Perception of HTN gravity 1.1 (0.6–1.8) 0.838 – –
Perception of HTN related complications gravity 1.2 (0.7–2.0) 0.526 – –
Perception of patient-provider relationships 2.0 (0.8–4.9) 0.128 – –
Lack of patient education performed in the healthcare facility 1.9 (1.3–2.9) 0.003* 1.7 (1.1–2.7) 0.023*
Perception of treatment cost 0.9 (0.6–1.6) 0.948 – –
Healthcare facility accessible geographically 0.9 (0.6–1.5) 0.771 – –
Unavailability of antihypertensive medications in the healthcare facilities 2.6 (1.3–5.2) 0.003* 2.8 (1.4–5.5) 0.003*
* p value <0.05
the DRC), hypertensive patients reported that they took [30]. Patient education improves the patient’s under-
medication only when they experienced perceived symp- standing of diseases, lifestyle change and medication.
toms of HTN [28]. In this study, no association was found In this study, patients who admitted to benefitting from
between patients experiencing physical symptoms and education and who had a good knowledge of hyperten-
treatment adherence. This result is consistent with a pre- sion and its complications respectively were twice more
vious study which did not find this association [29]. likely to be treatment adherent.
Patient education is described as a catalyst for lifestyle Also, this study found that patients who took non-
change and treatment adherence [27]. This association prescribed medication were twice more likely to be non-
with treatment adherence has previously been reported adherent to treatment than other patients. We surmise
49 49
Chapitre 3
50 50
RESULTATS
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51 51
Chapitre 3
Aimée M. Lulebo1*, Mala A. Mapatano1, Paulin B. Mutombo1, Eric M. Mafuta1, Gédéon Samba2
and Yves Coppieters3
Abstract
Background: In the Democratic Republic of the Congo the control of hypertension is poor, characterized by
an increasing number of reported cases of hypertension related complications. Poor control of hypertension
is associated with non-adherence to antihypertensive medication. It is well established that the use of
complementary and alternative medicine is one of the main factors of non-adherence to antihypertensive
medication. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the use of
complementary and alternative medicine.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Kinshasa Primary Health-care (KPHC) facilities network in
November 2014. A structured interview questionnaire was administrated to a total of 280hypertensive patients.
Complementary and alternative medicine were defined according to the National Institute of Health classification as a
group of diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part
of conventional medicine. Data were summarized using proportion and mean (with standard deviation). The student’s
t test and χ2 test were used respectively for mean and proportion comparison. Logistic regression analysis identified
determinants of the use of complementary and alternative medicine.
Results: The prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine was 26.1% (95% CI: 20.7% - 31.8%).
Determinants of use of complementary and alternative medicine included misperception about hypertension curability
(OR = 2.1; 95%CI: 1.1-3.7) and experience of medication side effects (OR = 2.9; 95%CI: 1.7-5.1).
Conclusion: The use of CAM for hypertensive patients is a major problem; antihypertensives with fewer side effects
must be emphasized. Religious leaders must become involved in the communication for behavioral change activities
to improve the quality of life for hypertensive patients.
Keywords: Hypertension, Complementary and alternative medicine, Medication adherence, DRC
* Correspondence: aimelulebo@[Link]
1
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kinshasa School of Public
Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, PO Box11850, Kinshasa1,
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License ([Link] which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
([Link] applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
52 52
RESULTATS
Lulebo et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:205 Page 2 of 9
53 53
Chapitre 3
Lulebo et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:205 Page 3 of 9
Clinical characteristics of patients (duration of HTN, medium adherence was merged and classified as non-
co-morbidity, experience of medication side effects, adherent and patients with high adherence were classified
treatment adherence); as adherent, as we have discussed previously [14].
Patient-related variables (knowledge of HTN risk Availability of healthcare facility (HCF) was determined
factors and complications, knowledge of treatment by whether a HCF was available within a 5kilometerradius
benefit, perception of hypertension gravity, treatment or 30 min walking distance from the patient. Afford-
effectiveness and HTN curability); ability was defined by reference to the healthcare cost
Healthcare system variables (patient-provider perception.
relationship, waiting time, affordability and
availability of healthcare); and Statistical analysis
CAM use description (use of CAM, CAM patterns, Stata version 12.0was used for statistical analysis. De-
reasons for CAM use, information source about CAM). scriptive statistics were used to summarize the charac-
teristics of the study population. Continuous variables
To measure the use of CAM, the following questions were reported using mean with standard deviation.
were asked of the patient: “Do you currently use any Means for age and BP of CAM users and non-CAM
method or substance other than those prescribed by users were compared using the Student’s t test. Categor-
your healthcare provider? If yes, what do you use?” A ical variables were reported as a frequency and percent-
CAM user was defined as a patient who declared using age and groups were compared using the χ2 test. The
one or more of the CAM categories in line with the forward stepwise logistic regression helped to identify in-
definition provided by the National Institute of Health dependent predictors of CAM usage. All variables asso-
(NIH). NIH classifies CAM in 5 categories: ciated with CAM usage in the bivariate analysis were
included in the final model. The odds ratio (OR) with a
1) Alternative medical systems (e.g. traditional oriental corresponding 95% confidence interval was reported to
medicine, acupuncture, Ayurveda, naturotherapy…). quantify the strength of association. Significance was set
2) Mind body intervention (meditation, hypnosis, dance, at p-value of less than 0.05.
art, music-therapy, spiritual healing and prayer).
3) Biologically based therapies (herbal medicine and Results
dietary supplements, special diets and Assessment of CAM use
orthomolecular medicine). A total of 280 patients were interviewed. Tables 2 and 3
4) Manipulative and body based methods (chiropractic, describe the CAM practices. Approximately a quarter of
massage…). patients declared having used CAM, indicated by a
5) Energy therapies [16]. prevalence of 26.1% (95%CI: 20.7% - 31.8%). Herbal
medicines (42.5%) and prayer (35.6%) were the patterns
Comorbidity was defined in this study as HTN associated of CAM use. The reasons mentioned by HTN patients
with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or organ damage targets for CAM use were effectiveness (34.2%) and lower cost
(heart disease, strokes, or CKD). Self-reported medication (28.8%). Friends (47.9%) and family members (35.6%)
adherence was measured using the Morisky Medication were the sources of information on CAM.
Adherence Scale (MMAS), which is a validated scale with a
good internal consistency [18, 19]. Patient responses of Demographic, social and clinical characteristics of
“yes” or “no” to the four questions were categorized into participants
three groups, namely high, medium and low adherence, as Tables 4 and 5 summarize the socio-demographic and
summarized in Table 1. Thereafter, adherence was dichoto- clinical characteristics of patients respectively. The
mized in order to facilitate statistical analysis. Low and mean age of participants was 60.1 ± 10.6 years and
68.6%were women; almost half (52.5%) were married
Table 1 Morisky scale or cohabiting and 43.2% were Catholics; almost half
High adherence, if the sum = 0; medium adherence, if the sum is (48.9%) were unemployed and slightly more than half
comprised between 1 and 2 and low adherence if the sum is comprised
between 3 and 4. Table 2 Frequency of CAM use
Have you ever forgotten to take your BP medicine? 0. No 1. Yes Variable n = 280 N (%)
Are you sometimes careless in regard to your medicine? 0. No 1. Yes Use of CAM
Do you skip your medicine when you are feeling well? 0. No 1. Yes Yes 73 (26.1)
When you feel bad due to the medicine, do you skip it? 0. No 1. Yes No 207 (73.9)
Source: Morisky et al. (1986). Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported Total 280 (100.0)
measure of medication [Link] Care.1986; 24: 67-74
54 54
RESULTATS
Lulebo et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:205 Page 4 of 9
Table 3 Description of CAM use (51.1%) had completed at least secondary school. No
Variables n = 73 N (%) statistical difference of socio-demographic character-
Patterns of CAM istics was observed between CAM users and CAM
non-users.
3
Traditional medicine (self-medication/traditional healers) 31 (42.5)
Moreover two-thirds (68.3%) of participants suffered
Prayer 26 (35.6)
from HTN for less than 5 years and 56.4% experi-
Chinese medicine 13 (17.8) enced co morbidities, mainly diabetes. Almost one-
Sources of information third (39.3%) of patients experienced side effects from
Friends 35 (47.9) medication; the CAM users declared experiencing
Family members 26 (35.6) more antihypertensive side effects than CAM non-
Professional area 9 (12.3) users (60.3% vs 31.9%) (p = 0,000). The use of the
Media (radio, TV…) 8 (11.0)
Morisky Scale showed that 74.7% of participants (95%
CI: 69.4%-79.9%) were non-adherent to their medica-
Reasons of CAM usage
tion (NAM). However, NAM was not associated with
Effectiveness of CAM 25 (34.2)
the CAM use.
The low cost of CAM 21 (28.8)
Holistic care 19 (26.0) Patients’ knowledge and perception about HTN
Cultural reasons 11 (15.1) Table 6 summarizes the knowledge and perception of
CAM has little or no side effects 9 (12.3) participants on HTN and its treatment. The majority of
patients in both groups were unable to mention at least
three risk factors of HTN (94.3%) and HTN complica-
tions (94.3%). Only 13.9% of the patients had good
knowledge of the benefit of antihypertensive treatment.
A lack of knowledge of the benefit of antihypertensive
treatment was associated with CAM use (p = 0.022).
Table 4 Demographic and social characteristics of hypertensive patients using or not using CAM
Overall n = 280 (% or SD) CAM users n = 73 (% or SD) CAM non-users n = 207 (% or SD) p
Mean age, years (SD) 60.1 ± 10.6 58.7 ± 9.8 60.6 ± 10.8 0.190
Sex
Female 192 (68.6) 50 (68.5) 142(68.6) 0.987
Male 88 (31.4) 23 (31.5) 65 (31.4)
Religion
Catholic 121(43.2) 27 (37.0) 94 (45.4) 0.287
Pentecostal 57 (20.4) 20 (27.4) 37 (17.9)
Protestant 48 (17.1) 9 (12.3) 39 (18.8)
Kimbanguist 22 (7.9) 7 (9.6) 15 (7.3)
Jehovah’s witnesses 13 (4.6) 3 (4.1) 10 (4.8)
Others 19 (6.8) 7 (9.6) 12 (5.8)
Marital status
Married/cohabiting 147(52.5) 41 (56.2) 106(51.2) 0.466
Single/separated/divorced/widowed 133(47.5) 32 (43.8) 101(48.8)
Occupation
No 137 (48.9) 41 (56.2) 96 (46.4) 0.150
Yes 143 (51.1) 32 (43.8) 111 (53.6)
Educational level
Primary 85 (30.4) 18 (24.7) 67 (32.4) 0.213
Secondary 144 (51.4) 44 (60.3) 100 (48.3)
Post-secondary 51 (18.2) 11 (15.0) 40 (19.3)
55 55
Chapitre 3
Lulebo et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:205 Page 5 of 9
a
Statistically significant
56 56
RESULTATS
Lulebo et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:205 Page 6 of 9
3
Not available 34 (12.1) 7 (9.6) 27 (13.0) 0.437
Available 246 (87.9) 66 (90.4) 180(87.0)
Waiting time
Very long/long 150 (53.6) 48 (65.8) 102(49.3) 0.015a
Very short/short 130 (46.4) 25 (34.2) 105(50.7)
Relationship
Somewhat good/bad 11 (3.9) 3 (4.1) 8 (3.9) 0.581
Very good/good 269 (96.1) 70 (95.9) 199 (96.1)
Affordability
Not affordable 98 (35.0) 26 (35.6) 72 (34.8) 0.898
Affordable 182 (65.0) 47 (64.4) 135(65.2)
Global satisfaction
No 37 (13.2) 11 (15.1) 26 (12.6) 0.586
Yes 243 (86.8) 62 (84.9) 181(87.4)
a
Statistically significant
a
Statistically significant
57 57
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58 58
RESULTATS
Lulebo et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2017) 17:205 Page 8 of 9
Additional file 1: Dataset. This file contains data supporting the results References
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Abstract
Background: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is characterized by a high prevalence of hypertension
(HTN) and a high proportion of uncontrolled HTN, which is indicative of poor HTN management. Effective
management of HTN in the African region is challenging due to limited resources, particularly human resources
for health. To address the shortage of health workers, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends task
shifting for better disease management and treatment. Although task shifting from doctors to nurses is being
implemented in the DRC, there are no studies, to the best of our knowledge, that document the association
between task shifting and HTN control. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between task
shifting and HTN control in Kinshasa, DRC.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Kinshasa from December 2015 to January 2016 in five general
referral hospitals (GRHs) and nine health centers (HCs). A total of 260 hypertensive patients participated in the
study. Sociodemographic, clinical, health care costs and perceived health care quality assessment data were
collected using a structured questionnaire. To examine the association between task shifting and HTN control, we
assessed differences between GRH and HC patients using bivariate and multivariate analyses.
Results: Almost half the patients were female (53.1%), patients’ mean age was 59.5 ± 11.4 years. Over three-
fourths of patients had uncontrolled HTN. There was no significant difference in the proportion of GRH and HC
patients with uncontrolled HTN (76.2% vs 77.7%, p = 0.771). Uncontrolled HTN was associated with co-morbidity
(OR = 10.3; 95% CI: 3.8–28.3) and the type of antihypertensive drug used (OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.3–16.1). The mean
healthcare costs in the GRHs were significantly higher than costs in the HCs (US$ 34.2 ± US$3.34 versus US$ 7.
