*

2-0 mís“;
2-1 izLrkouk
2-2 fodkl ds dkjd
2-2-1 vkfFkZd dkjd
2-2-2 jktuSfrd dkjd
2-2-3 lkekftd&lajpukRed dkjd
2-2-4 lkaL—frd dkjd
2-2-5 HkkSfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd dkjd
2-2-6 èkkfeZd dkjd
2-2-7 'kSf{kd dkjd
2-2-8 ç“kklfud dkjd
2-2-9 rduhdh dkjd
2-3 fodkl ds lkèku
2-3-1 ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½
2-3-2 çfr O;fä vk;
2-3-3 de vk; vlekurk,¡
2-3-4 xjhch
2-3-5 fodkl ;kstuk
2-3-6 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad
2-3-7 lrr fodkl
2-3-8 ewyHkwr vko“;drk,a –f‘Vdks.k
2-4 lkjka“k
2-5 'kCnkoyh
2-6 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
2-7 cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkj

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki fuEufyf[kr ds fy, l{ke gksx

a %s
 fodkl ds dkjd vkSj lkèku dks le>us es(a
 fodkl dh çfØ;k ls lacfa èkr fofHkUu dkjdksa dk [Link] djus es(a vkSj
 fodkl dh çfØ;k ls lacfa èkr fofHkUu lkèkuks ij ppkZ djus esAa

24 *MkW- fouksn vk;kZ }kjk fyf[krA

fiNyh bdkbZ esa geus fodkl dh le> dk vè;;u fd;kA vc bl bdkbZ esa ge fodkl
ds dkjdksa vkSj lkèkuks ij ppkZ djsx
a As
lkekftd fodkl yksxksa dks p;u djus vkSj muds chp lekurk dk vkuan ysus ds fodYi
dks c<+kus dh ,d çfØ;k gSA p;u dh bu foLr`r J`[a kykvksa es]a yack vkSj LoLFk thou
thuk gS] f“kf{kr gksuk vkSj lH; thou Lrj ds fy, vko“;d lalkèkuksa rd igqp a uk lcls
[Link] gSA buds lkFk gh jktuhfrd Lora=rk] ekuokfèkdkjksa vkSj [Link] thou dh
xkjaVh tSls fodYi Hkh [Link] gSA bu y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, yksxksa dks l“kä
cukus esa fodkl dh [Link] Hkwfedk gSA blfy, lkekftd fodkl u dsoy ekuo
{kerk&fuekZ.k ls lEcfUèkr gS cfYd LokLF; lqèkkj vkSj dq“ky Kku bR;kfn ls Hkh lEcafèkr
gSA ;g bu {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, Hkh lEcafèkr gSA ¼bdkbZ 1 ns[ks½a vkb;s vc
ge fodkl ds dkjdksa ij ppkZ djrs gSAa

fodkl ds lanHkZ esa 'kkfey çeq[k dkjdksa dk fo“ys‘k.k djus ls igys gesa ;g le>uk
pkfg, fd dkjdksa ls vkidk D;k rkRi;Z gS\ efj;e oscLVj fMD“kujh ds vuqlkj ,d
dkjd dk eryc gS fd lfØ; :i ls [Link] ds mRiknu esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA blfy,]
gekjk dŸkZO; gS fd mu dkjdksa dks fpfàr djuk tks lfØ; :i ls fodkl dh çfØ;k
esa ;ksxnku nsrs gSAa vc eksVs rkSj ij ge lekt ds fodkl ls tqMs+ lHkh dkjdksa dks vkfFkZd
dkjdks]a jktuhfrd dkjdks]a lkekftd&lkaL—frd dkjdksa ¼lkekftd&lajpuk ls lacfa èkr
dkjdksa lfgr½] lkaL—frd&bfrgkl ls lacfa èkr dkjdksa] HkkSfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd dkjdks]a
èkkfeZd dkjd] ç“kklfud dkjd vkSj rduhdh dkjd esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSAa vkb,
ge budh foLr`r ppkZ djsa %

