® Stewed methods. Wel. Orkioae de (erentiok Srolions KUL hinner odes. «A geek ewe atk onder ode oro le. toeiltan «9 oes, x Oral) A geet Out) da Gold) w= Stee) or Steg ok ’ = tbe) wae ae on alk ondlar (aver Ketek, ee (aa #0) + Mandeoh Wenn Sec Selvtna audh Odes vacdude v 3 @) Verelsion of pears © ybd= Wb + usb) yale) for Py dac Wyo sclulkioas ©) Grean’s Surdktens oe ee @) Metrod of undsirrcneds i wed = a 5 gate) syel) 1) Radidbion afomiec: ye ul gtd — oS ud aus ale a sclukion of Ya tyson sf ita gay emegeurno sa + Modbedle UN) ond (2) ore va : GL" WwW) are Sore ad-hoc . + Espenbicl w ere mulrodbo ¥ Yee alec, Vo Sol sch non oh tebe AOS Osseo tO), Tre hel {Nouns lide ® Corshoate corinne « Tobey tc aan tao Wend + Sebitees one paso Tee Soom els = Ke ieee s act ie ioe. ofay abyon cok + Wrecks ov repealed 2a suggae tee rook m=M, is reqacdid 7 bine Then > : TK at ore also sdulions .Kapicdumanstonads eysalstons, - + Taveceal undar We Eranghprmakion 9 -> bc Wak : —— way a =0 Ww. subd kien a= ee we mbe py Bedeh) beg © Brock anualiions “pashaies eer Frond: =e Q= 0. ue TE ~ yl ey) = 0 > A Y= Cross 6s a00iley Molued Rats ie isa end eee ° S ik a ee ae Rag Tie aiven Aly Ss ey) = Oo => gras ae “a> YR) =. G- cued Gite mes ® Rodudsion & onder : “War yy) be o Salsbion of Ly = > fucliee liom tndeyandote geludk as of fe Soem con witha hoe WE) seeeshhies an eypalion of oer O-, Omashpeuina ts « Mnewn eqalcion ~ Noramow it ad Siequn " Hondlboc\s & notte malice fuachons, Hee gives comperonstoe, i ees ae a — pls yee series42, Firdb-onler nonlintar odes Two ingertert clasves : ® Bermowh aywoltions : 4 = aed y + bod) ¥ Poni. "peo, Wea acyuiion fe Vintar coe ean Luda = i a AX a bea ub) 4 which given a sd ou cyan we \\- 0) Uy Crp) ble), © Ricci eaucliions = alx) we Woda ed) + Two copen 2 alee) = L gees — c aap a eer ss Naw . wed, ik one > a C tage ee ye By) cone fe (2c) = Yulee) 4 Wlec) voll un vend equalion for _ w= (otal s 2a) ytd) Wk abe, ae Ovid aapakions + Wetter co te form Mean) + Nk) y =a A seu ° Wan Wo soludkion ts Say) = conten, A nae. = “. Rordation for medraves tS : ts Ye mal Seen at aise den oa Lred Me en, ® Substitekions aaWad, Righee - ocluc rwoluaer odes, Tednainues Ser Selucon, or reducing Wes order of nonaror odes, ® Arrenorums aquolions + Tndupenburte voriclsla dove nde oyster ex Sici ee et aa AW + Ba a prac auonoms ganraloon regiocad wy 00 ret Spekionah Be (a-1) i — ye) aes Brande: ~ aie fon a = au = >> vse a vida + uy = 0 adibodieds Feu. dy, 2 © © tian Go % eqnalcions . le > KX Vo Moto le tysebien undengad : Ong feat seat “peste 5 4 a = tats - AOrmsud peetiin of The ‘same order a Frog ¢ = S Sei a Lak xae” Veen ay = t5 ond a4 #3 ap ypayeg es ae 30> V8 oe we uly) = ty Yeon aye w ord wr rere Or du slay => dyes ye dye day das cette S Sarkis > \k = ton eat a ‘i tha oe c= Sq = Se new© Seale invorionk: equokcoas « + Toverintt aedic Boe beefermalens XOKE vy. yo wry : Meee § XE LK ond waig te Yee sclubion ge sckisfas We came ode Von rN ). + Two led = a as) ¥ at mokivaliy Veo sulostilukcon yd) = A Wx) Bre eyckion for & tol be pide Frama: y 3 Se : ao yee “Make Ka AZ, v= BF Yuen t= yt 271 =e ci Balg.