7 ± US$ 0.6, respectively).
Conclusion: Uncontrolled HTN was not associated with the type of health facility. This finding suggests that the
management of HTN at primary healthcare level might be just as effective as at secondary level. However, the
high proportion of patients with uncontrolled HTN underscores the need for HTN management guidelines at all
healthcare levels.
Keywords: Hypertension management, Task shifting, Democratic Republic of Congo
* Correspondence: aimelulebo@[Link]
1
Kinshasa School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa,
Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License ([Link] which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
([Link] applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
61 61
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RESULTATS
Lulebo et al. BMC Health Services Research 2017, 17(Suppl 2):698 Page 70 of 87
was pretested and translated into the local language notebook where all information related to their care in-
(Lingala) before data collection. The questionnaire cluding costs are recorded. Transportation and food re-
elicited information on the following variables: pa- lated costs were self-reported. The cost computations did
tients’ socio-demographic (sex, age, marital status, not include productivity and opportunity costs. Costs were
educational level, income) and clinical characteristics provided in Congolese Democratic Francs (CDF), the local
(duration of HTN, co-morbidity); health system vari-
ables (patient-provider relationship, the time devoted
to consultation, waiting time, affordability and avail-
currency, and converted into United States Dollars (US$)
using the average exchange rate during the study period
(920 CDF to US$ 1). To account for inflation, a rate of 2%
3
ability of healthcare); treatment related variables was used in computing all costs incurred outside the refer-
(types of antihypertensive drugs and dosage, experi- ence period (2015 to 2017).
ence of medication side effects, treatment adherence)
and medical-related costs (consultation fees, medi- Statistical analysis
cines, laboratory, transportation and food). Data were entered into Epi data then exported to SPSS
(Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 20.0 (SPSS,
Study variables Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and Microsoft Excel for analysis.
The dependent variable was uncontrolled HTN, which Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patients’
was defined as having a systolic blood pressure characteristics. Categorical variables were reported as fre-
(SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure quencies and percentages. Continuous variables were re-
(DBP) ≥90 mmHg for patients without co-morbidity or ported using means with standard deviation. The Student’s
having SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and/or DBP ≥ 80 mmHg for t test and χ2 test were used to compare means and propor-
patients with co-morbidity [22]. The primary explana- tions respectively. Logistic regression was used to examine
tory variable, task shifting, was defined as the manage- the association between task shifting and uncontrolled
ment of HTN at HCs level. HTN after adjusting for others factors like socio-
Co-morbidity was defined as HTN associated with dia- demographic, clinical factors. For all analyses, a p-value of
betes mellitus or target organ damage (heart disease, less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
stroke, or chronic kidney disease) based on diagnosis made
by a healthcare provider. Antihypertensive types were cate- Ethical considerations
gorized in two groups, monotherapy if a patient was on The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the
one type of antihypertensive medication and multitherapy institutional review board of the Kinshasa School of
if a patient was on two or more types of antihypertensive Public Health. All study participants provided written in-
medications. Treatment adherence was measured using formed consent.
the Morisky Scale, which is a validated four-item scale with
good internal consistency based on studies of inner-city Results
patients with HTN [23, 24]. Patients responded “yes” or Patients’ socio-demographic and clinical characteristics
“no” to four questions (Do you ever forget to take your Patients’ socio-demographic and clinical characteristics
medicine? Are you careless at times about taking your are summarized in Table 1. Almost half of the patients
medicine? When you feel better, do you sometimes stop were female (53.1%). The patients’ mean age was 59.5 years
taking your medicine? Sometimes if you feel worse when (standard deviation = 11.4 years). A significantly higher
you take the medicine, do you stop taking it?). Based on proportion of GRH patients than HC patients had ever
their responses, patients were categorized into three attended school (87.7% vs 77.7%, p = 0.035). Co-morbidity
groups: high, medium and low adherence. To facilitate was significantly more common in GRH patients com-
statistical analysis, adherence was dichotomized with pa- pared with HC patients (45.4% vs 25.4%, p < 0.001). The
tients with low or medium adherence classified as majority (94.2%) of patients had been diagnosed with
non-adherent and patients with high adherence classi- HTN within the 5 years preceding the study. Only 23% of
fied as adherent [25]. all patients had controlled HTN. The proportion of
The costs of medicines were reported on a monthly patients with uncontrolled HTN did not differ by type of
basis. The transportation costs comprised roundtrip health facility (76.2% among GRH patients vs 77.7%
travel costs incurred by the patient and anyone who among HC patients, p = 0.771).
accompanied them to the health facility for HTN-related
care. Food costs comprised expenditures related to food Quality of health care
during HTN-related health facility visits. Consultation, Patients’ assessments of the quality of care are summa-
medicines and laboratory costs were obtained from pa- rized in Table 2. A significantly greater proportion of
tient record notebooks, invoices and bills provided by GRH patients than HC patients stated that the consult-
patients. All KPHC patients have a patient record ation time was sufficient (96.9% vs 81.5%, p < 0.001). No
63 63
Chapitre 3
Lulebo et al. BMC Health Services Research 2017, 17(Suppl 2):698 Page 71 of 87
Table 1 Patients’ socio demographic and clinical characteristics, Table 2 Quality of health care assessment
by health facility Variables GRH patients HC patients Total p-value
Variables GRH patients HC patients Total p-value (%) (%) (%)
(%) (%) (%) n = 130 n = 130 N = 260
n = 130 n = 130 n = 260 Time given by HCP
Gender Sufficient 96.9 81.5 89.2 <0.001
Male 46.9 46.9 46.9 0.999 Insufficient 3.10 18.5 10.8
Female 53.1 53.1 53.1 Distance HCF-Home
Attended school < 5 km 59.2 66.2 62.7 0.252
Yes 87.7 77.7 82.7 0.035 ≥ 5 km 40.8 33.8 37.3
No 12.3 22.3 17.3 Waiting time
Has a source of income ≤ 30 min 32.3 36.9 34.6 0.438
Yes 60.8 66.2 63.5 0.371 > 30 min 67.7 63.1 65.4
No 39.2 33.8 36.5 Perception of treatment cost
Marital status Unaffordable 63.8 70.0 66.9 0.296
Married/cohabiting 72.3 67.7 70.0 0.421 Affordable 36.2 30.0 33.1
Single/separated/ 27.7 32.3 30.0 Perception of relationship
divorced /widowed
Very good(excellent)/ 96.9 92.3 94.6 0.109
Co-morbidity good
Yes 45.4 25.4 35.4 <0.001 Somewhat good/bad 3.1 7.7 5.4
No 54.6 74.6 64.6 Type of anti-hypertensive
HTN duration Multitherapy 11.5 23.8 17.7 0.046
<5 94.6 93.8 94.2 0.798 Monotherapy 70.0 60.0 65.0 0.951
≥ 5 5.4 6.2 5.8 No treatment 18.5 16.2 17.3
HTN control Experience of side effects
Yes 23.8 22.3 23.1 0.771 Yes 22.6 8.3 15.3 0.003
No 76.2 77.7 76.9 No 77.4 91.7 84.7
Mean age ± SD 58.0 ± 11.6 61.05 ± 11.0 59.5 ± 11.4 Treatment adherence
[95% CI] [55.9;60.1] [59.1;62.9] [58.1;60.9] Yes 52.8 61.5 57.2 0.204
CI confidence interval, GRH General Referral Hospital, HC Health Center, SD
No 47.2 38.5 42.8
standard deviation
GRH General Referral Hospital, HC Health Center, HCP health care provider,
HCF health care facility
statistically significant differences between GRH and HC
patients were observed in terms of perceived accessibility,
waiting times, affordability, satisfaction with the relation- used were associated with HTN control. Patients with
ship with healthcare providers, types of antihypertensive co-morbidity were more likely than those without co-
drugs used, adherence to medication, and control of morbidity to have uncontrolled HTN (adjusted
HTN. A greater proportion of GRH patients than HC OR = 10.3; 95% CI: 3.8–28.3) while patients on mul-
patients reported medication side effects (22.6% vs 8.3%, tiple medications were more likely than those on a
p = 0.003). The proportion of patients who were not ad- single medication to have uncontrolled HTN (adjusted
herent to medication did not differ by facility (GRH 47.2% OR = 4.6; 95% CI: 1.3–16.1).
versus HC 38.5%, p = 0.204). No significant difference was
also found between the two groups with regard to the
control of HTN. Cost analysis
Table 4 shows the results of the cost analysis. In the HC,
Correlates of uncontrolled HTN the most expensive costs were medication costs (US$4.4
Results of the logistic regression model employed to [95% CI: US$3.4 – US$5.4]) while in the GRH the most
assess the factors associated with HTN control are expensive costs were laboratory costs (US$23.6 [95% CI:
summarized in Table 3. The type of facility was not US$ 16.9 – US$ 30.3]).The mean total cost was lower in
significantly associated with HTN control. Co- the HC than in the GRH (US$ 7.7 [95% CI: US$ 6.6 – US$
morbidity and the type of antihypertensive medication 8.8] versus US$34.2 [95% CI: US$27.6 – US$40.9]).
64 64
RESULTATS
Lulebo et al. BMC Health Services Research 2017, 17(Suppl 2):698 Page 72 of 87
Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate analysis of factors associated Table 4 Analysis of healthcare costs in United States Dollars
with uncontrolled HTN (US$), by facility type
Variables Crude OR p-value Adjusted OR [95%CI]a p-value Healthcare costs General Referral Hospital Health Center
[95%CI]
Mean cost in US$ Mean cost in US$
Gender 1.3 [0.7–2.4] 0.353 1.3 [0.6–2.8] 0.430 [95% CI] [95% CI]
3
(male vs female)
Consultation costs 3.5 [2.8– 1.5 [0.3–
Attended school 4.2] 1.8]
No 0.8 [0.4–1.6] 0.530 1.7 [0.5–5.2] 0.365 Medication costs 4.6 [3.8– 4.4 [3.4–
5.3] 5.4]
Yes 1
Laboratory costs 23.6 [16.9– 0.8
Co-morbidity 30.3] 0.2 [0.5–1.2]
Yes 8.5 [3.3–22.1] 0.000b 10.3 [3.8–28.3] 0.000b Transport costs 1.2 0.7 [0.5–
No 1 1 [1.0 – 1.5] 0.9]
Type of anti-hypertensive drugs Food costs 1.4 [1.0– 0.2 [0.1–
1.7] 0.4]
Multitherapy 4.9 [1.4–16.6] 0.011b 4.6 [1.3–16.1] 0.017b
Total costs 34.2 [27.6– 7.7 [6.6–
No treatment 0.8 [0.4–1.6] 0.446 0.6 [0.3–1.3] 0.199 40.9] 8.8]
Monotherapy 1 1 CI Confidence interval
Experience of side effects
Yes 1.0 [0.4–2.5] 0.965 1.1 [0.4–3.1] 0.786
The presence of co-morbidity was an independent pre-
No 1
dictor of uncontrolled HTN. Studies have shown that
Treatment adherence hypertensive patients with co-morbidity have poorer
No 0.9 [0.4–1.6] 0.658 0.9 [0.4–1.7] 0.658 blood pressure control than those without co-morbidity
Yes 1 [28].Given this high risk, patients with co-morbidities
Time given by HCP should not be managed by primary-level care facilities
Insufficient 1.1 [0.4–2.9] 0.827 0.6 [0.2–2.0] 0.390
that only offer a minimum package of activities/treat-
ment [20, 29]. These results also suggest the need for
Sufficient 1
guidelines on the management of HTN at the HC-level
Type of HCF that include a global assessment of cardiovascular risk.
HC 1.1 [0.6–1.9] 0.768 0.6 [0.3–1.2] 0.160 In contrast to other studies showing that the use of
GRH 1 1 more than one antihypertensive drug is an important
CI confidence interval, GRH general referral hospital, HC health center, HCP factor in HTN control, we found that patients on mul-
health care provider, HCF health care facility, OR odds ratio
a
tiple antihypertensive drugs were more likely to have un-
Adjusted for gender, having attended school, the time given/allocated by the
provider, the experience of side effects, types of anti-hypertensive, treatment controlled HTN than those on one drug [30, 31]. The
adherence and co-morbidity; b statistically significant use of more than one antihypertensive drug may mean
that the patient has complicated HTN, which is difficult
Discussion to control. Further, patients on multiple medications
In this study we investigated the association between task may have lower adherence [32].
shifting and HTN control. Specifically, we compared pa- Findings should be interpreted in light of the study’s
tients seen in primary health centers that are managed by limitations. First, some of the data were based on self-
a head nurse and patients attending general referral hospi- reports, which are subject to bias. Second, we were un-
tals who are typically managed by physicians. Similar to able to consider additional cost components such as
other studies, we found that majority of patients (76.9%) productivity and opportunity costs. However, our overall
in both types of facilities had uncontrolled HTN [20, 26]. findings corroborated the findings of previous studies
Uncontrolled HTN was not associated with the type of and provide useful insights on how task shifting can
health facility. In contrast, Fahey and colleagues, who con- affect the management of HTN.
ducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
(RCTs) for management of HTN, found that patients had
a greater reduction in blood pressure when followed-up Conclusions
by non-physician health professionals [27]. However, un- This study shows that the management of HTN at pri-
like our study, Fahey’s study was based on RCTs where mary healthcare level might be just as effective as at sec-
non-physicians were trained on management of HTN. ondary level. However, the high proportion of patients
Fahey‘s study also assessed more organizational and struc- with uncontrolled HTN underscores the need for HTN
tural factors associated with HTN control than our study. management guidelines at all healthcare levels.
