fo"k; lwph

 ijh{kk ls lEcfU/kr [Link] lwpuk v

Unit-1 : lkekU; Kku 1-225

1. izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 1-8
2. e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 9-16
3. vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl 17-29
4. dyk ,oa laLÏfr 30-36
5. Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy 37-49
6. fo'o dk Hkwxksy 50-61
7. i;kZoj.k 62-73
8. Hkkjrh; lafo/kku 74-93
9. Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk 94-110
10. HkkSfrd foKku 111-141
11. jlk;u foKku 142-166
12. tho foKku 167-195
13. fofo/k 196-225

Unit-2 : foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh 226-279

1. foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh 226-246
2. dEI;wVj 247-279

Unit-3 : ljy [Link] 1-63

1. la[;k i¼fr 1-4
2. e-l-i- vkSj y-l-i- 5-7
3. oxZewy ,oa ?kuewy 8-10
4. ?kkrkad ,oa [Link] 11-13
5. fHkUu ,oa n'keyo la[;k,¡ 14-16
6. ljyhdj.k 17-20
7. vkSlr 21-23
8. vuqikr vkSj lekuqikr 24-27
9. izfr'krrk 28-29
10. ykHk&gkfu ,oa cêk 30-33

( iii )
11. feJ.k 34-38
12. le; vkSj dk;Z 39-42
13. C;kt 43-46
14. le;] pky ,oa nwjh 47-50
15. {ks=fefr 51-56
16. [Link] 57-60
17. Øep;] lap; rFkk izkf;drk 61-63

Unit-4 : ckSf¼d {kerk 64-142

1. vaxzsth [Link] ijh{k.k 64-67
2. lkadsfrd Hkk"kk ijh{k.k 68-72
3. lkn`';rk ijh{k.k 73-77
4. oxhZdj.k 78-81
5. 'kCnksa dk rk£dd Øe 82-84
6. v{kj@la[;k rFkk Øe ijh{k.k 85-88
7. jDr lEcUèk 89-91
8. fn'kk ijh{k.k 92-96
9. Ük`a[kyk ijh{k.k 97-99
10. yqIr in Kkr djuk 100-103
11. iklk 104-107
12. [Link]; lafØ;k,¡ 108-112
13. osu vkjs[k 113-117
14. U;k; laxr 118-121
15. vkO;wg 122-127
16. vlekurk 128-132
17. vHkkf"kd rdZ'kfDr 133-138
18. dFku ,oa fu"d"kZ 139-142

( iv )
 Unit-1: lkekU; Kku

v/;k;
izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
1
1. bfrgkl vkSj mlds lzksr vf/kd {ks= esa QSyh gqbZ gSA if'pe esa ikfdLrku&bZjku lhek 'kksrqZxbZ
(vQxkfuLrku) mÙkj esa vkyexhjiqj (Hkkjr esa mÙkj çns'k) iwoZ esa vkSj
zz bfrgkl dkykuqØfed :i ls fiNyh ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u gSA bfrgkl nf{k.k esa nSekckn (Hkkjr esa egkjk"Vª) os lhek,¡ gSa ftuds lkFk gM+Iik
gesa mu çfØ;kvksa dks le>us esa enn djrk gS ftUgksaus çkjafHkd ekuoksa laLÏfr dk foLrkj jgk gSA bldh vf/kd la?kuu xqtjkr] ikfdLrku]
dks vius i;kZoj.k ij lQyrkiwoZd fot; çkIr djus vkSj orZeku jktLFkku vkSj gfj;[Link] ds {ks=ksa esa ik;k tkrk gSA
le; dh lH;rkvksa dks fodflr djus esa l{ke cuk;kA zz gM+Iik] miegk}hi ds lcls iqjkus 'kgjksa esa ls ,d vkSj fla/kq unh
zz bfrgkl dk foHkktu% bfrgkl dks vke rkSj ij rhu le; vof/k;ksa ds rV ij] [kkstk tkus okyk igyk 'kgj FkkA fla/kq unh ds rV ij
esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS & çkfxfrgkl] vk|&bfrgkl vkSj bfrgklA Qyus&Qwyus ds dkj.k bls ^^fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rkß dk uke fn;k x;k A
™z çkxSfrgkl% çkxSfrgkfld dky og le; gS tc ys[ku dk
zz gM+Iik laLÏfr dks fofHkUu [Link] vFkkZr çkjafHkd gM+Iik (3000&2600
vkfo"dkj ugha gqvk FkkA blfy, bl dky dk dksbZ fyf[kr bZlk iwoZ)] ifjiDo gM+Iik (2600&1900 bZlk iwoZ) vkSj mÙkj gM+Iik
vfHkys[k miyC/k ugha gSA çkfxfrgkl dk gekjk Kku iwjh rjg ls (1900&1700 bZlk iwoZ) esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
iqjkrRo ij vk/kkfjr gSA iqjkrRofon~ bl dky ds ckjs esa tkuus zz 1924 esa ,,lvkbZ ds egkfuns'kd lj tkWu ek'kZy us gM+Iik vkSj
ds fy, vrhr ds HkkSfrd vo'ks"kksa tSls crZu] vkHkw"k.k] vkStkj] eksgutksnM+ks ([kqnkbZ dh tkus okyh igyh lkbV) ds chp dbZ lkekU;
flDds] gfì;k¡ vkfn dk v/;;u djrs gSaA fo'ks"krk,a ikb±A mUgksaus fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd os ,d cM+h lH;rk dk
™z vk|&bfrgkl% ;g og dky gS ftlds fyf[kr vfHkys[k rks gekjs fgLlk FksA eksgutksnM+ks ds iqjkrkfRod LFky dks 1980 esa ;wusLdks
ikl miyC/k gSa ysfdu os cgqr de gSa vkSj i<+s ugha tk ldrsA }kjk fo'o /kjksgj LFky ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k FkkA
vr% bl dky dh Hkh tkudkjh ds eq[; lzksr iqjkrkfÙod lzksr zz fla/kq lH;rk dh le; vof/k
gh gSaA bl vof/k ds fy, ,d mnkgj.k fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk gSA ™z HkkSxksfyd lhek% nf{k.k ,f'k;k
™z bfrgkl% ys[ku ds vkfo"dkj ds ckn ds le; dks bfrgkl dgk ™z vof/k% dkaL; ;qx
tkrk gSA çkjafHkd ys[ku pêkuksa] LraHkksa] rkezi=ksa] f'kyk ys[kksa] ™z le;% 3300 ls 1900 bZlk iwoZ (jsfM;ksdkcZu MsfVax i¼fr dk
rkM+ ds iÙkksa vkSj HkwtZ o`{kksa dh Nkyksa ij fd;k tkrk FkkA gkykafd mi;ksx djds fu/kkZfjr)
buesa ls vf/kdka'k lk{; le; ds lkFk u"V gks x, gSa] tks cps gSa ™z {ks=% 13 yk[k oxZ fdeh
os lwpuk ds le`¼ lzksr gSaA ™z 'kgj% 6 cM+s 'kgj

2. çkxSfrgkfld laLÏfr;ka ™z xkao% 200 ls vf/kd

zz gM+Iik lH;rk ds [Link] LFky
vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] orZeku iqjkrkfRod ç.kkyh esa rhu eq[; ;qx
™z gM+Iik jkoh ds rV ij iatkc ds lkghoky ftys esa fLFkr gSA
'kkfey gSa & ik"kk.k ;qx] dkaL; ;qx vkSj ykSg ;qxA ;qxksa dk oxhZdj.k 1818 1921 esa bldh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA
vkSj 1820 esa Msfu'k iqjkrRofon~ fØf'p;u tqxsaZlu FkkWelu }kjk fodflr ™z eksgutksnM+ks fla/k ds yjdkuk ftys esa flU/kq unh ds rV ij
fd;k x;k FkkA Ïi;k /;ku nsa fd fyfi ds fodkl ls igys dh vof/k dks fLFkr gSA 1922 esa bldh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA ;g bl lH;rk dk
çkxSfrgkfld dky dgk tkrk gSA bls ik"kk.k ;qx Hkh dgk tkrk gSA lcls cM+k LFky gSA
™z vejh fla/kq unh ds rV ij] cywfpLrku eas fLFkr gSA 1935 esa
uoik"kk.k (9000 & 1000 bZlk iwoZ@[kk| mRiknd)% bl ;qx ds bldh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA
nkSjku] f'kdkfj;ksa us Ïf"k ds ckjs esa lh[kkA lcls igys mUgksaus taxyh
™z yksFky xqtjkr esa [kaHkkr dh [kkM+h ds ikl Hkksxok unh ds rV ij
Qlysa bdëh dhaA yxHkx 10]000 lky igys mUgksaus vukt] Qy vkSj
lfCt;ksa dk mRiknu 'kq: fd;kA mUgksaus lhax] iRFkj vkSj ydM+h ls ,d fLFkr gSA bldh [kqnkbZ 1953 esa dh xbZ FkhA ;g vius MkWd;kMZ
gy cuk;k vkSj >qaM ds tkuojksa dh enn ls tehu ij [ksrh djuk 'kq: ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA
dj fn;kA os vukt ihlus ds fy, iRFkj ds vks[kyh vkSj ewly dk ™z /kksykohjk xqtjkr esa dPN ds j.k esa fLFkr gSA 1985 esa bldh
bLrseky djrs FksA [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA
euq"; }kjk ç;ksx fd;k tkus okyk igyk vukt tkS FkkA ™z dkyhcaxu jktLFkku esa ?kX?kj unh ds rV ij fLFkr gSA 1953
esa bldh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA
3. fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ™z ekaMk fpukc unh ds nkfgus fdukjs ij fLFkr gSA 1976&77 esa
zz fla/kq lH;rk% fla/kq ?kkVh (gM+Iik) lH;rk Hkkjr esa 'kgjhdj.k ds bldh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA
igys pj.k dk çfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA ;g lH;rk ^dkaL; ;qx* dh FkhA ™z dksVnhth ikfdLrku esa fla/kq unh ds rV ij fLFkr gSA 1955
;g lH;rk Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku esa 1.5 fefy;u oxZ fdyksehVj ls vkSj 1957 esa bldh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ FkhA
lkekU; Kku | 1
 ™z pUgqnM+ks fla/k] ikfdLrku esa fLFkr gS vkSj 1931 esa bldh [kqnkbZ ™z Jqfr% oSfnd lkfgR; dks ÞJqfrß ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd
dh xbZ FkhA ;g ekSf[kd :i ls ih<+h&nj&ih<+h LFkkukUrfjr dh xbZ gSA Ïi;k
™z 'kksrqZ?kbZ vkSj eqafM?kkd LFky vQxkfuLrku esa fLFkr gSaA /;ku nsa fd ^Jqfr* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ÞlquukßA Jqfr;ksa esa pkj osn]
zz gM+Iik lH;rk dh vuwBh fo'ks"krk,a% czkã.k] vkj.;d vkSj mifu"kn 'kkfey gSaA
™z O;ofLFkr uxj&fu;kstu ^fxzM flLVe* dh rtZ ij ;kstuk ¾z osn% bUgsa vikS#"ks; (euq"; }kjk ugha cfYd bZ'oj&çnÙk)

™z fuekZ.k esa iDdh b±Vksa dk mi;ksx vkSj fuR; (lHkh vuar dky esa fo|eku) dgk tkrk gSA
™z Hkwfexr ty fudklh ç.kkyh (/kkSykohjk esa fo'kky tyk'k;) ftuesa pkj osn gSa% ½Xosn] lkeosn] ;tqosZn vkSj vFkoZosnA
™z fdyscan nqxZ (viokn & pUgqnM+ks) ¾z igys rhu osnksa (½Xosn] lkeosn vkSj ;tqosZn) dks lkewfgd
:i ls osn=;h (osnksa dh frdM+h) ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
t D;k vki tkurs gSa\ z½Xosn% ½Xosn Hktuksa (xhrksa) dk laxzg gSA ;g nqfu;k
izkphu
z dky esa flU/kq lH;rk {ks= dks lqesfj;u yksx esyqgk dgrs dk lcls izkphu xzUFk gSA bls ^ekuork dk igyk
Fks A lqesfj;u vfHkys[k cgjhu dks fnyequ vkSj edjku rV dks olh;rukek* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa 1028 lwDr gSa
ekdu ds :i esa lanfHkZr djrs gS A ftUgsa 10 eaMyksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA
zz fyfi% fla/kq ?kkVh dh fyfi fp=kRed FkhA ;g fyfi vHkh rd i<+h zNg eaMy (nwljs ls lkrosa eaMy rd) dks xks=@oa'k
ugha tk ldh gSA ys[ku cqLVªksQsMu Fkk vkSj oSdfYid iafä;ksa esa nk,a eaMy (dqy xzaFk) dgk tkrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd
ls ck,a vkSj ck,a ls nk,a fy[kk tkrk FkkA igyk vkSj 10oka eaMy ckn esa tksM+s x,A iq#"k lwä]
zz bl dky esa izk;% e`rdksa dks nQuk;k tkrk FkkA ftlesa pkj [Link]± vFkkZr czkã.k] {kf=;] oS'; vkSj 'kwæ
4. oSfnd ;qx (1500&600 bZlk iwoZ) dh tkudkjh feyrh gS] 10osa eaMy esa gSA gks=h uked
iqjksfgr }kjk ½Xosn ds ea=ksa dk ikB fd;k tkrk FkkA
zz fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ds iru ds ckn] 1500 bZlk iwoZ ds vklikl
z½Xosn esa fgeky; vkSj fganqdq'k ioZrksa dks Øe'k% fgeoar
vk;ks± }kjk Hkwfe ij dCtk dj fy;k x;k FkkA vk;Zu 'kCn dk vFkZ
gS ^dqyhu* gksrk gSA vkSj eqatoar dgk x;k gSA
z½Xosn esa 40 ufn;ksa dk mYys[k gS vkSj ukMh lwä esa
zz muds dCts okyh Hkwfe dks ^lIr fla/kq* dgk tkrk Fkk ftldk vFkZ gS
^lkr ufn;ksa dh Hkwfe*A lkr ufn;ksa esa fla/kq (fla/kq)] forLrk (>sye)] 21 ufn;ksa dk mYys[k gSA blesa iwoZ esa xaxk vkSj ;equk
vkfDluh (fpukc)] i#".kh (jkoh)] foik'kk (O;kl)] 'kqrqæh (lryt) rFkk if'pe esa dqHkk dk mYys[k gSA
[lHkh iatkc esa]] vkSj jktLFkku esa ljLorh (ljlqrh) 'kkfey gSaA z½Xosn ds vuqlkj] fla/kq lcls vf/kd mYysf[kr unh

vU; ufn;k¡ jktLFkku esa n`"k}rh (?kXxj)] xkserh (xksey) mRrj izns'k Fkh tcfd ljLorh lcls ifo= unh FkhA xaxk unh dk
dqHkk (dkcqy)] lqokLrq (Lokfr)] Øqeq (dqjZe) [lHkh vQxkfuLrku esa] ,d ckj mYys[k fd;k x;k gS tcfd ;equk unh dk
FkhaA rhu ckj mYys[k fd;k gqvk gSA
zlkeosn% ;g ea=ksa dh iqLrd gS vkSj laxhr ls lEcfU/kr
le;] çlkj vkSj lzksr
gSA blesa 1549 lwä gSa vkSj lHkh lwä (75 dks NksM+dj)
HkkSxksfyd lhek mÙkj Hkkjr
½Xosn ls fy, x, gSaA lkeosn ds ea=ksa dk ikB mizxkrk
vof/k ykSg ;qx fd;k tkrk FkkA
le; 1500 bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) & 600 bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ)
z;tqosZn% ;g ;K çkFkZukvksa dh ,d iqLrd gSA v/oZ;q
lw=ksa dk dguk gS oSfnd lkfgR; uked iqjksfgr }kjk ;tqosZn ds ea=ksa dk ikB fd;k tkrk
lH;rk dh çÏfr xzkeh.k gSA blds nks Hkkx gSa Ï".k ;tqosZn ([Link] 'yksd) vkSj
zz ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd vk;ks± us 2000 bZlk iwoZ & 1500 bZlk iwoZ ds 'kqDy ;tqosZn (ia?k vkSj x| nksuksa esa fyf[kr)A
nkSjku dbZ ygjksa ds :i esa e/; ,f'k;k ls Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa zvFkoZosn (tknqbZ lw=ksa dh iqLrd)] pkSFkk vkSj vafre]
çokl fd;k FkkA ;g ,f'k;k ekbuj] rqdhZ esa ik, tkus okys cksxktdksbZ osn ftlesa cqjkb;ksa vkSj chekfj;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy,
f'kykys[k ls fl¼ gksrk gSA bl f'kykys[k esa pkj oSfnd nsorkvksa vFkkZr ea= fn;s x;s gSaA bls yksfdd osn Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
baæ] o#.k] fe= vkSj uklR; dk mYys[k gSA cgqr yacs le; rd bls osnksa dh [Link] esa 'kkfey ugha
zz oSfnd ;qx dks nks vof/k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ çkjafHkd fd;k x;k FkkA
oSfnd (½XoSfnd) dky (1500&1000 bZlk iwoZ) vkSj ckn dk oSfnd ¾z mifu"kn% mifu"kn nk'kZfud xzaFk gSaA mUgsa vkerkSj ij
dky (1000&600 bZlk iwoZ)A osnkar dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd budh jpuk osn ds var esa
zz oSfnd lkfgR;% oSfnd lkfgR; dks nks Jsf.k;ksa vFkkZr Jqfr;ksa vkSj gqbZ FkhA mifu{knks dh la[;k 108 gSA c`gnkj.;d lcls
Le`fr;ksa esa oxhZÏr fd;k x;k gSA çkphu mifu"kn gSA