Lisxa yj ¼1957½ us fodkl ls lacfa èkr vkfFkZd dkjdksa dks rhu eq[; Jsf.k;ksa esa oxhZ—r
fd;k gSA igys lewg esa mUgksua s eq[; HkkSfrd vfHkdÙkkZvksa ¼,tsVa ksa ½ dks j[kk] tks mRiknu
çfØ;k esa 'kkfey gSa tSls Je cy] èku ;k iwt a h tks iqu% çkIr dh tk ldrh gS] Hkwfe vkSj
çk—frd lalkèku ftUgsa vLFkk;h :i ls xSj&çtuu ;ksX; èku vkSj vuqç;qä çkS|ksfxdh
ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gSA nwljs lewg esa ra= vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks j[kk tkrk gSA fo“ks‘k
çdkj ds ra= vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds mi;ksx ls mRiknu dh ek=k c<+ tkrh gS vkSj fQj
fofHkUu [Link] ¼,tsfa l;ksa½ ds mi;ksx ds ekè;e ls rS;kj oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dks iwjk
fd;k tkrk gSA bl [Link] esa Je ds foHkktu] ewY; ç.kkyh] cktkj dh lhek] varj&{ks=
lary q u vkSj lexz ekax vkfn ij tksj fn;k x;k gSA Lisx a yj }kjk ifjdfYir rhljh [Link]
esa çeq[k vkfFkZd [Link];drkZ vkSj vkfFkZd [Link];ksa ds fy, mi;qDr okrkoj.k 'kkfey gSA
bl [Link] esa ftu vU; dkjdksa esa çHkko“kkyh {kerk gS os gSa HkkSfrd vkSj ekuo lalkèkuksa dh
ek=k vkSj mudk çHkkoh mi;ksx vkSj çcaèkuA ;gka HkkSfrd vkSj ekuo lalkèkuksa ds mi;ksx
ds fy, iwta h fuos“k cgqr [Link] gks tkrk gSA iwt
a h fuos“k ds leFkZu ds lkFk&lkFk
rduhdh vkSj çcaèku Lrj dh fo“ks‘kKrk dh Hkh cgqr vko“;drk gksrh gSA ;fn 25
 fodkl“khy ns“k vU; ns“kksa ;k cgqjk‘Vªh; daifu;ksa dh enn ysrs gS]a rks bl ckr dh
laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS fd bu fons“kh ns“kksa vkSj ,tsfa l;ksa ls jktuhfrd Lok;Ùkrk çHkkfor
gksxhA ;fn ge çfr O;fä vk; vkSj bls vfodflr] fodkl“khy vkSj fodflr ns“kksa esa
c<+kus ds voljksa dh rqyuk djrs gS]a rks ge ikrs gS fd tc ge bldh rqyuk fodflr
jk‘Vªkas ds ukxfjdksa ls djrs gS rks vfodflr vkSj fodkl“khy ns“kksa ds ukxfjdksa ij
udjkRed euksoK S kfud çHkko iM+rk gSA ,d vkSj fnypLi fcanq gS og vfèkdka“k fodflr
vkSj fodkl“khy ns“kksa esa ekStnw vfrfo"ke ekSle@tyok;q dh n'kk,sa gSA ;s fLFkfr;k¡ dk;Z
{kerk] Qly vkSj i“kq mRikndrk] ifjogu ykxr vkSj QyLo:i mRikndrk ij [Link]
Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSAa blh rjg dqtusV~l ¼1979½ dk rdZ gS fd çfr O;fä mRikn eq[; :i
ls ykxr dh [Link]Ùkk esa lqèkkj ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj u dsoy ykxr dh ek=k ijA
xjhch ds nq‘pØ dks vU; [Link] dkjdksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa [Link] fd;k x;k gS tks
fofHkUu ns“kksa ds fodkl vkSj fo“ks‘k :i ls fodkl“khy vkSj vYi&fodflr ns“kksa dks
çHkkfor djrk gSA udZls ¼1973½ us iwt a hxr fuos“k vkSj cpr ds ckjs esa fodflr ns“kksa esa
fojksèkkHkklh fLFkfr ij çdk“k Mkyk gSA ,d vksj bu ns“kksa ds fy, iwt a h dh miyCèkrk vkSj
vkiwfrZ dks cpr dh {kerk vkSj bPNk“kfä }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gS] ogha nwljh vksj
iwt
a h dh ekax dks fuos“k dh iwoZ vko“;drk }kjk fu;af=r fd;k tkrk gSA ,slh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa es]a ;fn iwt
a h nqyHZ k gS] rks ;g Je xgu çkS|ksfxdh ds mi;ksx dks Hkh çHkkfor
djrk gS vkSj bl çdkj mRiknu Lrj uhpk jgrk gSA gkyk¡fd] ulsZ ds fl)kar dh cgqr
lh vkykspuk,¡ gSa tks rdZ nsrh gSa fd euq‘;ksa esa tcjnLr {kerk gS] ftlesa xjhch ds nq‘pØ
dks rksMu+ s dh {kerk Hkh 'kkfey gSA

viuh lqfoèkk ds fy, ge jktuhfrd dkjdksa dks rhu lewgksa {ks=h;] jk‘Vªh; vkSj varjkZ‘Vªh;
esa oxhZ—r dj ldrs gSAa vc ;gk¡ ge fdlh Hkh fodkl uhfr ds vafre [Link] esa bu
rhu Lrjksa dh ijLij tqMh+ ç—fr dks Li‘V :i ls le> ldrs gSAa uhfr;ksa ds :i esa bu
[Link] dks vkxs jk‘Vªh; vkSj {ks=h; Lrjksa ij ckrphr dh tkrh gSA lkafVl ¼1969½ ds
vuqlkj fodkl çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djus okys çeq[k jktuhfrd dkjdksa esa Lora=rk dh
vofèk] if“pehdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k 'kkfey gS]a ftles ,d fo“ks‘k jkT;
}kjk oSpkfjd vfHkfoU;kl] ljdkj dh fLFkjrk] vkSj jktuhfrd ikVhZ ç.kkyh dh fLFkjrk
Hkh ihNs ls tqM tkrh gSA vU; [Link] jktuhfrd dkjdksa esa ukSdj“kkgh ds pfj=] lSU;
dh Hkkxhnkjh Lrj] ÅèkZ~okèkj vkSj {kSfrt 'kfDr forj.k] foèkkf;dk] dk;Zdkjh vkSj U;kf;d
ç.kkfy;ksa ds larqyu vkSj Lora=rk] ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa dh Lora=rk] C;kt vkSj
lgdehZ lewgksa ds ;ksxnku 'kkfey gSAa jktuhfrd lajpuk dh xzg.k“khy vkSj ,dh—r
ç—fr fodkl çfØ;k ds vafre [Link] esa mi;qZä dkjdksa ds fy, Hkh [Link] gSA
blds vykok] cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fuekZ.k esa fdlh Hkh ljdkj ds ç;kl] t:jr&vkèkkfjr
mfpr fuos“k] Hkz‘Vkpkj vkSj iwjh çfØ;k esa 'kkfey [Link] ¼,tsfa l;ksa ½ ij fu;a=.k Hkh
cgqr ek;us j[krk gSA lekt esa cfg‘dkj vkSj HksnHkko ls fuiVus ds fy, fdlh Hkh ljdkj
dh n{krk vkSj U;k; nsus dh {kerk vkSj fodkl dh çfØ;k esa gkf“k, ij x, yksxksa dks
'kkfey djuk Hkh [Link] gSA
fodkl dh çfØ;k ds çR;sd fcanq ij jktuhfr dks ,d çeq[k dkjd ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk
gS] cfg‘dkj vkSj HksnHkko dh ç.kkfy;ksa dks çHkkfor djus ls ysdj c<+rh gqbZ tkx:drk
26
vkSj mudh ç“kalk ds :i esa ¼v½ U;k;] vkSj [Link]; ysus dh fpark rd fd dkSu lh uhfr;ksa
dks ykxw fd;k tkuk gS vkSj dSls ykxw fd;k tkuk gSA ¼fgDdh] lsu] vkSj cqdus k] 2016½A
,fMª;u ys¶Vfop ¼2004½ us jktuhfr dks la?k‘kZ] lgdkfjrk vkSj ckrphr dh lHkh
çfØ;kvksa ds :i esa [Link] fd;k vkSj ;g crk;k dh lalkèkuksa dk ekfydkuk gd] mi;ksx]
fuekZ.k vkSj vkoaVu dSls fd;k tk,] gkykafd ge bu fopkjksa ij ¼lkFk gh lalkèkuks½a la?k‘kZ
Hkh ikrs gSAa
fodkl çfØ;k esa çk—frd lalkèkuksa ds nksgu ds ekè;e ls jktuhfr lap; vkSj fodkl
ls lacfa èkr gSA ;g lkoZtfud lsokvks]a lkekftd U;k; vkSj dkuwu ds 'kklu ds ekè;e
ls lkekftd vkSj ukxfjd laj{k.k vkSj laoèkZu ij Hkh tksj nsrk gSA blds lkFk gh
fu;kstu {ks=ksa dks varj vkSj vlekurk dh igpku ds fy, dke djuk gksxkA dqN ,sls yksx
gSa tks 'kk;n gh dHkh Lo;a dh igpku djrs gSa ;k [kqn dks xjhc ds :i esa laxfBr djrs
gS]a ftlls xjhch ds –f‘Vdks.k ds ekè;e ls vke laxBu dks le>uk eqf“dy gks tkrk gSA