65 65
Chapitre 3
Lulebo et al. BMC Health Services Research 2017, 17(Suppl 2):698 Page 73 of 87
66 66
Lulebo et al. BMC Health Services esearch 2017, 17(Suppl 2):698
RESULTATS
Page 74 of 87
Lulebo et al.
25. Patel RP,BMC
TaylorHealth Services
SD. Factors esearch
affecting 2017, 17(Suppl
medication adherence2):698
in hypertensive Page 74 of 87
patient. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36:40–5.
26. Lwelunmor J, Airhihenbuwa CO, Cooper R, Tayo B, Plange-Rhule J, Adanu R,
et al. Prevalence, determinants and systems-thinking approaches to optimal
hypertension control in West Africa. Glob Health. 2014;10:42.
27. Fahey T, Shroeder K, Ebrahim S. Educational and organizational
interventions used to improve the management of hypertension in primary
25. care:
Patel aRP, Taylor [Link].
systematic FactorsBraffecting medication
J Gen Pract. adherence in hypertensive
2005;55:875–82.
28. patient. Ann Pharmacother.
OMS. Prévention des maladies 2002;36:40–5.
cardiovasculaires : Guide de poche pour
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Lwelunmor et J, Airhihenbuwa CO, Cooper R, Tayo B, Plange-Rhule
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et al. Prevalence, determinants and 2007.
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Organisation Mondiale de la Santé;
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Chia CY, Chingcontrol in West Africa.
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and predictors 2014;10:42.
resistant hypertension in a
Fahey T,care
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setting: S. Educational
a cross sectional study. and
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Vanderberg N,used to improveC,the
Meinke-Franze Fissmanagement
T, BaumeisterofSE, hypertension
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care: a systematic
Prevalence review. Br J of
and determinants Gen Pract. 2005;55:875–82.
controlled hypertension in a German
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[Link]
Public cardiovasculaires
Health. 2013;13:594. : Guide de poche pour
l’évaluation et la prise en charge du risque cardiovasculaire.
31. Dennison CR, Peer N, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Hill MN. Determinants Genève:
of
Organisation Mondiale
hypertension de la Santé;
care and control among 2007.
peri-urban black south Africans: the
29. HIHI
Chia study.
CY, Ching
Ethn MS.
[Link] and predictors resistant hypertension in a
2007;17(3):484–91.
32. primary
Laliberté care setting: aBK,cross
F, Bookhart sectional
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WW, Lefebvre Fam Pract.
P, Schein 2014;15:131.
JR, Leclaire JR, Duh
Vanderberg
30. MS. Impact of N, once-daily
Meinke-Franze C, twice-daily
versus Fiss T, Baumeister
dosingSE, [Link]
frequency
Prevalence and determinants of controlled hypertension
to chronic medications among patients with venous Thromboembolism. in a German
population
Patient. cohort. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:594.
2013;6:213–24.
31. Dennison CR, Peer N, Steyn K, Levitt NS, Hill MN. Determinants of
hypertension care and control among peri-urban black south Africans: the
HIHI study. Ethn Dis. 2007;17(3):484–91.
32. Laliberté F, Bookhart BK, Nelson WW, Lefebvre P, Schein JR, Leclaire JR, Duh
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Patient. 2013;6:213–24.
68
RESULTATS
Nous avons donc réalisé 2 études complémentaires qui sont résumées dans le
tableau ci-après :
69
Chapitre 3
70
hypertensive patients in déterminants en lien facteurs diffère selon le
Kinshasa, Democratic Re- milieu de résidence du
public of the Congo: A patient (urbain vs rural)
cross-sectional study. BMC
Obesity. Manuscript Num-
ber: OBSY-D-17-00080: Ar-
ticle en revue
Etude 6 Article non encore soumis Evaluer l’effet de Essai randomisé L’intervention, au bout
la formation des par grappe. Douze d’une année, a eu un
prestataires des soins grappes en raison de 6 impact sur le contrôle et la
sur le contrôle de par bras ; 974 patients baisse de la PA mais pas
la PA et des autres enrôlés dont 491 dans sur la modification des
facteurs de risque le bras intervention autres facteurs de risque
cardiovasculaire et 483 dans le bras comportementaux, excepté
contrôle. pour la consommation des
légumes.
RESULTATS
Abstract
3
Background: Uncontrolled Hypertension (HTN) is one of the leading causes
of premature death. In Sub-Saharan African (SSA), the control of HTN is poor.
Currently in the context of low resources, management decisions regarding
hypertensive patients based on cardiovascular risk assessment are described as
more cost-effective than those based on isolate blood pressure. However, the
application of the absolute risk assessment requires identification of additional
cardiovascular risk factors CVRFs that increase the odds of cardiovascular
diseases (CVD) occurrence in hypertensive patients. Obesity is a main factor
of risk of uncontrolled HTN but it is not perceived as a health concern by
African population. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of the
cardiovascular risk factors in patients with mild hypertension newly diagnosed
and determinants of obesity.
Results: A total of 974 patients participated in this study. The mean age
of participants was 53.3 (DS = 6.9) years and 66.8% were female. The
prevalence of overweight/ obesity, smoking, non moderate alcohol intake,
physical inactivity, and low fruits/vegetables consumption were 57.7%, 5.4%,
43.9%, 42.3% and 65.8% respectively. In urban area overweight/obesity was
independently associated with gender, female (OR= 2.7; 95%CI: 1.6-4.9). In
rural area, overweight/obesity were independently associated with educational
level (OR= 3.0; 95%CI: 1.1-7.8), physical inactivity (OR=5.3; 95%CI: 1.2-
23.6) and low fruits/vegetables consumption (OR= 3.3; 95%CI: 1.1-10).
71
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Background
72
RESULTATS
In SSA countries, obesity is described not only as a strong risk factor of HTN
but also as a strong major factor of uncontrolled blood [15, 16]. Unfortunately
obesity is not perceived by African population as a health concern but as a sign
of social well being and beauty [17, 18].
Methods
Study design
A cross-sectional study was carried out in Kinshasa from November to
December 2013.
Study population
Were included in the study individus aged from 40 and 64 years who had a
systolic blood pressure ranging from 140-179 mmHg and a diastolic blood
pressure of 90-109 mmHg after a community survey carried out in 12 Health
Area of Kinshasa. These patients were refered at Health Center for follow-
up. Were excluded pregnant women, patients with SBP 180 mmHg and/or a
diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg and patients with diabetes or target organ
damage (heart diseases, stroke, or chronic kidney diseases (CKD).
Sampling
The study was carried out in Kinshasa, capital city of DRC from November to
December 2013 in twelve HCs. Kinshasa consists of 35 HZ of which 30 are
urban and five urban-rural. The urban HZ and the urban-rural HZ were ranked
alphabetically and the function random between of Excel was used to generate
ten random numbers for urban HZ and two for urban-rural HZ. For the urban-
rural area, only the health areas (HA) located in the rural area were ranked. All
twelve HZ were visited by research team in order to obtain the list of all HA
which was covered by a HC under responsibility of nurse. In each HZ, one HC
73
Chapitre 3
74
RESULTATS
BMI ≥30 kg/m², while BMI ≥25 kg/m² was deemed overweight (and therefore
includes obesity).
Blood pressure was measured according to the WHO guidelines [25] and
using an automated BP monitor (Tensoval Comfort). Two BP measurements
were taken using the subject’s right arm in the sitting position after five
minutes of rest allowing one minute between measurements. The second
measurement was used as the final value. In the case when the two
measurements of SBP and DBP differed respectively by more than 10 mmHg
3
and 5 mmHg, a third measurement was taken and the outlier removed. Also,
all measurements were taken between the hours of 8 AM and 11 AM. A
medium cuff size was used (to fit arms 22 to 32 cm).
Ethical considerations
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board at the
Kinshasa School of Public Health. All study participants provided a written
informed consent.
Statistical analysis
Stata version 12.0 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics
were used to summarize the study population characteristics. Continuous
variables were reported using mean with standard deviation and categorical
variables were reported as frequency and percentage. The Student’s t test
and the χ2 test were used respectively for means and proportions comparison.
Stratified analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel method, Breslow
Day test was used to measure interaction. The logistic regression helped to
identify independent predictors of CVRF. The Hosmer -Lemeshow test was
used to assess the goodness-of- fit of the model. Odds Ratio (OR) with the
corresponding 95% confidence interval was reported to quantify the strength
of association. Significance was set at p-value less than or equal to 0.05.
Results
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics by area
75
logistic regression helped to identify independent predictors of CVRF. The Hosmer -Lemeshow test
was used to assess the goodness-of- fit of the model. Odds Ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95%
confidence3 interval was reported to quantify the strength of association. Significance was set at p-
Chapitre
value less than or equal to 0.05.
Results
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics by area
Table 1: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by area
Table 1: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by area
Table 1 shows that majority of participants lived in urban area of Kinshasa (81.4%). The mean age of
participants was 53.3 years (SD = ±6.9) and 66.8% were female; the proportion of women was
higher in urban area (69.1% vs 56.9%) (p=0.002). Nearly two-thirds of participants were
married/cohabiting (64.3%); this proportion was higher in rural area (79.0% vs 60.9%) (p<0.001).
Slightly more than half of participants (54.0%) completed at least secondary school, the education
76
level was lower in rural area. More than two-thirds had an occupation with an income (69.7%); this
proportion was higher in rural area (88.4% vs 65.5%) (p<0.001).
RESULTATS
77
Chapitre 3
Variables Overweight/obesity N o n - o v e r w e i g h t / P
(n=560) obesity (n= 410)
Living area
Urban 511 (91.2) 278 (67.8)
Rural 49 (8.8) 132 (32.2)
Mean age 53.2 (7.0) 53.3 (6.9) 0.745
Category of age 0.709
< 55 years 308 (55.0) 220 (53.8)
≥ 55 years 252 (45.0) 189 (46.2)
sex
Female 422 (75.4) 226 (55.1)
Male 138 (24.6) 184 (44.9)
Marital status 0.325
M a r r i e d / 353 (63.0) 271 (66.1)
Single/separated/ 207 (37.0) 139 (33.9)
Educational level 0.009*
High level 407 (72.7) 266 (64.9)
Low level 153 (27.3) 144 (35.1)
Occupation with 0.008*
Yes 372 (66.4) 305 (74.4)
No 188 (33.6) 105 (25.6)
Variables O v e r w e i g h t / Non-overweight/obesity P
obesity
Current smoker <0.001*
78
RESULTATS
79
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80
RESULTATS
81
Chapitre 3
Discussion
Also, the presence of others CVRF among hypertensive patients which increase
the likelihood of uncontrolled BP and cardiovascular events, show that the
importance for health care providers to be aware about cardiovascular risk
factors and to take that in account in the management of hypertensive patients.
Unfortunately, a study conducted in 2015 found that majority of health care
82
RESULTATS
providers did not know the cardiovascular risk factors and they did not advise
their patients about that [20].
Hypertensive patients in rural setting had less CVRF than those in the urban
setting except for smoking. This result corroborates the previous studies and
confirms that epidemiologic transition observed in Sub-Saharan African (SSA)
is mainly due to urbanization [31, 32].
The study confirms that the change of life style is a determinant of obesity
like described by literature [35, 36]. In rural area where the proportion of
overweight/obesity is low, it has been noticed an association with educational
level, physical inactivity and low fruits/vegetables consumption, it translates
that people in rural area adopt urban life style which increases the likelihood of
the overweight/obesity occurrence like described by Xu in China [37].
The study did not find any association between lifestyle and overweight/
obesity in urban area; we think that there is some diet lifestyles which were not
measured in this study like consumption of high fat diet, meat.
We acknowledge some limitations in this study. Firstly, cross sectional study
does not allow the causal inference. Secondly, information bias cannot be
ruled out - by using the self-reported questionnaire for measuring life style
CVRF however this questionnaire is validated tool (WHO STEP instrument).
Thirdly, some missing data have been noticed due to memory bias, some
participants were unable to provide information on quantity of fruits/vegetables
consummated weekly also the information about the time expended for
physical activity. No sensitive analysis was performed. Overall, these findings
corroborate those found in previous studies and this study is among the first
in DRC which describes the CVRF among hypertensive patients taking in
account the influence of area. We think that the results of this study may be
generalized to hypertensive patients living in all settings of Kinshasa.
83
Chapitre 3
Conclusion
The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is high among hypertensive
patients in Kinshasa particularly in urban setting. It needs to promote the
global assessment of cardiovascular risk for management of hypertension for
improving its control.
List of abbreviations:
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; BMI: Body Mass Index; BP: Blood pressure;
CVD: Cardiovascular diseases; CVRF: Cardiovascular risk factors; DRC:
Democratic Republic of Congo; HCP: Health Care Provider; HS: Health
System; HTN: Hypertension; HZ: Health Zone; HC: Health Center; OR: Odds
Ratio; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa; WHO: World Health Organization.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge all health care providers and patients for their participation.
We are thankful to African Population Health Research Center (APHRC) and
the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) for funding
the thesis of Aimée Lulebo Mampasi. This work is the baseline study for her
thesis. These funding sources are non-commercial.
84
RESULTATS
References
1. World Health Organization. Global status report on non-communicable
diseases in 2010. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2011.