2 |
 ¾z egkdkO;% eq[; :i ls nks egkdkO; (egkdkO;) gSa& 6. tSu /keZ vkSj ckS¼ /keZ
zjkek;.k ;k vkfn dkO; dh jpuk okYehfd us dh FkhA
zz tSu /keZ% tSu 'kCn dh mRifÙk laLÏr 'kCn Þftuß ls gqbZ gS] ftldk
;g nqfu;k dk lcls iqjkuk egkdkO; gSA blesa 7 dkaMksa vFkZ gS Lo;a vkSj ckgjh nqfu;k ij fot; çkIr djukA tSu /keZ nqfu;k
esa 24]000 'yksd vFkkZr Nan (ewy :i ls 6]000] ckn ds lcls iqjkus thfor /keks± esa ls ,d gSA tSu /keZ 24 rhFk±djksa dks
esa & 12]000] var esa & 24]000) 'kkfey gSaA igyk [kqn ds fy, vk/kkj cukrk gSA
vkSj lkrok¡ dkaMk uohure tksM+k FksA
zz ,d ^rhFk±dj*] og gS ftlus vyx&vyx le; ij /kkfeZd lR;
zegkHkkjr dh jpuk osn O;kl us dh FkhA ;g nqfu;k dk
çdV fd;kA çFke rhFk±dj ½"kHk vkSj vafre rhFk±dj egkohj FksA NBh
lcls yack egkdkO; gSA orZeku esa] blesa 1]00]000 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) ds nkSjku tSu /keZ dks egkohj ds rRokoèkku
'yksd vFkkZr Nan vkSj 18 ioZ 'kkfey gSa] ftlesa iwjd esa çeq[krk feyhA
ds :i esa gfjoa'k gSA Hkxon xhrk egkHkkjr ds Hkh"e
zz tSuksa ds vafre vkSj 24osa rhFk±dj o/kZeku egkohj FksA
ioZ ls yh xbZ gSA 'kkafr ioZ egkHkkjr dk lcls cM+k
ioZ (v/;k;) gSA [ewy :i ls blesa 8]800 'yksd Fks zz o/kZeku egkohj dk tUe 599 bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) esa oS'kkyh ds ikl
vkSj bls t; lafgrk ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ckn esa dqMa kxzke esa gqvk FkkA mudh ekrk fyPNoh jktdqekjh f='kyk FkhaA mUgksua s
blesa 24]000 'yksd Fks vkSj bls prqjfoa'krh lgL=h viuk çkjafHkd thou ,d jktdqekj ds :i esa fcrk;k vkSj mudk
lafgrk @ Hkjr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA var esa] blesa fookg ;'kksnk uked jktdqekjh ls gqvkA bl naifr dh ,d csVh gqbZ FkhA
1]00]000 Fks vkSj bls 'krlgL=h lafgrk @ egkHkkjr zz rhl o"kZ dh vk;q esa mUgksaus viuk ?kj NksM+ fn;k vkSj ,d riLoh
ds :i esa tkuk x;kA cu x,A ckjg o"kks± ls vf/kd le; rd] egkohj ,d LFkku ls nwljs
¾z iqjk.k% 18 çfl¼ iqjk.k gSaA eRL; iqjk.k çkphure iqjk.k LFkku ij ?kwers jgs] mUgksaus Lo;a dks ?kksj riL;k vkSj vkRe&oSjkX;
xzUFk gSA vU; [Link] iqjk.k Hkkxor iqjk.k] fo".kq iqjk.k ds v/khu fd;kA
vkSj ok;q iqjk.k gSaA os fofHkUu 'kkgh jktoa'kksa dh oa'kkoyh zz og fyPNfo;ksa dk ,d {kf=; jktdqekj Fkk] ,d lewg tks oTth la?k
dk [Link] djrs gSaA dk fgLlk FkkA 30 o"kZ dh vk;q esa os ?kj NksM+dj taxy esa jgus pys x,
zz ckjg o"kks± ls vf/kd le; rd] egkohj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij
5. egktuin dky (600 bZlk iwoZ&325 bZlk iwoZ)
?kwers jgs] mUgksaus Lo;a dks ?kksj riL;k vkSj vkRe&oSjkX; ds vèkhu
zz NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) ds nkSjku dbZ {ks=h; jkT;ksa dk mn; fd;kA
gqvkA blls xaxk ds eSnkuksa esa yksxksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd vkSj zz viuh riL;k ds rsjgosa o"kZ esa] mUgksaus mPpre Kku ;k loZKrk (lc
jktuhfrd thou esa ifjorZu vk;kA mÙkjh Hkkjr esa ,d ubZ ckSf¼d dqN tkuus ;k vlhe :i ls cqf¼eku gksus dh {kerk) ;k loksZPp Kku
tkx`fr fodflr gksus yxhA egkohj vkSj xkSre cq¼ us bl ubZ tkx`fr çkIr fd;k vkSj ftu (fotsrk)] egkohj (egku uk;d) vkSj dsoyk ds
dk çfrfuf/kRo fd;kA :i esa tkuk tkus yxsA rRi'pkr] og ftuk cu x;ks ftldk vFkZ gS
zz egktuinksa dh jkt/kkuh vkSj dqN vU; 'kgj] tks le`¼ O;kikj ds ^lkalkfjd lq[k vkSj vklfä ij fot; çkIr djus okyk*A
dkj.k Qys&Qwys] ,d ckj fQj Hkkjr esa 'kgjhdj.k dk ;qx ysdj zz 30 lky ds mins'k ds ckn] egkohj dh 72 lky dh mez esa 527 bZlk
vk,A bls ^f}rh; 'kgjhdj.k* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA iwoZ (chlhbZ) esa ikokiqjh esa e`R;q gks xbZA
zz ;s lksyg egktuin bl çdkj Fks% zz f=&jRu ;k rhu jRu% egkohj us eks{k dh çkfIr (tUe vkSj e`R;q ds pØ
™z ex/k (iVuk] x;k vkSj ukyank ftys) ls eqfä) vkSj deZ ls eqfä ds fy, rhu xquk ekxZ dk mins'k fn;kA os gSa%
™z vax vkSj oaxk (eqaxsj vkSj Hkkxyiqj) ™z lgh fo'okl (lE;d n'kZu)% egkohj dh f'k{kkvksa esa fo'oklA
™z eYy (nsofj;k] cLrh] xksj[kiqj {ks=) ™z lgh Kku (lE;d Kku)% egkohj dh f'k{kkvksa vkSj Kku esa
™z oRl (bykgkckn vkSj fetkZiqj) fo'oklA
™z dk'kh (cukjl) ™z lgh dk;Z (lE;d pfj=)% ;g egkohj ds ik¡p egku ozrksa ;kuh
™z dksly (v;ks/;k) vfgalk] bZekunkjh] n;k] lPpkbZ vkSj nwljksa ls lacaf/kr phtksa
™z oTth (eqt¶Qjiqj vkSj oS'kkyh) dh ykylk ;k bPNk ugha djus ds ikyu dks lanfHkZr djrk gSA
™z dq# (Fkkus'oj] esjB vkSj orZeku fnYyh) zz tSu vkpkj lafgrk @ tSu /keZ ds ik¡p fl¼kar% egkohj us vius
™z ik¡pky (if'peh mÙkj çns'k) vuq;kf;;ksa ls lnkpkjh thou thus dks dgkA LoLFk uSfrdrk ls Hkjk
™z eRL; lkezkT; (vyoj] Hkjriqj vkSj t;iqj) thou thus ds fy, mUgksaus ik¡p çeq[k fl¼karksa dk ikyu djus dk
™z v'ed (ueZnk vkSj xksnkojh ds chp) mins'k fn;kA os gSa%
™z xka/kkj (is'kkoj vkSj jkoyfiaMh) ™z vfgalk & fdlh tho dks gkfu u igq¡pkuk

™z dackst (ikfdLrku dk gtkjk ftyk] mÙkj&iwohZ d'ehj) ™z lR; & lR; cksyuk

™z vofUr (ekyok) ™z vLrs; & pksjh u djuk

™z psfn (cqUnsy[k.M) ™z vifjxzg & laifÙk dks Lohdkj u djuk

™z 'kwjlsu (czt eaMy) ™z czãp;Z & czãp;Z

lkekU; Kku | 3
zz tSu ifj"kn~% ckS¼ ifj"knsa
™z çFke tSu ifj"kn~%
vk;kstu txg v/;{k laj{kd jktk
¾z ;g rhljh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ esa ikVfyiq= esa vk;ksftr fd;k
igyk jktx`g egkdLli vtkr'k=q
x;k Fkk vkSj bldh v/;{krk LFkwyHkæ us dh FkhA
nwljk oS'kkyh lkcdehjk@ lckdkeh dkyk'kksd
¾z iwoksaZ ds LFkku ij 12 vaxks dk ladyu fd;k x;k FkkA
rhljk ikVfyiq= Hkksxkyh iqRrfrl v'kksd
™z nwljh tSu ifj"kn~%
pkSFkh d'ehj olqfe= dfu"d
¾z ;g 512 bZLoh esa oYyHkh (xqtjkr) esa vk;ksftr fd;k x;k
Fkk vkSj bldh v/;{krk nsof/kZ {kekJe.k us dh FkhA zz f=fiVd% fou;fiVd esa fHk{kqvksa vkSj fHk{kqf.k;ksa ds eBoklh thou ij
¾z blus 12 vax vkSj 12 mikaxksa ds vafre :i ls ladfyr
ykxw gksus okys vkpj.k vkSj vuq'kklu ds fu;e 'kkfey gSaA
fd;k x;k FkkA zz lqÙkfiVd esa cq¼ ds eq[; f'k{k.k ;k /kEe 'kkfey gSaA bls ik¡p fudk;ksa
;k laxzgksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS %
zz ckS¼ /keZ% xkSre cq¼ orZeku usiky esa dfiyoLrq ds 'kkD;ksa ds ,d
™z nh?kZ fudk;
{kf=; dchys ds çeq[k 'kq¼ksnu ds iq= FksA mudk cpiu dk uke
™z efTte fudk;
fl¼kFkZ FkkA pwafd os 'kkD; oa'k ds Fks] blfy, mUgsa ''kkD; eqfu* ds
™z la;qä fudk;
uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk FkkA ™z vaxqÙkkj fudk;
zz xkSre cq¼ dk tUe 540 bZlk iwoZ esa dfiyoLrq ds ikl yqafcuh xkMZu ™z [kqíd fudk;
esa gqvk FkkA mudh ekrk] ek;knsoh (egkek;k) dk muds tUe ds dqN zz vfHk/kEe fiVd fHk{kqvksa ds f'k{k.k vkSj fo}[Link] xfrfof/k;ksa dk ,d
fnuksa ds ckn fu/ku gks x;k vkSj mudk ikyu&iks"k.k mudh lkSrsyh nk'kZfud fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;ofLFkrdj.k gSA
ek¡ xkSreh us fd;kA lkalkfjd ekeyksa dh vksj mudk /;ku gVkus ds
zz Hkxoku cq¼ f'k"; eksXxYyku ds vo'ks"k lk¡ph Lrwi ls ik;s x, gSaA
fy,] muds firk us lksyg o"kZ dh vk;q esa mudh 'kknh ;'kks/kjk uked lk¡ph Lrwi dk fuekZ.k ekS;Z 'kkld v'kksd ds le; gqvk FkkA ckS¼
jktdqekjh ls dj nhA mUgksaus dqN le; ds fy, ,d lq[kh oSokfgd Lrwi lk¡ph esa fLFkr gSA
thou O;rhr fd;k vkSj jkgqy uke dk ,d iq= gqvkA
7. ex/k dk mn;
zz os ÞQksj xzsV lkbV~lß ds ckn riLoh cu x,A pkj egku n`'; 29 o"kZ
dh vk;q esa] fl¼kFkZ us pkj nq:[kn n`'; ns[ksA og Fks% zz NBh 'krkCnh bZlk iwoZ ls Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd bfrgkl opZLo ds fy,
™z ,d csijokg cw<+k ftlus fpFkMs+] igu j[ks gSa viuh >qdh gqbZ pkj jkT;ks&a ex/k] dks'ky] oRl vkSj voarh ds chp la?k"kZ dk bfrgkl gSA
ihB ds lkFkA zz ex/k lkezkT; varr% lcls 'kfä'kkyh lkfcr gqvk vkSj ,d lkezkT;
™z ,d chekj vkneh ,d ykbykt chekjh ls ihfM+r gSA LFkkfir djus esa lQy jgkA
™z ,d e`r vkneh dks mlds ifjtu jksrs fcy[krs 'e'kku?kkV esa zz g;±d oa'k (544 bZlk iwoZ&412 bZlk iwoZ)%
ys tk jgs gSaA ™z fcfEclkj@[Link] (544 bZlk iwoZ&492 bZlk iwoZ)% og g;±d oa'k
™z ,d riLoh ds laLFkkid FksA fcafclkj ds funsZ'ku esa ex/k dk mRFkku gqvkA
zz os [Link] x, vkSj ogk¡ viuk igyk mins'k lkjukFk esa fn;kA mUgksaus ™z og mlh le; jgrs Fks tc xkSre cq¼ FksA fcEclkj us viuh
ex/k vkSj dksly ds jkT;ksa esa çpkj fd;kA cM+h la[;k esa yksx muds foLrkjoknh uhfr dks vkxs c<+kus ds fy,] mUgksaus dks'ky
vius ifjokj lfgr muds vuq;k;h cu x,A iSra kyhl o"kks± ds mins'k ds (dkslynsoh@egkdkslyk@dks'ky lezkV çlsuthr dh cgu)]
ckn] mUgksaus vLlh o"kZ dh vk;q esa dq'khuxj (mÙkj çns'k esa xksj[kiqj fyPNoh (fyPNoh çeq[k psrd dh cgu psYykuk) vkSj eæ (eæ
lezkV dh iq=h [ksek) dh jktdqekfj;ksa ls fookg fd;kA
ds ikl) esa 483 bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) esa vafre lkal yhA
™z dks'ky ds jktk çlsuftr dh cgu ls fookg ds cnys esa mUgsa
zz cq¼ ds pkj vk;Z lR; ngst ds :i esa dk'kh dk ,d fgLlk çkIr gqvkA
™z nq[kk (ihM+k dk lp)% ckS¼ /keZ ds vuqlkj] lc dqN nq[k gS ™z mlus vax ij fot; çkIr dhA tc voarh jktk ç|ksr ihfy;k ls
(lCce nq[ke)A ;g nnZ dk vuqHko djus dh {kerk dks lanfHkZr chekj gks x,] rks mUgksaus vius jkt osn thod dks mTtSu HkstkA
djrk gS u fd dsoy ,d O;fä }kjk vuqHko fd, x, okLrfod ™z mls [Link] ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA og igyk Hkkjrh; jktk
nnZ vkSj nq%[k dksA Fkk ftlds ikl ,d fu;fer vkSj LFkk;h lsuk FkhA
™z leqnk; (nq[k ds dkj.k)% r`".kk (bPNk) nq[k dk eq[; dkj.k ™z mUgksaus U;w jktx`g 'kgj dk fuekZ.k fd;kA
gSA gj nq[k dk ,d dkj.k gksrk gS vkSj ;g thou dk ,d fgLlk ™z vtkr'k=q@[Link] (492 bZlk iwoZ & 460 bZlk iwoZ)% fcfEclkj
vkSj iklZy gSA ds ckn mldk iq= vtkr'k=q xíh ij cSBkA vius firk dh gR;k
™z fujks/k (nq%[k ds var) % fuokZ.k/fuokZ.k dh çkfIr ls ihM+k/nq%[k djus ds ckn vtkr'k=q flagklu ij cSBkA
dk var gks ldrk gSA ™z vtkr'k=q us vf/kd eq[kj n`f"Vdks.k viuk;kA mlus vius
™z v"Vkafxd&ekxZ (nq[k ds var dh vksj ys tkus okys ekxZ)% nq[k ekek] dks'ky ds jktk çlsuftr ij geyk djds] dk'kh ij [Link]
dk var v"Vkafxd ekxZ esa fufgr gSA vfèkdkj dj fy;k vkSj igys ds [Link] laca/kksa dks rksM+ fn;kA
4 |
 ™z vtkr'k=q ds vkØe.k dk vxyk y{; ofTt egkla?k FkkA ijaijk bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) esa uan jktk dks gjk;kA bl çdkj ekS;Z oa'k
ds vuqlkj] ;g la?k"kZ 16 o"kks± rd pyk] vkSj ofTt yksxksa ds dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
chp vlarks"k ds cht QSykdj] og oTth dks thrus esa l{ke ™z paæxqIr ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku] fldanj ds lsukifr lsY;wdl]
gksus dk ,dek= rjhdk FkkA ftudk ,f'k;k ekbuj ls ysdj Hkkjr rd ds ns'kksa ij fu;a=.k
™z mnf;u ( 460 bZ l k iw o Z & 440 bZ l k iw o Z ) % vtkr'k=q dk Fkk] us fla/kq dks ikj fd;k ijUrq paæxqIr ls gkj x;kA dgk tkrk
mÙkjkfèkdkjh mldk iq= mnf;u FkkA mudk 'kkludky [Link] gS fd lsY;wdl ds nwr] esxLFkuht] Hkkjr esa cuk jgk vkSj
gS D;ksafd mlus vius firk vKkr'k=q dh gR;k dj lRrk izkIr bafMdk uked mldk xzaFk ekS;Z jktuhfr vkSj lekt ds ckjs esa
dh Fkh rFkk mlus jkt/kkuh dks jktx`g ls ikVfyiq= LFkkukarfjr ,d mi;ksxh fjdkWMZ gSA
fd;k vkSj lksu vkSj xaxk ufn;ksa ds feyu fcanq ij ikVfyiq= 'kgj ™z Hkæckgq] ,d tSu fHk{kq] paæxqIr ekS;Z dks nf{k.k Hkkjr ys x,A
dk fuekZ.k fd;kA mlds ckn mlds mRrjkf/kdkjh] ukxn'kd bl paæxqIr us [Link] (dukZVd) esa lkyys[ku (tSu vuq"Bku
oa'k dk vfUre 'kkld FkkA eqaMk vkSj ukx&nk'k] ftuesa ls lHkh ftlesa ,d O;fä viuh e`R;q rd miokl djrk gS) fof/k ls
usr`Ro djus esa vleFkZ FksA vius izk.k R;kx fn,A
zz f'k'kqukx oa'k (412 bZlk iwoZ&344 bZlk iwoZ)% ukx&nk'kd 'kklu ™z fcUnqlkj % mudk okLrfod uke flgklsuk FkkA og paæxqIr ekS;Z

djus ds ;ksX; ugha FkkA blfy, yksx fujk'k gks x, vkSj f'k'kqukx ds iq= FkkA xzhd fo}kuksa }kjk mls vfe=kspsV~l (nq'euksa dk uk'k
dks vafre jktk dk ea=h Fkk jktk ds :i esa pqukA f'k'kqukx dh lcls djus okyk) ds :i esa mYysf[kr fd;k gS] tcfd egkHkk"; mUgsa
[Link] miyfC/k voarh ds ç|ksr oa'k dk fouk'k FkhA [Link]:i] vfe=?kkr ('k=quk'kd) ds :i esa lanfHkZr djrk gSA
ex/k vkSj voarh ds chp 100 o"kks± rd pys la?k"kZ dks jksd fn;k x;kA ™z v'kksd% v'kksd] pkSFkh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa vius nknk paæxqIr ekS;Z
voarh dks ckn esa ex/k oa'k esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kA }kjk LFkkfir lkezkT; ds lcls egku vkSj 'kkldksa esa ls ,d
zz dkyk'kksd ([Link]) dks f'k'kqukx dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh cuk;k x;kA mldk FksA mUgsa jk/kkxqIr uked ,d cqf¼eku O;fä (iz/kkuea=h) dk
'kkludky [Link] Fkk D;ksafd oS'kkyh (383 bZ-iw-) esa mlus f}rh; leFkZu çkIr FkkA
ckS¼ laxhfr dk vkºoku fd;k FkkA ™z mUgsa ^nsouke fiz;* ds :i esa tkuk tkrk Fkk ftldk vFkZ gS

zz uan oa'k (344 bZlk iwoZ&323 bZlk iwoZ)% egkin~e us f'k'kqukx oa'k ^nsorkvksa dk fç;*A dfyax dfyax rVh; mM+hlk dk çkphu uke
dks m[kkM+ Qsadk vkSj jktkvksa dh ,d ubZ iafä uanksa dh LFkkiuk dhA FkkA v'kksd us 261 bZlk iwoZ esa dfyax ij fot; çkIr djus ds
egkin~e dks [Link] vkSj ikfy nksuksa ys[kksa esa mxzlsu] ;k ,d egku fy, ;q¼ yM+k FkkA tc mlus fgalk vkSj jäikr ns[kk rks og æfor
lsuk ds ekfyd] vkSj loZ{k=kard] ;k lHkh {kf=;ksa ds mUewyudrkZ ds gks x;k vkSj blfy, mlus vkSj ;q¼ u djus dk [Link]; fy;kA
:i esa lanfHkZr fd;k x;k gSA ™z v'kksd ds 'kklu dh ifjHkkf"kr ?kVuk mlds 'kkludky ds vkBosa
o"kZ esa dfyax (orZeku vksfM'kk) ds f[kykQ mldk vfHk;ku FkkA
8. ekS;Z dky (322 bZlk iwoZ&185 bZlk iwoZ) ;g ekS;ksaZ dk ,dek= ntZ lSU; vfHk;ku FkkA
zz jkt/kkuh% ikVfyiq= (orZeku iVuk] fcgkj) ™z v'kksd ujlagkj ls bruk rckg gks x;k Fkk vkSj ihM+k ls fgy