;fn ge fdlh fodkl çfØ;k dks ns[krs gS]a rks ge ik,axs fd ;g ,d fo“ks‘k lekt ds
Hkhrj ?kfVr gksrh gSA ;|fi lekt dk vkdkj fHkUu gks ldrk gS] ysfdu blds laxBu
¼lkekftd&lajpuk½ dh ç—fr vkSj dk;Z 'kSyh&fuf'pr :i ls fodkl çfØ;k dks
çHkkfor djrh gSA ;gka ;g è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd fodkl dh cgl ds Hkhrj
lkekftd ladrs dksa ds fopkj dk yack bfrgkl gS ¼cks,ygkSojs 2010] u‚y 2011½A vkfFkZd
çn“kZu vkSj lkekftd çxfr ds ekiu ij fjiksVZ ds çdk“ku ds ckn xSj&vkfFkZd igyqvksa
ij è;ku dkQh gn rd etcwr gqvkA¼fLVfXyV~l] lsu vkSj fQVksmLlh 2009½
mnkgj.k ds fy, xzkuksoVs j ¼2005½ dk rdZ gS fd vkfFkZd [Link] ij lkekftd lajpuk
ds rhu çeq[k çHkko gS(a tks Lo;a esa fodkl çfØ;k dk ,d [Link] igyw gSA bu dkjdksa
esa lkekftd usVodZ ds vkèkkj ij rhu çHkko lkekftd usVodZ] çksRlkgu] ltk vkSj
fo“okl 'kkfey gSAa fodkl çfØ;k esa fdlh Hkh tkudkjh dk çokg vkSj mldh [Link]Ùkk
lkekftd usVodZ ij vkèkkfjr gSA lkekftd usVodksZa dh ;s lajpuk fodkl çfØ;k esa gh
çfrQfyr çksRlkgu vkSj naM dks çHkkfor djrh gSA xzSuo‚Vj }kjk fpUgkafdr rhljk
[Link] igyw fo“okl dkjd gSA bl dkjd ds dkj.k çfØ;k esa 'kkfey vU; yksxksa dks
;g fo“okl gksrk gS fd lc dqN ^lgh^ gksxkA
czM
aw ySM
a fjiksVZ ¼1987½ us u dsoy lrr fodkl ds egRo dks çdV fd;k gS] cfYd og
oSf“od lkekftd fodkl ds fy, Hkh rdZ nsrk gSA fjiksVZ esa ijk lekftd ¼Vªkl
a &lkslk;Vh½
ds fodkl ij fopkj djus dh vko“;drk vkSj fofHkUu lektksa ij blds [Link] dk Hkh
mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ljy 'kCnksa es]a gesa ;g Hkh fopkj djus dh vko“;drk gS fd ,d
lekt dk fodkl nwljs lekt ds uqdlku dh ykxr ij ugha gks ldrk gSA
uhnjySMa ds ,d fnypLi mnkgj.k esa fodkl çfØ;k esa bu dkjdksa dh Hkwfedk dks le>us
ds fy, *lkekftd iwt a h* <kaps dk ,d lexz :i bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA iqVue ¼2000½
ds lkekftd iwt a h lwpdkad dh voè[Link] dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] mUgksua s fo“okl] Hkkxhnkjh
vkSj ,dhdj.k ds lkekftd] laxBukRed vkSj jktuhfrd vk;keksa dks oxhZ—r fd;k gSA
Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es]a ;g Hkh le>uk gksxk fd vkSifuosf“kd ljdkjksa }kjk fd, x, cnykoksa
us lekt dh ikjaifjd lkekftd lajpuk dks dSls çHkkfor fd;k gS ¼olqfZ yl] 1957½A ;s
Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa fufgr çkoèkkuksa ds lkFk la;qä gS]a ftlus lHkh dks dkuwu ds nk;js 27
 esa leku cuk fn;k gS vkSj vkRe {kerkvksa dks fodflr djus vkSj fQj lexz fodkl
çfØ;k esa ;ksxnku djus ds fy, lHkh dks ¼dkuwuh :i ls½ l{ke fd;k gSA
cgqr lkjs leqnk;ks]a ftUgs lfn;ksa ls neu] gkf“k, vkSj 'kks‘k.k dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gS]
mUgsa lkekftd&lajpukRed dkedkt ds lkFk&lkFk leku vfèkdkjksa ds lkFk vkSj cM+s
iSekus ij Hkkjrh; lekt ds fodkl esa viuh {kerkvksa esa Hkkx ysus ds fy,
lkekftd&lajpukRed dkedkt esa fd, x, cnykoksa ls ykHk mBk;k gS ¼dqekj] 2007½A
Hkkjrh; lkekftd lajpuk] ftlesa lkearh lekt dk bfrgkl vkSj laL—fr Hkh fodkl
çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ;g lkekftd oSKkfudksa }kjk ifjyf{kr fd;k
x;k gS fd mRiknu ds iwt a hoknh ç.kkyh ds lkFk lg&ekStnw k lekt ds lkearh ;k
vèkZ&lkearh LoHkko ls Hkh vfèkd fodkl çfØ;k ckfèkr gksrh gSA ;g Hkh cktkj ds fodkl
ds fy, çfrcaèk dk [Link] gSA blds foijhr] oS“ohdj.k ds çHkkoksa ds dkj.k fodflr ns“kksa
ds 'kgjh dqyhu oxksZa esa ,d ubZ ço`fÙk dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS] tgka os fodflr ns“kksa ds
dqyhu oxksZa ds lkaL—frd if)fr dh udy djus dh dksf“k“k djrs gSAa blfy,
[Link]:i [kir nj c<+ tkrh gS vkSj iwt a h dk lap; de gks tkrk gSA ;g vkxs
fodflr ns“kksa dh fodkl çfØ;k ij çfrdwy çHkko Mkyrk gS ¼Mîwlus csjh] 1949½A