2. Causes of Death 2008 [online database]. Geneva, World Health Organization
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3. OMS, Genève. World health statistics 2015. Available at: [Link] 3
int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/world-health-statistics-2015/fr/
4. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H et al. A
comparative risk assessment of burden of diseases and injury attributable to
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5. World Health Organization. Global Health Observatory Data Repository.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.
6. Iwelunmor J, Airhihenbuwa CO, Cooper R, Tayo B, Plange-Rhule J, Adanu R
and Ogedegbe G. Prevalence, determinants and systems-thinking approaches
to optimal hypertension control in West Africa. Glob Health. 2014; 10:42.
7. Lulebo MA, Mutombo BP, Mapatano MA, Mafuta ME, Kayembe KP,
Ntumba TL, Mayindu NA and Coppieters Y. Predictors of Non-Adherence to
Antihypertensive Medication in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: A
cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:526.
8. Katchunga BP, Mbuyamba-Kayamba JR, Masumbuka EB, Lemogoum D,
Kashongwe MZ, Degaute JP, Kabinda JM and Mbuyamba-Kabangu JR.
Hypertension in adult Congolese population in Southern Kivu: Results of the
Vitaraa Study. Presse Médicale 2011. Doi: 10.1016/jlpm 2010.10.036.
9. Belue R, Okoror TA, lwelunmor J, Taylor KD, Degboe AN, Agyemang C
and Ogedegbe G. An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-
Saharan African countries: a socio-cultural perspective. Global Health 2009;
22: 5-10.
10. Mamo Y, Seid E, Adams S, Gardiner A, Parry E: A primary health care
approach to the management of chronic diseases in Ethiopia: an example for
other countries. Clin Med 2007; 7:228-31.
11. WHO. United Nations High-Level Meeting on Non communicable Disease
Prevention and Control. Available at: [Link] nmh/events/un_
ncd_summit2011/en/. Accessed June 06, 2012.
12. Lemogoum D, Seedat YK, Mabadeje AF, Mendis S, Bovet P, Onwubere B,
85
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86
RESULTATS
87
Chapitre 3
88
RESULTATS
Results: At inclusion, patients in the two arms were similar except for age,
and BMI. Patients in intervention group were older (53.8 years (SD=6.9) vs
52.7 years (SD=7.0) (p=0.018) and had higher BMI (27.2 kg/m² (SD=5.8)
vs 26.3 kg/m² (SD=5.9) than patients in control arm. After twelve months, the
intervention had an effect on BP. Patients in the intervention arm were more
six times likely to be controlled in all visits than patients in control arm (AOR
[95%CI]:6.4 [1.8-22.5]). The intervention had no effect on BMI and other
cardiovascular risk except for vegetables consumption (AOR [95%CI]:2.2
[1.3-3.8]).
Conclusion: The study found that task shifting in the management of HTN
in Kinshasa is feasible and effective if an algorithm is produced and an
educational patients materials. Nevertheless, efforts must be done to improve
patient’s retention by improving patients and HCP motivation.
89
Chapitre 3
Background
Hypertension (HTN) remains a public health challenge in Africa. The WHO
STEP wise surveys carried out in twenty African countries reported high
prevalence of HTN which varies from 19.3% to 39.6% [1]. In many countries
worldwide, the rates of high blood pressure (BP) are slowly decreasing but not
for most of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries where this prevalence increases.
In 1990, less than 20% of the adult African population had hypertension while
in 2010 more than 30% had hypertension [2].
90
RESULTATS
Methods
Study design
The figure 1 summarizes the study design. A two-arm cluster randomized
trial (CRT), in which the cluster was represented by the Health Centre (HC),
has been conducted. This design was used due to the nature of intervention
that did not allow avoiding potential contamination bias between groups if
randomization was performed at individual level. 3
Study settings, sample and randomization
The study was carried out in Kinshasa, capital city of DRC from November
2013 to December 2014. Health system in DRC is organized at three levels,
the central level, the intermediate level and the peripheral level represented
by the Health Zone (HZ) which is the operational level of health care. HZ is
subdivided in Health Area (HA) and in each HA there is a Health center which
is under responsibility of a head nurse.
To be eligible to participate in the study, the following criteria had to be met the
HCF: having at least three HCP implied in curative activity, having sufficient
space to receive patients, having own building and consenting to participate.
A total of 12 HCs were selected for the study, one per HZ for minimizing
potential contamination bias.
91
their main HC were selected. A total of 36 HCS were visited to assess the management of HTN and to
identify HC that should be included in the CRT.
To be eligible to participate in the study, the following criteria had to be met the HCF: having at least
Chapitre 3
three HCP implied in curative activity, having sufficient space to receive patients, having own
building and consenting to participate. A total of 12 HCs were selected for the study, one per HZ for
minimizing potential contamination bias.
92
RESULTATS
The estimated sample size for each arm was 84, which was calculated according
to the Fleiss formula. To detect an effect at health facility level, the sample
size calculated has been corrected taking into account the design effect (deff).
The deff was defined as (1+ [m-1] Þ) where m was the average cluster size
and Þ the intra cluster correlation coefficient for a particular outcome [17]. An
intraclass correlation coefficient (ρ) equal to 0.06 was assumed according to
the Mendis study [13]. We supposed twelve clusters equitably allocated in the
two groups. The m was 14 patients per cluster, the deff calculated was 1.78.
The sample size after correction was 299.4 patients to include in the two arms.
Considering the possibility of loss to follow-up, 40% more cases were added
following the result of a study previously conducted in Nigeria which reported
a low rate of retention among hypertensive patients [18].
Taking into account all these parameters, the final sample size was 418.7
patients or a minimum of 35 patients per cluster.
Intervention arm
The intervention was multifaceted and consisted of the following:
First: To conceive an algorithm for HTN management and an educational tool
for patients. The algorithm derived from IFHA recommendations which were
adapted for primary health care level [14]. Eligible patients in the intervention
group did not receive any medicine in the recruitment but only the educational
message about HTN risk factors, complications and advice about healthy
life style (reduce salt consumption, tobacco cessation, decreasing alcohol
consumption, increasing fruit and vegetables consumption, decreasing red
meat consumption, increasing physical activity) all information of life style
were printed on a leaflet which was given at all patients. Posters were also
produced containing the same information and given at HCFs for patients
education. Patients were followed-up during one year with four follow-up visits
93
Chapitre 3
quarterly. In the first visit of follow-up if the patient did not had a controlled
BP with life style modification, HCP was trained to give medicine. In this
study the antihypertensive drug used in the first line was the HCTZ (EsidrexR)
as recommended by the IFHA recommendations and other guidelines [13,
16]. This antihypertensive family is described to be more effective for black
hypertensive. Patients uncontrolled at the first visit (3 months) received 12.5
mg HCTZ associated with life style modification, in the second visit (6 months)
patients with uncontrolled BP received 25 mg HCTZ associated with life style
modification, and at the third visit uncontrolled patients received 25 mg HCTZ
associated with 5 mg of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI)
precisely Ramipril used in dose-fixed (TritazideR 5/25 mg) and life style
modification. The choice of ACEI was justified by the fact that HCTZ induce
potassium depletion which can be offset by co administering an ACE inhibitor
[19]. For patients allergic to HCTZ, a Calcium Channel Blocker (CAB) was
used. A low dose of HCTZ was used to minimize dose-dependent side effect.
The alogorithm for HTN management is described in figure II.
Second: To provide medicines in the HC.
Third: To provide basic equipment and materials for the management of HTN
at primary level care, notably the BP monitor, the stadiometer, the scale and the
glucometer which were described in the precedent chapter.
Fourth: To consult HTN patients for free.
Fifth: To train HCPs, the training was performed during four days to standardize
clinical practice among nurses. This training included the assessment of
cardiovascular risk; the management of HTN according to the guidelines;
Ethics requirement; filling out the follow-up patient’s register; Blood pressure,
glycemia, weight and length measurement and study cases. A follow-up
training was carried out 1 month later.
Control arm
The control received the same basic equipments and materials for management
of HTN at primary level care. Patients benefited from free consultation and the
usual care.
Nurses from control arm were trained separately of those of intervention arm
during two days. They learnt how to use materials and how to fill out the
follow-up patients registers.
94
level care. Patients benefited from free consultation and the usual care.
Nurses from control arm were trained separately of those of intervention arm during two days. They
learnt how to use materials and how to fill out the follow-up patients registers. RESULTATS
3
Lifestyle measures ≤140/90mmHg Hg
Lifestyle Lifestyle measures Lifestyle measures+
measures+ 12.5 mg + 25 mg HCTZ 25 mg HCTZ + 5mg
HCTZ If BP: ACEI
If BP: ≥140/90mmHg If BP: ≥140/90mmHg
≥140/90mmHg
95
Chapitre 3
Statistical analysis
Data were entered with Epidata 3.1 and analyzed with STATA 13.0. The t test
and chi-square test were used to compare respectively means and proportions
for baseline patients’ characteristics in both arms. Multi-level analysis was
performed to test the effect of intervention taking in account the cluster effect.
For continuous variable like change of BP and BMI, multilevel mixed-effects
linear regression model was used (xtmixed module in STATA software). For
variables with binary responses, such as the BP control rate, the increasing
of physical activity, fruits and vegetables consumption, the decreasing or
cessation of tobacco use and alcohol intake, multilevel mixed-effects logistic
regression model was used (xtmelogit module in STATA software). The effect
of intervention was estimated as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals as
well as the corresponding p-values. The test level was set at 0.05. All analyses
were performed on an intention-to-treat basis.
96
RESULTATS
2873 subjects BP measurement, 927 with BP 2811 subjects BP measurement, 826 with BP
≥140/90 mmHg ≥140/90 mmHg
279 Patients with high or very high risk 205 Patients with high or very high risk
58 Patients already followed by a HCF 47 Patients already followed by a HCF
66 Patients refused to participate 63 Patients refused to participate
33 Patients with BP < 140/90 mmHg at HC level 28 Patients with BP < 140/90 mmHg at HC level
97
Chapitre 3
98
RESULTATS
99
Chapitre 3
stratification
Low risk 73 (14.9) 79 (16.4)
Medium risk 418 (85.1) 404 (83.6)
a : t test
b : Chi-square test
Table 3 shows that patients in the both groups had the same mean of SBP and DBP but patients in
intervention arm had a higher BMI (27.2 kg/m² (SD=5.8) vs 26.3 kg/m² (SD=5.9) (p=0.020). Majority
of patients recruited had a medium cardiovascular risk.
Primary out-come
Compared with control arm, taking in account the cluster effect and adjusted for baseline
characteristics, SBP at 6 months of follow-up was -6.9 mm Hg (95%CI -9.1 mm Hg-4.6 mm Hg)
lower among patients in intervention arm compared to those in the control arm and -8.1 mm Hg
(95%CI -11.5 mm Hg- 4.8 mm Hg) lower at end line.
Table 4: Change in SBP
Controlling for base line characteristics and cluster effect, the study found that patients in intervention
arm were more than two times likely to have a controlled BP at first, second and third visits
furthermore, they were six times likely to be controlled in all visits.
Proportion of BP control was higher in the intervention arm than in the control arm at all follow-up
visits.
In addition, except at the recruitment period, SBP in intervention arm was lower than in the control
arm.
101
Chapitre 3
Except for the recruitment period, patients in intervention arm received more antihypertensive than
patients in control arm.
The proportion of treatment adherence was similar in the both groups except for the first visit at which
patients in the intervention arm were more adherent.
102
RESULTATS
Secondary out-come
The study found no difference in BMI and lifestyle at 12 months in the both groups except for
vegetables consumption. Patients in IA were two times more likely to increase the vegetables
consumption.
a: based on the multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model adjusting only for clustering effect
b: based on the multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model adjusting for age, sex, educational level, residence area, baseline status obesity
d: based on the multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model adjusting only for clustering effect
e: based on the multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model adjusting for age, sex, educational level, residence area
103
Chapitre 3
Discussion
This study aimed to assess the effect of primary Health Care Providers training
on BP and others CVRF. The study found that the implementation of the
algorithm and educational materials for management of HTN using a global
approach based on IFHA recommendations and WHO/package had a positive
impact on the BP but not on other CVRF except for vegetables consumption.
The study found that, at12 months of follow-up, the proportion of BP controlled
was low in the both groups. Less than half patients had a BP controlled, this
result corroborates with the Mendis study [13].
Comparing the trend of the BP control, the study showed that in the control arm
the proportion of BP controlled was similar than in previous studies carried out
in the primary health care settings of Kinshasa. However, in the intervention
arm, the proportion of BP controlled was higher than in previous studies which
found respectively 15.6% [95% CI: 12.1-20.0] and 22.5% [95% CI: 17.6-28.4]
[6, 20].
The Mendis study reported no effect on lifestyle for Chinese population but
the effect of intervention was found for Nigeria population [13]. Our study
reported similar results as Chinese population. The discrepancy with Nigeria
population can be explained by the fact that in the Mendis study, question
about life style change was asked to patients by Health Care Provider. So,
patients in intervention group could overestimate the life style modification. In
this study questionnaire was administered by independent surveyors.
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RESULTATS
The study did not find any effect of intervention on knowledge of HTN risk
factors. This improving is associated with educational level (table 9). The study
confirms that educational level is an important social determinant of health.
The improvement of knowledge among patients with high educational level
can be explained by the Hawthorne effect because patients were asked in all
visits about their lifestyle and we think that patients with high educational level
looked to know more about the disease by reading [24].