> Ely = 0 x ax wd ae Ye originn sayasliion S gad => pea +k wie) = a ulx) Phan e ae aye gee ue oc ew dye abe tas ay gee (=u red sxc alu) (yuerday 20. Wk = oF Ran oe aws aa) + gus day +1 = 0 + her v= ae Yon “aly y= a)+ (wea? 4\=0 _ 1 awansdle Ys pluse- plane casks Oye ce % eqpalions + Tavadert under the. seahing, yrey- + Usa Ro sobobibadbion, yee eS Burple: oct WY EQ verted walle yeep, 22x Lak y= Then ye Wet, &, = Wes UT ond hence o@ut= U2} oF oF veul Naa Va yw oho a AEN A easW.Q Pockieh, d\edkioh ayweltions WL) hitngoc dcSusica Lonsidur We incor acond-orlar ede % = Be com He Bat uni ond Ye ogee of Trans formations Keke, Lape, C=¥Ee ren AG a ore, Boe ge Dee whidh reprints ote B Sor invacance, Vener ts tavedent undse We Erneformubion Reet, Cae, eee @) Sor coy cod Fak. - : SSS ey Toe COG E) = a" TUE) = a ce, %) Z Ba, Sree d= Uwe hove a cane e* a5) ed & = = favariants vader Vie Bee Be os Cronelprncien o Tair suggests lhe selulion form chat) = $4), N= eve) where Fis @ Suenckron done voriable on will selishy anede, Fro salbbion Sorc is called a simdiordty (oradlf-sindor) sddbion, ond 15 YE red ‘ha StoiMsettiy verisbele., : Now, 2% eh sny-iq AS) — whe Sd m2 iu a" at} ace thts), Yee PU) we ot ie le al IRISeladbdbuing Wa foro (2) cabo UY giver The ede: S\+ $n-AGS =O (5). ® Boands acd inikieh condileions ore reaped: Ko a poll ines ok X50 C= foc bk 2o «) Os XO Cro ® o& &=0: es 0 Ser 070 (sv) For (3) Ys eo & selukion of W) subyeck & )- ls) Teapseo (6)-(8) also We lan invarionlt under Whe Erensdproution (2), Now (c) giver ca I= AE Va cf AZO ohare Slo) = \ (8) Betty (A) end |g) ave A) = 0 (io) i ee owes reduced Whe prelelam SS salvensy pou BvP sa bagh = : Qy wilh Soya lt end ates (iz). a) Nee tale wire Yo aive a9 = Af eta Ae cada a Sle) sO => Aa=10 x S)=\ => 12 A a “ede ar aye pele ELE elegy Define ee ar pats Slt) = 2 2 Ve Fas whee «§(@)=1 ord We conflnatng to fuedbn aged =f 2 (ees =hon Sn) = fe eas = afc (Mla) = ache (ge) . & a ond haa ey = acke. (25) 3) Fre Weak flux Cif c is cakerpeltd on Narqucokince. ) on Vee sucheoocsO ts ayoven bow mol We-%) 2 2g \ees te xe Ixx6 Vi ate a20 VTE whi Seals os 0". Ye eee GW lowe leven daducad Grom (8) (sad Azo) voikhovte ‘nevis Ye selva) Lek Meade voice Wee content: Wa). © The Srardanuctal, wiudkion. Consider 1) wit, te inikiol condition Clo) = Thr) - Ys < ees Ble ep Wane Chat) = = e(=,4) axe oth sations o} (1). Tq pedicle note Weak of ae p* Than — hoble phe &, §) = P"§(%) ore sindlerity, tol: sons ses 2 Now (4) spiven \ (= dx = =\ Whadk iS tavedaat x ae efuse tet) = et 3(%,,) = Ban), A= % oe es whee sels \ibe We peiacipal die. ag (Sais 2498 = 0 (8) cubase §(6)=0 = Sitddne1 WW, &)is wiggle ‘ aie SEQS AS = coke : Nerontecla, S$ is on even Suncdoyer sha 1) se it Sallows Yak “S$'= 0 ok M=O ir ORO Os Oo. feos $0 or sad oh AE for some . a 3 6S wnskene 1, ok ae fon: Sei, © Sor WN? Te Tan (Ob) is sabislad 2 Ms a saya s aay Were lx b= “fs (s- = inle LC ces cy, ° locke? Veo" Baronblel- Palko” scubvon, - 5 —4.Cbut) ® © Tole Ey a =a es Neti: As to, S$ onck e do ack approod, Feo Corbinuoudhs, 