zz ljdkj% jktra= x;k Fkk fd ftlus mlds n`f"Vdks.k vkSj ewY;ksa dks cny fn;kA
™z v'kksd vius vk/;kfRed xq# mixqIr ls csgn çHkkfor Fks mUgha
zz ,sfrgkfld ;qx% lhA 322 bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ) 187 bZlk iwoZ (chlhbZ)
zz [Link] jktk% paæxqIr] fcUnqlkj] v'kksd ds izHkko esa vkdj og ckS¼ cu x, vkSj muds u,&u, ewY;ksa
vkSj fo'oklksa dh ,d ijEijk dks viuk fy;k] tks 'kkafr vkSj
zz ekS;Z 'kkld
uSfrd /kkfeZdrk ;k /kEe (laLÏr esa /keZ) ds fy, muds tquwu
™z paæxqIr ekS;Z% ekS;Z lkezkT; Hkkjr dk igyk lcls cM+k lkezkT;
dh iqf"V djrs gSaA
FkkA pUæxqIr ekS;Z us ex/k esa lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk dhA ™z v'kksd ds f'kykys[k% tsEl fçalsi] ,d fczfV'k rRo'kkL=h vkSj
™z fo".kqxqIr] ftUgsa ckn esa [Link]; ;k dkSfVY; ds uke ls tkuk x;k] vkSifuosf'kd ç'kkld v'kksd ds f'kykys[kksa dks le>us okys igys
uan jktk ls viekfur gq, FksA unksa dks lewy u"V djus dh dle O;fä FksA v'kksd ds ;s vfHkys[k ckS¼ /keZ ds çFke ewrZ çek.k gSaA
[kkbZA paæxqIr] 'kk;n eSlsMksfu;k ds fldanj ls çsfjr gksdj] ,d ™z v'kksd dk /kEe% ^/kEe* laLÏr 'kCn %/keZ* ds fy, çkÏr 'kCn
lsuk [kM+h dj jgk Fkk vkSj viuk [kqn dk jkT; LFkkfir djus gSA v'kksd ds LraHk f'kykys[k II esa /kEe dk vFkZ le>k;k x;k
ds voljksa dh ryk'k dj jgk FkkA gSA /kEe esa fdlh nsork dh iwtk] ;k ;K dk çn'kZu 'kkfey ugha
™z fldUnj dh e`R;q dk lekpkj lqudj pUæxqIr us yksxksa dks FkkA v'kksd viuk drZO; le>rk Fkk fd og viuh çtk dks
bdV~Bk fd;k vkSj mudh lgk;rk ls ;wukuh lsuk dks [knsM+ funsZ'k ns vkSj og cq¼ dh f'k{kkvksa dk izlkj djsA
fn;k ftls fldUnj us r{kf'kyk esa NksM+k FkkA fQj mUgksaus vkSj ™z tks fHk{kq /kEe ds ckjs esa i<+kus ds fy, txg&txg tkrs FksA mUgsa
muds lg;ksfx;ksa us ikVfyiq= dh vksj dwp fd;k vkSj 322 /kEe egkekRr dgk tkrk FkkA v'kksd us ckS¼ /keZ ds çpkj ds
lkekU; Kku | 5
 fy, vius iq= efgan vkSj iq=h la?kfe=k dks Jhyadk Hkstk FkkA dh dFkk vafdr FkhA mudh lSU; miyfC/k;ksa ds dkj.k leqæxqIr
v'kksd us èkEe ds lans'k dks QSykus ds fy, /kEeegkHkkRr dks dks 'Hkkjrh; usiksfy;u* ds :i esa çfrf"Br fd;k x;k FkkA
if'pe ,f'k;k] felz vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi esa Hkh HkstkA ™z pUæxqIr f}rh; (380&415 bZ-)% leqæxqIr ds ckn mldk iq=
™z ekS;Z dky esa oLrqvksa ds cktkj dks i.;iÙku ds uke ls tkuk pUæxqIr f}rh; foØekfnR; mÙkjkf/kdkjh cukA oSokfgd xBcaèkuksa
tkrk FkkA ds ek/;e ls] paæxqIr f}rh; us viuh jktuhfrd 'kfä dks
™z fo".kq iqjk.k vkSj Ldan iqjk.k ls tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gS fd ekS;Z etcwr fd;kA paæxqIr f}rh; us dqcsjukxk ls fookg fd;k] og
lw;Zoa'kh; {kf=; Fks] vkSj os bD;kdqoa'k ls Fks ftlesa Hkxoku jke e/; Hkkjr dh ,d ukxk oa'k dh jktdqekjh FkhaA
iSnk gq, Fks] ;|fi ,d xzUFk fo'kk[knÙk Ïr eqæk jk{kl ,slk Hkh
™z paæxqIr f}rh; dh lcls cM+h lSU; miyfC/k if'peh Hkkjr ds
gS ftlesa ekS;ksa dks ^o`"ky* vFkkZr~ fuEu dqy dk dgk x;k gSA
'kd {k=iksa ds f[kykQ mldk ;q¼ FkkA viuh thr ds ckn]
™z iqjk.k lzksr ekS;ks± dks 'kwæç;kLr&vèkeZd ds :i esa [Link] djrk
mlus ?kksM+s dh cfy nh vkSj ldkjh dh mikf/k /kkj.k dh] ftldk
gSA ekS;Z dky esa oa'kkuqxr lSfudksa dks oèkZdh dgk tkrk Fkk] ;s vFkZ gS] ^'kdksa dk uk'k djus okyk*A og vius dks ^foØekfnR;*
os lSfud gksrs Fks ftuds iwoZt Hkh ekS;Z lsuk esa lSfud ds :i esa Hkh dgrk FkkA
lsok ns pqds gksrs FksA oèkZdh lSfudksa dks ekS;Z dky esa fo'oluh;
vkSj LokehHkä ekuk tkrk FkkA ™z mTtSu ,d [Link] O;kikfjd uxj Fkk vkSj xqIrksa dh oSdfYid
jkt/kkuh FkkA xqIr lkezkT; dh egku le`f¼ fofHkUu çdkj ds
™z ekS;Z dky esa nksokfjdk egy dk okMZu FkkA nksokfjdk ,d çdkj
dk ç'kklfud vfèkdkjh Fkk tks [Link] uxj ç'kklu (lkekU;) lksus ds flDdksa ls çdV gksrh gSA pUæxqIr f}rh; ds 'kkludky
ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrk Fkk] fo'ks"k :i ls 'kkgh lkekU; ç'kklu esa çfl¼ phuh ;k=h Qkáku Hkkjr vk;k FkkA Qkfg;ku us xqIr
ds lEcUèk esa og ,d [Link] çkfèkdkjh FkhA lkezkT; dh /kkfeZd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds ckjs esa
cgqewY; tkudkjh nh gSA
™z if'peh çkUr dks 'kkflr djus ds fy;s v'kksd }kjk fu;qä Qkjlh
rq"kkLi FkkA rq"kkLi us gh pUæxqIr ekS;Z }kjk cuokbZ xbZ lqn'kZu ™z dqekjxqIr% dqekjxqIr paæxqIr f}rh; dk iq= vkSj mÙkjkfèkdkjh
>hy dk iqufuekZ.k v'kksd ds vkns'k ij lkSjk"Vª esa djok;k FkkA FkkA mlus dbZ flDds tkjh fd, vkSj mlds f'kykys[k iwjs xqIr
lkezkT; esa ik, x, gSaA dqekjxqIr us v'oes/k ;K Hkh fd;k FkkA
9. xqIr oa'k
dqekjxqIr us ukyank fo'ofo|ky; dh uhao j[kh tks varjkZ"Vªh;
zz xqIr lkezkT; dh LFkkiuk Jh xqIr us dh Fkh vkSj mldk mÙkjkf/kdkjh [;kfr ds laLFkku ds :i esa mHkjkA ^iq";fe=* uked 'kfä'kkyh
muds iq= ?kVksRdp FkkA ;g jktoa'k paæxqIr&çFke] vkSj leqæxqIr /kuh tutkfr us xqIr lsuk dks mlds 'kkludky ds var esa
vkfn tSls 'kkldksa ds lkFk çfl¼ gqvkA dqN [Link] xqIr lkezkT; gjk;k FkkA
ds jktkvksa dk fooj.k uhps fn;k x;k gSµ
™z LdanxqIr% e/; ,f'k;k ds [Link] dh ,d 'kk[kk us fganw dq'k ioZrksa
™z Jh xqIr% xqIr oa'k ds laLFkkid Jh xqIr FkkA og vius ?kVksRdp
dks ikj djus vkSj Hkkjr ij vkØe.k djus dk ç;kl fd;kA
iq= ds dkj.k Lora= gksus esa lQy gqvk FkkA bu nksuksa dks egkjkt LdanxqIr ftlus okLro esa [Link] ds vkØe.k dk lkeuk fd;k FkkA
dgk tkrk FkkA mlus [Link] ds f[kykQ fot; izkIr dh vkSj lkezkT; dks cpk;k
™z pa æ xq I r çFke ( 320 & 330 bZ L oh)% pa æ xq I r çFke] og rFkk mUgsa Hkkjr ls ckgj [knsM+ fn;kA
egkjktkfèkjkt (jktkvksa ds egku jktk) dgykus okys igys O;fä
FksA mUgksaus fyPNfo;ksa ds lkFk oSokfgd lEcU/k LFkkfir djds 10. xqIrksÙkj dky
viuh fLFkfr etcwr dj yhA mUgksaus ml ifjokj dh jktdqekjh zz xqIrksa vkSj okdkVd 'kkldksa ds iru ds lkFk jktuhfrd fLFkfr tfVy
dqekjnsoh ls fookg fd;kA gks xbZA xqIrksa ds lkear mÙkj esa Lora= gks x,A nDdu vkSj lqnwj
™z egjkSyh ykSg LraHk vfHkys[k esa mlds O;kid fot; vfHk;kuksa nf{k.k esa Hkh Lora= gqbZ 'kfä;ksa dh cgqyrk ns[kh xbZA
dk mYys[k gSA paæxqIr çFke dks xqIr ;qx dk laLFkkid ekuk
zz xqIrksa ds iru ls ysdj g"kZ ds mn; rd Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd ifjn`';
tkrk gS tks 320 bZLoh esa mlds jkT;kjksg.k ds lkFk 'kq: gksrk gSA
foLe;dkjh FkkA dqN le; rd cM+s iSekus ij yksxksa dk foLFkkiu gksrk
™z leqæxqIr (330&380 bZ-)% leqæxqIr laHkor: xqIr oa'k ds
jgkA xqIrksa dh fojklr ds fy, NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa vkil esa gksM+ ep
'kkldksa esa lcls egku FkkA bykgkckn LraHk ds f'kykys[k leqæxqIr xbZA mÙkjh Hkkjr dks ex/k ds ckn ds xqIrksa] ekS[kfj;ksa] iq'; Hkwfr;ksa
ds 'kkludky dk foLr`r fooj.k çnku djrs gSaA leqæxqIr us vkSj eS=dksa ds pkj jkT;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA ekS[kfj;ksa us
nf{k.k Hkkjrh; jktkvksa ds f[kykQ vfHk;ku fd;k FkkA loZçFke dUukSt ds vklikl if'peh mÙkj çns'k ds {ks= ij vf/kdkj
™z leqæxqIr esa v'oes/k ;K fd;kA leqæxqIr us lksus vkSj pkanh ds fd;kA /khjs&/khjs mUgksaus ckn ds xqIrksa dks ijkftr dj mUgsa ekyok esa
flDds tkjh fd, ftu ij ^v'oes/k dks iqulZ~Fkkfir djus okys* LFkkukarfjr dj fn;kA
6 |
zz iq";Hkwfr oa'k% iq";Hkwfr ;k o/kZu oa'k dh LFkkiuk Fkkuslj (dq#{ks= xqtjkr ds oYyHkh jktk dks Hkh gjk;kA ;|fi (g"kZ dh csVh vkSj oYyHkh
ftyk) esa iq";Hkwfr }kjk laHkor% 6oha 'krkCnh dh 'kq#vkr esa dh xbZ jktk /kzqoHkê ds chp fookg ls oYyHkh jktk vkSj g"kZ esa le>kSrk gks
FkhA iq";Hkwfr xqIrksa ds lkear Fks] ysfdu [Link] ds vkØ[Link] ds ckn os x;k vkSj nksuksa jkT;ksa esa fe=rk gks xbZA)
Lora= gks x,A zz gkyk¡fd] nf{k.k dks thrus dh g"kZ dh ;kstuk v/kwjh jg xbZ tc pkyqD;
zz jktoa'k dk igyk [Link] 'kkld çHkkdj o/kZu (580&605 bZ-) FkkA jktk] iqydsf'ku f}rh; us 618&619 bZLoh esa g"kZ dks gjk;k] blus
çHkkdj o/kZu us vius lcls cM+s iq= jkT;o/kZu (605&606 bZLoh) ueZnk unh ds :i esa g"kZ dh nf{[Link] {ks=h; lhek dks lhfer dj fn;kA
dks mÙkjkf/kdkjh cuk;k x;k Fkk] jkT;o/kZu dks 606 bZLoh esa 'k'kkad zz g"kZ dh e`R;q% g"kZ dh e`R;q 41 o"kZ rd 'kklu djus ds ckn 647 bZ- esa
}kjk ekj Mkyk x;k FkkA gqbZA pwafd og fcuk fdlh mÙkjkf/kdkjh ds ej x;k] blfy, mldh
zz g"kZo/kZu dk tUe 590 bZ- esa LFkkus'oj (Fkkuslj] gfj;[Link]) ds jktk e`R;q ds rqjar ckn mldk lkezkT; fc[kj x;kA
çHkkdj o/kZu ds ;gk¡ gqvk FkkA og iq";Hkwfr ls lacaf/kr Fkk ftls o/kZu
oa'k Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA og ,d fganw Fks ftUgksaus ckn esa egk;ku ckS¼ t vU; [Link] rF;
/keZ xzg.k fd;kA mudk fookg nqxkZorh ls gqvk FkkA egkHkkjr
z ds vulqyk ioZ esa jktk ds foèoald ds :i esa 'kqæ @
zz mudh ,d csVh vkSj nks csVs FksA mudh csVh us oYyHkh ds eSrd oa'k ds 'kqæ dk çfrfufèkRo fd;k x;k gSA vulqyk ioZ egkHkkjr ds 18
,d jktk ls fookg fd;k Fkk] tcfd muds csVksa dks muds gh ea=h us ioks± esa ls ,d [Link] ioZ gSA
ekj MkykA phuh ckS¼ ;k=h ºosulkax us vius ys[ku esa jktk g"kZoèkZu ekS;ks± ds 'kklu @ ç'kklu dh tkudkjh ds fy;s ftruk egÙ[Link]
z

ds dk;ks± dh ç'kalk dhA dkSfVY; dk vFkZ'kkL= gS] xqIr ç'kklu ds lEcUèk esa tkudkjh
zz çHkkdj o/kZu dh e`R;q ds ckn] mudk cM+k iq= jkT;o/kZu Fkkuslj ds ds fy;s mruk gh [Link] dkeandk dk xzUFk fufVlkjk gSA
flagklu ij cSBkA g"kZ dh ,d cgu Fkh] jkT;Jh ftldk fookg dUukSt Hkxoku fo".kq dh çfrek muds ojkg vorkj esa e- ç- ds ,j.k
z

ds jktk xzgoeZu ls gqvk FkkA xkSM+ 'kkld 'k'kkad us xzgoeZu dks ekj 'kgj ls feyh gSA ,j.k ls gh xqIr oa'k ds egkure 'kkld leqæ
Mkyk vkSj jkT;Jh dks canh cuk fy;kA dk f'kykys[k çkIr gqvk gS] ftls dfua?ke us [kkstk FkkA
zz bl ?kVuk us jkT;o/kZu dks 'k'kkad ds f[kykQ yM+us ds fy, çsfjr leqæxqIr] xqIr lezkV dks Y;wV@[Link] ctkus ds :i esa mlds
z

fd;kA ysfdu 'k'kkad us jkT;o/kZu dks ekj MkykA blds ckn ;q¼ ds flDdksa ij n'kkZ;k x;k gS
eSnku esa gh 16 o"khZ; g"kZoèkZu dks 606 bZLoh esa Fkkuslj dh ij cSBus eanlkSj LrEHkys[k esa ;'kksèkeZu 'kkld dh fot; vafdr gS] ;g
z

dk volj feykA mlus vius HkkbZ dh gR;k dk cnyk ysus vkSj viuh ,d ç'kfLr ds :i esa gSA
cgu dks cpkus dh dle [kkbZA pUnsy oa'k }kjk [ktqjkgks dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k FkkA pUnsy oa'k
z
dh LFkkiuk pUæoeZu ( uUuqd) }kjk dh x;h FkhA
zz blds fy, mlus dke:i ds jktk HkkLdjoeZu ds lkFk laf/k dhA g"kZ
jktk Hkkst ijekj jktoa'k ls Fks jktk Hkkst ijekj oa'k ds egkure
z
vkSj HkkLdjoeZu us 'k'kkad ds f[kykQ vfHk;ku fd;kA varr% 'k'kkad
'kkld FksA ijekj oa'k dh LFkkiuk 9oha 'krkCnh esa misUæ ;k
caxky Hkkx x;k vkSj g"kZ dUukSt dk Hkh jktk cukA
Ï".kjkt }kjk dh x;h FkhA
zz g"kZ dk lkezkT;% dUukSt dks çkIr djus ij] g"kZ us Fkkuslj vkSj rokax LFkku ij Hkkjr dk lcls cM+k ckS¼ eB fLFkr gS ;g
z
dUukSt nks jkT;ksa dks ,dtqV fd;kA og viuh jkt/kkuh dUukSt ys v#.kkpy çns'k esa fLFkr gSA
x;kA xqIrksa ds iru ds ckn mÙkj Hkkjr dbZ NksVs&NksVs jkT;ksa esa caV ;wukuh bfrgkldkj ^gsjksMksV~l* dks ^bfrgkl ds tud* ds :i
z
x;k FkkA ijUrq g"kZ vius usr`Ro esa muesa ls dbZ dks ,dtqV djus esa esa tkuk tkrk gSA gsjksMksVl us fgLVksfjdk ^Historica* uked
lQy jgkA iqLrd fy[khA
zz iatkc vkSj e/; Hkkjr ij mldk vf/kdkj FkkA 'k'kkad dh e`R;q ds 'kadjkpk;Z dh lekfèk [[Link] esa gSA
z
ckn mlus caxky] fcgkj vkSj mM+hlk ij vf/kdkj dj fy;kA mUgksaus Ïf"k ds fodkl dks Þuoik"kk.k Økafrß dgk x;k FkkA
z

[Link] vH;kl iz'u

1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh iqLrd egku 3. fuEufyf[kr gM+Iik lH;rk LFkyksa esa ls dkSu-lk (A) izFke dqfydk
fo}ku HkoHkwfr }kjk ugha fy[kh xbZ gS\ LFky lh<+hnkj nh?kkZvksa ds lkFk ,d cM+s [kqys (B) egk&naM&uk;d
(A) egkohjpfjr (B) ekyrhek/ko eSnku] ftls ^LVsfM;e ds :i esa igpkuk x;k] (C) laf/k&foxzkgd
(C) mÙkjepfjr (D) jkepfjre~ dh mifLFkfr ds izek.k n'kkZrk gS\ (D) lkFkZokg
2. fla/kq ?kkVh lH;rk dk lcls mÙkjh LFky (A) eksgutksnM+ks (B) dkyhcaxk 5. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdls n'kZu dh ^lka[;* [Link]
dkSu&lk gS\ (C) /kksykohjk (D) pqgUnM+ks dh LFkkiuk dk Js; fn;k tkrk gS\
(A) jk[khx<+h (B) dkyhcaxk 4. izkphu Hkkjr esa O;kikjh dkfQyksa ds usrk dks--- (A) O;kl (B) dfiy
(C) yksFky (D) ekaMk -----dgk tkrk FkkA (C) xkSre (D) [Link]

lkekU; Kku | 7
 6. tSu fo}ku es#rqax us fdl o"kZ eas ^izca/k (A) ;tqosZn (B) vFkoZosn 21. ekS;Z dky esa oLrqvksa ds cktkj dks -------------- ds
fparkef.k* dk ladyu fd;kA (C) ½Xosn (D) lkeosn uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA
(A) 1304 bZ- (B) 1207 bZ- (A) i.;iÙku (B) iznslk
(C) 1406 bZ- (D) 1608 bZ-
14. Hkkjrh; dk uke tks eksgutksnM+ks dh [kkst ds
(C) okghdiFkk (D) [kkoZfVd
lkFk tqM+k Fkkµ
7. ik'oZukFk ----------------------- tSu rhFk±dj FksA (A) vkj- Mh- cuthZ (B) vkj- Mh- pVthZ 22. ekS;Z dky dh nksokfjdk --------------- Fkk@FkhA
(A) nlosa (B) rsbZlosa (A) iSysl dk@dh okMZu
(C) MCY;w- lh- cuthZ (D) ,l- ,u- cuthZ
(C) pkSchlosa (D) izFke
(B) jkW;y ?kjsyw fu;a=d
15. fla/kq&lH;rk dk çkphu canjxkg dkSu&lk Fkk\
8. tuin dky ds nkSjku] ^fo"k* 'kCn dk vFkZ--- (C) fons'k ekeyksa ds foHkkxk/;{k
------ gksrk FkkA (A) gM+Iik (B) yksFky
(D) tsy v/kh{kd
(A) lk/kkj.k yksx (B) nq'eu (C) /kksykohjk (D) lqjdksVM+k
23. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk lzksr ekS;ks± dks 'kwæ-
(C) 'kkgh vf/kdkjh (D) iqtkjh 16. osnksa dh dqy la[;k gSµ iz;kLr-v/keZd ds :i esa [Link] djrk gS\
9. flda n j dh e` R ;q ds ckn pUæxq I r ekS ; Z (A) pkj (B) lkr (A) okelFkkifDluh (B) tkrd
}kjk ijkftr gq, fldanj ds lsukifr dk uke (C) ik¡p (D) rhu (C) /keZ'kkL= (D) iqjk.k
D;k Fkk\
17. fnxacj vkSj 'osrkacj buesa ls fdl Hkkjrh; èkeZ 24. if'peh izkar dks 'kkflr djus ds fy, v'kksd
(A) VkWyseh (B) lsY;wdl fudsVj
dh mi&ijaijk,¡ gSa\ }kjk fu;qDr Qkjlh dkSu Fkk\
(C) ,aVhxksul (D) dSlsaMj
(A) tSu /keZ (B) cq¼ /keZ (A) rq"kkLi (B) lwuklsik
10. esxLFkuht ds vuqlkj] paæxqIr ekS;Z ds 'kklu
(C) fgUnw /keZ (D) fl[k /keZ (C) IywVkdZ (D) tfLVu
dky esa lekt ----------- tkfr;ksa esa foHkkftr FkkA
18. Hkkjr esa uoik"kk.k ;qx ds nkSjku yksxksa }kjk fdl 25. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dk;Z gesa flagklu
(A) 6 (B) 4
èkkrq dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\ ij pUæxqIr izFke ds mÙkjkf/kdkj ds ckjs esa
(C) 5 (D) 7
(A) rk¡ck (B) pkanh crkrk gS\
11. ekS;Z lkezkT; ds iwohZ Hkkjrh; izkar dh jktèkkuh (A) nsohpUæxqIre~
------------------------ (C) lksuk (D) yksgk
esa FkhA (B) e`PNdfVdk
(A) [Link] (B) r{kf'kyk 19. Hkkjr Hkou bekjr esa fdrus [k.M gaS\
(C) vfHkKku 'kkdqarye
(C) rkslfy (D) mTtSu (A) 8 (B) 7
(D) dkSeqnh egksRlo
12. xkSreh iq= '[Link]] fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl (C) 6 (D) 5
jktoa'k dk 'kkld Fkk\ 20. 600 bZ-iw-µ325 bZ-iw- ds egktuin dky ds mÙkjekyk
(A) iYyo (B) pkyqD; nkS j ku ckS ¼ vkS j tS u lkfgR; es a fdrus 1. (D) 2. (D) 3. (C) 4. (D) 5. (B)
(C) 'kd (D) lkrokgu egktuin Fks\ 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (B) 10. (D)
11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (B)
13. ----------- 10 eaMyksa esa foHkkftr 1,028 ½pkvksa (A) 12 (B) 16
16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (D) 19. (C) 20. (B)
dk laxzg gSA (C) 14 (D) 18 21. (A) 22. (A) 23. (D) 24. (A) 25. (D)