3
The study found also no effect of intervention on BMI change, it can be
explained by the fact that intervention did not change the lifestyle like physical
activity which if it was continual conducts to loss of weight [25]. In addition,
we think that social factors could also explain this result. Indeed, in African
countries, obesity is not perceived as a health concern but a sign of social
wellbeing, the lack of disease [26, 27]. Patients could not perceive the need to
reduce their BMI because they are satisfied by their body image.
The study of Labdhart showed that remember approach was more effective
than incentive approach, it corroborates with this study where in the both
group patients benefited of household visit and free fee consultation. However,
in the intervention arm the proportion of patients which came spontaneously
was lower despite of free cost of antihypertensive.
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Fewer patients were made under treatment during the study in control arm than
the intervention arm, this algorithm allowed to reduce clinical inertia. Although
proportion of treatment adherence was similar between the both groups, we
think that this result could be explained by the fact that in the control arm,
several HCPs prescribed antihypertensive only for a time contrarily in the
intervention arm where antihypertensive were prescribed continually but also
the remember strategies could to improve treatment adherence in the control
arm.
The study of Mendis hypothesis that the use of single antihypertensive (HCTZ)
could explain the low control of BP. In this study, during the third visit, a
combination of antihypertensive was used [13]. An Angiotensin Converting
Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) was associated with HCTZ but the reduction of BP
observed was not substantial. This result raises the question about whether
problem is the efficacy of treatment or the adherence. In this study, the self-
reported adherence was measured using the morisky scale. In overall, more than
70% of patients declared to take medicine. Nevertheless, this proportion should
be overestimated because the study found that patients had less motivation to
come spontaneously in follow-up. This could mask a treatment non-adherence.
Only one-third of patients were aware of their HTN status in inclusion, the
study allowed diagnosing more patients. We think it is important to inform
people about the importance of measuring regularly BP and to ask Health Care
Providers to measure systematically BP among all patients seen in consultation
whatever the symptoms they present.
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RESULTATS
also they known that they were observed it can conduct to Hawthorne effect.
Also, patients included in the study had a low and moderate CVDR, if Health
Care Providers must select patients; we think that patients in control arm will
be more at CVDR than patients in intervention arm. This study was the second
to find an intra cluster coefficient, it found an ICC=0.02 for systolic BP with
this ICC we think that we have sufficient power because we calculated the
sample size with an ICC greater (0.06).
3
We think that this study could be affected by misclassification bias; several
measures were implemented to minimize this bias:
• First: HCP, patients and surveyors did not have any information about
existence of control or intervention arms.
• Second: an automated BP advice was used, patients saw the values of
BP and HCP registered these values in the patient visit card the same
for weight.
• Third: the both arms used the same equipments and were trained to
use that, and then if misclassification occurred we think that it will
be a non-differential misclassification and we think that our results of
outcome measured using equipments are underestimated.
• Fourth: to avoid contamination, one HC was enrolled per HZ. About
selection bias, the study found a proportion of lost to follow-up around
20%, and this proportion was not statistically different between the
both group, also patients who lost-to-follow-up were similar to patients
retained in the study (table 10). Then, we think that no selection bias
due to lost-to follow-up occurred.
Despite of these limitations, this study is among the one to describe some
barriers to BP control after a patients follow-up.
Conclusion
The study found that this low-cost intervention is effective. So, task shifting in
the management of HTN in Kinshasa is feasible and effective if an algorithm is
produced and an educational patients materials. Nevertheless, efforts must be
done to improve patient’s retention by improving patients and HCP motivation.
Abbreviations list
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BP: Blood pressure; CA: control arm; CVD: cardiovascular disease; CVDR:
cardiovascular disease risk; CVRF: cardiovascular risk factor; CRT: Cluster
Randomized Trial; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; Deff: Design Effect; DM:
Diabetes Mellitus; DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo; IA: intervention
arm; HA: Health Area; HC: Health Center; HCF: Health Care facility; HCP:
Health care providers; HCTZ: Hydrochlorothiazide; HS: Health System; HTN:
Hypertension; HZ: Health Zone; IFHA: International Forum for prevention
and control of hypertension in Africa; NCDs: Non communicable diseases;
SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure; SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa; WHO: World for
Health Organization.
Competing interests
No conflict.
Authors’ contributions
AL designed the research, conducted field, analyzed data and wrote the paper.
YC designed the research work and revised the manuscript. MM designed the
research and revised the manuscript. PK, PB and MD revised the manuscript.
AL had the primary responsibility for the final content. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge all health care providers and patients for their participation.
We are thankful to the African Population Health Research Center (APHRC)
and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) for
funding. These findings sources are non-commercial.
References
1. Union Africaine. Etat de l’hypertension en Afrique. Conférence des
Ministres de la santé de l’UA. Sixième session ordinaire, 22-26 avril
2013, Union Africaine, Addis Abeba, Ethiopie 2013. Available from :
[Link] Accessed 24 April 2016.
108
RESULTATS
109
Chapitre 3
12. Labhardt ND, Balo JR, Ndam M, Grimm JJ and Manga E. Task shifting
to non-physician clinicians for integrated management of hypertension
and diabetes in rural Cameroon: a programme assessment at two years.
BMC Health Services Research 2010; 10:339.
13. Mendis S, Johnston SC, Fan W, Oladapo O, Cameron A and Faramawi
FM. Cardiovascular risk management and its impact on hypertension
control in primary care in low –resource settings: A cluster randomized
trial. Bull World Health Organ 2010; 88: 412-419.
14. Lemogoum D, Seedat YK, Mabadeje AF, Mendis S, Bovet P, Onwubere
B et al. Recommendations for prevention, diagnosis and management
of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa.
Journal of Hypertension 2003; 21:1993–2000.
15. ESH/ESC. 2003 European Society of Hypertension–European Society
of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.
J Hypertens 2003; 21:1011-1053.
16. WHO CVD-risk management package for low and medium-resource
settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002. Available from:
[Link]
[Link]. Accessed 5 October 2009.
17. Giraudeau B. L’essai Clinique randomisé par grappes. Médecine
sciences2004 ; 20 : 363-366.
18. Labhardt ND, Balo JR, Ndam M, Manga E and Stoll B. Improved
retention rates with low-cost interventions in hypertension and
diabetes management in a rural African environment of nurse-led care:
a cluster-randomised trial. Tropical Medicine and International Health
2011; (16) 10:1276–1284.
19. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The Seventh Report of
the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation,
and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA.
2003;289:2560–2572
20. Kika TM, Lepira BF, Kayembe KP, Makulo JR, Sumaili KE, Kintoki
110
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111
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112
RESULTATS
Additional tables
Table 7 shows that a very low proportion of patients came spontaneously at follow-up visits and this
proportion is different between the both arms.
The most reason mentioned by patients to explain that was omission, the lack of time and denial of
disease.
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bsex 0.730
Male 260 (32.9) 63 (34.2)
Female 530 (67.1) 121 (65.8)
bMarital status 0.080
Married/live with a partner 518 (65.6) 108 (58.7)
Never 272 (34.4) 76 (41.3)
married/separated/divorced
bReligious affiliation 0.154
Pentecostal affiliation 271 (34.3) 53 (28.8)
Other affiliation 519 (65.7) 131 (71.2)
bCurrent smokers 43 (5.4) 10 (5.4) 0.996
bExcessive alcohol intake 354 (44.8) 70 (40.2) 0.258
(n=970)
bLow fruit and vegetables 478 (66.0) 110 (64.7) 0.745
consumption (n=894)
bPhysical inactivity (n=529) 182 (42.4) 42 (42.0) 0.164
a : t test
b : chi-square test
Patients lost to follow-up were statistically similar with patients having completed the study on
sociodemographic characteristics.
Table 11: patients’ clinical characteristics
Patients retained Patients lost to follow-up
Clinical characteristics p-value
(n=789) (n=185)
aMean SBP mm Hg (SD) 152.1 (11.8) 151.9 (11.3) 0.840
aMean DBP mm Hg (SD) 96.9 (6.7) 97.3 (6.7) 0.438
aMean BMI kg/m2 (SD) 26.6 (5.7) 27.3 (6.6) 0.126
bPersonal medical 242 (30.7) 64 (34.6) 0.301
antecedent of HTN
bFamily antecedent of 87 (18.2) 105 (21.7) 0.175
prematurity of CVD
bCardiovascular risk 0.845
stratification
Low risk 124 (15.7) 28 (15.1)
Medium risk 665 (84.3) 157 (84.9)
Patients lost to follow-up were statistically similar with patients having completed the study on
clinical characteristics.
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RESULTATS
3
Chapitre 4 :
4
DISCUSSION
GENERALE ET
CONCLUSION
115
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3
116
DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
Une méta-analyse conduite sur tous les travaux publiés en Afrique de 2000
à 2013 a rapporté qu’en moyenne seulement 27% [IC95% : 23% ; 31%] des
patients hypertendus connaissent leur statut au moment d’un dépistage [9]. 3
Au Zimbabwe en 2012, une étude a rapporté que seulement 39,8% des patients
connaissaient leur statut alors qu’ils étaient hypertendus [10]. En 2011, au
Nord de l’Angola, une étude a rapporté à la suite d’un dépistage actif que
4
seuls 21,6% des patients étaient hypertendus connus et l’HTA a été confirmée
chez 82% de ces personnes [11].
En RDC et plus précisément à Bukavu en 2011, une enquête communautaire
a trouvé que 57,5% des patients qui avaient une pression artérielle élevée,
ignoraient leur statut [12]. Une autre étude conduite en milieu hospitalier chez
des patients ayant présenté des complications de l’HTA, a rapporté que 29,4%
ne savaient pas qu’ils étaient hypertendus. La maladie a été découverte de
manière fortuite à la suite des complications [13]. Ce résultat corrobore celui
rapporté au Nigeria en 2015, qui avait trouvé que les malades hypertendus
avaient déjà au diagnostic des complications malgré le fait qu’ils étaient
asymptomatiques [14].
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3
L’étude 1 avait également trouvé que les prestataires des soins ne connaissaient
pas dans la grande majorité les objectifs thérapeutiques pour le suivi d’un
malade hypertendu sans complication (85,3%) [1]. La connaissance des
objectifs thérapeutiques lors du suivi d’un patient hypertendu est capitale
pour éviter de l’inertie, c’est-à-dire ne pas prescrire un médicament ou ne pas
augmenter la dose de celui-ci quand cela est nécessaire [16]. L’étude 1 a montré
qu’il y a un risque important d’inertie clinique au niveau des CS pour le suivi
des malades hypertendus. Ce résultat corrobore à ceux des études antérieures
ayant rapporté la fréquence élevée de l’inertie clinique chez les prestataires
des soins dans la prise en charge de l’HTA [17,18].
Pratiques des prestataires des soins
Du point de vue pratique, l’étude 1 a rapporté que les prestataires des soins
utilisaient des médicaments non recommandés en première intention. L’usage
de la Furosémide était très fréquent alors que ce médicament est recommandé
dans certaines conditions particulières [2]. Ces résultats corroborent avec ceux
rapportés par les études antérieures qui ont trouvé que les prestataires des soins
utilisaient des médicaments autres que ceux recommandés et quelques fois des
médicaments qui coûtaient plus chers [10,19, 20].
Malgré leur ampleur dans les pays à faibles ressources, les MNCT ne
constituent pas une priorité pour les partenaires techniques et financiers en
appui au système de santé dans ces contextes [23]. Ce constat va à l’encontre
de l’objectif 1 du plan d’action de lutte contre les MNT 2013-2020 qui vise à
renforcer la coopération internationale et la sensibilisation en vue d’accroître
la priorité accordée à la lutte contre les maladies non transmissibles dans le
programme de développement et dans les objectifs de développement convenus
à l’échelle internationale [24].
Ainsi les ménages font face à ces maladies sur leurs fonds propres et au vu des
coûts énormes directs et indirects occasionnés, ils ne peuvent pas se prendre
en charge [25]. Il y a ainsi un cercle vicieux entre les MCNT et la pauvreté
dans les pays à faibles revenus. Cela se traduit par des décès précoces, des
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DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
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3
d’expérience sur l’HTA que sur les maladies infectieuses telle que le VIH/
SIDA [27, 33].
La RDC est parmi les pays qui bénéficient des grands financements dans
la santé maternelle, néonatale, infantile, le paludisme, le VIH/SIDA et la
tuberculose. Cependant, il n’y a quasiment pas des formations organisées sur
les MCNT en général et l’HTA en particulier alors que l’HTA constitue de loin
une problématique d’ampleur importante chez les personnes économiquement
actives par rapport aux différentes maladies infectieuses bénéficiant d’un appui
important des bailleurs des fonds. Selon l’enquête EDS 2013-2014, conduite
en RDC, la prévalence du VIH SIDA était de 1,2% alors que la prévalence de
l’HTA était de 31% selon les statistiques de l’OMS de 2015 [3,4]. Ce constat
a également été fait en Afrique du Sud où il ya un programme important de
lutte contre le VIH alors que l’HTA qui de loin est plus prévalent (57% de la
population adulte) est faiblement appuyée [34].
L’étude 2 avait trouvé que moins d’un cinquième des patients (15,6%) suivis
au niveau des formations sanitaires de base, représentés par les CS, avaient une
PA contrôlée [35]. Cette proportion correspondait à ce qui est décrit par une
revue faite en Afrique de l’Ouest qui avait rapporté que le niveau de contrôle
moyen dans ces pays était de moins de 10% excepté pour le Nigeria [36].