8 Lo Re Veatce Aurion Cane .Tre solution & sod 1B have compact suggock ie We solukion is non-22e0 on Fence rearon end ERO oueida ik. “ Rs solution thou be contmdtted wilh tke uatk Wael pulge sculoion of We near dc Yrsston cose - Bandeing, sik) = Lt'S Rien ob he Hovis Sronk : kim -% 21 xr shy me 8 This also follows Loo the consevalbrion of mass | heat stolimen’t Moon -c2e =c$ XS sey Era Se = gue = S ) whidk, given A) ork C= 0 ok Yoo Sot a= st,® Week Gormmacon Anus nenliarar defasion equations can Movin Gronks sine tee ee ak Cunlilee tke Lance core). Sud forks ae termed moving, Poundones ond vovelay reprerenk wnlaGaws lekioaen diskindk sa bee = Ya oder te sclubions on tho Whele X=space, Oe week, i of ee plan is requuiedk: o= J" a (%- 2( %) decd b=0 ao co) * at ; a Rs e- : ae ee ae a =O JE = = \ 1 dvds. Raw ‘ Fee + $ OB) ade =f $0) cla0) dx Qs) ESO AE» Keo whid bells V Wak functions ¢ provided, Hout) = 0 4 Bx Bb cee continous and vordres ido _ kK a CO w \x\-s00 “wilh cco) pesenlend .Suyppore tors Weak Cos weed solulbion uth, <2 O mH Xzalt) C70. vw 2< SLE) Fran c is acheasical sclulbion Un at = \ cd dx — (¢2 als Hyd) ae - \* 2 zs :)) ad oD ee Rw Me iO = Veta (g2- 2G )¢)ae — (G8 Es {G))dece v Sina > & odds (wdo} jade Vo Wea tondilivons on previous page) i plows we a van =) a ond on TT. CS=-B(E) wd C20 vou dxesat ert ie $=-%_. aPrmre- plane ooalusis. Consider (5) svbjeck ts ©). Te ode (8) is tnvertedt under te onsccicdid Lrongformaleson nurmaad tee ascocialid ® (SU er. Sead ). whidh sucyghs Yeo use of Wee inverter us S14 ond Yea Forte defeerdkicl waved -V= 53 og vecaldes, Fron (5) laccoman dv = (usv)(4rv) 2) uQu-v) Wiidris Wha asveciold de. lie plans Z Cedbicol poinls + O= (0,0) Saddle node: Vo-v- Gur A= (0,-M3) Saddle geide: uv cowie. ve-44V¥ B= Cle") Tro adubion of tnbnedy corresponds ts the sepamberx S\ CNA). oglu wis Origin. z© Ko steps x Londnclegs: Asvociali SE Ordar ODEW-2.3 Olher ogeege Consider Nhe peollam % = 2 fe? ate : subjeds Ws ob x20: Ca GeX Co as X>40: CO %) as t>-0: C»O o) Q) is nvorianle _ We Sne- peenutac Sandy, Oeee beonsfoomebesns 4 eh a estar, nlelen Stee VAR (5) Ordhenn Me Mod ogee whukion , cavedadts ke (5) Teta. eath= es), Texee te) To tobishy, (2) we requict 2 =] ond We principal ode is a aa ats ¥) x aig SwaO. wil, Sle)= 0 od Slo)ac. Sor (a)-()) te principal ode ts invociont urdlar Whe anrouaid Seay E eT Ke We taverenly = § [4% ood Vee Suede Titec avodank v= Ae Are amocielad Gate ordec oda is dv = _duav—ay (ar) an au (v-2a) Vo prose - plane UGemod ie hie plane ch Wes cevtart) Qan a pred.ae 5 o—e Cie We Gunme: Ws Viltav) as us+0, VAI a(-y) UNAV 0g U,-V-> 400 — Celtel pointes: O (0) vw Ru saddle node P—tord QY = dua wharve-bW = ou a ux Sen. Spr C: Vo Slo) =O 0d Crryee Nook antic Wa Oniags Flo) = Co requares © Carve rom caGenctyy — Fowduer , Curves Noousiney © ore wnacergtaldle \eecoure VvAuU wmuvrod > 4S'e Us xk aE ake on "| 00 ne as Pe re Ww is si saa Vere we reek a selubton Wao vanidhwo alt some Guede vabecagle Hy + Only condichati: te the porat-P enc seporabax S) . As UN S-0: SE yecu Wen Gy wavs & => Vo-Aa aw