laL—fr yksxksa ds lewg }kjk O;ä fd, x, –f‘[Link]]a ewY;ks]a fo“oklksa vkSj O;ogkjksa dk
laxgz gS] vkSj ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h ¼ekRlqeksrks] 1997½ dks çsf‘kr gksrh gSA ;|fi ;g
fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fHkUu gks ldrk gS] ysfdu fdlh Hkh lkaL—frd ;k ,sfrgkfld dkjd ds
dkj.k HksnHkko dh ek=k fdlh Hkh ns“k ds xjhc rcds dks ihNs j[krh gSA lkekftd fodkl
dh çfØ;k ds lkFk] çkFkfedrk yksxksa ds mRFkku ds fy, gS] ysfdu eq[;èkkjk esa 'kkfey
gksus ds ç;kl esa dbZ lewgksa us Hkkjrh; lekt esa muds lkaL—frd vkSj ,sfrgkfld igyw
dks nck fn;k gSA laL—fr Li‘V :i ls [Link] gSA yksx bPNkvks]a fopkjèkkjkvksa vkSj
fo“oklksa }kjk fu;af=r gksrs gS]a vkSj mUgsa vkfFkZd miyfCèk ds ckn Hkh vkn“kksZa }kjk funsfZ “kr
gksus dh vko“;drk gksrh gSA f“k{kk vkSj laL—fr ds dkj.k jk‘Vªkas ds chp erHksn [kkldj
fodkl ds Lrj ij gSAa
lekt“kkL=h; igyw ds lkFk ikjaifjd vkSj vkèkqfud laL—fr lkaL—frd i'prk vkSj njkj
esa [Link] gksrh gSA dHkh&dHkh] ikjaifjd laL—fr fodkl esa ckèkk iSnk dj ldrh gSA
lkekftd vfèkdkjksa dh ,d detksj vkSj xSj&lkoZHkkSfed ç.kkyh lekt ds cgqr ls oxksZa
ds fy, leku voljksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk [Link] ugha nsrh gSA bl rjg ds lewg ,d vksj
gkf“k, ij jgrs gSa vkSj bu oxksZa ds lnL;ksa dh laHkkfor {kerkvksa ds uqdlku ds lkFk
fodkl çfØ;k dk vHkko jgrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjrh; fir`lÙkkRed lekt esa
efgykvksa dks lkekftd inkuqØe esa uhps j[kk x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa efgyk,a ikjaifjd
laL—fr ls ckgj fudyrh gqbZ O;oLFkk dk f“kdkj cuh gqbZ gSAa
;gh ugha] cM+s iSekus ij Hkkjrh; lekt us bl rjhds ls efgykvksa dh laHkkfor mRikndrk
[kks nh gSA dqN vaèkfo“oklksa vkSj iwokZxgz xzflr xgjh tM+as tek pqdh lkaL—frd çFkk,a
f“k{kk ds fodkl esa ckèkk iSnk dj ldrh gSA ;g vleku vkSj 'kks‘kd fLFkfr vkxs pydj
fodkl lacèa kh fparkvks]a tSls ifjokj fu;kstu] lHkh ds fy, f“k{kk] LokLF; vkSj LoPNrk esa
28
ckèkk mRiUu djrh gSA blds vykok] vuqlfw pr tkfr;ks]a vuqlfw pr tutkfr;ksa vkSj vU;
fiNM+s oxksZa lfgr mi&oxhZ; vkSj gkf“k, ds lekt] tks ns“k dh vfèkdka“k vkcknh dk
xBu djrs gS]a fodkl çfØ;k esa layXu gksus ls oafpr jg x, gSAa bl çdkj dh
ifjfLFkfr;ksa us lekt ds fo“ks‘k lkekftd lewgksa }kjk ikjaifjd vkSj vkèkqfud lalkèkuksa
vkSj laLFkkuksa ds ,dkfèkdkj dks tUe fn;k gS vkSj lHkh ds fy, fodkl dks udkjkRed
:i ls çHkkfor fd;k gS ¼dqekj] 2014½A