Cette étude a montré qu’il n’y avait pas de différence nette entre les malades
hypertendus suivis au niveau des CS et ceux suivis dans les structures de
référence [37]. La prise en charge est quasiment similaire et il n’y avait
pas de différence en termes de contrôle de la PA. L’étude 4 a donc montré
que le problème de la prise en charge inadéquate de l’HTA ne se posait pas
uniquement au niveau des CS mais également dans les structures de référence.
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DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
L’étude 2 avait trouvé que plus de la moitié des patients hypertendus n’étaient
pas adhérents au traitement médical, ce résultat correspondait à ce qui est
décrit par les études antérieures [42, 43].
Il était donc important de pouvoir déterminer quels sont les facteurs associés
à la non adhérence au traitement pour mettre en place des interventions en
vue d’améliorer l’adhérence et de manière indirecte, d’améliorer le contrôle
de la PA.
Ainsi, le cadre conceptuel de l’OMS a été utilisé pour identifier les facteurs
associés à la non-adhérence au traitement médical chez les malades hypertendus
[44]. Tous les facteurs, identifiés par l’étude 2 étaient modifiables. La majorité
de ces facteurs était plus liée directement ou indirectement au système de santé
qu’au patient. L’étude n’a trouvé aucune caractéristique personnelle ni des
barrières d’accessibilité comme facteurs pouvant avoir une influence négative
sur l’adhérence au traitement [35] ; contrairement aux études antérieures ayant
rapporté que les coûts des soins pouvaient constituer une barrière importante à
l’accès aux soins par les malades hypertendus [45]. Cette différence pourrait
s’expliquer par le fait que l’étude de base était conduite au niveau des CS
qui offrent le paquet minimum d’activités et recourent à des médicaments
essentiels, dont les coûts sont généralement bas.
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CS et ces coûts étaient fortement influencés par les coûts des examens de
laboratoire [37]. Il est donc important de renforcer les politiques de subvention
des soins, surtout en termes des bilans de suivi des malades, en vue d’une
meilleure prise en charge.
Dans ce travail, l’étude 1 a trouvé que les prestataires des soins, qui sont
appelés à donner des informations aux patients sur leur maladie, n’avaient
pas suffisamment des connaissances sur l’HTA et leurs facteurs de risque [1].
Ceci pourrait expliquer le faible niveau des connaissances observé auprès des
patients dans l’étude 2 [35].
Il est décrit que les connaissances ont une influence sur l’acceptabilité de la
maladie. Ainsi, cette faible connaissance peut expliquer que la mesure de la
PA ne soit pas une pratique de routine [50] et on observe une faible utilisation
des services par les patients avec pression artérielle élevée référés après un
dépistage communautaire, qui témoigne une faible acceptation de la maladie
[51, 52].
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DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
Les effets secondaires ont été identifiés dans les études 2 et 3 comme facteurs
associés à la non-adhérence au traitement et au recours à la médecine
complémentaire et alternative par les malades hypertendus à Kinshasa [35, 58].
Il est donc important de recommander des médicaments antihypertenseurs
avec le moins d’effets secondaires.
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3
124
DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
125
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3
L’étude 5 a montré qu’en milieu rural, le fait d’avoir un niveau d’étude élevé,
d’être inactifs physiquement et de consommer moins de légumes et fruits,
constituaient des facteurs de risque de la surcharge pondérale/obésité. Ceci
témoigne l’adoption du style de vie urbain par la population du milieu rural tel
que décrit par Xu en Chine [76].
L’intervention mise en place dans cette étude avait plusieurs composantes dont
la principale consistait en la formation des prestataires des soins et à l’éducation
des patients en vue d’améliorer le niveau des connaissances et de pratiques des
prestataires des soins et des patients.
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DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
La délégation des tâches est une stratégie promue par l’OMS pour améliorer
la couverture universelle aux soins dans les pays à ressources faibles et
intermédiaires caractérisés par un nombre limité des professionnels de santé
[82]. Cette délégation des tâches passe par un renforcement des capacités des
professionnels de santé moins spécialisés pour pouvoir accomplir des tâches
dévolues aux plus spécialisés. Généralement en Afrique, cette délégation des
tâches se fait du médecin vers l’infirmier. Cela nécessite donc une révision
du profil des compétences des infirmiers, lesquelles compétences ne devraient
pas seulement se limiter à l’administration des soins mais aussi à poser un
diagnostic et à être capable de référer des patients à un niveau supérieur des
soins si nécessaire. En Afrique, on note généralement une inadéquation entre
les besoins de terrain et la formation offerte aux professionnels de santé [83].
Cette étude a montré que les professionnels de santé infirmiers peuvent jouer un
rôle important dans la réduction de l’incidence des MCV, il y a donc nécessité
de revisiter le référentiel des compétences des infirmiers, vu l’évolution de leur
métier du à la délégation des tâches.
Ainsi, la délégation des tâches dans la prise en charge de l’HTA d’un médecin
à un infirmier est donc possible et faisable en RDC.
Contrôle de la PA
La proportion de contrôle de l’HTA rapportée par l’étude 6 correspond à celle
trouvée par Mendis qui avait également trouvé que moins de la moitié des
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3
patients hypertendus, quel que soit leur groupe de traitement, avaient une PA
non contrôlée [19]. Ce résultat n’est pas loin non plus de ceux trouvés par
Ogedegbe au Ghana [84]. Ces deux dernières études sont des essais randomisés
par grappes, conduits dans des pays à faibles ressources, pour déterminer
l’effet de la formation des prestataires des soins partant d’un algorithme simple
de prise en charge de l’HTA sur le changement de la PA, son contrôle et sur
d’autres FRCV. Ces études étaient basées sur les protocoles de l’OMS alors
que notre étude s’est basée sur les recommandations du FIHA adaptées pour
les CS.
Notre étude est la seule de ces trois études qui ait calculé « le risque » que
présente un patient hypertendu affecté au groupe d’intervention d’avoir une PA
contrôlée à toutes les visites de suivi. L’étude a également effectué une analyse
des patients qui ne se présentaient pas de manière spontanée aux visites de
suivi et leurs raisons. Nous pensons qu’il s’agit d’un problème important qui
peut constituer une barrière au contrôle adéquat de la PA car il témoigne d’une
faible motivation des patients et la non acceptation de la maladie [85-88].
Le fait d’avoir moins de 60 ans est décrit par la plupart des études comme
facteur de non utilisation des services après le diagnostic de l’HTA [45, 85, 88,
90-92]. Le même constat a été fait pour la RDC où une étude menée en milieu
hospitalier, auprès des patients ayant présenté des complications de l’HTA,
a trouvé que ces derniers avaient en moyenne moins de 60 ans. Pour rappel,
l’étude 2 a montré que les malades hypertendus suivis dans les FOSA avaient
en moyenne plus de 60 ans [13,35]. Ce qui a conduit au questionnement sur le
suivi des malades hypertendus jeunes. Dans l’intervention les patients inclus
avaient en moyenne moins de 60 ans et malgré la gratuité des soins, nous avons
noté une très faible utilisation spontanée de services.
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DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
Quoi que la faible utilisation des services par les malades hypertendus jeunes,
il est décrit que l’HTA est une maladie qui est très fréquente déjà à partir de 40
ans. Une étude conduite en Tanzanie à Dar es Salam a trouvé une prévalence de
l’HTA de 30,9% [IC95% : 24,7%-37,9%] auprès des personnes âgées de 40-59
ans. Cette prévalence était quasiment similaire à celle que nous avons trouvée
dans la communauté, ceci montre la nécessité de réfléchir sur des interventions
pour améliorer l’utilisation des services par les malades hypertendus jeunes
économiquement actifs, pour ne pas accentuer la pauvreté dans les pays à
ressources limitées [45].
3
Les personnes âgées présentent souvent d’autres problèmes de santé qui le
poussent à venir en consultation Plus de la moitié des patients hypertendus
4
interviewés dans l’étude 2 étaient également diabétiques ; les hypertendus sans
comorbidités étaient moins adhérents aux visites de suivi selon les déclarations
des prestataires des soins.
Il faudrait donc analyser les types des médias et les canaux de communication
les plus appropriés afin de faire mieux passer les messages sur les facteurs
de risque cardiovasculaires dans la population. Probablement que le type de
médias n’était pas adapté à la population qui n’a pas de culture de la lecture.
A Kinshasa, les médias les plus utilisés étant la télévision et la radio selon les
résultats de l’enquête EDS II [3].
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Notre intervention n’a eu aucun effet sur les pratiques des patients, sauf en ce
qui concerne la consommation des légumes. En effet, la littérature rapporte que
les patients hypertendus éprouvent des difficultés d’abandonner d’anciennes
habitudes [98].
Ces études montrent donc que l’effet de l’éducation des patients sur le contrôle
des autres FRCV en Afrique n’est pas encore bien élucidé. Donc il est important
de réfléchir sur la mise en œuvre des interventions centrées sur le patient pour
améliorer leur style de vie et ainsi le contrôle de la PA, car le non contrôle des
autres facteurs de risque impacte négativement sur le contrôle de l’HTA.
Adhérence au traitement
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RESULTATS
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3
donc à promouvoir pour établir une démarcation nette entre les malades à
prendre en charge au niveau des CS et des HGR.
• L’évaluation globale du risque cardiovasculaire est également importante
car il a été noté une fréquence élevée d’autres facteurs de risque
cardiovasculaire chez les malades hypertendus. La présence de ces facteurs
peut entraîner un faible contrôle de la PA mais aussi être à la base des
complications observées. D’où il est important que les prestataires des
soins puissent systématiquement rechercher ces facteurs et en tenir compte
dans la prise en charge.
• On observe une fréquence plus élevée des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire
en milieu urbain qu’en milieu rural et une attention particulière doit être
portée aux personnes ayant un niveau d’instruction élevé qui ont tendance
à s’urbaniser.
• Les prestataires des soins doivent améliorer la communication avec le
patient hypertendu afin de mesurer son niveau d’adhérence et d’identifier
les facteurs associés.
• L’étude a trouvé que le contrôle de l’hypertension artérielle n’était pas
optimal quoi qu’ayant été amélioré avec l’intervention. Nous pensons qu’il
est important que les prestataires de soins puissent faire attention, disposer
suffisamment de temps et mettre en place des mécanismes pour améliorer
la motivation des patients jeunes et nouvellement diagnostiqués à utiliser
le service.
4.5.2. Implications d’ordre politique
• Au niveau du système de santé, ces études ont apporté des évidences sur la
prise en charge de l’HTA au niveau des formations sanitaires de la ville de
Kinshasa et ont identifié des barrières pour la prise en charge efficace des
malades. Cette étude constitue ainsi une opportunité pour le pays de mettre
en œuvre le Plan d’action de lutte contre les MNT dans son objectif 4 qui
vise la réorientation du système de santé.
• L’élaboration des protocoles de prise en charge de l’HTA a constitué une
opportunité pour le pays de standardiser les soins aux malades hypertendus,
en offrant aux structures primaires un outil d’aide à la décision mais aussi
un outil de communication patient-prestataire.
• La délégation des tâches en matière de la prise en charge de l’HTA s’est
montrée faisable et efficace si les infirmiers sont formés. Il faudrait donc
promouvoir la stratégie de délégation des tâches au niveau du pays qui
présente une faiblesse en termes des ressources humaines surtout en milieu
rural.
• Promouvoir la formation continue régulière des prestataires des soins sur
les MCNT et leurs facteurs de risque par le Ministère de la santé via la
11ième Direction laquelle est chargée de la formation continue des cadres de
la santé.
132
DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
133
Chapitre 4
3
Conclusion
L’amélioration du contrôle de l’HTA en RDC est possible et faisable avec des
interventions simples et peu couteuses pour assurer l’équité en matière d’accès
aux soins de qualité. Cependant, l’accent ne devrait pas seulement être placé sur
le renforcement du système de santé et prestataires des soins mais aussi sur le
renforcement des connaissances et pratiques de la population qui est supposée
fréquenter ces structures. Il s’avère important que cette population soit
sensibilisée sur cette maladie qualifiée de tueur silencieux en vue d’améliorer
leur acceptation de la maladie ainsi leur adhérence au traitement et leur retentin
aux soins.
134
DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
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DISCUSSION GENERALE ET CONCLUSION
RESULTATS
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145
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146
RESULTATS
ANNNEXE
147
Chapitre 3
ANNEXES
ANNEXES 1 : QUESTIONNAIRES D’ENQUETE
148
RESULTATS
211
cardiovasculaires et/ou leurs facteurs
de risque ?
Par qui a-t-il été organisé ? …………………………………..
3
212 Quelle était la thématique de cette ……………………………………………………
formation ? ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………….