TS vou Ven | yw et =-¥ > Vr Alu & TON save TE Ve aU Ben ae Aaa (ta)U ny - MDE X- K-2 Ala-2)uNeti. = BE(0,E) = - ose) end Clb) = Coat =e $0) > Mle) _ _ Ae) Lv = A combi, Fees V5 | puse along $1 Thus tre (ak Vereo oo Ye Sapnre roel oh the Contantrobion on We face c= 0, Fe conbtads A con ae AXarmingd by oa “ Yee arrovindid ode from P te ae Eales ie =-h- 2ea Seb off from (eu, ~4= $84) Sor smal Su 2 10 The scluion shoul -asyregtote. \eeve-AMm Mowing NS be Mkirnined -LY, Travelling, wane Tha Second order phe ta eit) fs caverient Ve the one parnulic fond a Erenslelecons ke EA , x= E4VA Vv AER Yen Ve vole Sunelvon of acond't is $l-Vt) Wilk We boundlecs condibrongs atutna an Liganvelue paWarr yor-ccresbate valuta Sy “3 Var one such veluc be Vo, ten for V4 Vo Sl -Vt) = FLZ-WE) = $Z4+VA-volE+)) = = S( EVE 4 MV) W anottar sclubuon 5 te. SUTeA) iv a sclaion whenaver $1) te sclabton Suapedting trek We oda for § te ceded ts te SIA Se 5 eta aT We omonsnous wil inwesonle w= Gad Sirek AVeRen v= & Ws onccilid ode ody lee Rha form a = Cuw te # = G(g,9'). We popertis A udiccd Segoe shud.ad Houde Lie plane. con lee 2X) ua Veo form — eat) = Sle- sth) + Ve lr) a with st) ad Volk) beng bemedayandadt teases a) ogy Woe re ond © axes” Wa mod’ genoa sodukeoos 0 trea a youd 4 byeFor uniform propageien Sit) = Ab + So, Voltl=abk wiltk A ead pe axney Yee spade of Erenatalon TE MeO Ban Me profele ts unchonged | Trevalling waves exe clo’ comnneded will ~ sinilor ies whidh con be seen Wroudy Wee rains * qs Xn wy $= YU Eakat 5 xehhe Vo (E) = Antelt), Sit) = ha(So(T)) en da( ued) = ta (SIE) elt) wlZT) = Volt) U(S/8.t0) = TA ULID). foc unifoeon PropagationW2S The Stefan erloo Re ene Phare Stefan ere, w= Oxxcalk), Ero () Be. one on x=O: cal &) on x=3): C=O, -Ks Ads @) te ab k=O: S$=0, z ) wilh fre moving talicfece ob ac= sit) ond We Ste fon numlase A. Tris correspondle tg Nie hanbing o} amid chore tm (0, st) wit, sold dn x > Ste), at ® hs problem % inveronte vader Vea trensjormalion map, be HE ERE S= ps. = - spa We si eos sclcvon ca SH), = KE) Sekt forsoned, Teas dat + ind§ =0 aye = ot i wil ok iE cake ee Manes fe age] en ake i ee a Tus k= Kk on f 7M Js ig a Veensandunkad z x a ig aapeksion for XK, wit $= = ech (la) Laas oS (alay oc eb b= 1 sch (She) , WO) sale oc (ala) Va Newmann sieclority, salukxen..® Trowdbine, wove sdulbions Aepunring, $= VY a conctent Men c= F(e-ve) = $41), 1= a-ve sokieSies, ot AN a At wed, co So Neasges” Ve \eourdon corckitvons B) give $0) =O end dS (oe) =-AV Ay 4 See or elt) = AC-18 & On Vee Sv10d \pewediocy 96 = Owe. has ose (a ey) i re clo, t) = ACI res ey TS vrO Wen C70 Sor x-~ Le tra Liquich o: C30 . Ta sdlubeion is given tos Yee Gread's funcbion reqresertaion sod = ee | ow) a NG Yune ar eum \x\-Se0 on We indtiol deka Sor ownage scdlukion. We = [ye When i : = Aa evo) = 1 (ets) a oie eto ode Akos ext) © 20. 