8 |
 Unit-2: foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
v/;k;
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
1
1. Hkkjrh; varfj{k dk;ZØe zz bl ç.kkyh ds vUrxZr GSAT-9, GSAT–6, GSAT-4, GSAT-
16, GSAT-18, GSAT-19 rFkk GSAT-31 vkfn dks ç{ksfir fd;k
zz Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vUrfj{k vuqlU/kku lfefr dk xBu o"kZ 1962 esa x;k gSA
izfl¼ vUrfj{k oSKkfud MkW- foØe lkjkHkkbZ dh v/;{krk esa fd;k
zz Hkkjrh; nwjlaosnh mixzg ç.kkyh% nwjlaosnh mixzg ç.kkyh (Indian
x;k Fkk ijUrq ckn esa 15 vxLr] 1969 dks bldk iquxZBu djds
Remote Sensing Satellite System) ds vUrxZr i`Foh ds xHkZ
Hkkjrh; vUrfj{k vuqlU/kku laxBu (ISRO) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
esa fNis lalk/kuksa dks Li'kZ fd, fcuk ç[Link] fof/k }kjk tkudkjh
bljks dk eq[;ky; caxyq: (dukZVd) esa gSA orZeku le; esa bljks
miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA bl ç.kkyh ds vUrxZr IRS&IA]
ds v/;{k MkW - ,l lkseukFk gSaA
IRS&IB] IRS&IE] IRS-P2] IRS&IC] 1RS&P4] IRS&P6]
zz o"kZ 1972 esa vUrfj{k vk;ksx vkSj vUrfj{k foHkkx dk xBu fd;k dkVksZlSV I ,oa II vkfn mixzg ç{ksfir fd;s x, gSaA bl ç.kkyh esa
x;k rFkk bljks dks vUrfj{k foHkkx ds fu;U=.k esa j[kk x;kA o"kZ nks rjg ds mixzg gSa& lfØ; nwjlaosnh mixzg (RISAT-I, RISAT-
1973 bZ- esa çks- lrh'k /kou us Hkkjrh; vUrfj{k vuqlU/kku dk II) rFkk fuf"Ø; nwjlaosnh mixzg (dkVksZlSV rFkk vks'kulSV)A
dk;ZHkkj vius gkFk esa fy;kA
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
zz 21 uoEcj] 1963 dks ns'k dk igyk lkmafMax jkWdsV ^ukbd
,ik'k^ (vesfjdk fufeZr) dks FkqEck Hkwe/; js[kh; jkWdsV ç{ksi.k dsUæ “zHkkjr us 22 vDVwcj 2008 dks igys pUæ fe'ku ds rgr pUæ;ku &1
(TERLS) ls ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
dks lQyrkiwoZd ç{ksfir fd;k FkkA
“zHkkjr ljdkj }kjk 18 flrEcj] 2018 dks pUæ;ku II vfHk;ku dks
zz Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; mixzg ç.kkyh% o"kZ 1983 esa LFkkfir bulSV ç.kkyh LohÏfr çnku dj nh xbZA pUæ;ku&II dks GSLV Mark III MI
(Indian National Satellite System) ds varxZr fofHkUu vko`fÙk cSMa ks }kjk pUæek ds nf{[Link] /kzqo ij Hkstk x;k Fkk tc pUæ;ku&II ykWUp
ij dk;Z djus okys lapkj rFkk ekSleh mixzg dks vUrfj{k esa ç{ksfir fd;k x;k Fkk rc bljks ds v/;{k ds- floku FksA
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ç.kkyh vUrfj{k foHkkx] nwjlapkj foHkkx] Hkkjrh; “zpaæ;ku&2 ds [Link] dks foØe uke fn;k x;k gSA
ekSle foHkkx] vkdk'[Link] rFkk nwjn'kZu dk la;ä
q ç;kl gS vkSj blds
vUrfj{k dk;ZØeksa dh O;oLFkk fuxjkuh ,oa lapkyu dk [Link] nkf;Ro zz ç{ksi.k ;ku çkS|ksfxdh%
vUrfj{k foHkkx dk gSA ™z ,l- ,y- oh&3% 18 tqykbZ] 1980 dks SLV&3 ds lQy

zz bl ç.kkyh dh pkj ihf<+;k¡ gSa] ;Fkk& ijh{k.k us Hkkjr dks vUrfj{k Dyc dk NBk lnL; cuk fn;kA
(vesfjdk] phu] :l] Ýkal] tkiku ,oa Hkkjr)A
™z çFke ih<+h (1983&1992)% bl ih<+h ds mixzg dk çeq[k
™z vc rd dqy pkj ASLV ;kuksa dks ykWUp fd;k tk pqdk gSA
mís'; nwjlapkj çlkj.k] ekSle foKku rFkk vkink çca/ku
24 ekpZ] 1987 dks bls igyh ckj vkSj 4 ebZ] 1994 esa vafre
tSlh lsok,¡ çnku djuk FkkA
ckj ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA
™z f}rh; ih<+h (1992&1999)% bl ih<+h ds mixzg dh lcls
cM+h miyfC/k 2000 fdxzk ls vf/kd otu ds mixzg dk D;k vki tkurs gSa\
ç{ksi.k djukA o"kZ 1992 ls 1999 rd ARIANE-4 }kjk “zvk;ZHkê% ;g Lons'kh rduhd ls fufeZr çFke Hkkjrh; mixzg FkkA bldks
Ýsap xq;kuk ls bl ih<+h ds mixzg dk ç{ksi.k fd;k x;kA 19 vçSy] 1975 dks iwoZ lksfo;r la?k ds cSdkuwj vUrfj{k dsUæ ls
™z r`rh; ih<+h (2000&2016)% bl ih<+h ds mixzg vf/kd [Link] dkWLeksl ç{ksi.k ;ku }kjk i`Foh ds fudV o`Ùkh; d{kk esa 594
fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ ij lQyrkiwoZd LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA bl vfHk;ku
l'kä FksA bl le; INSAT&3 lhjht ds rgr fofHkUu
ds rhu çeq[k y{; Fksµok;q foKku ç;ksx ] lkSj HkkSfrdh ç;ksx rFkk
mixzg dk ç{ksi.k fd;k x;kA \ ,Dl&fdj.k [kxksfydh ç;ksxA
™z prqFkZ ih<+h (2016 ds ckn ls)% bl ih<+h ds lapkj mixzg “zHkkLdj&I% çk;ksfxd i`Foh i;Zos{k.k mixzg ^ HkkLdj&I dks 7 twu]
dk mís'; Mk;jsDV Vw gkse (DTH) lsok miyC/k djuk gSA 1979 dks iwoZ lksfo;r la?k ds ç{ksi.k dsUæ cSdkuwj ls [Link] dkWLeksl
bl ih<+h ds T;knkrj mixzg GSAT (Geosynchronous ç{ksi.k ;ku }kjk i`Foh ls 525 fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ fge xyu ] leqæ
Satellites) ds uke ls Hksts tkrs gSaA foKku ,oa okfudh ds {ks= esa Hkw&i;Zos{k.k vuqla/kku djuk FkkA blus 1
vxLr] 1981 ls dk;Z djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA

226 |
 ™z ,-,l-,y-oh- % bls 100 ls 150 fdxzk Hkkj [Link] ds mixzgksa esa 8&10 Vu rd isyksM ;k mixzg dks ys tkus dh {kerk gSA blds
dks i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk esa LFkkfir djus ds mís'; ls çFke pj.k esa Bksl ç.kksnd] f}rh; pj.k esa æo ç.kksnd rFkk rhljs
fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA ;g ,d ik¡p [Link] okyk laof¼r pj.k esa Øk;kstsfud batu yxk gSA
mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku FkkA Bksl ç.kksnd (b±/ku) ls pyus okys zz ;g ,d ,slk cgqpj.k jkdsV gksrk gS tks nks Vu ls vf/kd Hkkj ds
,-,l-,y-oh- ds LVªSi vku çFke ,oa f}rh; pj.k ds fy, mixzg dks i`Foh ls 36000 fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ ij Hkw&fLFkj d{kk esa
Lons'kh rduhd ls fodflr gkbMªkWfDly VfeZusVsM ikWfy LFkkfir dj nsrk gSA bls vc rd 12 ckj ykUp fd;k tk pqdk gSA
C;wVkMkbu (NTPB) ç.kksnd rFkk r`rh; ,oa prqFkZ pj.k ds zz blls 22 tqykbZ] 2019 dks paæ;ku&2 dks ç{ksfir fd;k x;k Fkk
fy, ,p-bZ-,Q-&20 ç.kksnd dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA vkSj vc GSLV&MK&III (LVM&3) ls xxu ;ku dk ç{ksi.k
™z ih-,l-,y-oh- % ih,l,yoh ,d pkj [Link] okyk /kzqoh; fd;k tkuk çLrkfor gSA
mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku gS] ftlds çFke ,oa r`rh; pj.k esa Bksl
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
ç.kksnd (b±èku) rFkk f}rh; ,oa prqFkZ pj.k esa æo ç.kksndksa
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA æo ç.kksndksa ds :i esa vlekfur “zØk;kstsfud çkS|ksfxdh% o"kZ 2006 esa rfeyukMq ds egsUæfxfj esa
Øk;kstsfud ([Link] fuEurki) voLFkk dk Hkkjr us lQy ijh{k.k fd;k
Mkb&feFkkby gkbMªkstkbu ,oa esa N2O4 dk ç;ksx fd;k
FkkA bl çkS|ksfxdh esa bu ç.kksndksa dks rjy voLFkk esa gh ç;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS] tks dejs ds rkieku ij æohHkwr jgrk gSA blds tkrk gSA blesa b±èku dks ijerkih; voLFkk esa ç;ksx djus dh fo'ks"krk
ek/;e ls dbZ mixzgksa dks ç{ksfir fd;k tk pqdk gS tSls fd ds dkj.k bls Øk;kstsfud batu dgrs gSaA Øk;kstsfud batu esa çk;%
PSLV&C30 ls ,LVªkslSV dks ç{ksfir fd;k x;k FkkA gkbMªkstu o vkWDlhtu Øe'k% b±èku o vkWDlhdkjd dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
“zfganqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl us bljks ds fy, ^C&32 LH&2^ Øk;kstsfud
D;k vki tkurs gSa\
çksisysaV VSad fodflr fd;k gSA bls ewy :i ls GSLV MK-III dh
“zHYSYS dks PSLV&C43 uked ;ku }kjk ç{ksfir fd;k x;k FkkA isyksM {kerk esa lq/kkj ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
bldk ç{ksi.k lrh'k /kou Lisl lsaVj (JhgfjdksVk) ls fd;k x;k FkkA
zz Hkkjr ds dqN çeq[k mixzg%
“z;wFklSV Lukrd] LukrdksÙkj vkSj vuqlU/kku Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh
™z ekbØkslsV&vkj (Microset&R)% 24 tuojh] 2019 dks
Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk Hkkjr vkSj :l dk ,d la;qä oSKkfud 'kS{[Link]
Ïf=e mixzg fe'ku gSA bls bljks ds bf.M;u feuh lSVsykbV cl }kjk
Hkkjrh; Hkw&rqY;dkyh mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku PSLV&C44
fufeZr fd;k x;k FkkA bls 20 vçSy] 2011 dks JhgfjdksVk ls ç{ksfir }kjk besftax lSVsykbV ekbØkslsV&vkj rFkk LVwMsaV lSVsykbV ^
fd;k x;k FkkA bldk ç{ksi.k ;ku PSLV& C16 FkkA dykelSV dk lQy ç{ksi.k fd;k x;kA
“ztwu] 2017 dks ^ czsdFkzw LVkj'kkWV ^ dk;ZØe ds N% vUrfj{k;kuksa dks ™z dkVksZlSV&III (Cartas III)% 27 uoEcj] 2019 dks

i`Foh dh fuEu d{kk esa ç{ksfir fd;k x;k FkkA fo'o ds lcls NksVs bu PSLV&C&47 }kjk dkVksZlSV&III rFkk 13 dkWef'kZ;y uSuks
vUrfj{k ;kuksa dks ^ LçkbV ^ uke fn;k x;k gSA ;s vUrfj{k ;ku bljks lSVsykbV dk lQyrkiwoZd ç{ksi.k fd;k x;kA
ds PSLV&C38 }kjk ç{ksfir bVyh ds mixzg ^ eSDl osfy;j vkSj ™z fjlSV &2 ch- vkj-&1 (RISAT&2] B] R&1)% 11
ykfV~o;k ds mixzg [Link] &1 ij layXu fd;k x;k FkkA dsoy 4 xzke fnlEcj] 2019 dks PSLV&C48 }kjk fjlSV&2 ch- vkj-&1
Hkkj okys çR;sd vUrfj{k ;ku dh yEckbZ × pkSM+kbZ 3-5 lseh × 3-5 rFkk 9 dkWef'kZ;y mixzgksa dk ç{ksi.k fd;k x;kA ;g vkink
lseh gS vkSj blesa lkSj ÅtkZ lapkfyr jsfM;ks] lsUlj] lksyj] lsYl] çca/ku esa enn djsxkA
eSXuksehVj] ekbØksd.Vªksyj vkfn layXu gSA
™z thlSV &30 (GSAT& 30) % 17 tuojh] 2020 dk ,fj;u
“zHkkjr dh igyh eSfiax lSVsykbV CARTOSAT&1 (dkVksZlsV &1) dks 5 oh, 251 ds }kjk Ýkal ds Ýsap xq;kuk fLFkr dks# }hi
Jh gfjdksVk esa SHAR dsUæ ls ykWUp fd;k x;k FkkA bls bljks us
ls NksM+k x;kA thlSV &30 ,d lapkj mixzg gSA ;s bulSV
PSLV&C37 uked ykWUp Oghdy ls ykWUp fd;k FkkA 4A dh txg dk;Z djsxkA bljks ds vuqlkj bl mixzg
™z th-,l-,y-oh-% GSLV ,d 'kfä'kkyh rhu [Link] okyk ls VsyhiksVZ lsok] fMftVy lSVsykbV U;wt xSnfjax] MhVh,p
Hkw&fLFkj ;k Hkw&rqY;dkfyd mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku gS] tks 49 eh- Vsyhfotu lsok] eksckby lsok dusfDVohVh csgrj gksxhA tgk¡
yEck vkSj 414 Vu Hkkj mBkus dh {kerk ls ;qä gSA GSLV ds vHkh eksckby lsok ugha gS ogk¡ Hkh bldh enn ls eksckby lsok
çFke pj.k esa Bksl ç.kksnd] f}rh; pj.k esa æo ç.kksnd rFkk 'kq: dh tk ldsxhA bldh enn ls ns'k esa 5G eksckby lsok
r`rh; pj.k esa Øk;kstfs ud batu dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA dh 'kq#vkr gks ldsxhA
™z ih-,l-,y-oh- C&32 (PSLV C&32)% Qjojh 2022
zz GSLV-MK-III% ;g Hkkjr dh Hkkoh ih<+h dk ç{ksi.k ;ku
gS] ftldh ifjdYiuk pkj Vu Hkkj okys oxZ ds mixzg dks esa bljks }kjk 14 Qjojh dks vkU/kz çns'k ds lrh'k /kou
vUrfjr dsUæ Jh gfjdksVk ls bl ;ku dks ç{ksfir fd;kA bl
Hkw&rqY;dkfyd gLrkUrj.k d{k esa ç{ksfir djus ds fy, dh xbZ gSA
fe'ku ds lkFk nks NksVs mixzg dks Hkh ykWUp fd;s x;s gSaA
blesa 600 fdeh dh Å¡pkbZ ij fLFkr i`Foh dh fupyh d{kk (LEO)

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 227

 vUrfj{k dsUæ vkSj bdkb;k¡
vUrfj{k dsUæ dk;Z@mís';
'kkj (SHAR) dsUæ JhgfjdksVk] vkU/kz izns'k bl dsUæ esa Hkkjrh; iz{ksi.k ;ku ds Bksl b±/ku jkWdsV ds fofHkUu [Link] dk
foØe lkjkHkkbZ vUrfj{k dsUæ (VSSC) fr#ouUriqje i`Foh ij ijh{k.k rFkk [Link] dk izlaLdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA
bljks mixzg dsUæ (ISAC) caxyq: jkWdsV vuqlUèkku rFkk iz{ksi.k ;ku fodkl ifj;kstukvksa dks cukus rFkk mUgsa
fØ;kfUor djukA mixzg ifj;kstukvksa ds fMtkbu] fuekZ.k] ijh{k.k vkSj izcUèk
dk;Z djukA
æo [Link] [Link] dsUæ (LPSC) (fr#ouUriqje] caxyq:] egsUæfxfj) ;g dsUæ bljks ds mixzg iz{ksi.k ;kuksa vkSj mixzgksa ds fy, æo b±/ku ls pyus
okyh pkyd fu;U=.k [Link];ksa vkSj batu ds fMtkbu] fodkl vkSj vkiwfrZ
ds fy, dk;Zjr gSA
HkkSfrd vuqlU/kku iz;ksx'kkyk& (PRL) vgenkckn vUrfj{k vkSj lEc¼ foKku esa vuqlU/kku ,oa fodkl djus okyk izeq[k
jk"Vªh; dsUæ gSA
eq[; fu;U=.k lqfo/kk] (MCF) gklu] dukZVd bulSV mixzg ds iz{ksi.k ds ckn dh lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa_ ;Fkkµmixzg dks d{kk
esa LFkkfir djuk] dsUæ ls mixzg dk fu;fer lEidZ LFkkfir djuk] d{kk esa
mixzg dh lHkh fØ;kfof/k;ksa ij fuxjkuh ,oa fu;U=.k dk nkf;RoA
vUrfj{k mi;ksx dsUæ (SAC) vgenkckn blds izeq[k dk;ks± esa nwjlapkj ,oa Vsyhfotu esa mixzg dk iz;ksx] izkÏfrd
lalk/kuksa ds losZ{k.k vkSj nwjlaosnu] ekSle foKku] Hkwekiu] i;kZoj.k i;Zos{k.k
vkfn 'kkfey gaSA
jk"Vªh; nwjlaosnh ,tsUlh] (NRSA) gSnjkckn ;g ,tsUlh mixzg ls izkIr vk¡dM+ksa dk mi;ksx djds i`Foh ds lalk/kuksa dh
igpku] oxhZdj.k vkSj fuxjkuh djus dh ftEesnkjh fuHkkrh gSA bldk izeq[k
dsUæ ckykuxj gSA
izeq[k Hkkjrh; mixzg
mixzg dk uke iz{ksi.k dsUæ mís';
vk;ZHkV~V (1975) iwoZ lksfo;r la?k dk cSadkuwj vUrfj{k ok;q foKku iz;ksx] lkSj HkkSfrdh iz;ksx rFkk ,Dl fdj.k [kxksfydh iz;ksxA ;g
dsUæ Hkkjr dk igyk mixzg gSA
HkkLdj-I (1979) cSadkuwj vUrfj{k dsUæ ty foKku] fge xyu] leqæ foKku ,oa okfudh ds {ks= esa Hkw&i;Zos{k.k
vuqlUèkku djukA
HkkLdj-II (1981) caSdkuwj vUrfj{k dsUæ leqæh lrg dk rki] lkeqfæd fLFkfr] cQZ fxjus ,oa fi?kyus tSlh ?kVukvksa dk
O;kid fo'ys"[Link]
[Link] vkj ,l-I (1980) Jhgfjdks V k ds Hkkjrh; iz { ks i .k;ku bldk eq[; mís'; Hkkjr ds izFke mixzg iz{ksi.k ;ku ,l,yoh-3 dk ijh{k.k
(,l,y oh-3) }kjk djuk FkkA
,Iiy iz k ;ks f xd la p kj Ýspa xq;kuk ds dks: vUrfj{k iz{ksi.k dsUæ ,Iiy ls izkIr rduhdh vuqHko us bulSV Ük`a[kyk ds fuekZ.k ,oa fodkl esa
mixzg (1981) ls ;wjksih; vUrfj{k ,tsUlh ds ,fj;u-4 egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA
iz{ksi.k ;ku }kjk
esVlSV (dYiuk 1) ih ,l ,y oh (lh-4) }kjk JhgfjdksVk Hkkjr ds igys ekSle mixzg dks Hkstk x;kA
12 flrEcj] 2002 ls iz{ksi.k
fjlkslZ lSV-I ih ,l ,y oh (lh-25) }kjk JhgfjdksVk vc rd ds lokZf/kd otu okys nwjlaosnh mixzg dks ns'k esa gh fodflr PSLV
17 vDVwcj] 2003 ls iz{ksi.k (C-25) }kjk iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA

,MqlSV (EDUSAT) lrh'k /kou vUrfj{k dsUæ JhgfjdksVk ;g nwjLFk f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ØkfUr ykus ds fy, Lons'k fufeZr izFke 'kS{[Link]
20 flrEcj] 2004 (vkU/kz izns'k) ls GSLV (F-01) }kjk mixzg gSA
iz{ksfir

228 |
 mixzg dk uke iz{ksi.k dsUæ mís';
dkVksZ lSV-1 JhgfjdksVk ls PSLVC-6 ls iz{ksfir ns'k ds igys ekufp=.k dk;ks± gsrq iz;qDr mixzg (eSfiax lSVsykbV) dk iz{ksi.k
5 ebZ] 2005
bljks dk 100ok¡ fe'ku 9 flrEcj] 2012 dks PSLV (C-21)
ds }kjk Ýkal ds mixzg SPOT-6 ,oa
tkiku ds ,d ekbØks mixzg ^izksbVsjsl*
dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
pUæ;ku-1 lrh'k /kou vUrfj{k dsUæ JhgfjdksVk ls pUæek ij Hkstk tkus okyk Hkkjr dk igyk ekuojfgr pUæ vfHk;ku FkkA
22 vDVwcj] 2008 PSLV-C11 ;ku }kjk iz{ksfir
IRNSS-1A lrh'k /kou vUrfj{k dsUæ JhgfjdksVk Hkkjrh; {ks=h; ukSogu mixzg [Link] dh LFkkiukA ;g vesfjdh th ih ,l dh
1 tqykbZ] 2013 ls PSLV (C-22) jkWdsV }kjk iz{ksfir rtZ ij dke djsxkA bl Øe esa 7 mixzg Hkstus dh bljks dh ;kstuk gSA
eklZ vkfcZVj Jhgfjdks V k ls PSLV C-25 jkW d s V Hkkjr dk izFke eaxy vfHk;ku 24 flrEcj] 2014 dks eaxy ij mixzg dh
fe'ku (eaxy;ku) }kjk iz{ksfir LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh Hkkjr fo'o esa vius izFke iz;kl esa gh lQy gksus okyk igyk
ns'k cukA ;g mixzg eaxy xzg ij thou dh vko';drkvksa dk v/;;u djsxkA
o"kZ 2014 GSAT-14- JhgfjdksVk ls GSLV-D5 ds }kjk iz{ksfir 1980 fdxzk- otu dk lapkj mixzg] ftlesa Lons'kh Øk;kstsfud batu dk izFker%
5 tuojh] 2014 lQy iz;ksx gqvkA
GSAT-16 Ýsap xq;kuk ds dkS'ky iz{ksi.k dsUæ ls ;g Hkkjr dk 24ok¡ lapkj mixzg gSA ;g vius lkFk dqy 48 lapkj Vª[Link]
7 fnlEcj] 2014 ,fj;u-5 jkWdsV }kjk iz{ksfir ys x;k gSA
th lSV-6 JhgfjdksVk ls SLV C-D-6 ;g mixzg lapkj ds ckjs esa crk,xkA
27 vxLr] 2015
IRNSS-IG dkVksZlSV 2 JhgfjdksVk ls PSLV-C-33 ;g mixzg usohxs'ku ds ckjs esa crk,xkA
ekSle mixzg JhgfjdksVk ls PSLV-35 jkWdsV }kjk ;g mixzg ekSle] ekSle lEcU/kh vkinkvksa dh Hkfo";[Link] esa enn djsxkA
LdSVlsV-1 iz{ksfir
26 flrEcj] 2016
nwjlapkj mixzg Ýsap xq;kuk ds dks: LisliksVZ ls jkWdsV ;g mixzg Hkkjr ds fy, 15 lky rd Vsyh dE;qfuds'ku lfoZl nsxkA
thlSV-18 ,fj;u-5 }kjk iz{ksfir
6 vDVwcj] 2016
thlSV-19 GSLV MK-III D1/ GSAT-19 fe'ku ;g ,d lapkj mixzg gSA ftldk izeq[k y{; lapkj dh lqfo/kk dks etcwrh
5 twu] 2017 iznku djuk gSA
IRNSS-1 H PSLV-C39 iz{ksi.k ;ku ds rgr bl ;g ukSogu lEcU/kh mixzg gS tks fd vlQy jgkA
31 vxLr] 2017 mixzg dk iz{ksi.k fd;k x;k
dkVksZlSV-2 Üka`[kyk mixzg PSLV-C40 ds rgr ;g mixzg iz{ksfir Hkw&iz{ksi.k lEcU/kh tkudkjh bdV~Bk djuk bl mixzg dk y{; gSA
12 tuojh] 2018 fd;k x;kA
GSAT-11 fe'ku ,fj;t&5 uke iz{ksi.k ;ku ls bl mixzg ;g lapkj lEcU/kh mixzg gS tks fd lapkj ds ckjs esa crk,xkA
5 fnlEcj] 2018 dks iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA
thlSV-31 fe'ku ,fj;t&5 VA uked iz{ksi.k ;ku ls ;g ;g lapkj dh lqfo/kk,¡ iznku djsxkA
6 Qjojh] 2019 mixzg Hkstk x;kA
dkVksZlSV-3 PSLV-C47 uked iz{ksi.k ;ku dk iz;ksx bl vfHk;ku dk izeq[k y{; i`Foh lEcU/kh tkudkjh bdV~Bk djuk gSA
27 uoEcj] 2019 fd;k x;kA
bZvks,l-01 PSLV-C 39 iz{ksi.k ;ku ds }kjk bl ;g mixzg vkink izca/ku rFkk Hkw&iz{ksi.k lEcU/kh tkudkjh miyC/k djk,xkA
7 uoEcj] 2020 mixzg dks Hkstk x;kA
,e ,l-1 PSLV-C50 uked jkWdsV }kjk iz{ksfir ;g lapkj lEcU/kh mixzg gSA
17 fnlEcj] 2020

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 229

 mixzg dk uke iz{ksi.k dsUæ mís';
Mhvks,l-03 GSLV-F10 }kjk iz{ksfir bl vfHk;ku dk izeq[k y{; Hkw&iz{ksi.k djuk Fkk ysfdu ;g vlQy gks x;kA
12 vxLr] 2021
bZvks,l-04 PSLV-C52 }kjk o"kZ 2022 dk igyk bl fe'ku dk izeq[k y{; Hkw&iz{ksi.k djuk gSA blds lkFk&lkFk Ïf"k] okfudh]
14 Qjojh] 2022 iz{ksi.k mixzg feV~Vh dh ueh ekSle lEcU/kh tkudkjh iznku djus ds fy, bl mixzg dks
fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA
zz xu;ku% ;g Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu dk ,d fe'ku gSA z lcls de mez dk vUrfj{k ;k=h —xsjseku frrksc
bl fe'ku ds varxZr rhu varfj{k fe'kuksa dks d{kk esa Hkstk tk,xk z lcls vf/kd mez dk vUrfj{k ;k=h —tkWu Xysu (70)
rFkk bu rhu fe'kuksa esa ls nks fe'ku ekuojfgr gksaxs] tcfd ,d z vUrfj{k esa Hkstk tkus okyk izFke vUrfj{k 'kVy —dksyfEc;k
ekuo ;qä fe'ku gksxkA z pUæek ij mrjus okyk igyk pkyd foghu vUrfj{k ;ku —ywuk-9
zz ç.kksnd% ;g jkdsV dk b±èku gSA Bksl ç.kksnd 88% Bksl rFkk z pUæek ij mrjus okyk igyk pkyd ;qDr vUrfj{k vfHk;ku
12% æo dk feJ.k gksrk gSA —viksyks-11
varfj{k esa çFke% z igyk ekuo fufeZr varfj{k mixzg iz{ksifr djus okyk ns'k
z vUrfj{k esa Hkstk x;k igyk tho—ykbZdk] ,d dqÙkk (1957 :l) —lksfo;r la?k] :l (1957)
z vUrfj{k esa izos'k djus okyk izFke O;fDr
[Link] fcanq%
—estj ;wjh xkxfju (1957 :l)
z izFke efgyk vUrfj{k ;k=h —osysUVhuk rsjs'dksok “zLiwrfud &1 i`Foh dk igyk Ïf=e mixzg FkkA bls lksfo;r varfj{k
dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr 4 vDVwcj] 1957 dks lksfo;r la?k }kjk i`Foh dh
z vUrfj{k esa tkus okyh igyh vesfjdh efgyk —lSyh jkbM
d{kk esa ykWUp fd;k x;kA bldh fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd cSVjh [kre gksus ij
z vUrfj{k esa tkus okyh izFke v/;kfidkA Hkh ;g rhu lIrkg rd ifjØek dj ldrk FkkA
—'ksjksu fØLVk esdksfyQ (vesfjdk)
“zoSf'od vofLFkfr ç.kkyh (Xykscy iksft'kfuax flLVe&GPS) ,d oSf'od
z pUæek ij dne j[kus okyk izFke O;fDr —uhy vkeZLVªkax ukSogu mixzg ç.kkyh gS tks dsoy lSU; vfHk;kuksa (vkWijs'kuks)a ds fy, lwpuk
z pUæek ij mrjus okys igys O;fDr çnku djrh gSA bl ç.kkyh dks la;ä q jkT; vesfjdk us fodflr fd;k Fkk
—uhy vkeZLVªkax ,oa ,Mfou ,fYMªu vkSj 27 vçSy] 1995 ls ;g ç.kkyh dk;Zjr gks xbZ FkhA
z vUrfj{k ;ku ls ckgj fudyus okyk igyk O;fDr “zLIGO dk vFkZ gS& ystj [Link] xzsfoVs'kuy oso vkWCtjosVjhA
—,ysDlh fy;ksukso ;g HkkSfrdh dk ,d fo'kky ç;ksx gS ftldk mís'; xq#Roh; rjaxksa dk
z nks ckj vUrfj{k esa tkus okys izFke lksfo;r ;k=h lh/ks irk yxkuk gSA ;g MIT, Caltec rFkk cgqr ls vU; laLFkkuksa dk
lfEefyr ifj;kstuk gS ftls vesfjdk dh us'kuy lkbal [Link]'ku
—duZy Cykfnehj dksekjkso
(NSF) }kjk çk;ksftr fd;k x;k gSA bl ç;ksx esa lu~ 2002 ls 2010
z vUrfj{k esa fopj.k djus okyk igyk O;fDr —,ysDlh fy;ksukso rd çs{k.k fd;s x, ijUrq xq#Roh; rjax dk irk ugha py ik;kA
z vUrfj{k esa fopj.k djus okyk igyk vesfjdh ;k=h—,MoMZ àkbV “zHkkjrh; {ks=h; lapkyu mixzg ç.kkyh (IRNSS) Hkkjrh; {ks= esa fLFkfr
z lcls vf/kd fnuksa rd vUrfj{k esa jgus okyk ;k=h lwpuk çnku djus ds fy, vfHkdfYir Lora= {ks=h; lapkyu mixzg
—okysjh iksY;kdkso ç.kkyh gSA bls Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqla/kku laxBu (bljks) }kjk fodflr
z izFke Hkkjrh; vUrfj{k ;k=h —LDokMªu yhMj jkds'k 'kekZ fd;k x;k gSA
z izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk vUrfj{k ;k=h —dYiuk pkoyk “zvarfj{k ;k=h lquhrk fofy;El us o"kZ 2006 esa varfj{k esa 195 fnu
z vUrfj{k esa fopj.k djus okyh igyh efgyk —'osrykuk lsfoRLdk;k fcrk;s FksA lquhrk fofy;El varfj{k esa bruk le; fcrkus okyh çFke
efgyk ,oa varfj{k esa tkus okyh Hkkjrh; ewy dh nwljh efgyk FkhA
z pUæek ij mrjus okyk igyk pkyd ;qDr vUrfj{k ;ku —bZxy
“ztlyhu dkSj tkslu nwljh Hkkjrh; efgyk gSa] ftUgksaus eklZ fe'ku ij
z eaxy xzg ij mrjus okyk igyk vUrfj{k ;ku —okbfdax-1
uklk ds lkFk mM+ku Hkjh gSA dYiuk pkoyk o"kZ 1997 esa vUrfj{k esa
z pUæek dh ifjØek djus okyk izFke vUrfj{k ;ku —ywuk-10
tkus okyh çFke Hkkjrh; efgyk FkhaA
z vUrfj{k esa nks ns'kksa ds ;kuksa dk izFke feyu
“zvesfjdh varfj{k ,tsalh uklk dk twuks varfj{k ;ku o"kZ 2016 ls
—viksyks lks;qt (15 tqykbZ] 1975)
yxHkx nks o"kZ ls c`gLifr xzg dk v/;;u dj jgk gSA bl ;ku dks o"kZ
z Hkkjr dk izFke pkyd jfgr foeku —y{; (uoEcj 2000) 2011 esa dsi dsusojy (USA) ls ykap fd;k x;k FkkA
z eaxy xzg ij pkyd jfgr vUrfj{k ;ku Hkstus okyk igyk ns'k “zphu dh varfj{k ,tsalh dk uke phuh jk"Vªh; varfj{k ç'kklu ;k pkbuk
—vesfjdk us'kuy Lisl ,MfefuLVªs'ku (CNSA) gSA

230 |
“zeSfXy;ku fe'ku uklk }kjk 'kqØ xzg ds v/;;u ds fy, Hkstk x;k FkkA “zGISAT ;k ft;ks besftax lSVsykbV] HkwfLFkj d{kk esa Hkkjr dk igyk
;g LislØk¶V 1990 esa 'kqØ ij igq¡pk FkkA bls ohul jkMkj eS;j ds i`Foh besftax mixzg gS] ;g bljks }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA “ztkiku ydM+h ls cus nqfu;k ds igys mixzg ds 2023 esa ç{ksi.k ds
“zuklk us vius fe'ku vkVsZfel dk;ZØe dh :ijs[kk çdkf'kr dh gS ftlesa fy, rS;kjh dj jgk gSA tkiku dh lqferkseks QkWjsLVªh daiuh vkSj D;ksVks
o"kZ 2024 rd igyh efgyk dks paæek ij Hkstus dh ;kstuk cukbZ xbZ ;wfuoflZVh us blds ykWUp dk y{; j[kk gSA gSA lSVsykbV varfj{k dckM+
gSA bl fe'ku dk y{; pUæek ds nf{[Link] /kzqo lfgr paæek dh lrg ij dh leL;k dk eqdkcyk djsxkA
varfj{k ;kf=;ksa dks mrkjuk gSA vkVsZfel fe'ku ds fy, uklk ds u, “zeklZ jksoj fe'ku dks uklk us eaxy xzg ds vUos"k.k ds fy, 30 tqykbZ]
jkWdsV ftls Lisl ykWUp flLVe dgk tkrk gS dks pquk x;k gSA Kkr gks 2020 dks ykWUp fd;k FkkA
fd us'kuy ,jksukWfVDl ,aM Lisl ,MfefuLVªs'ku (NASA) us 16 uoacj]
“zNISAR /kzqoh; Øk;ksLQh;j vkSj fgUn egklkxj {ks= lfgr lHkh Hkwfe
2022 dks vius ekuo jfgr paæek fe'ku vkVsZfel&I dks lQyrkiwoZd
æO;eku ij oSf'od voyksdu ds fy, ISRO vkSj vesfjdh varfj{k ,tsalh
ykWUp fd;k FkkA
NASA ds chp ,d la;qä i`Foh voyksdu fe'ku gSA NISAR mixzg
“zLisl X us uklk gsrq dkxksZ fe'ku ij varjkZ"Vªh; varfj{k LVs'ku ds fy, dks 2023 dh 'kq#vkr esa ykWUp djus dk çLrko fd;k x;k FkkA bldk
,d MªSxu varfj{k;ku lQyrkiwoZd ç{ksfir fd;k FkkA ,yu eLd us mís'; mUur jMkj besftax dk mi;ksx djds Hkwfe dh lrg esa ifjorZu
2002 esa Lisl&X LFkkfir dh] ;g ,d futh vesfjdh vUrfj{k vkSj dk oSf'od eki djuk gSA
vUrfj{k ifjogu lsok daiuh gS] ftldk eq[;ky; gSFkkWuZ] dSyhQksfuZ;k]
“zNksVs mixzgksa dks ç{ksfir djus okyk ns'k dk nwljk Lisl iksVZ rfeyukMq
la;qä jkT; vesfjdk esa gSA
ds rwrhdksfju esa fodflr fd;k tk jgk gSA
“zvarfj{k esa QSys jkWdsVksa vkSj mixzgksa ds VqdM+ksa dks gVkus ds fy;s
“zHkkjr us pkSFkh ihM+h dk lapkj mixzg bulSV&4A dks 21 fnlEcj] 2005
baVjus'kuy Lisl LVs'ku ls fjewo fMch uked Lisl Øk¶V ykWUp fd;k
dks ;wjksi ds ç{ksi.k ;ku ,fj,u ls ç{ksfir fd;k gSA rhu Vu ds bl
FkkA 100 fdyksxzke otu okys bl LislØk¶V dk fuekZ.k ,;jcl dh
mixzg ls Mk;jsDV Vw gkse (DTH) Vsfyohtu çlkj.k esa ubZ igy laHko
lgk;d ljs lSVsykbV VsDuksykWth }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA bl ifj;kstuk dk
gks ldhA bulSV 4A dks ISRO us rS;kj fd;k FkkA bulSV &3 D ekSle
'kks/k ;wjksih; la?k }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA
laca/kh] MsVk fjys mixzg gS] tks lgk;rk çkIr [kkst vkSj cpko mixzg ds
“zuklk us 1990 esa vius lcls çfl¼ VsyhLdksi gcy Lisl VsyhLdksi :i esa Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA bulSV &2 D] 4 twu] 1997 dks ykWUp
dks ykWUp vkSj vfHkfu;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA bls vesfjdh varfj{k ;ku fd;k x;k FkkA ;g mixzg lapkj gsrq ç{ksfir fd;k x;k FkkA
fMLdojh dh enn ls bldh d{kk esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k FkkA gcy
“zdksyafc;k Lisl 'kVy igyk Lis'k jsVsM vkfoZVj FkkA ;g vesfjdk ns'k
nwjn'khZ dks vesfjdh varfj{k ,tsalh uklk us ;wjksfi;u varfj{k ,tsalh ds
dh varfj{k ,tsalh dk Lisl'kVy FkkA bls igyh ckj 12 vçSy] 1981
lg;ksx ls rS;kj fd;k FkkA
dks fe'ku STS&1 ds fy, ykWUp fd;k x;k Fkk] tks Lisl 'kVy çksxzke
“zfe'ku 'kfä ds rgr DRDO us ,aVh&lSVsykbV felkby dk lQy dh igyh mM+ku FkhA bl 'kVy dk vfUre o 28 oka fe'ku Fkk] tks fd
ijh{k.k fd;kA felkby dk ijh{k.k vksfM'kk ds MkW- ,ihts vCnqy dyke STS&107] 1 Qjojh 2003 dks ykap fd;k x;k Fkk rFkk bl gknls esa
}hi ls fd;k x;k FkkA ;g {kerk gkfly djus okyk Hkkjr pkSFkk ns'k gSA dYiuk pkoyk lfgr lkr yksxksa dh tku xbZ FkhA
Ýkal us Hkkjr ds ckn ;g {kerk gkfly dh gSA
“zjkds'k 'kekZ varfj{k esa ;k=k djus okys igys Hkkjrh; FksA muds cSdvi
“zvkslhfjl&jsDl uked uklk fe'ku dk mís'; i`Foh ds fudV csUuw uked ds :i esa joh'k eYgks=k dks pquk x;k FkkA nksuksa ,;jQkslZ ds tkckat vkSj
,d {kqæxzg ls uewus ,d= djuk FkkA ;g la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dk igyk vuqHkoh ik;yV FksA mUgksaus nks :lh varfj{k ;kf=;ksa ds lkFk varfj{k
{kqæxzg lSaiy fjVuZ fe'ku gS bls 2016 esa yk¡p fd;k x;k bl fe'ku dh ;k=k dh FkhA jkds'k 'kekZ dks v'kksd pØ ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA
vof/k dqy lkr o"kZ gSA
“zvarfj{k esa igq¡pus okys tkiku ds igys futh jkWdsV ç{ksi.k dk uke ekseks 2. Hkkjr esa [Link] ÅtkZ
&III gSA ;g ,d jkWdsV LislykWUp daiuh gS] tks ekseks ykWUpj fodflr zz HkkHkk [Link] vuqla/kku dsUæ (BARC)% HkkHkk [Link] vuqla/kku
dj jgh gSA 2017 esa] ;g futh rkSj ij fodflr varfj{k jkWdsV ykWUp
dsUæ (BARC) [Link] foKku ,oa lEc¼ {ks= esa dk;Zjr vuqla/kku
djus okyh igyh tkikuh daiuh cu xbZ Fkh ijUrq og ykap vlQy
dsUæ gS ftldh LFkkiuk VªkWEcs eqEcbZ esa dh xbZ FkhA ;gk¡ dukMk ds
jgkA ekseks&I leqæh çs{k.k mixzg (MOS&I) gS] ftls ekseks&I ds uke ls
Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA tkiku dk igyk i`Foh voyksdu mixzg FkkA lg;ksx ls LFkkfir lkbjl rkih; fj,DVj dk eq[; mís'; jsfM;ks
vkblksVksi dk mRiknu ,oa muds ç;ksx dks çksRlkfgr djuk gSA
“ztkiku }kjk ç{ksfir nqfu;k ds igys xzhugkml xSl fuxjkuh mixzg bcqdh
gSA GOSAT ftldk miuke bcqdh gSA ;g ,d mixzg gS ftls tkiku zz bafnjk xk¡/kh [Link] vuqla/kku dsUæ% bldh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1971 esa
ds GCOM (Xykscy psat vkWCtosZ'ku fe'ku) dk;ZØe ds rgr JAXA dyiDde (rfeyukMq) esa dh x;h FkhA bl dsUæ dk çeq[k dk;Z
(tkiku ,;jksLisl ,DlIyksjs'ku ,tsalh) }kjk varfj{k esa Hkstk x;kA QkLV czhMj fj,DVj ds laca/k esa vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl djuk gSA
tks i`Foh ij dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (CO2) vkSj ehFksu (CH4) tSlh bl dsaæ esa fLFkr QkLV czhMj VsLV fj,DVj fo'o esa viuh rjg dk
xzhugkml xSlksa ds ifjogu ra= dk v/;;u djsxh lexz fe'ku dk igyk fj,DVj gS tks IywVksfu;e] ;wjsfu;e fefJr dkckZbM b±èku dks
mís'; xzhu gkml xSlksa (GHG) ds lzksr dk vkdyu djds i;kZoj.k dke esa ykrk gSA
ç'kklu esa ;ksxnku djuk gSA vkSj D;ksVks çksVksdkWy dk leFkZu djuk gSA
™z dkfeuh% dkfeuh dk laf{kIr :i dyiDde feuh fj,DVj
bls 23 tuojh] 2009 dks ç{ksfir fd;k x;kA
gSA dkfeuh us 17 flrEcj] 1997 ls dke djuk 'kq: fd;k
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 231
 gSA dkfeuh Fkksfj;e] ;wjsfu;e &233 b±èku pØ dk mi;ksx fd;kA bls ÞfLefyax cq¼k^^ uke fn;k x;kA bl ijh{k.k ds 24 o"kks±
djus okyk fo'o dk çFke fj,DVj gSA bl fj,DVj dk mi;ksx ds ckn iks[kj.k esa nwljh ckj 11 ebZ ,oa 13 ebZ] 1998 dks [Link]
vuqla/kku ds vfrfjä vijkf/k;ksa dks idM+us esa Hkh fd;k ijh{k.k fd;k x;k] ftls 'kfä &98 uke fn;k x;kA Hkkjr ds iwoZ
tk,xk] D;ksafd blds }kjk fQaxj fçaVksa dk feyku djuk cM+k jk"Vªifr Jh ,- ih- ts- vCnqy dyke blh ijh{k.k ls lEcafèkr
ljy gks tk,xkA FksA o"kZ 1974 ds [Link] ijh{k.k esa ek= IywVksfud b±èku dk
zz mPp çkS|ksfxdh dsUæ (CAT)% mPp çkS|ksfxdh dsUæ dk eq[; dk;Z mi;ksx gqvk Fkk] tcfd o"kZ 1998 esa ifj'kksf"kr ;wjsfu;e ls ysdj
yslj ,oa Rojdksa ds {ks= esa çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl djuk gSA bldh VªkbfV;e] MîwVsfj;e rd dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
LFkkiuk lu~ 1984 esa bankSj e - ç - esa dh xbZ FkhA ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu ukfHkdh; lay;u
zz ifjorZuh; ÅtkZ lkbDyksVªkWu dsUæ (VECC) % bldk eq[;ky;
ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu çfØ;k dsoy ukfHkdh; lay;u çfØ;k dsoy
dksydkrk esa gSA ;g dsUæ [Link] HkkSfrdh] [Link] jlk;u 'kkL=
Hkkjh rRoksa ds ukfHkdksa esa gh gks gYds rRoksa ds ukfHkdksa ls gh gksrh gSA
fofHkUu m|ksxksa ds fy, jsfM;ks leLFkkfudksa ds mRiknu ,oa fj,DVjksa
ldrh gSA
dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ls gksus okyh {kfr ds mPp v/;;u dk jk"Vªh;
dsUæ gSA bl çfØ;k esa ÅtkZ ifjorZu bl çfØ;k esa ÅtkZ ifjorZu dh
[Link] ÅtkZ foHkkx dh dh çfr'kr {kerk de gksrh gSA çfr'kr {kerk vf/kd gksrh gSA
vU; izeq[k bdkb;k¡
;g çfØ;k rki dh lk/kkj.k ;g çfØ;k dsoy mPp rki ij gh
laLFkku dk uke fLFkfr ek=k ij Hkh djkbZ tk ldrh djkbZ tk ldrh gSA
[Link] inkFkZ funs'kky; gSnjkckn gSA
xq# ty cksMZ eqEcbZ bl fØ;k dks vklkuh ls bl çfØ;k dks vklkuh ls
ukfHkdh; b±/ku ifjlj gSnjkckn fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA fu;af=r ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tSlsµukfHkdh; fj,DVjA tSlsµgkbMªkstu ceA
Hkkjrh; ukfHkdh; ÅtkZ dkWiksZjs'ku fyfeVsM eqEcbZ
bl fØ;k esa ÅtkZ yxHkx 200 bl fØ;k esa mRiUu ÅtkZ 24 esxk
Hkkjr ;wjsfu;e fuxe fy- tknwxksM+k esxk bysDVªkWu&oksYV gksrh gSA bysDVªkWu&oksYV gksrh gSA
Hkkjrh; js;j vFkZ fy- eqEcbZ
bl çfØ;k esa æO;eku dh {kfr bl çfØ;k esa Hkh æO;eku dh {kfr
fofdj.k vkSj vkblksVksi izkS|ksfxdh cksMZ eqEcbZ gksrh gSA gks tkrh gSA
zz Hkkjr esa [Link] ijh{k.k% 18 ebZ] 1974 dks iks[kj.k (tSlyesj [Link] ce ukfHkdh; fo[kaMu gkbMªkstu ce ukfHkdh; lay;u ij
jktLFkku) esa Hkkjr us Lons'kh igyk ijh{[Link]; [Link] foLQksV ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA

Hkkjr ds [Link] vuqlU/kku fj,DVlZ

uke fLFkfr LFkkiuk o"kZ {kerk (esxkokV esa)
1. vIljk VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1956 1

2. lkbjl VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1960 40

3. tjyhuk VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1961 100

4. [Link]-1 VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1972 1

5. [Link]-2 VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1984 200

6. [Link]-3 VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1990

7. /kzqo VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ) 1985 100

8. dkfeuh dyiDde (rfeyukMq) 1996 30 (fdyksokV)

9. QkLV czhMj VsLV fj,DVj dyiDde (rfeyukMq) 1985 42

232 |
 Hkkjr ds orZeku [Link] ÅtkZ dsUæ
uke fLFkfr LFkkiuk o"kZ dqy {kerk (esxkokV esa)
1. rkjkiqj [Link] fo|qr la;a= egkjk"Vª 1969 1400
2. jktLFkku [Link] fo|qr la;a= jkorHkkVk (jktLFkku) 1973, 1981 1180
3. eækl [Link] fo|qr la;a= dyiDde] rfeyukMq 1983, 1985 440
4. ujkSjk [Link] fo|qr la;a= cqyan'kgj (mÙkj izns'k) 1991 440
5. dkdjkikjk [Link] fo|qr la;a= lwjr (xqtjkr) 1993 440
6. dqMudqye [Link] fo|qr la;a= rfeyukMq 2013 2000
5. dSxk [Link] fo|qr la;a= dukZVd 2000 880

Hkkjr ds [Link] foKku vuqla/kku dsUæ@laLFkku

jk"Vªh; foKku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyhA la;a= vuqla/kku dsUæ] JhuxjA
bfUnjk xk¡/kh [Link] vuqla/kku dsUæ] dyiDde (psUubZ)A HkkSfrdh vuqla/kku dsUæ] eqEcbZ
jk"Vªh; foKku vdkneh] bykgkckn (m- iz-)A dsUæh; b±/ku vuqla/kku laLFkku] tyxksM+kA
dsUæh; vuqla/kku laLFkku] dlkSyhA lkgk ukfHkdh; HkkSfrdh laLFkku] dksydkrk (i- caxky)A
mPp izkfof/kdh dsUæ] bUnkSj (e/; izns'k)A HkkHkk [Link] ÅtkZ 'kks/k dsUæ] djuky (iatkc)A
HkkSfrdh vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk] vgenkckn (xqtjkr)A Hkkjrh; dSalj vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk] xqyexZA
[Link] vuqla/kku dsUæ] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA [Link] ÅtkZ fuxe] eqEcbZA
VkVk lS¼kfUrd vuqla/kku laLFkku] eqEcbZA mPp LFkyh; vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk] xqyexZA
;wjsfu;e dkWiksZjs'ku dsUæ] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA [Link] vuqla/kku iz;ksx'kkyk] JhuxjA
HkkHkk [Link] vuqla/kku dsUæ] VªkWEcs (eqEcbZ)A HkwdEih; vuqla/kku dsUæ] xkSjhfonkuwj (dukZVd esa caxyq# ds ikl)A
3. j{kk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj i`Foh&III [Link] dh felkbyksa ds ukSlSfud laLdj.k dk
dksM&uke /kuq"k gSA i`Foh&I felkby o"kZ 1994 ls Hkkjrh;
zz Hkkjr esa rhu çdkj dh l'kL= lsuk,a gSa& Hkkjrh; Fky lsuk] ukS
lsuk esa lsokjr gSA i`Foh&II felkbysa o"kZ 1996 ls lsok esa gSaA
lsuk rFkk ok;qlsukA Hkkjr esa 14-4 yk[k (1-44 fefy;u) ls vfèkd
i`Foh&II ç{ksikL= ,d ukfHkdh; {kerk okyk çk{ksfid vL=
lfØ; lSfud 'kfä gS vkSj bl çdkj ;g fo'o dh lcls cM+h lSU;
gSA ;g Hkkjr dk igyk ns'kh; :i ls fufeZr çk{ksfid vL=
'kfä;ksa esa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr dk viuk ?kjsyw j{kk m|ksx gS ftlesa
gSA o"kZ 2004 esa 350 fdeh- dh vf/kd foLrkfjr jsat okyh
ls 80% ljdkj ds LokfeRo esa gSA lkoZtfud {ks= esa DRDO vkSj
i`Foh&III dk lQyrkiwoZd ijh{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA
bldh 50 ç;ksx'kkyk,¡] 4 j{kk f'ki;kMZ] 5 j{kk PSU vkSj 41
vk;q/k dkj[kkus 'kkfey gSaA j{kk laca/kh vk;kr dks de djus vkSj ™z f='kwy% ;g de nwjh dk tehu ls gok esa ekj djus okyk

?kjsyw fofuekZ.k dks c<+kus ds fy, Hkkjr us ,d ubZ j{kk [kjhn] vf/ ç{ksikL= gS ftldh ekjd {kerk 500 eh ls 9 fdeh rd gSA
kxzg.k vkSj fuekZ.k uhfr dk fuekZ.k Hkh fd;k gSA Lora=rk ds ckn] o"kZ 2008 esa ljdkj }kjk f='kwy felkby ifj;kstuk dks cUn
j{kk ea=ky; ds fu;a=.k esa lsuk ds vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl ds fy, dj fn;k x;k rFkk blds LFkku ij eS=h felkby dk fuekZ.k
1958 esa j{kk vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl laxBu (DRDO) dk xBu 'kq: fd;k x;k] tks Ýsap ekbdy felkby rFkk f='kwy dk
fd;k x;k FkkA feJ.k gSA
zz fofo/k ç{ksikL=% ™z vkdk'k% ;g Hkwfe ls gok esa ekj djus okyk e/;e nwjh dk
cgqy{kh; ç{ksikL= gSA bldh ekjd {kerk yxHkx 25 fdeh
™z i`Foh% ;g tehu ls tehu ij ekj djus okyk de nwjh dk
gSA ;g Hkkjr dk igyk ,slk ç{ksikL= gS] ftlds ç.kksnd esa
cSfyfLVd ç{ksikL= gSA bldh U;wure ekjd {kerk 40 fdeh
jSetsV fl¼kUrksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
rFkk vf/kdre ekjd {kerk 250 fdeh gSA blds fofHkUu
laLdj.k esa i`Foh I i`Foh II rFkk i`Foh III 'kkfey gSaA i`Foh&I ™z vfXu% vfXu [Link] esa vfXu&I] vfXu&II] vfXu&III]
vfXu&IV] vfXu&V] vfXu&VI uked dbZ ç{ksikL=
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 233
 gSaA ;gtehu ls tehu ij ekj djus okyh e/;e nwjh dh ç{ksikL= gSA jr us Lons'k fufeZr ,MokaLM ,;j fMQsal
cSfyfLVd felkby gSA (AAD&02) felkby dk ijh{k.k mM+hlk ds iwohZ rV ij fLFkr
zz vfXu I% 700&800 fdeh- dh lhekA ,dhÏr ijh{k.k jsat ls 6 fnlEcj] 2007 dks fd;kA
zz vfXu II% jsat 2000 fdeh- ls vf/kdA ™z czãksl% ;g Hkkjr ,oa :l dh la;qä ifj;kstuk ds rgr
fodflr fd;k tkus okyk ç{ksikL= gSA bldk uke Hkkjr dh
zz vfXu III% 2]500 fdeh- ls vf/kd dh lhek
unh czãiq= ds ÞBrahß rFkk :l dh unh eLdok ds ÞMosß
zz vfXu IV% bldh jsat 3]500 fdeh- ls vf/kd gS vkSj ;g ,d jksM ls feydj cuk gSA ;g lrg ls lrg ij ekj djus okyk
eksckby ykWUpj ls Qk;j dh tk ldrh gSA e/;e nwjh dk lqijlksfud Øwt felkby gSA ;g nks pj.k esa
zz vfXu V% vfXu Ük`a[kyk dh lcls yach] ,d varj&egk}hih; ç{ksfir dh tkrh gSA
cSfyfLVd felkby gS ftldh jsat 5]000 fdeh- ls vf/kd gSA ™z bldk çFke lQy ijh{k.k twu] 2001 esa fd;k x;k FkkA
™z ukx% ;g VSad jks/kh funsZf'kr ç{ksikL= gSA bldh ekjd {kerk bldk rhljk lQy ijh{k.k ekpZ 2009 esa fd;k x;kA ;g Hkh
4 fdeh gSA bls ^ nkxks vkSj Hkwy tkvks ^ VSad jks/kh ç{ksikL= nkxks vkSj Hkwy tkvks dh i¼fr ij gh fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
Hkh dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd bls ,d ckj nkxs tkus ds i'pkr~ iqu% czãksl lqijlksfud felkby esa 290 fdeh (yxHkx 300 fdeh)
funsZf'kr djus dh vko';drk ugha iM+rhA rd dh mM+ku jsat gSA czãksl Su&30 MKI yM+kdw foeku ij
™z ik;yV jfgr foeku&fu'kkar% ;g Lons'kh rduhd ls fufeZr rSukr gksus okyk lcls Hkkjh gfFk;kj gSA igys pj.k esa Bksl
ik;yV jfgr çf'k{k.k foeku gSA bls Hkwfe ls 160 fdeh ds ç.kksnd batu vkSj nwljs esa rjy jSetsV dk mi;ksx fd;k
nk;js esa fu;af=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl foeku dk eq[; tkrk gSA felkby VsDuksykWth daVªksy fjthe us vc 450 fdeh
mís'; ;q¼ {ks= esa i;Zos{k.k vkSj Vksg ysus dh Hkwfedkvksa dk 600 fdeh rd igq¡pus ds fy, lhek c<+k nh gSA
fuokZg djuk gSA ™z ;q¼d VSad&vtqZu% bldk fodkl j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl
™z ik;yV jfgr foeku&y{;% bldk fodkl j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa laxBu ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA vtqZu VSad dks fof/kor :i ls
fodkl laxBu ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA bldk mi;ksx tehu ls Hkkjrh; lsuk esa 'kkfey dj fy;k x;k gSA
ok;q rFkk ok;q ls ok;q esa ekj djus okys ç{ksikL=ksa ls rFkk rksiksa ™z fiukdk% ;g eYVh cSjy jkWdsV ykWUpj gSA Lons'kh rduhd
ls fu'kkuk yxkus ds fy, çf'k{k.k nsus gsrq ,d y{; ds :i esa ls DRDO }kjk fodflr bl jkWdsV ç{ksid dks ARDE [Link]
ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ls fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA bldk uke Hkxoku 'kadj ds /kuq"k
™z ,Mokal ykbV gsyhdkIVj&/kzqo% bls DRDO }kjk fodflr ^fiukd^ ds uke ij fiukdk j[kk x;kA blls ,d ds ckn ,d
fd;k x;k gSA vf/kdre 245 fdeh@?[Link] dh xfr ls mM+ku 12 jkWdsV ç{ksfir fd, tk ldrs gSaA
Hkjus okyk ;g gsyhdkWIVj 4 ?[Link] rd vkdk'k esa jgdj 800 ™z Hkh"e VSad% bldk fuekZ.k psUubZ ds lehi vkoM+h VSad dkj[kkus
fdeh dh nwjh r; dj ldrk gSA esa fd;k x;k gSA
™z dkyh&5000% bldk fodkl ckdZ (BARC) }kjk fd;k tk
™z /kuq"k% ;g tehu ls tehu ij ekj djus okys ç{ksikL=ksa esa
jgk gSA ;g ,d 'kfä'kkyh che vL= gS ftlesa dbZ xhxkokV
ls ,d gSA ;g ^i`Foh^ ç{ksikL= dk gh ukSlSfud :ikUrj.k gSA
'kfä dh ekbØksoso rjaxsa mRlftZr gksaxh] tks 'k=q ds foekuksa ,oa
bldh ekjd {kerk 150 fdeh rFkk bl ij yxHkx 500 fdxzk
ç{ksikL=ksa ij yf{kr djus ij mudh bysDVªkWfud ç.kkfy;ksa
vk;q/k ç{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSj dEI;wVj fpIl dks lekIr djds mUgsa /oLr djus esa l{ke
gksaxhA ;g varfj{k esa mixzgksa dks Hkh ekj fxjkus esa l{ke gSA ™z lkxfjdk% ;g lcesfju yk¡p cSfyfLVd felkby gSA leqæ
ds Hkhrj bldk igyk ijh{k.k Qjojh] 2008 esa fd;k x;kA
™z gYdk yM+kdw foeku&rstl% ;g Lons'k fufeZr çFke gYdk
;g ijEijkxr ,oa [Link] nksuksa gh rjg ds vk;q/k ys tkus esa
yM+kdw foeku gSA blds fodkl esa fgUnqLrku ,jksukWfVDl
l{ke gSA bls j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu ds }kjk rS;kj
fyfeVsM dh egÙ[Link] Hkwfedk jghA bls tuojh 2015 esa
Hkkjrh; ok;q lsuk dks lkSaik x;kA 27 vçSy] 2021 dks Lons'kh fd;k x;k gSA Hkkjr ,slk ik¡pok¡ ns'k gS ftlds ikl iuMqCch ls
gYds yM+kdw foeku rstl }kjk ikbFku 5 dk lQy ijh{k.k cSfyfLVd felkby nkxus dh {kerk gSA (pkj vU; ns'k gSa& ;w-
fd;k x;kA ikbFku &5 gok ls gok esa ekj djus okyh felkby ,l-,-] Ýkal] :l ,oa phu)A
gSA bldk fodkl Mh- vkj- Mh-vks- ds }kjk fd;k x;kA ikbFku D;k vki tkurs gSa\
&5 dk ijh{k.k xksok esa fd;k x;kA ikbFku&5 dk fuekZ.k
“zMhvkjMhvks }kjk Lons'k fufeZr mUur ok;q j{kk baVjlsIVj felkby
btjkbyh dEiuh jkQsy }kjk fd;k x;k gSA bldh jsUt 20
dk uke vf'ou gSA bldk ijh{k.k vCnqy dyke }hi ls fd;k x;kA
fdeh- gSA
;g felkby 30 fdeh- dh Å¡pkbZ ij Hkkjrh; ok;qeaMy esa vkus okyh
™z ç|qEu% ;g ç{ksikL= nq'eu ds ç{ksikL= dks gok esa cgqr gh cSfyfLVd felkbyksa ds vojks/ku djus ds fy, cuk;h x;h ,d ,aVh
de nwjh ij ekj fxjkus esa lgk;d gSA ;g ,d baVjlsIVj cSfyfLVd felkby gSA
234 |
“zgsfyuk] DRDO }kjk Lons'kh :i ls fodflr ,aVh VSad xkbMsM felkby ?[Link] rd gok esa mM+rs jgus dh {kerk j[krk gSA
gSA gsfyuk (ukx ij vk/kkfjr gsyhdkWIVj) ,d rhljh ih<+h dh ^nkxks vkSj “z^fe'ku 'kfä^ Hkkjr }kjk ijh{k.k dh xbZ igyh ,aVh&lSVsykbV
Hkwy tkvks^ VSad jks/kh felkby (ATGM) ç.kkyh gS] ftls vk/kqfud (A-SAT) felkby gS] ftls 27 ekpZ] 2019 dks MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy
gYds gsyhdkWIVj (LAH) ij LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA dyke }hi ls bldk ijh{k.k fd;kA ;g Mh- vkj- Mh- vks- vkSj bljks dk
“zgky gh esa j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu }kjk fodflr ekuojfgr ,d la;qä dk;ZØe gSA
VSad dk uke eqUuk (Munna) gSA “zlksyj&ch% ;g JAXA / ISAS dk ,d tkikuh lkSj HkkSfrdh fe'ku
“zlksyj baiYl&2% ,d ;wjksih; (fLoV~tjyS.M) yEch nwjh dh vkSj ÅtkZ gS] tks tkiku @ ;w,l, @ ;wds ds vR;f/kd lQy lksyj ,@;ksgdksg
ls pkfyr foeku çeq[k ifj;kstuk gSA lkSj ÅtkZ ls pkfyr ;g çFke fe'ku dk mÙkjkf/kdkjh gSA ykWUp ds ckn bu vkWfcZV lksyj&ch varfj{k
foeku gS ftldk fLol foeku iathdj.k dwV HB&SIB gS] ,dy lhV ;ku dks fguksM uke fn;k x;k] ftldk vFkZ gS lw;ksZn;A bldk lexz
okyk foeku vkSj ;g viuh gh 'kfä ls mM+ku Hkjus vkSj yxkrkj 36 y{; xfr'khy lw;Z vkSj LFkyh; tyok;q (oSf'od ifjorZu) vkSj
varfj{k ekSle ij blds çHkko dk v/;;u djuk vkSj le>uk gSA