2. Autres à préciser
303 Quels sont les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires que 1. Hypertension artérielle
vous connaissez ? 2. Le diabète sucré
Ne suggérez pas des réponses, encerclez les réponses 3. L’obésité
cités 4. L’hypercholestérolémie
5. Le tabagisme
6. L’inactivité physique
7. La prise d’alcool
8. La consommation des
aliments riches en graisse
9. L’âge
10. Les antécédents familiaux
d’évènements
cardiovasculaires précoces
11. Le stress
12. Autres à préciser
304 Selon vous, que pouvez-vous prendre comme mesure 1. Contrôler l’HTA
pour la prévention primaire des maladies 2. Contrôler le diabète
cardiovasculaires auprès des patients hypertendus? 3. Contrôler l’obésité
4. Conseiller l’arrêt de la
consommation de tabac
5. Conseiller la réduction de
la consommation d’alcool
6. Recommander la
consommation régulière
des légumes et fruits
7. Recommander l’exercice
149
Chapitre 3
physique
8. Autres à préciser
304 A quel seuil de la pression artérielle, un individu peut-il 1. PA < 140/90 mmHg
être considéré comme hypertendu ? 2. PA >= 140/90mmHg
Ne suggérez pas des réponses, une seule réponse est 3. Autres à préciser……...
valable
305. A quel seuil de la glycémie à jeun, un individu peut-il 1. Glycémie < 126 mg%
être considéré comme diabétique ? 2. Glycémie >= 126 mg
Ne suggérez pas des réponses, une seule réponse est 3. Autres à préciser……...
valable
306. A quel seuil du body mass index, un individu peut-il 1. BMI<30 kg/m²
être considéré comme obèse ? 2. BMI>=30 kg/m
Ne suggérez pas des réponses, une seule réponse est 3. Autres à préciser……...
valable
307. A quel seuil de la circonférence abdominale, un homme
peut-il être considéré comme obèse ? 1. Circonférence < 102 ou
94 cm
Ne suggérez pas des réponses, une seule réponse est 2. Circonférence>=102 ou
valable 94 cm
3. Autres à
préciser……………
150
RESULTATS
Perception
318 Pouvez-vous citer trois principales pathologies qui
touchent vos patients adultes ?
319 Pensez –vous que l’hypertension artérielle constitue un 1. Oui 2. Non
problème de santé important dans votre structure ?
Pratiques
321 Quels sont les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire que
vous recherchez chez un patient hypertendu en
consultation?
1.
2.
3.
Sexe
Age
ATCD familiaux des
3
Ne suggérez pas des réponses, plusieurs réponses sont évènements CV précoces
possibles. Encerclez les assertions citées. 4. Tabac
5. Inactivité physique
6. HTA
7. Obésité
8. Diabète
9. Hypercholestérolémie
10. Autres à préciser
322 Utilisez –vous un guide ou des recommandations pour 1. Oui 2. Non
la prise en charge de l’HTA et ou des autres facteurs de
risque cardiovasculaire ?
Si oui, posez la question 323
323 Quel guide utilisez-vous ? …………………………………
Enquêteur demandez à voir le guide, si non vu …………………………………
considérez la réponse à la question 318 comme non …………………..
151
Chapitre 3
Section 1: Identification
Q100 Province
Q101 District
Q102 Zone de santé
Q103 Aire de santé
Q104 Structure sanitaire
Q105 Prénom et nom du patient ………………………………………………
Q106 Adresse du patient …………………………………….
Q107 Numéro téléphone du patient …………………………………………..
152
RESULTATS
153
Chapitre 3
tensionnels? 2. Non
Q302 D’après vous qu’est ce qui peut conduire à l’ HTA? 1. Maladie naturelle
2. Punition Divine
(Quoi d’autres? 3. Envoutement par les sorciers
Enregistrez tout ce qui est cité.) 4. Mauvais sort
5. Soucis
6. Alcool
7. Tabac
8. Consommation du sel
9. Stress
10. Autres à spécifier
11. Ne sait pas
Q303 Connaissez-vous les complications de l’HTA? 1. Oui
2. Non
Si non aller à Q305
Q304 Quelles sont les complications de l’HTA ? 1. Accident Vasculaire
Cérébral/Paralysie
(Quoi d’autres? 2. Insuffisance cardiaque
Enregistrez tout ce qui est cité.) 3. Insuffisance rénale
4. Mort
5. Ne sait pas
6. Autres à spécifier
Q305 Quels sont les avantages de traitement médical de 1. Contrôle de la pression artérielle
l’hypertension? 2. Réduction des risques de
complications
(Quoi d’autres? 3. Réduction du risque de décès
Enregistrez tout ce qui est cité.) 4. Autres à spécifier
Q306 Pensez-vous que l’hypertension artérielle est une 1. Très grave
maladie? (lire les assertions) 2. Grave
3. Peu grave
4. Pas du tout grave
5. Ne sait pas
Q307 Pensez –vous que les complications de l’hypertension 1. Très grave
artérielle sont ? (lire les assertions) 2. Grave
3. Peu grave
4. Pas du tout grave
5. Ne sait pas
Q308 Pensez-vous que le traitement médical que vous recevez 1. Très Efficace
actuellement est? (lire les assertions) 2. efficace
3. Peu efficace
4. Pas de tout efficace
5. Ne sait pas
Q309 Pensez-vous que vous pouvez un jour développer les 1. Oui
complications de l’hypertension artérielle? 2. Non
Q309a Si oui, pourquoi ? ………………………………………..
…………………………………………
Q309b Si non, pourquoi …………………………………………..
……………………………………………….
Q310 Pensez-vous être capable d’observer votre traitement? 1. Oui
2. Non
Q311 Si non pourquoi ? ………………………………….
Q312 Acceptez –vous votre statut d’hypertendu? 1. Oui
2. Non
Si oui aller à Q314
Q313 S i non pourquoi ? ………………………………………….
Q314 Quel sentiment aurez- vous en cas de survenue des 1. Peur
complications de l’hypertension? 2. Désespoir
3. Tristesse
(Quoi d’autres? 4. Embarras
Enregistrez tout ce qui est cité.) 5. Honte
6. Surprise
7. Refus
8. Autres à spécifier
154
RESULTATS
3
2. Non
Q406 Prenez –vous concomitamment des médicaments 1. Oui
traditionnels? 2. Non
Q407 Prenez vous des médicaments sans prescription 1. Oui
médicale ? 2. Non
Q408 Que feriez –vous en cas survenue des signes de 1. Au centre de santé
complication de l’hypertension? 2. A la pharmacie
3. Chez le tradipraticien
4. A l’église
5. Chez le féticheur
6. Autres à spécifier
Q501 Il vous est arrivé de déprimer le mois passé à propos de 1. Oui
votre maladie? 2. Non
Q601 Les membres de votre famille sont il informés de votre 1. Oui
statut? 2. Non
Q602 Vos amis sont il informés de votre statut ? 1. Oui
2. Non
Q603 Les membres de votre famille vous accorde t il un appui 1. Oui
moral? 2. Non
Q604 Vos amis vous accorde t il un appui moral? 1. Oui
2. Non
Q605 Les membres de votre famille vous accorde t il un appui 1. Oui
financier ? 2. Non
Q606 Vos amis vous accorde t il un appui financier? 1. Oui
2. Non
Q701 PAS du patient au jour de l’enquête? …………….mm Hg
Q702 PAD du patient au jour de l’enquête? ……………mm Hg
Q703 Depuis combien de temps avez-vous été diagnostiqué ………….Ans
hypertendu? Si <1 an, notez en mois
……………. mois
Q704 Ressentez-vous des symptômes de l’hypertension? 1. Oui
2. Non
Q704a Si oui, lesquels ? ……………………………………….
………………………………………….
……………………………………………….
Q705 Souffrez –vous d’autres pathologies? 1. Oui
2. Non
Q706 Si oui, les quelles ? 1. Diabète
2. Tuberculose
(lire les assertions) 3. Asthme
(Quoi d’autres? 4. Maladie rénale
Enregistrez tout ce qui est cité.) 5. Autres à spécifier
Section 8:Traitement
Q801 Depuis combien de temps êtes- ……………..Ans
vous sous traitement médical ? Si <1 an, notez en mois
……………. mois
Q802 Quel(s) médicaments(s)prenez- ……………………………………….
vous actuellement ? ………………………………
………………………………….
Q803 Combien de comprimés prenez- ………………..Comprimés
vous par jour?
Q804 En combien de prise ? ………./j
Q805 Avez-vous déjà présenté des effets 1. Oui
155
Chapitre 3
156
RESULTATS
hypertendus ? 2. Non
Q1105 Combien de temps attendez vous avant 1. 10 min
d’être reçu lors de votre visite de 2. 20min
suivie? 3. 30 min
4. Plus de 30 min
Q1106 Le prestataire de soins est-il disponible 1. Oui
lors de chaque visite mensuelle ? 2. Non
Q1107 Le prestataire de soins est-il 1. Oui
compétent ? 2. Non
Q1108 L’accueil au CS est-il? 1. Très bon
2. Bon
3. Assez bon
3
4. Moins bon
5. Pas du tout bon
Q1109 Le prestataire vous accorde t il une 1. Oui
attention particulière ? 2. Non
Si oui, aller à Q 1111
Q1110 Si non, pourquoi ? ………………………………….
Q1111 Si oui, quel est le degré de cette 1. Très attentif
attention ? 2. Attentif
3. Moyennement attentif
4. Moins attentif
Q1112 Bénéficiez-vous des séances 1. Oui
d’éducations sanitaires à chaque visite 2. Non
de suivie?
Q1113 Aujourd’hui, est. ce que la séance a eu 1. Oui
lieu? 2. Non
Q1114 Si oui, quel en était le thème ? …………………………………………..
Q1115 Les médicaments hypotenseurs sont il 1. Oui
disponible dans le CS ? 2. Non
Q1116 Comment percevez-vous le cout du 1. Très Abordable
traitement médical? 2. Abordable
3. Peu abordable
4. Pas du tout abordable
5. Ne sait pas
157
Chapitre 3
1=Fonctionnaire
2=Employé secteur privé
3=Cultivateur
4=Commerçant
Q104 Quelle est votre profession ? 5=Pêcheur
6=Petits métiers
7=Militaire /policier
8=Sans profession
9=Autres « à préciser »………………………
158
RESULTATS
Radio fonctionnelle 1 0
Réfrigérateur 1 0
Moto fonctionnelle 1 0
Voiture fonctionnelle 1 0
Téléphone portable fonctionnel 1 0
Internet à domicile 1 0
Toilette interne (Maison) 1 0
N°
Q201
Questions et filtres
Avez-vous l’habitude de connaitre
Réponses-codes
1=Oui
Codes
3
vos chiffres tensionnels ? 2=Non
PAS du malade au jour de
l’enquête ? ……………………………..mm Hg
Q202
A prendre dans le carnet des
patients
PAD du malade au jour de
l’enquête ? ……………………………..mm Hg
Q203
A prendre dans le carnet des
patients
Depuis combien de temps avez- ………………..ans
Q204 vous été diagnostiqué hypertendu ? (Si˂1 an, notez en mois)
…………………mois
Etes-vous sous traitement médical 1. Oui
Q205 pour baisser votre tension ? si non, 2. Non
allez à la question Q213
Depuis combien de temps êtes-vous
sous ce traitement médical ? ………………..ans
Q206
(Si˂1AN, notez en mois)
…………………mois
Quel(s) médicament(s) prenez-vous ………………………………………………
Q207 actuellement pour baisser votre ……………………………………………….
tension?
Combien de comprimés prenez- …………………….comprimés
Q208 vous par jour ?
159
Chapitre 3
160
RESULTATS
Q406
médical que vous recevez
actuellement est (efficace) pour
baisser votre tension? (lire les
2= Efficace
3= Moins efficace
4= Pas du tout efficace
3
assertions, une seule réponse est
possible)
Pensez-vous que les mesures 1= Très efficaces
hygiéno-diététiques recommandées 2= Efficaces
sont (efficaces) pour baisser votre 3= Moins efficaces
Q407
tension? (lire les assertions, une 4= Pas du tout efficaces
seule réponse est possible)
Oui Non
Si oui, les quels autres types de 1=Médecine traditionnelle 1 0
soins recourez-vous? (suggérez 2=Médecine chinoise 1 0
des réponses, plusieurs 3=Automédication traditionnelle 1 0
Q504
réponses sont possibles) 4=Eglise/Prière/Pasteur
5=Autre (à préciser)……………… 1 0
Oui Non
1=Moins couteux 1 0
Pourquoi avez-vous choisi ce 2=Efficace 1 0
type de traitement ? 3=Prise en charge intégrale 1 0
4=Culturel 1 0
Q506
5=Moins d’effets secondaires 1 0
6=Autre (à préciser)……………….
Oui Non
1=Radio /Télévision 1 0
Q507
Comment avez-vous eu les 2=Membre de famille 1 0
informations sur ce type des 3=Amis 1 0
161
Chapitre 3
SECTION VI: NIVEAU DE SATISFACTION DES MALADES SUR LA QUALITE DES SERVICES DE
SOINS OFFERTS
N° Questions et filtres Réponses-codes Codes
A combien de minutes de marche
Q602 estimez-vous la distance entre cette ………………………………….. minutes
structure et votre domicile ?
Pensez-vous que cette structure des soins 1=Très rapprochée
est plus rapprochée ou plus éloignée de là 2= rapprochée
Q605
où vous vivez ? 3=éloignée
4= Très éloignée
Avez-vous fréquenté cette structure 1=Oui
Q603 régulièrement au cours de ces 12 derniers 2=Non
mois ? 3=Ne sait pas
A quelle fréquence vous rendez-vous à 1=Une fois par semaine
cette structure pour vos soins d’HTA? 2=Une fois par mois
Q604
(suggérez des réponses) 3=Une fois par an
4=Autre (à spécifier)………………
Comment trouvez-vous le cout des soins 1=Très abordable
Q606 dans cette structure ? 2= Abordable
3= Peu abordable
162
RESULTATS
4=Pas du tout abordable
5=Ne sait pas estimer
Pensez-vous que les soins que vous 1=Oui
recevez dans cette structure des soins sont 2=Non
Q607 de bonne qualité ? si oui, allez à la 3=Ne sait pas
question Q609
Q608 Si non, pourquoi ? ………………………………………………
Q609 Si oui, pourquoi ? ………………………………………………
3
Q610 soins ? 3=Mauvais
Si la réponse est 1 ou 2 ou 5, allez à la 4=Très mauvais
question Q612 5= Ne sait pas apprécier
Si mauvais ou très mauvais, dites
Q611 ……………………………………………….
pourquoi ?