fdlh Hkh ns“k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj i;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr dh ç—fr Hkh fodkl ds lcls
[Link] dkjdksa esa ls gSAa ifjogu ykxr] Hkwfe dh mRikndrk] fofHkUu HkkSxksfyd bykdksa
rd igqp a us esa dfBukbZ] jksx cks> vkfn bl [Link] ds çeq[k dkjd gSa tks vkfFkZd xfrfofèkvksa
dks çHkkfor djrs gS ¼xSyi] 1999½A dqN ilanhnk HkkSxksfyd {ks=ksa esa tula[;k ,dkxzrk]
leqæ&rVksa vkSj ufn;ksa ds lkFk la;kstdrk ¼dusfDVfoVh½ Hkh jk‘Vªh; vkSj varjkZ‘Vªh;
O;kikj dks çHkkfor djrh gSA
;g okLro esa ,d la;ksx ek= ugha gS fd lcls xjhc ns“k m‘.k dfVcaèk esa gS]a tgka tyok;q
'kq"d gS] tgka feêh de mitkÅ gS] ikuh dh miyCèkrk de gS] vkSj jksx vfèkd c<+rs gSA
nwljh vksj ;wjksi vkSj mÙkjh vesfjdk] cgqr mitkÅ Hkwfe] ,d eè;e tyok;q vkSj LoLFk
o‘kkZ ds fo“kky iFk ls ykHk mBkrs gSAa bruh ÅtkZ tyok;q ifjfLFkfr;ksa es]a xeZ ;k BaMs]
vkSj fQj fodkl ds fy, cps gq, ÅtkZ ds vfLrRo ds cuk;s j[kus ds iz;Ruksa ewy O;olk;
esa yx tkrh gSA

èkeZ dks ,d dkj.k] fl)kar ;k fo“okl vkSj fo“okl ds lkFk vk;ksftr ç.kkyh ds :i esa
le>k tk ldrk gSA fdlh fo“ks‘k lekt ds fodkl esa èkeZ dh Hkwfedk dks eSDl oscj us
vius vè;;u n çksVLs VsVa ,fFkd ,aM n fLifjV v‚Q dSfiVfyTe esa js[kkafdr fd;k gSA
Hkkjr ds ekeys es]a tcfd ns“k us vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj fodkl esa cnyko ns[kk gS] ysfdu
èkeZ us lekt esa viuh dsaæh; fLFkfr ugha [kksbZ gSA ;g vHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; lekt esa
lkekftd inkuqØe dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gSA vyx&vyx èkeksZa ds lkFk thou“kSyh]
jktuhfrd vkSj ,sfrgkfld dkjdksa ds vykok èkkfeZd erHksn Hkh gSAa buls ,d vksj
lkekftd ,dtqVrk iSnk gqbZ gS] cfYd buls vuq;kf;;ksa esa HksnHkko vkSj vlekurk,¡ Hkh
iSnk gqbZ gSAa Hkkjrh; ds bu fofHkUu èkeksZa dh f“k{kkvksa us muds vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk O;olk;
vkSj vU; lacfa èkr vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ksa ds p;u dks Hkh çHkkfor fd;k gSA

f“k{kk gj –f‘V ls fodkl ds çeq[k dkjdksa esa ls ,d gSA ekuo iwt a h esa i;kZIr fuos“k ds
fcuk dksbZ Hkh ns“k LFkk;h vkfFkZd fodkl çkIr ugha dj ldrk gSA f“k{kk vkSj tkx:drk
bl è[Link] dks le‘) djrh gS fd yksx vius vkSj nqfu;k ds gSAa ;g muds thou dh
[Link]Ùkk dks c<+krk gS vkSj yksxksa vkSj lekt dks O;kid lkekftd ykHk çnku djrk gSA
f“k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d lkèku gS vkSj fodkl dh çfØ;k esa ,d [Link]
lkèku gSA fo“ks‘k :i ls] ekuo lalkèku fodkl esa f“k{kk dh Hkwfedk ij vfèkd è;ku nsus
dh vko“;drk gSA f“k{kk ukxfjdksa ds fy, n{krk vkSj uokpkj c<+krh gS vkSj m|e“khyrk
29
 vkSj rduhdh fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA ;g vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd fodkl
lqfuf“pr djus vkSj èku ds forj.k dks c<+kus esa Hkh cgqr [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
f“k{kk vkSj lkekftd ifjorZu ,d nksrjQk çfØ;k gSA tcfd f“k{kk ,d iwjs :i esa laL—fr
dks lajf{kr] çlkfjr djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gS] ;g lkekftd ifjorZu 'kSf{kd fopkjksa ds
fy, lkèku vkSj ‘kSf{kr fopkjksa dh iwo“Z krZ gSA ;g lkekftd fodkl çfØ;k dks xfr çnku
djrk gS vkSj mUgsa fn“kk vkSj mís“; çnku djrk gSA f“k{kk yksxksa dks lkekftd ifjorZuksa
ds fy, rS;kj djrh gS vkSj mu lkekftd ifjorZuksa dh ç—fr fuèkkZfjr djrh gS ftUgsa
yk;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g lkekftd ifjorZu ykus ds fy, lcls [Link] midj.k gSA
lHkh Lrjksa ij lHkh ds fy, [Link]Ù[Link] f“k{kk] okafNr lkekftd ifjorZu vkSj fodkl ds
fy, iwoZ&vko“;drk esa ls ,d gSA