Hkkjr dh vkUrfjd lqj{kk O;oLFkk ls lEcfUèkr izeq[k laxBu

laxBu LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky;
baVsfytsal C;wjks (I.B.) 1920 ubZ fnYyh
dsUæh; tk¡p C;wjks (C.B.I.) 1963 ubZ fnYyh
lhek lqj{kk cy (B.S.F.) 1965 ubZ fnYyh
us'kuy Økbe fjdkWMZ C;wjks (NCRB) 1986 ubZ fnYyh
dsUæh; fjtoZ iqfyl cy (C.R.P.F.) 1939 ubZ fnYyh
baMks&frCcr lhek iqfyl (I.T.B.P.) 1962 ubZ fnYyh
dsUæh; vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy (C.I.S.F.) 1969 ubZ fnYyh
fjlpZ ,.M ,ukykbfll foax (R.A.W.) 1968 ubZ fnYyh
vle jkbQYl (A.R.) 1835 f'kykax
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk xkMZ (N.S.G.) 1984 ubZ fnYyh
jk"Vªh; dSMsV dksj (N.C.C.) 1948 ubZ fnYyh
Hkkjrh; rVj{kd cy 1978 ubZ fnYyh
gkse xkMZ~l 1962 .............

jSfiM ,D'ku QkslZ (R.A.F.) 1991 ubZ fnYyh

izknsf'kd lsok 1948 ............

lkoZtfud {ks= ds j{kk miØe laLFkku eq[;ky; LFkkiuk o"kZ

laLFkku eq[;ky; LFkkiuk o"kZ fMQsal fjlpZ ,.M MoyiesaV ubZ fnYyh 1958

xkMZu jhp f'kifcYMlZ ,.M bathfu;lZ dksydkrk 1934 e>xk¡o MkWd fyfeVsM eqEcbZ 1960
fyfeVsM
Hkkjr vFkZ ewolZ fyfeVsM caxyq# 1964
Hkkjr bysDVªkWfuDl fyfeVsM caxyq# 1954
fgUnqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl fyfeVsM caxyq# 1964
xksok f'ki;kMZ fyfeVsM okLdksfMxkek xksok 1957
Hkkjr Mk;usfeDl fyfeVsM gSnjkckn 1970

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 235

 Hkkjr dh vkUrfjd lqj{kk O;oLFkk ls lEcfUèkr izeq[k laxBu
laxBu LFkkiuk o"kZ eq[;ky;
baVsfytsal C;wjks (I.B.) 1920 ubZ fnYyh
dsUæh; tk¡p C;wjks (C.B.I.) 1963 ubZ fnYyh
lhek lqj{kk cy (B.S.F.) 1965 ubZ fnYyh
us'kuy Økbe fjdkWMZ C;wjks (NCRB) 1986 ubZ fnYyh
dsUæh; fjtoZ iqfyl cy (C.R.P.F.) 1939 ubZ fnYyh
baMks&frCcr lhek iqfyl (I.T.B.P.) 1962 ubZ fnYyh
dsUæh; vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy (C.I.S.F.) 1969 ubZ fnYyh
fjlpZ ,.M ,ukykbfll foax (R.A.W.) 1968 ubZ fnYyh
vle jkbQYl (A.R.) 1835 f'kykax
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk xkMZ (N.S.G.) 1984 ubZ fnYyh
jk"Vªh; dSMsV dksj (N.C.C.) 1948 ubZ fnYyh
Hkkjrh; rVj{kd cy 1978 ubZ fnYyh
gkse xkM~lZ 1962 .............

jSfiM ,D'ku QkslZ (R.A.F.) 1991 ubZ fnYyh

izknsf'kd lsok 1948 ............

D;k vki tkurs gSa\ uke ls tkuk tkrk Fkk vkSj bldh LFkkiuk 27 tqykbZ] 1939 dks dh
x;h FkhA
“zdksjl ;k Þ[Link] QkWj jsyos flD;ksfjVhß jsyos lqj{kk cy ds fy, ,d
“z1 fnlEcj 1965 dks lhek lqj{kk cy (BSF) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h
fo'ks"k [Link] ;wfuV dk uke gS] ftldk fuekZ.k jsyos lqj{kk cy rFkk
jsyos lqj{kk fo'ks"k cy ls fd;k x;k gSA FkhA orZeku Lo:i esa 15 twu 1983 dks dsUæh; vkS|ksfxd lqj{kk cy
(CISF) dh LFkkiuk dh x;h FkhA
“zLorU= Hkkjr esa 28 fnlEcj 1949 dks dsUæh; fjtoZ iqfyl cy
“zvle jkbQYl dh LFkkiuk dNkj ysoh ds :i esa 1935 bZ- esa dh x;h
(CRPF) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ FkhA igys ;g Økmu fjçtsaVsfVo iqfyl ds
FkhA ;g Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk iSjkfefyVjh ny gSA

Ø- la- lSU; vH;kl ukSlsuk vH;kl ok;q lsuk vH;kl

1. eS=h&FkkbZySaM vkSj Hkkjr flecsDl & flaxkiqj vkSj Hkkjr x#M+ & Ýkal vkSj HkkjrA
2. banz&:l vkSj Hkkjr ekykckj & ;w,l,] tkiku vkSj Hkkjr dksi bafM;k & ;w,l, vkSj HkkjrA
3. gSaM bu gSaM & phu vkSj Hkkjr o#.k & Ýkal vkSj Hkkjr jsM ¶ySx & ;w,l, vkSj HkkjrA
4. lw;Z fdj.k & usiky vkSj Hkkjr fLyusDl & Jhyadk vkSj Hkkjr fla/ksDl & flaxkiqj vkSj HkkjrA
5. izcy nksLrhd & dtk[kLrku vkSj Hkkjr vkbZch,l,,e,vkj,vkj & lkmFk vÝhdk] bafnjk /kuq"k & fczVsu vkSj HkkjrA
czkthy vkSj Hkkjr
6. [ku~tj & fdfxZLrku vkSj Hkkjr dksad.k & ;wds vkSj Hkkjr MslVZ bxy & la;qDr vjc vehjkr vkSj
HkkjrA
7. ukseSfMd ,fyQSaV & eaxksfy;k vkSj Hkkjr lg;ksx dSftu & tkiku vkSj Hkkjr bZLVuZ fczt & vkseku vkSj HkkjrA
8. [kku DosLV & eaxksfy;k vkSj Hkkjr vkSflafMDl & vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj Hkkjr fl;ke bafM;k & FkkbZySaM vkSj HkkjrA

236 |
 Ø- la- lSU; vH;kl ukSlsuk vH;kl ok;q lsuk vH;kl
9. fe= 'kfDr & Jhyadk vkSj Hkkjr ulhe vy cgj & vkseku vkSj Hkkjr
10. lSYosDl & la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr
11. ;q¼ vH;kl & la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr
12. otz izgkj & la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr
13. vt; ;ks¼k & ;wds vkSj Hkkjr
14. ,dqosfju & ekynho vkSj Hkkjr
15. laizfr & caXykns'k vkSj Hkkjr
16. cksYM dq#{ks= & flaxkiqj vkSj Hkkjr
17. vfXu ;ks¼k & flaxkiqj vkSj Hkkjr
18. x#M+ 'kfDr & baMksusf'k;k vkSj Hkkjr
19. phu bafM;k la;qDr & phu vkSj Hkkjr
20. vy ukxg & vkseku vkSj Hkkjr
21. bEckDl & E;kaekj vkSj Hkkjr
22. foucSDl & fo;ruke vkSj Hkkjr
23. yfeR;s & ls'ksYl vkSj Hkkjr

D;k vki tkurs gSa\ ySafMax fx;j gSa vkSj bldh mM+ku 'kfä esa lq/kkj fd;k x;k gSA iaNh esa
,d fLFkj isyksM IysVQkWeZ gSA blesa MsykbV dSejk] bUÝkjsM dSejk vkSj
“z^vH;kl dop^ Hkkjrh; Fkylsuk] Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk] Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk vkSj
ystj fMtkbuj tSls isyksM gksrs gSaA ;g Lons'kh :i ls fodflr jksVjh
Hkkjrh; rVj{kd dk la;qä lSU; vH;kl gSA
osadsy batu ls lapkfyr gSA blesa vR;k/kqfud ç.kkfy;k¡ gSa] tks fuxjkuh]
“zulhe vy&cgj ,d f}i{kh; ukSlSfud vH;kl dk uke gS tks fd
Vksgh] y{; LFkku dk irk yxkus vkSj rksi[kkus dh vkx esa lq/kkj djus esa
tuojh] 2020 esa Hkkjr vkSj vkseku ds chp lEiUu gqvkA l{ke gSaA bldk fuekZ.k Hkkjr esa fd;k x;k gSA
“zIMBEX ,d la;qä lSU; vH;kl gS] tks fu;fer :i ls Hkkjr vkSj E;kaekj
“zfMQsal fjlpZ ,.M MsoyiesaV yscksjsVh (DRDL% Defence
dh lsukvksa ds chp le;&le; ij lapkfyr fd;k tkrk gSA bl vH;kl ResearchAnd Development Laboratory) dk eq[;ky;
dk igyk laLdj.k o"kZ 2017 esa rFkk nwljk laLdj.k 14 tuojh]
gSnjkckn esa fLFkr gSA
2019 dks lEiUu fd;k x;kA
“zfe= 'kfä &VI Hkkjr o Jhyadk dh lsukvksa ds chp lSU; laca/kksa dks 4. Hkkjrh; vaVkdZfVd vfHk;ku
vkSj vf/kd etcwr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k lSU;kH;kl gSA
zz vaVkdZfVdk Hkkjr lfgr dbZ ns'kksa }kjk LFkkfir yxHkx 60 LFkk;h
“zHkkjr dh igyh futh {ks=d gksfoRtj cUnwd cukus okyh ;wfuV gthjk
LVs'kuksa dks NksM+dj futZu gSA vaVkdZfVdk i`Foh dk lcls nf{[Link]
(lwjr] xqtjkr) esa fLFkr gSA
egk}hi gSA blesa HkkSxksfyd :i ls nf{[Link] /kzqo 'kkfey gS vkSj ;g
“zj{kk çkS|ksfxdh ,oa O;kikj igy (DDTI) Hkkjr ,oa la;qä jkT;
vejhdk ds chp j{kk lk>snkjh ij vkilh fopkj&foe'kZ ds mís'; ls
nf{[Link] xksyk¼Z ds vaVkdZfVd {ks= esa fLFkr gSA 14]0 yk[k oxZ
,d csgrj eap çLrqr djrk gSA Hkkjr esa vesfjdk ds lkFk vkSipkfjd fdyksehVj (5]4 yk[k oxZ ehy) esa foLr`r ;g fo'o dk ik¡pok¡
j{kk lg;ksx dk çkjEHk tuojh] 1995 esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl le>kSrs lcls cM+k egk}hi gSA
dk çeq[k y{; nksuksa ns'kksa ds chp j{kk lEcU/kksa dks etcwr cukuk gSA zz Hkkjrh; vaVkdZfVd dk;ZØe ,d cgq&vuq'kklukRed] cgq&
“zHkkjr us vius loZçFke ns'kh :i ls fufeZr xqIr ;q¼iksr INS f'kokfyd laLFkkxr dk;ZØe gS] tks i`Foh foKku ea=ky; ds ^us'kuy lsaVj
dks deh'ku dj Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk esa çfo"V fd;k FkkA bl çdkj og ns'kksa QkWj vaVkdZfVd ,aM vksf'k;u fjlpZ* (National Centre for
ds ml vfHktu lewg esa 'kkfey gks x;k] tks bl çdkj ds iksr&fuekZ.k Antarctic and Ocean Research) ds fu;a=.k esa gSA Hkkjr us
esa l{ke gSa bl vfHktu lewg esa :l] la;qä jkT; vesfjdk rFkk
vkf/kdkfjd :i ls vxLr] 1983 esa vaVkdZfVd laf/k ç.kkyh dks
;wukbVsM fdaxMe tSls ns'k 'kkfey gSaA
Lohdkj fd;kA Hkkjr esa vaVkdZfVd vfHk;ku 1981 ls çkjEHk gqvk
“ziaNh] fu'kkar (ykapj vk/kkfjr lkefjd ;w,oh) dk ,d çdkj gS tks
,oa vc rd 41 oSKkfud vfHk;ku gks pqds gSaA
ikjaifjd Vsd&vkWQ vkSj ySafMax dh {kerk ls ySl gSA iaNh esa lexz
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 237
vfHk;ku ny frfFk ny dk usrk izeq[k dk;Z@fo'ks"krk
igyk 6 fnlEcj] 1981 MkW- ,l- tsM dkfle 3,500 eh- Å¡ps ioZr dh [kkst] ftldk uke ^bfUnjk ekmaV* j[kk x;kA
nwljk 1 fnlEcj] 1982 MkW- oh- ds- jSuk Hkkjr vkSj vaVkdZfVd vk/kkj f'kfoj ds chp lh/kk lapkj lEcU/k LFkkfirA
rhljk 3 fnlEcj] 1983 MkW- ,p- ds- xqIrk ^nf{k.k xaxks=h* dh LFkkiukA
pkSFkk 4 fnlEcj] 1984 MkW- ch- ch- HkV~Vkpk;Z vaVkdZfVd rV ds fo'ks"k dsUæksa esa HkkSfrd] jklk;fud] tSo lkexzh rFkk [Link]
vuqlèa kkuksa esa Hkw&HkkSfrdh iz;ksx ij fo'ks"k cyA (igyh ckj fons'kh oSKkfud ekWjh'kl
ds MkW- f'koozr Hkqt/kj 'kkfey)A
ik¡pok¡ 30 uoEcj] 1985 MkW- ,e- ds- dkSy if{k;ksa] tyok;q ,oa ekSle lEcU/kh [Link] tkudkjhA
NBk 26 uoEcj] 1986 MkW- v#.k ik:ysdj leqæ foKku] Hkwfe ij jgus okys izkf.k;ksa] rkts ty dh miyC/krk] xSj ijaijkxr
ok;q ÅtkZ rFkk vkstksu fNæ dk v/;;uA
lkrok¡ 25 uoEcj] 1987 MkW- vkj- lsu xqIr ^gEcksYV ekflQ* uked LFky dk ok;qtfur pqEcdRo losZ{k.k] 98 izfr'kr 'kq¼rk
okys ^bYesukbV* dh [kkstA
vkBok¡ 28 uoEcj] 1988 MkW- vferkHk lsu xqIr LFkk;h 'kks/k dsUæ ^eS=h* dh LFkkiukA
ukSok¡ 30 uoEcj] 1989 vkj- jfoUæ lkSj lEcU/kh v/;;u rFkk eS=h ds lkFk lCth mxkus gsrq ^xzhu gkml* dk
[Link] (gEcksYV ioZrh; {ks= esa dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM xSl ls rhu oSKkfudksa oh- ds-
JhokLro] ,- ds- csnh o ch- ,y- 'kekZ rFkk ,d bathfu;j ,u- lh- tks'kh dh e`R;q)
nlok¡ 27 uoEcj] 1990 MkW- gatwjk lksMkj (Sound Detection & Ranging System X)
X;kjgok¡ 27 uoEcj] 1992 MkW- ,l- eq[kthZ okbijpkV ioZr Ük`a[kykvksa ds HkwxHkhZ; ekufp= esa o`f¼ djuk (vfHk;ku ny esa
igyh ckj ,d dykdkj rFkk ,d lektlsoh dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k)
ckjgok¡ 6 fnlEcj] 1992 MkW- oh- ds /kkjxydj iwoZ ds 'kks/k dk;ks± dks tkjh j[krs gq, eS=h dk j[k&j[kko Hkh lqfuf'pr fd;k x;kA
rsjgok¡ 5 fnlEcj] 1993 MkW- lq/kkdj jko iwoZ ds 'kks/k dk;ks± dks tkjh j[kk x;kA
pkSngok¡ 7 fnlEcj] 1994 MkW- ,l- Mh- 'kekZ ikS/kksa ,oa izkf.k;ksa ij izdk'k ,oa rkieku ds izHkko dk v/;;u] vkdk'k xaxk ,oa
lkSj dkWfLed [Link] ij vuqla/kku] uohu ekbØks vkWxsZfuTe dh tkudkjhA
iUægok¡ 3 fnlEcj] 1995 v#.k prqosZnh ouLifr;ksa dh fØ;k [Link] ,oa bu ij izkÏfrd fofdj.k dk izHkko] e'k:e Ïf"k
dh lEHkkO;rk] vkstksu {kj.k dk ikS/kksa ij izHkkoA
lksygok¡ fnlEcj] 1996 MkW- ,- ,y- diwj ^eS=h* ds lehi HkwdEi ekih dsUæ LFkkfir djukA
l=gok¡ fnlEcj] 1997 MkW- ds- vkj- f'kou xzgksa ds Hkw&eaMyksa ds lEcU/k esa v/;;u] uhys cSfDVª;k ds lw[kus dh lgu'khyrkA
vBkjgok¡ 14 fnlEcj] 1998 MkW- vt; /kj ^eS=h* dsUæ ij cz;wj ^LisDVªks&QksVksehVj* dh LFkkiuk tks vkstksu rFkk de ek=k
okyh xSl dk ekiu djsxkA
mUuhlok¡ 9 fnlEcj] 1999 v#.k prqosZnh igyh ckj ;g vfHk;ku ny xksok ds LFkku ij nf{k.k vÝhdk ds dsiVkmu ls
Hkstk x;kA i;kZoj.k fuxjkuh iz;ksx'kkyk LFkkfir djuk vkSj >hy ds ryNV ds
dkcZfud inkFkks± dk v/;;uA
chlok¡ 31 fnlEcj] 2000 efoZu fMlwtk iwoZ ds 'kks/k dk;ks± dks tkjh j[kk x;kA
bDdhlok¡ 6 tuojh] 2002 vkj- ih- yky iwoZ ds 'kks/k dk;ks± dks tkjh j[kk tk,xkA
ckblok¡ 6 tuojh] 2003 lsuk ds vf/kdkjh —

rsblok¡ fnlEcj] 2003 MkW- v#.k ,p gafpuy nf{k.k vÝhdk ds dsiVkmu ls Hkstk x;kA
pkSchlok¡ fnlEcj] 2004 — iwoZ ds 'kks/k dk;ks± dks tkjh j[kk tk,xkA
iPphlok¡ fnlEcj] 2006 Jh ,y- izse fd'kksj 9 tuojh] 2006 dks vaVkdZfVdk igq¡pkA
NCchlok¡ tuojh] 2007 Jh ts;ikWy 26ok¡ vfHk;ku ny leqæh iksr lh,e je.k }kjk xksok ls 9 tuojh] 2007 dks
jokuk gqvkA