Comment jugez-vous le temps d’attente 1=Trop long
avant d’être reçu par le prestataire de 2= Long
Q612 soins ? 3=Court
4=Très court
5= Ne sait pas estimer
Est-ce que les locaux de la structure 1=Oui 2=Non
Q613 sanitaire sont-ils spacieux ?
Est-ce que ces locaux de la structure sont- 1=Oui 2=Non
Q614
ils propres ?
Le prestataire a-t-il répondu chaque fois 1=Jamais/aucune
que vous aviez besoin de son assistance ? 2=Parfois
Q615
3=Souvent
4=Toujours
Avez-vous confiance dans les 1=Oui
Q616 connaissances et les compétences des 2=Non
prestataires ? 3=Non réponse
Si non pourquoi n’avez-vous pas
Q617 confiance en eux ? ………………………………………………..
(Si oui, aller à Q618)
Avez-vous été globalement satisfait de 1=Oui
Q618 votre consultation dans la structure 2=Non
sanitaire ? (Si oui, aller à Q621) 3=Non réponse
Si non, pourquoi n’avez-vous pas été
Q619 ………………………………………………..
satisfait ?
Quels sont les points à améliorer pour que
Q620 ……………………………………….........
vous soyez désormais satisfait ?
Vous arrive-t-il des jours où vous avez 1=Oui
besoin de venir au CS ou à l’Hôpital et 2=Non
Q621
que vous vous trouvez dans l’impossibilité
de le faire ?
Si oui, pourquoi ? 1=Ne dispose pas les moyens financiers
(Plusieurs réponses sont possibles) 2=Ne dispose pas le temps
3=A cause de la distance
4=Pas d’agents compétents
5=Le traitements ne sont pas efficaces
Q622
6=Nous ne sommes pas bien accueillis
7=Les prestataires ne sont pas accueillants
8=Pas de médicaments disponibles dans la
structure de soins
9=Autre (à préciser …………………..
Q624 Heure fin d’enquête __/__heures __/__minutes
163
Chapitre 3
164
RESULTATS
6. Musulmane
7. Animiste
8. témoins de Jéhovah
9. Néo Apostolique
10. Autre à préciser……………………...
11. Aucune religion
Depuis combien de temps avez- ………….Ans
Q110 vous été diagnostiqué hypertendu? Si <1 an, notez en mois
……………. mois
3
Ressentez –vous des symptômes 1. Oui Si Non
Q111 que vous liez à l’hypertension 2. Non Aller à Q114
artérielle ?
Avez-vous ressenti les symptômes 1. Oui Si Non
Q112 de l’HTA ces quatre dernières 2. Non Aller à Q114
semaines ?
Si oui, quels symptômes avez- 1. Céphalées
vous ressenti? 2. Vertiges
Ne suggérez pas de réponse, notez 3. Vision floue
tout ce qui est mentionné par 4. Uriner plusieurs fois la nuit
Q113 l’enquêté. plusieurs réponses sont 5. Palpitation
possibles. 6. Transpiration profuse
7. Bourdonnement d’oreille
8. Fatigue intense
9. Autres à préciser ………………
Depuis combien de temps êtes- ………….Ans
Q114 vous suivi dans cette structure pour Si <1 an, notez en mois
HTA? ……………. mois
Souffrez –vous ou avez-vous déjà 6. Diabète
souffert d’une de ces pathologies? 7. Maladie rénale
Q115 Enquêteur lisez les options de 8. Accident vasculaire cérébral
réponses 9. Infarctus du myocarde
10. Autres à spécifier ………………
Etes-vous sous traitement 1. Oui Si Non
Q116
antihypertenseur ? 2. Non Aller à Q124
Si oui, depuis combien de temps ………….Ans
Q117 êtes-vous sous ce traitement ? Si <1 an, notez en mois
……………. mois
Quel(s) médicaments(s) Nom de marque 1…………………………………
antihypertenseur (s) prenez-vous Nom de marque 2 ………………………………..
actuellement ? Nom de marque 2 ……………………………….
Enquêteur, vérifiez auprès du Principe actif 1 ……………………………………
Q118
malade s’il a le produit entre ses Principe actif 2 ……………………………………
mains et notez le nom de marque Principe actif 3 ……………………………………
du produit ainsi que son principe
actif.
Combien de comprimés prenez- ……………………..comprimés
Q119
vous par prise ?
Q120 En combien des prises par jour ? ………..de prises par jours
Ressentez-vous les effets 1. Oui Si Non
Q121 secondaires que vous liez aux 2. Non Aller à Q124
médicaments antihypertenseurs ?
Si oui quels effets secondaires 1. Fatigue
ressentez-vous ? Ne suggérez pas 2. Maux de tête
de réponses, plusieurs réponses 3. Insomnie
Q122 sont possibles. 4. Transpiration profuse
5. Manque de concentration
6. Autres effets secondaires……….
165
Chapitre 3
examens
………………
…….
Combien allez-vous dépenser
Q210 aujourd’hui pour votre transport …………….... FC
aller/retour ?
A combien estimez-vous les frais
Q211 de ration alimentaire que vous avez ……………….. FC
dépensé aujourd’hui?
Vous est-il arrivé aujourd’hui de 1 Oui Si non allez à
Q212 payer un pourboire au prestataire de 2 Non 214.
soins pour un service?
Q213 Si oui, combien ? ……………………..FC
2. Très élevé /__/
7. Assez bonne
Q215
8. Mauvaise
166
RESULTATS
3
Veuillez noter la PAS du patient ……………… mm Hg
Q128
prélevé le jour de l’enquête.
Veuillez noter la PAD du patient …………….. mm Hg
Q129 prélevé le jour de l’enquête.
1. Oui, aujourd’hui
2. Oui, à la dernière Prix en
Examens
Consultation FC
3. Non
Si oui, quels examens avez-vous Glycémie
réalisé et combien avez-vous payé? Glycosurie
Enquêteur, demandez à voir le bon Cholestérol
d’examen remis au malade et pour total
Q209 HDL
les couts des examens de
laboratoire si le malade ne s’en LDL
souvient pas, demandez le prix Urée
dans la structure. Créatinine
ECG
Echocardiaque
Fond d’œil
Autres
167
Chapitre 3
7. 21 à 30 min
8. Plus de 30 min
8. Assez bon
Q223
9. Moins bon
Autres à préciser
……….
168
RESULTATS
I. INFORMATIONS GENERALES
169
Chapitre 3
6. Sans religion
7. Autres à préciser………………………..
170
RESULTATS
3
402
fumer régulièrement (par Jour) ?
Continuez-vous à fumer du tabac ? 1. Oui 2. Non
403
Si non passez à la question 405
Si oui, combien des tiges de cigarettes ………………………………………tiges
404
fumez-vous habituellement par jour ?
Si vous avez arrêté de fumer, pourquoi …………………………………………………………
avez-vous arrêté ? …………………………………………………………
405
…………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
Depuis combien de temps avez-vous ……………………………………..ans
406 arrêté de fumer? Si moins 1 an, notez en mois
………………………………………mois
Avez-vous déjà consommé du tabac
407 non fumé (tabac à priser, à mâcher…) ? 1. Oui 2. Non
si non passez à la question 413
A quel âge avez-vous consommé du …………………………………ans
408
tabac non fumé pour la première fois ?
Continuez-vous à en consommer ? 1. Oui 2. Non
409
Si non passez à la question 412
Si oui quel type de tabac consommez- 1. A chiquer
410 vous ?
2. A priser
171
Chapitre 3
172
RESULTATS
3
436 une journée généralement vous le
faites pendant combien de temps ?
Votre travail comprend t-il des activités 1. Oui
moyennement intenses comme marche
rapide soulever des charges légères, 2. Non
437
conduire un vélo) pendant au moins 10
minutes ? si non passez à la question
440.
Pendant combien des jours par semaine …………………………………jours
effectuez-vous des activités physiques
438
moyennement intenses dans la cadre de
votre travail/occupation ?
Quand vous effectuez ces activités en ………………. Heures ……………… minutes
439 une journée généralement vous le
faites pendant combien de temps ?
Habituellement combien des jours par ………………………………………jours
440 semaine effectuez-vous des trajets d’au
moins 10 minutes à pieds ou à vélo ?
173
Chapitre 3
7. Perdre du poids
174
RESULTATS
…………………………………
…………………………………
613 Si non, pourquoi ne le pensez-vous pas ?
…………………………………
……………………………….
Pouvez-vous citer trois facteurs de risque des maladies
614
cardiovasculaires ?
Que faites-vous pour ne pas attrapper des maladies
615
cardiovasculaires ?
Pensez-vous qu’il ya des obstacles qui peuvent 1. Oui
616
empêcher un malade hypertendu de ne pas respecter le
traitement prescrit ou les conseils du prestataire des
soins sur sa façon d’être ?
2. Non 3
Si oui, quels sont ces obstacles ? …………………………………
617 …………………………………
…………………
175
Chapitre 3
176
RESULTATS
3
2. Non
1. Oui
200b Conseil pour arrêter de fumer
2. Non
1. Oui
200c Conseil pour réduire la quantité d’alcool à consommer
2. Non
1. Oui
200d Conseil sur la consommation des légumes et fruits
2. Non
1. Oui
200e Conseil sur la réduction de la consommation de sel
2. Non
1. Oui
200f Conseil sur la réduction de la consommation d’huile
2. Non
1. Oui
200g Conseil sur l’activité physique
2. Non
…………………………………
…………………………………
200h Autres conseils à préciser
…………………………………
………………………
Que pensez-vous de toutes ces mesures ? 1. Elles sont très difficiles à
Enquêteur, lisez les assertions proposées au suivre
répondant 2. Elles sont difficiles
201 3. Elles sont faciles
4. Elles sont très faciles
5. Ne sait pas apprécier
177
Chapitre 3
Cette série des questions ne s’adressera qu’aux patients étant sous traitement médical antihypertenseur à la dernière
consultation.
Non=0 points, Oui= 1 point ; total score de 0=forte adhérence, 1 à2 adhérence moyenne et 3 à 4 faible adhérence.
1. Vous arrive t-il d’oublier de prendre vos médicaments ? 1. oui 2. Non
2. Vous arrive t-il de ne pas vous soucier de prendre vos 1. oui 2. Non
médicaments ?
3. Quand vous vous sentez mieux, vous arrive-t-il parfois 1. oui 2. Non
d’arrêter de prendre vos médicaments ?
4. Si parfois vous vous sentez plus mal en prenant vos 1. oui 2. Non
médicaments, arrêtez-vous de les prendre ?
178
RESULTATS
179
Chapitre 3
180
RESULTATS
3
200g Conseil sur l’activité physique [Link]
[Link]
200h Autres conseil à préciser ………………………………………………..
………………………………………………......
…………………………………………………..
201 A la dernière consultation, le 1. Elles sont très difficiles à suivre
prestataire vous a-t-il prescrit des 2. Elles sont difficiles
médicaments pour baisser votre 3. Elles sont faciles
pression artérielle ? 4. Elles sont très faciles
Si non passez à la question… 5. Ne sait pas apprécier
202 Si oui, quel médicament vous a-t-il …………………………………………………..
prescrit ? …………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………..
Enquêteur, si répondant ne se …………………………………………………..
rappelle pas du nom des …………………………………………………..
médicaments, demandez à voir sa …………………………………………………..
carte de rendez-vous et notez le nom
y inscrit.
203 Selon le prestataire, ce médicament 1. Seulement pour un temps
devait-il être pris : 2. De manière continue
3. Le prestataire n’a rien dit sur la durée du
Lire les assertions traitement
204 Aujourd’hui, le Prestataire vous a-t-il 1. Oui
prescrit des médicaments pour baisser 2. Non
votre pression artérielle ?
181
Chapitre 3
Cette série des questions s’adressera qu’aux patients étant sous traitement médical antihypertenseur à la dernière
consultation.
182
RESULTATS
Observations : Enquêteur, notez toutes les déclarations par le patient qui ne peuvent être reprise sur le questionnaire.
183
Chapitre 3
9. Eviter le stress
10. autres à préciser ………………
107 Pensez-vous que vous pouvez développer 1. Oui
un jour une complication liée à 2. Non
l’hypertension artérielle ?
108 Si oui, pourquoi ? ……………………………………..
……………………………………..
……………………………………..
109 Si non, pourquoi ? ……………………………………..
……………………………………..
……………………………………..
184
RESULTATS
Cette série des questions ne s’adressera qu’aux patients étant sous traitement médical antihypertenseur à la dernière
consultation.
185
2. Découragé jusqu’au point d’éviter
de se présenter au centre de santé
3. N’a rien ressenti
4. Autres attitudes ………………..
Chapitre 3 …………………………………..
Cette série des questions ne s’adressera qu’aux patients étant sous traitement médical antihypertenseur à la dernière
consultation.
186
RESULTATS
187
Chapitre 3
188
RESULTATS
189
Chapitre 3
190
RESULTATS
ACCU-CHECK Active
Toise murale
191