vkSifuosf“kd fu;eksa ls Lora=rk çkIr djus okys vfèkdka“k ns“k ç“kklu ds lanHkZ esa
vkSifuosf“kd laL—fr dks lekIr ugha dj ik, gSAa [Link]:i dbZ ckj ç“kklfud vkSj
ukSdj“kkgh dkedkt 'kks‘[Link]] xSj&uSfrd ewY;ksa dk vH;kl djus ds fy, tkjh jgrh gS
vkSj v{ke lkfcr gksrh gSA ç“kklfud çfØ;k esa ykyQhrk“kkgh vkSj Hkz‘Vkpkj dh leL;k,a
fodkl dh çfØ;k ds fy, gkfudkjd [Link] dh vksj ys tkrh gSAa lkoZtfud {ks= dh
bdkb;ksa dh fujarj foQyrkvksa us futh {ks= dks vius çkFkfed {ks=ksa ds lapkyu ds fy, vkxs
c<+us ds volj çnku fd, gSAa jktuhfrd usrkvksa vkSj ç“kklfud ra= ds chp dh lkaBxkaB
gesa uhfr fuekZ.k] okafNr y{;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u vkSj miyfCèk esa [kkfe;ksa dh vksj ys tkrh gSA

oS“oh—r nqfu;k esa lwpuk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds c<+rs egRo ds lkFk] fodflr vkSj
fodkl“khy ns“kksa dks fodflr ns“kksa dh mUur çkS|ksfxfd;ksa vkSj lwpukvksa ij fuHkZj gksus
ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg dh ckè;dkjh fLFkfr;ksa ds [Link]:i iqjkuh
e“khu vkSj rduhd dh [kjhn gksrh gS tks vc [kkfjt gks xbZ gS ;k fodflr ns“kksa ds fy,
bruh vfxze ugha gSA ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa es]a fodkl“khy ns“k oSf“od cktkj esa çfrLièkkZ
djus esa l{ke ugha gSa vkSj blfy, okafNr [Link] ykus esa l{ke ugha gSAa blfy,]
fodkl“khy vkSj de fodflr ns“k Je&xgu dkedkt dh vksj eqMr+ s gS]a vkSj iwt a h fuos“k
dh deh dk Hkh lkeuk djrs gSAa
I

1½ vki dkjd ls D;k le>rs gS\

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30
2½ ;fn fodkl“khy ns“k vU; ns“kksa ;k cgqjk‘Vªh; daifu;ksa dh enn ysrs gS]a rks bl ckr
dh laHkkouk c<+ tkrh gS fd jktuhfrd Lok;Ùkrk fons“kh ns“kksa vkSj ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk
------------------------------------ gksxhA
3½ fdlus rdZ fn;k fd çfr O;fä mRikn çkFkfed :i ls vkxr dh [Link]Ùkk esa lqèkkj
ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj u dsoy vkxr dh ek=k ijA
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4½ fodkl çfØ;k dks çHkkfor djus okys çeq[k jktuhfrd dkjdksa esa -----------------------
'kkfey gSaA
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5½ ------------------------- 1987 esa çdkf“kr vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ esa lrr fodkl ds egRo dk irk
ugha pyk gSA
6½ fdlh Hkh ns“k dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj i;[Link]; fLFkfr;ksa dh ç—fr Hkh fodkl esa
lcls vfèkd ------------------------------ dkjdksa esa ls gSa

fyfVy v‚DlQksMZ bafXy“k fMD“kujh ds vuqlkj] baLVªew Vas dk vFkZ gS uktqd ;k oSKkfud
dk;Z ;k ekius okys midj.k ¼g‚dj] 2015] 360½A bl çdkj ;gka gekjk è;ku mu rjhdksa
vkSj mik;ksa ij gksxk ftuds ekè;e ls fodkl çfØ;k dks ekik tkrk gSA fofHkUu ns“kksa ds
fodkl ds Lrj dks ekius dh fn“kk esa fd, x, ç;kl vke rkSj ij de ls de 'kq#vkr
esa vkfFkZdh mUeq[k jgs gSAa blfy, ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼th,uih½] ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
¼thMhih½] 'kq) jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼,u,uih½] çfr O;fä vk; vkfn tSls ekunaMksa dk mi;ksx
fodkl ds lanHkZ ds lkFk fLFkfr vkSj vko“;drkvksa dks fuèkkZfjr djus ds lkèkuks ds :i
esa fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu èkhjs&èkhjs bu lkèkuks ij loky mBk;k x;k] D;ksfa d os dsoy
vkaf“kd :i ls fodkl dks le>us esa gekjh enn djrs gSAa blfy,] ubZ voè[Link] dks
'kq: fd;k x;k tSls th,uih ds la“kksèku] lkekftd ladrs d dk mi;ksx vkSj lkekftd 31
 fooj.k dh lac) ç.kkyh] fodkl ds lexz lwpdkadksa dk fodkl vkfn ¼fgDl ,aM LVªhVu]
1979½A vkb, ge fodkl ds çeq[k lkèkuks ij ppkZ djsAa

GNP
fodkl dks ekius ds fy, lcls vfèkd fookfnr ijarq vDlj bLrseky fd, tkus okys
lkèkuksa esa ls ,d th,uih jgk gSA fofHkUu ns“kksa ds fodkl ds Lrj dh rqyuk ds fy, bldk
mi;ksx varjkZ‘Vªh; Lrj ij fd;k x;k gSA bl voè[Link] us cktkj ewY; ;k dkjd ykxr]
vkS|ksfxd vkSj —f‘k mRiknu] fuos“k] [kir vkSj ljdkjh lsokvksa ¼fgDl ,aM LVªhVu] 1979½
ds vkèkkj ij ,d Hkkj ¼osVt s ½ ra= dk mi;ksx djds jk‘Vªh; ys[kkadu dk vkdyu djus
esa enn dhA