2" hoe =f owas aRE ao te We Ketel heck tn tee trdkeal condition, — su Tru the lane-bime selvvon of onc oriteel prdslens Wands Wa simdlerty selubooq of Uke heck toneldvon woth “inittel deka “Clae) = @ Te) ; 2te ac akt=0: C=O xrO0 akx=0: Cs\ boo an X20: C2O Possemme We rioslorka, solu ton 2 ee elk) = 1- 3 gids = arke( 22) Hower, Clot) is net anolukic at (eit) = (0,0) whidh is captured bv Yre stedenty: swlibron- See to Toupee Sxpencion axists near (0,0) Was efolle is of importance See snsucne Aurtntal shone ie Fro prom con Voe Wroxele ae pedalem's (0.0) te for smalk time enck z dese ke K=O. Xx — Ane sinlecty solubions considined co Sar ave termed siewlonby seletevoas of Ve Seedy Sard» wree tre Seodsin ogoup is Fira Grom We pdle oad inibiel o CELSO Tre when reqeeretin Wee local Vwhraviour necr a. Stnepslaa’ a. solurvon of « pe, — Wue balovtour is controlled = See . Gero consideclions , ee We vow consiflar Reborn saludkions o} We second kare tm wld be latter ocarre §_ Consider the Diridldk prdlem va plane poler covalroakis Te=o rare gee a ane <2 eee seg) Eyes ww @ res Wa ode abn con tee, Ain uy aenton emaces _ Verve — oe in Ps 8) (Cs ond be te sakishy, (2) ond 3) we Sone = c= “ge eae -eeovsbad, xe TQ —_ ® Now casidar te axock sclubvon = - nt ji pee as a ™” a i Perea C= reno F Rat ean). ;_dialnx) = = Sea ae ao lg Tre. a ae ee ier Mla S| Wwe setond trem dhomineliio. eee een at of a sitilerdbg Seldon oh apron probam sate We sdved Todderane Wie aot u coynied) Be dakireene Ay eet Trade cd Common Feadbures of sucky Siouladty SAusrion 7Suppose Wee Fasmdle, A Fen stprmarons xt eG AY — &) Veuve We de. Caverdent . a Gating promt Ar OS ER Telly & bx) = xk, 1. To shows we F(4).. TE sche GEC k) md aS Pym) Ren Av pd ob, Oded A= Sav). ods Vs¥(H,A) od VIEA=A, VA fperdicking, we pri 2 (dA MY= d(x, ¥) 2 SY pro Ws geet 4,( 4,0) = d(x, aa ce. 24 = ROVR(G), Sor some A. > \ ~ 25250 Whol b= Fld), Vaan wie mon reparamslince so Hel 34 (b) a bay) $(2) = $( 4d) een ue \ 3 i eae & Consiler Slee), x At a. a3) = $i) + Az\ Sx) + x >) Define infiadresime agnacdise = = \ V§@ = 5 ae ) He). = FX) Se) Since Bh = F(¢)| =F. On =O. Heme $Uot) = $(x) + AD Sle) + xu Six) +.= U(0Se) = ( 2a aa) at Since. a9 wake (Ste) Shot = _ \) _—s Sater Aen) Buk od 24\ = FG) od ma), = Ta) 2 =f) de 22C\\-0 =O Azo Tras WS) = Vath (ey, jf at. Wune Sk) = e SQ). 3, Extinsion Wo WO vericlhes . “Consiher ae = @ (20) < Yo dd. Whidrleeses te hed Cavariaun * Suqpoe 2a GUd,¥) ond az = WU,4) ily Poyy) O)= x, Nebo, 4,0) = + ay 2 a y a Ban 0 ae 3 “ lise ay : ly, Autonomous des. “W ve a Chen ley (oc, (r, Dh EER RS ee WaT ond siz Sx. — G) + Under t) We de. in Teme 415 wrll lee Outen ome cad ence mom leg intagealid 12 (Nou sepernbion of vorialdse), To Sind(F,8), G) => we mask solve Ur= 0, Us=l, Vie. dc = an). turk ee Be Ream a ode aS se -Exanede I. Reduce ode. de FS = 0 \5 Sintorder, Wa ode % agar (43) Ada, 0 Ne Strstordlae Tn ode ig (overieat undar tte Crasher ion = Wad), yee Cats. Aas @= (dx, We Wry Seo a —? mys we 24 Ane Us x2 — “8 Gorsider UP SO = x BE 4 2y2e =O > Ts qlee is one sdkvon. Neo Us = => x2 ma =-{s $= logs. Tus w= 2 FL pape « ae ee ae ee eG ond dy = eae} xGea)l s Iredeact, Hence, ae (Ueaeee") + aC Qa) Lx*Urrc') = 0. Se (2eadegc) & Vea ey s Lear) =o. on onkonomous second ode od-2 We #2 7 Then Pca de xtde) + (ead) LQree) =O. a Ged -ordye ode.