;g fdlh Hkh ns“k ds fodkl ds Lrj dk vuqeku yxkus ds fy, [Link] lkèkuks esa ls
,d jgk gSA vfèkd ls vfèkd vftZr djus ds lanHkZ esa vkfFkZd fodkl ds lkFk çkjafHkd
vkdka{kk,a ;kstukc) ugha FkhaA fodkl“khy ns“kksa ds uhfr fuekZrkvksa dks fo“okl Fkk fd
vkfFkZd fodkl esa o`f) èkhjs&èkhjs xjhch] vk; vlekurkvksa vkSj csjkstxkjh dks nwj djus
esa enn djsxhA gkykafd] ckn esa bl fLFkfr dks pqukSrh nh xbZ vkSj ç“u Hkh fd;s x,A
vkfFkZd fodkl dh vaèkh nkSM+ ds ckjs esa vkdyu fd;k x;k] ftlus lkekftd U;k; vkSj
i;[Link]; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij cqjk vlj fn[kkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA

fodkl dks ekius ds fy, ,d vU; [Link] lkèku fdlh Hkh ns“k esa lkekU; :i ls vkSj
fo“ks‘k :i ls fodkl“khy vkSj de fodflr ns“kksa esa vk; vlekurkvksa dk Lrj gSA fo“o
cSd
a vkSj v‚DlQSe tSlh vU; varjjk‘Vªh; ,tsfa l;ksa }kjk çdkf“kr dbZ fjiksVksZa esa le;
vkSj fQj ls fodflr ns“kksa dh cgqla[;d vkcknh dh vk; vlekurk vkSj jk‘Vªh; vk;
esa mudh ekewyh fgLlsnkjh ij fQj ls çdk“k Mkyk x;k gSA nwljh vksj dqN vioknksa ds
lkFk vfèkdka“k fodkl“khy ns“kksa esa tgk¡ vehj yksx vYila[;d gS mudk fgLlk jk‘Vªh;
vk; esa vfèkd gSA blfy, bl ekunaM ds vuqlkj fofHkUu lkekftd oxksZa esa vk; dh de
vlekurk,a gSAa

fdlh Hkh ns“k esa xjhch dk Lrj fdlh Hkh lekt esa fodkl çfØ;k dk vkdyu djus ds
fy, ikjEifjd ekunaMksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA fodkl“khy ns“kksa ds fy, Å¡pk vk;
vlekurkvksa ds lkFk de ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn fo“ks‘k :i ls ,f“k;k] vÝhdk vkSj ySfVu
vesfjdk esa xjhch QSykus esa cgqr [Link] jgs gSAa fodkl“khy ns“kksa esa O;kid Lrj ij
xjhch ds Lrj ds dkj.k] iks‘k.k bR;kfn ds lacèa k esa U;wure thou Lrj] cqfu;knh lqfoèkkvksa
rd igqpa ] LokLF; vkSj f“k{kk vkfn dks ykus ds fy, pqukSfr;ka vfèkd gSAa

Åij mfYyf[kr vU; lkèkuks ds vykok] fodkl ds lacèa k esa çkFkfed lkèku esa ls ,d
fodkl ;kstuk gSA fodkl dh ;kstuk dks fofHkUu :i ls O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS] tks
32 fdlh fo“ks‘k lekt ds lanHkZ vkSj le; ij fuHkZj djrh gSA Hkkjrh; lanHkZ es]a ;g dk;Z
Hkkjr ds ;kstuk vk;ksx ds çkoèkku ds lkFk fd;k x;k gSA vk;ksx dh nwjn“khZ ;kstuk
ds rgr] Hkkjr us iapo‘khZ; ;kstukvksa dk ikyu fd;kA gky gh esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dks uhfr
vk;ksx ds :i esa iquxZfBr fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr ds çèkku ea=h bl fudk; ds vkfèkdkfjd
vè;{k gksrs gS] vkSj milHkkifr vkSj fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls lacfa èkr vU; fo“ks‘kKksa ds lkFk dke
djrs gSAa

fodkl dk vkdyu djrs le; ,d vU; [Link] lkèku cqfu;knh t:jrksa dk –f‘Vdks.k
jgk gSA bl –f‘Vdks.k dks fdlh fo“ks‘k ns“k esa cqfu;knh t:jrksa dh iwfrZ dks ekius ds fy,
ladrs dksa ds ,d lewg dh vko“;drk gksrh gSA fgDl ,aM LVªhVu ¼1979½ us LokLF; esa
tUe ds le; thou çR;k“kk] f“k{kk esa çkFkfed fo|ky; esa ukekadu] iks‘k.k esa çfr O;fä
dSyksjh] f“k“kq e`R;q nj] ty vkiwfrZ ds lUnHkZ esa f“k“kq e`R;q nj] LoPNrk ls lEcafèkr f“k“kq
e`R;q nj vkSj vkokl fdlh Hkh ns“k ds ukxfjdksa dh cqfu;knh t:jrksa dks fuèkkZfjr djrs
gSA

fodkl dks vfèkd le; ijh{k.k ds lanHkZ esa j[kus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ,d
vkSj lkèku lrr fodkl dk fopkj FkkA ;g fopkj czVa ySM a deh“ku fjiksVZ }kjk çfrikfnr
fd;k x;k vkSj ^vkoj d‚eu ¶;wpj *ds :i esa 1987 esa çdkf“kr fd;k x;kA blus Hkfo‘;
ds ifjçs{; ds lacèa k esa fodkl ds {ks= esa fd, x, ç;klksa ij loky mBk;kA fjiksVZ us lrr
fodkl dks orZeku dh vkO;“;äkvksa dks fcuk fdlh Hkfo‘; dh ihf<+;ksa dh t:jrksa ls
le>kSrk fd;k fcuk iwjk djuk gSA ¼i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl ij fo“o vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ]
1987½

fodkl ds {ks= esa Øfed ;k=k èkhjs&èkhjs vkfFkZd fopkj ls O;fäxr vkSj lkekftd Lrj
ds fopkjksa ij LFkkukarfjr gks xbZ gSA bl rjg ds cnyko mu lokyksa ds [Link] Fks tSls
& fodkl fdlds fy,\ fdl dher ij fodkl gkfly djuk\ bl rjg ds rdksZa ds
vkèkkj ij] ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ¼HDI½ dks la;ä q jk‘Vª fodkl dk;ZØe ¼UNDP½ }kjk
1990 esa ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ esa çdkf“kr fd;k x;k FkkA ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ds fuekZ.k
esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys ewy fl)karksa esa yksxksa ds ilan p;u {kerk esa o`f) 'kkfey gSA
bu fodYiksa esa yacs le; rd thus dh bPNk] Kku çkIr djus ds fy,] thou dk ,d
vkjkenk;d ekud gksuk] [Link] rjhds ls fu;ksftr gksuk] LoPN gok rd igqap vkSj
lEekutud lkeqnkf;d thou thus dh Lora=rk 'kkfey gSA blds vykok] lwpdkad esa
thou çR;k“kk] o;Ld lk{kjrk nj vkSj ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼th,uih½ tSls lhfer
vkfFkZd pj Hkh 'kkfey Fks rkfd bls vkSj vfèkd O;kid cukus ds fy, Ø; 'kfä lekurk
¼ihihih½ dks lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldsA mijksä ds vykok] lwpdk¡d dks fdlh fo“ks‘k ns“k
}kjk fodkl ds {ks= esa gqbZ çxfr dks ekius ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k FkkA vafre ysfdu
de ugh gS fd vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd lkèkuks ds la“ys‘k.k dh dYiuk ugha dh xbZ Fkh
vkSj bl lwpdkad ds ekè;e ls fofHkUu lektksa ds fodkl dh O;kogkfjd eki ds fy,
ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
33
 II

i½ lkèku ls vki D;k le>rs gS\

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ii½ ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼GNP½ D;k gS\
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iii½ thMhih dk iwjk uke D;k gS\
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iv½ lrr fodkl dks ifjHkkf‘kr djsAa
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v½ ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ¼HDI½ 1990 esa ----------------------------------------- }kjk fMtkbu fd;k
34
x;k FkkA
fodkl iwjs bfrgkl esa ekuo lekt dh tUetkr vkdka{kkvksa esa ls ,d jgk gSA fodkl
ds bl mís“; dh ;k=k fofHkUu vk;keksa ls gksdj xqtjh gSA ;g ,d vukSipkfjd fopkj
vkSj ;kstuk ls ,d vkSipkfjd fopkj dk :i ys pqdk gSA blus jk‘Vªh; lhekvksa dks ikj
dj fy;k gS vkSj ;g vc oSf“od fopkj dk fo‘k; gSA fodkl vFkZO;oLFkk dsfa ær u gksdj
ds O;fä dsfa ær gks x;k gSA lkekftd Lrj ds fopkj çkFkfed egRo ds Hkh jgs gSAa
itsLdk ¼1973½ ds vuqlkj] lkekftd&vkfFkZd çxfr dks mu fl)karksa }kjk lgh <ax ls
le>k;k vkSj le>k ugha tk ldrk gS tks çfØ;kvksa dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys dkjdksa ls
lacfa èkr okLrfod vuqHko dks è;ku esa ugha j[krs gSAa bu dkjdksa dks lkekftd&vkfFkZd
lajpukvksa ds mís“; vkSj O;ofLFkr Kku vkSj muds dkedkt ij Hkjkslk djds gh igpkuk
tk ldrk gSA bl bdkbZ esa geus vkfFkZd dkjdksa] jktuhfrd dkjdks]a lkekftd
lajpukRed dkjdks]a èkkfeZd dkjdks]a rduhdh dkjdksa tSls fodkl ds dkjdksa ij ppkZ dh
gS vkSj ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼th,uih½] çfr O;fä vk;] xjhch cqfu;knh t:jr –f‘Vdks.k
vkSj ekuo fodkl lwpdkad tSls fodkl ds lkèkuksa ij Hkh ppkZ dh gSA

ldy jk‘Vªh; mRikn ¼th,uih½ dks ldy ?kjsyw

mRikn ¼thMhih½ esa ;fn fons“kksa ls çkIr 'kq)
dkjd vk; tksMd+ j çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
çfr O;fä vk; ¼ihlhvkbZ½ ;k vkSlr vk; ,d
fuèkkZfjr o‘kZ esa fdlh O;fä ¼“kgj] {ks=] ns“k]
vkfn½ esa çfr O;fä vftZr vkSlr vk; dks
ekirh gSA bldh [Link] {ks= dh dqy vk; dks
mldh dqy tula[;k ls foHkkftr djds çkIr
dh tkrh gSA
% czUw MySM
a fjiksVZ lrr fodkl dks fodkl ds :i
esa ifjHkkf‘kr djrh gS tks Hkfo‘; dh ihf<+;ksa dh
viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus dh {kerk ls le>kSrk
fd, fcuk orZeku dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh
gSA
% ekuo fodkl lwpdkad ¼,pMhvkbZ½ thou çR;k“kk]
f“k{kk ¼lk{kjrk nj] fofHkUu Lrjksa ij ldy
ukekadu vuqikr½ vkSj 'kq) mifLFkfr vuqikr]
vkSj çfr O;fä vk; ladrs dksa dk ,d lexz
lexz lwpdkad gS] ftls fofHkUu ns“kksa ds vanj
fodkl ds Lrj dks [Link] fd;k tkrk gS
35
 Cohn, Samuel and Gregory Hooks, 2016, ‘Introduction: A Manifesto for the Sociology
of Development“ in Gregory Hooks (ed.) The Sociology of Development Handbook,
University of California Press, California.

i½ ,d dkjd dk eryc gS fd ,d [Link] ds mRiknu esa lfØ; :i ls ;ksxnku nsrk

gSA
ii½ çHkkforA
iii½ lkbeu dqtusVl
~ A
vi½ Lora=rk dh vofèk] if“pehdj.k vkSj jktuhfrd vkèkqfudhdj.k] ,d fo“ks‘k jkT;
}kjk oSpkfjd vfHkfoU;kl] ljdkj dh fLFkjrk] vkSj jktuhfrd ikVhZ ç.kkyh dh
fLFkjrkA
v½ czM
aw V~ y¡M
vi½ [Link]
II

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