238 |
vfHk;ku ny frfFk ny dk usrk izeq[k dk;Z@fo'ks"krk
lÙkkblok¡ 30 vDVwcj] 2007 MkW- v#.k prqosZnh eqacbZ ls tksgkalcxZ gksrs gq, ny vaVkdZfVdk igq¡pkA
vBkblok¡ 30 vDVwcj] 2008 MkW- ih- eYgks=k 30 vDVwcj] 2007, 17 uoEcj] 2008 vkSj 31 fnlEcj] 2008 dks rhu ny
Øe'k% vaVkdZfVdk igq¡psA
mUrhlok¡ 5 uoEcj] 2009 Jh ih- bykXuks —

rhlok¡ vDVwcj@uoEcj 2010 — —

cÙkhlok¡ uoEcj 2012 — ekSle ifjorZu ij 'kks/k

rSarhlok¡ uoEcj@fnlEcj] 2013 Jh eksgEen ;wuql —

pkSrhlok¡ 2014-15 Jh dS y k'k fHka n okj —

(Hkkjrh)
lSarhlok¡ 2017-18 MkW- 'kSys'k isM+usdj —

vM+rhlok¡ 2018-19 ds- thou] ih- ,ysaxks —

mUrkyhlok¡ uoEcj] 2019 — bl vfHk;ku esa 27 oSKkfud ;kstukvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS] tks tyok;q]
i;kZoj.k ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=] i;Zos{k.k vkSj /kzqoh; rduhd ij dsfUnzr gSaA
pkyhlok¡ 5 tuojh] 2021 — bl vfHk;ku esa 43 lnL; gksaxsA

bdrkyhlok¡ 15 uoEcj] 2021 — bl vfHk;ku esa 23 oSKkfud rFkk lg;ksxh deZpkjh 'kkfey gSaA ;g vaVkdZfVd
LVs'ku eS=h ij igq¡p gSA
vaVkoZGfVdk ij LFkkfir 'kksèk dsUæ
ns'k 'kksèk dsUæ
Hkkjr 1. nf{k.k xaxks=h] 2. eS=h] 3. Hkkjrh
la;qä jkT; vesfjdk 1. ,eaMlu LdkWV] 2. eSd eMks±] 3. ikYej] 4. flIys
:l (;w-,l-,l-vkj-) 1. csfyax'kkWlsu] 2. eksyksMstu;k] 3. feuhZ] 4. uksoksystjsoLD;k] 5. ysfuuxzknLD;k] 6. oksLVksd
vkWLVªsfy;k 1. dSlh] 2. Msfol] 3. ekolu
vts±Vhuk 1. vYesV czkmu] 2. ,LisjSatk] 3. xy ,l- ekfVZu] 4. xy csyxzkuks] 5. Vh- eSfj,atks] 6. odks esjkafc;ksa
fczVsu (;wukbVsM fdaxMe) 1. QSjkMs 2. gSyh] 3. jksFksjk
psdksLyksokfd;k 1. vrqZjksa iSzV] 2. xy ch-vks- fgafxl] 3. Vsfu;saVs jksMksYQks
tkiku 1. fetqgks] 2. fl;ksok
iksyS.M 1. vkdZVksoLdh
Ýkal 1. M~;wekWUV&Mh&mfoZys
nf{k.k vÝhdk 1. lsuy
ukoZs 1. ihVj vkbZ-okbZ-
U;wthyS.M 1. LdkWV

5. tSo çkS|ksfxdh gS] tks fd ml Qly esa fo|eku ugha gS rks bl rjg dh Qly dks
Vªkaltsfud Qly ;k ijkthuh Qly dgk tkrk gSA ,slh Qly esa
zz ijkthuh Qlysa (Genetically Modi昀椀ed Crops)% tSo çkS|ksfxdh
ckgjh thu dks çfo"V djkdj dqN fof'k"V [Link] dk fodkl fd;k
}kjk tc fdlh Qly esa ,sls ckgjh thu dks çfo"V djk;k tkrk
tkrk gS] tSls& chekfj;ksa ,oa dhVksa ds çfr çfrjks/kd {kerk esa o`f¼
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 239
 djuk] Qlyksa dh [Link]Ùkk ,oa mRikndrk esa o`f¼ djuk] ty dh (BacillusAmyloliquefaciens) ds nks thuksa ckjusl
vko';drk dks de djuk rFkk çksVhu ,oa [kfutksa dh ek=k dks (Barnase) rFkk cklZVj (Barstar) dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA bu
c<+kdj vf/kd ikSf"Vd cukuk vkfnA nksuksa fdLeksa ls mRiUu ladfjr fdLe dks DMH&11 (Dhara
™z Bt dikl% chVh dikl vkuqoaf'kd :i ls ifjofrZr dikl gS Mustard Hybrid&11) uke fn;k x;k gSA nhid isaVy rFkk
ftlesa cSflyl Fkwfjuft,ufll uked cSDVhfj;k dk ^ ØkbZ ^ mudh Vhe ds vuqlkj DMH&11 dh mRiknu {kerk vU;
uked thu Mkyk tkrk gS] ftlls ikS/kk Lo;a dhVuk'kd çHkko fdLeksa ls 20&30 çfr'kr rd vf/kd gSA
mRiUu djus yxrk gS vkSj ikS/kksa ij dhVuk'kd nokb;ksa dks
fNM+dus dh vko';drk ugha jgrhA cSflyl Fkwfjuft,ufll D;k vki tkurs gSa\
,d Hkwfexr cSDVhfj;k gS tks MsYVk ,aMksVkWfDlu uked fØLVy “zigyk Dyksu tho ,d HksM+ Fkk ftldk uke MkWyh (Dolly) FkkA bls 5
çksVhu dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA fØLVy çksVhu [Link] dks u"V tqykbZ] 1996 dks lcls igys rS;kj fd;k x;k FkkA
dj nsrk gSA
6. jkscksfVDl
™z Bt dikl ds mRiknu esa o`f¼ ls fdlkuksa dh vk; esa Hkh o`f¼
gksxhA ikS/kksa esa Lo;a gh dhVuk'kd çHkko iSnk djus dh {kerk zz jksckWV dh vfHkdYiuk] fuekZ.k vkSj vfHkç;ksx ds foKku vkSj
gksxh] ftlls dhVuk'kd nok ds fNM+dko dh vko';drk ugha rduhdksa dks jkscksfVDl dgrs gSaA bl {ks= esa dk;Z djus ds fy;s
gksrh gSA dhVuk'kdksa ds mi;ksx esa deh ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dks bysDVªkWfudh] ;kfU=dh vkSj lkW¶Vos;j ds flok; dbZ vU; {ks=ksa esa
çksRlkgu feysxkA jksx ;k egkekjh ls Qlyksa ds [kjkc gksus dh O;kogkfjd Kku dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
laHkkouk de gksxhA chVh dikl dk mi;ksx dhV fu;a=.k dh
vU; fof/k;ksa ds lkFk Hkh laHko gSA zz jkscksfVDl çkslsl vkWVkses'ku ,d çkS|ksfxdh {kerk gS ftlds
}kjk m|eksa esa ifjpkyu dks lqO;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
™z Bt cSaxu% Bt cSaxu Hkh ,d ijkthuh ;k tSo laof/kZr Qly
mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vius uhjl vkSj nq#g çfØ;kvksa dks Lopkfyr
gSA ;g cSaxu ds thukse esa cSflyl ;wfjuft,afll cSDVhfj;k ls
djus dh vuqefr Hkh nsrk gS] ftlls mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks mPp
çkIr gksus okys CrylAc uked thu dks çfo"V djkus ls rS;kj
gksrk gSA bl thu dks çfo"V djkus ds ckn cSaxu esa çjksg vkSj ewY;oèkZd dk;ksa± ds ek/;e ls viuh mRikndrk c<+kus esa enn
Qy fNæd dhVksa ds f[kykQ çfrjks/kd {kerk vk tkrh gSA feyrh gSA
™z xksYMu jkbl ;k lqugjk pkoy% xksYMu jkbl oSKkfudksa zz vkWy bafM;k dkmafly QkWj jkscksfVDl ,aM vkWVkses'ku % ;g
}kjk fodflr /kku dh ,d ykHkçn fdLe gS] tks chVk dSjksVhu xSj&ykHkdkjh (ukWV&QkWj&çkWfQV) laLFkk gS ftldh LFkkiuk 2014
esa dh xbZA ;g jkscksfVDl ,oa vkWVkses'ku vkSj f'k{kk m|ksx esa
iSnk djus esa l{ke gksrh gSA ekuo 'kjhj esa foVkfeu ^,^
ekud fu/kkZfjr djrk gS] laxBuksa vkSj is'ksojksa dks dfBu rduhdh
dk fuekZ.k chVk dSjksVhu ds la'ys"k.k ds dkj.k gh gksrk gSA
leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa enn djrk gS] tcfd lkFk gh muds
lkèkkj.k pkoy ds nkuksa esa chVk dSjksVhu ugha ik;k tkrk gSA
usr`Ro vkSj O;fäxr dSfj;j {kerkvksa esa o`f¼ ykrk gSA ;g
chVk dSjksVhu gksus ds dkj.k gh pkoy dh bl fdLe dk jax
fofHkUu xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu gS vkSj blus Hkkjr esa jkscksfVDl ,oa
lqugjk ihyk gks tkrk gS] blfy;s bls ^ xksYMu jkbl ^ dgk
vkWVkses'ku ds fy;s ,d ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks c<+kok nsus vkSj mlds
tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; ewy ds oSKkfud MkW- xqjnso flag [kq'k xksYMu
fuekZ.k ds fy;s dbZ dk;ZØe 'kq: fd;s gSaA
jkbl ds vuqla/kku ls tqM+s gq, gSaA
™z xksYMu jkbl dks fodflr djus ds fy, rhu cká thuksa D;k vki tkurs gSa\
dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blesa ls ,d thu PSY gS] tks “zRoadeo ,d jkscksV gS] tks ;krk;kr dks lqpk: cukus esa enn djrk gSA
MSQksfMy uked ikS/ks ds thukse ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd ;g jkscksV psUubZ] [Link] rFkk [Link] ds 12 Nk=ksa }kjk cuk;k x;k gSA
nwljk thu CRTI gS] ftls ,d cSDVhfj;k ls çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA “zIRCTC ds pSVckWV dk uke vkLd fn'kk gS ftldh enn ls vki pSV

rhljk LCY gS] tks vf/kdrj /kku dh fdLeksa esa Lor% ik;k dj ldrs gSa vkSj vius lokyksa dk tcko rqjar ik ldrs gSaA
tkrk gSA “zikWoj lsaVj jkscksfVDl çkslsl vkWVkses'ku ds [Link] esa ls ugha gSA
jkscksfVDl çkslsl vkWVkses'ku ds [Link] dk mi;ksx djds ge vius
™z th,e ljlksa% ljlksa ,d Loijkfxr Qly gSA vr% bldks
dke dks jkscksV ds }kjk ljy cuk ldrs gSaA blesa dbZ çdkj ds
ladfjr djuk dfBu gSA bl dk;Z dks vklku cukus ds fy, [Link] dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&UI ikFk] vkWVkses'ku ,uhos;j
fnYyh ;wfuoflZVh ds oSKkfud nhid isaVy rFkk mudh Vhe rFkk CywfçTe bR;kfnA
ls Hkkjrh; ljlksa dh ,d fdLe o#.kk rFkk iwohZ ;wjksi dh “zgSnjkckn fLFkr Lo;k jkscksfVDl daiuh us nks DRDO ySCl] [Link] esa
ljlksa dh ,d fdLe Early Heera&2 dk thu la'kksèku fjlpZ ,aM MsoyiesaV ,LVscfy'kesaV (R&DE) vkSj csaxyq# esa fMQsal
(Genetic Modi昀椀cation) fd;kA bl dk;Z gsrq feêh esa ik, ck;ks&bathfu;fjax ,aM bysDVªks esfMdy yScksjsVjh (DEBEL)] ds lkFk
tkus esa okys cSDVhfj;k cSflyl vekbyksfyfDoQsfl,al feydj Hkkjr ds igys DokMªisM jkscksV vkSj fo;jscy ,Dlks&LdsysVu

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 cukus dk le>kSrk fd;k gSA daiuh us nksuksa jkscksVksa dks vkS|ksfxd {ks= ™z uSuks foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh igy (Nano ScienceAnd
vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa esa vusd dk;ksaZ ds fy, fMtkbu fd;k gS] tks nksgjh Technology Initiative& NSTI) % ;g o"kZ 2001 esa foKku
mi;ksx ds jkscksV gSaA vkSj çkS|ksfxdh foHkkx (DST) }kjk LFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk]
7. uSuks çkS|ksfxdh ftlesa MªXl] nok forj.k] thu y{;hdj.k vkSj Mh,u,
fpIl lfgr uSuksehVj ls lacaf/kr cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fodkl]
zz uSuk srduhd ;k uSuks çkS|ksfxdh] O;kogkfjd foKku ds {ks= esa] 1 ls vuqlaèkku vkSj vuqç;ksx dk;ZØeksa ls lacaf/kr eqíksa ij /;ku
100 uSuks (vFkkZr~ 10–9 ehVj) Ldsy esa ç;qä vkSj v/;;u dh tkus dsafær fd;k x;k FkkA
okyh lHkh rduhdksa vkSj lEcfU/kr foKku dk lewg gSA Hkkjr esa
lh-,u-vkj- jko dks ÞuSuks çkS|ksfxdh dk tudß ekuk tkrk gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa\
zz uSuks çkS|ksfxdh ds LokLF; ds {ks= esa fofHkUu vuqç;ksx% “zuSuks foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh laLFkku (INST)] foKku ,oa çkS|ksfxdh
foHkkx (DST) Hkkjr ljdkj dk ,d Lok;Ùk laLFkku gS] tks iatkc
™z gkVZ vVSd ds fy;s uSuksVsd fMVsDVjA
jkT; ds eksgkyh esa fLFkr gSA bls DST }kjk Hkkjr esa uSuks lkbal ,oa
™z /kefu;ksa esa ifêdk dh tk¡p djus ds fy;s uSuksfpIlA uSuks VsDuksykWth ds {ks= esa vuqlU/kku vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy,
™z us= 'kY; fpfdRlk] dheksFksjih vkfn ds fy;s uSuks dSfj;lZA uSuks fe'ku dh N=Nk;k esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA INST dh LFkkiuk
3 tuojh] 2013 dks dh xbZ FkhA INST esa vuqlU/kku xfrfof/k;ksa esa
™z jä 'kdZjk ds Lrj dks fofu;fer djus ds fy;s MkbcsfVd iSMA
ÅtkZ] i;kZoj.k] DokaVe lkexzh] uSuks&[Link] vkSj jklk;fud tho
™z efLr"d laca/kh fodkjksa ds fpfdRlh; mipkj ds fy;s efLr"d foKku ds {ks= esa leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus okys HkkSfrdh] jlk;u
esa nok forj.k gsrq uSuks [Link] foKku] tho foKku vkSj vUr% fo"k; foKku 'kkfey gSA
™z uSuks LikWUt yky jä dksf'kdk f>Yyh ds lkFk ysfir cgqyd “zfpUrkef.k ukxs'k jkepUæ jko dks Hkkjrh; uSuks çkS|ksfxdh ds firk ds :i

uSuksd.k gSa vkSj fo"kkä inkFkks± dks vo'kksf"kr djus rFkk mUgsa esa tkuk tkrk gSA os nqfu;k ds lcls Bksl voLFkk vkSj lkexzh jlk;uKksa
jä çokg ls gVkus ds fy;s bldk bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk esa ls ,d gSaA mUgksaus gkbfczM lkefxz;ksa ij vius dke ds vykok]
uSukseSVsfj;Yl esa cgqr ;ksxnku fn;k gSA
gSA
™z uSuks ¶ys;lZ dk mi;ksx jäçokg esa dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dk irk
zz vU; [Link] fcanq%
yxkus ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gSA ™z IIT [kM+xiqj esa ,d 'kks/k ny us ,d ,slh rduhd

™z Mh,u, vuqØe.k dks vkSj vf/kd dq'ky cukus esa uSuksikslZ dk

fodflr dh gS] tks mPp ueh lkexzh okys Bksl vif'k"V
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ls ÅtkZ mRiUu dj ldrh gSA ;g ubZ rduhd gkbMªks
FkeZy dkcksZukbts'ku (HTC) ds uke ls tkuh tkrh gS] tks
zz uSuks çkS|ksfxdh ds tksf[ke%
uxjikfydk ds Bksl dpjs dks tSo b±èku vkSj vo'kks"kd esa
™z pw¡fd ;g {ks= vHkh Hkh viuh uotkr voLFkk esa gS] blfy;s ifjofrZr dj ldrh gSA vif'k"V esa ueh dk mi;ksx ml
laHkkfor tksf[ke fooknkLin gSaA çfØ;k ds ykHk ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks ikuh dk mi;ksx
™z vesfjdh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh vkSj ;wjksih; vk;ksx ds djrh gSA
LokLF; vkSj miHkksäk laj{k.k funs'kky; tSls fu;kedksa us ™z vuqnS/;Z v/;;u] ,d cM+s vkSj yacs le; ds fy, gksrk gS
[Link] }kjk mRiUu laHkkfor tksf[keksa dk vkdyu dk dk;Z vFkkZr~ ;g v/;;u o"kks± rd vkSj dHkh&dHkh n'kdksa rd jg
'kq: dj fn;k gSA ldrk gSA ;g mu vuqla/kku [Link];ksa esa ls ,d gS tks çÏfr
™z gkyk¡fd bl ij foLr`r 'kks/k dh vko';drk gS fd ;g tho esa i;Zos{[Link]; gS vkSj ,d foLrkfjr vof/k ds leku fo"k;ksa dh
ds vanj dSlk O;ogkj djsaxsA cktkj esa ykWUp djus ls igys nksgjko laca/kh fVIif.k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr gSA
uSuks [Link] ds vkdkj] vkÏfr vkSj lrg dh çfrfØ;k'khyrk ™z ^rst^ ,d vkWuykbu ises.V lfoZl gSA Hkkjr ds fy, cuk,
ds vk/kkj ij muds O;ogkj dk vPNh rjg ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k x, xwxy ds u, fMftVy Hkqxrku ,Iyhds'ku rst ds tfj,
tkuk pkfg;sA #i;s Hkstus] fcyksa dk Hkqxrku djus] vkWuykbu [kjhnkjh
zz uSuksVsDuksykWth dks c<+kok nsus ds fy;s ljdkjh igy% djus tSlh lqfo/kk miyC/k gSA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; Hkqxrku fuxe
™z uSuks foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh fe'ku (Nano ScienceAnd (,uihlhvkbZ) ds ;wfuQkbM isesaV [Link] (;wihvkbZ) dk
Technology Mission& NSTM)% ;g o"kZ 2007 esa 'kq: bLrseky djds] rst ds ek/;e ls #i;s VªkalQj djuk vklku
fd;k x;k ,d vEczsyk dk;ZØe gS ftldk mís'; uSuks vkSj lqjf{kr gSA
çkS|ksfxdh esa vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk gSA blds 8. dqN [Link] rF;
mís';ksa esa vuqla/kku dks c<+kok nsus] vuqla/kku dk leFkZu
djus ds fy;s volajpuk fodkl] uSuks çkS|ksfxdh dk fodkl] z Hkki ds batu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —tsElokV (LohMu)
ekuo lalk/ku vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx 'kkfey gSaA z fo|qr cYc dh [kkst fdlus dh \ —FkkWel ,fMlu

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 241

z dkscksZjsVj dh [kkst fdlds }kjk dh xbZ \ —MsEyj (1876) z MkbukekbV dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k Fkk\ —vYÝsM uksscsy usA
z [Link] isu ds vkfo"dkj dkSu Fks \ —okVjeSu z fdlus igyk Lopkfyr okgu (Automobile) cuk;k Fkk \
z Vsyhfotu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —ts- ,y- cs;MZ us —dkyZ csUt
z isVªksy dkj esa fdl rjg dk batu iz;qDr gksrk gS\—varnZgu batu z vkWfIVdy Qkbcj dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \
z [Link] isu fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS \ —ufjanj dikuh us
—dsf'kdRo ds fl¼kUr ij z lw{en'khZ dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k Fkk \—tsM tkUlu egsanzw?kkV
z Lopkfyr okguksa ds ifg, esa jcM+ ds Vk;j D;ksa iz;qDr gksrs gSa \ z flus dSejk o flusek dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \
—rkfd pyrs le; ?k"kZ.k ls ifg, xje u gksa —Ýhtxzhu us flus dSejk rFkk ,- ,y- yqfe;j o ts- ,y-
z xSl batu dh [kkst fdlus dh Fkh \ —MSEyj us (teZuh) yqfe;j us flusek dkA
z Mhty batu dh [kkst fdlus dh \ —#MksYQ Mhty us z daMsUlj ;qDr Hkki batu ds vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS \ —tsElokV

z ls¶Vh ySai dh [kkst fdlds }kjk dh xbZ \ —Msoh }kjk z fiLVu ;qDr Hkki batu dk vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS \—Fkkel U;wdkseuS
z ÝSadfyu dk uke fdl vkfo"dkj ds lkFk tqM+k gS \ z 21oha 'krkCnh dh dkSu&lh rduhd;qfDr y?kq:i esa deky dj
ldrh gS \ —uSuks rduhd
—rfM+r pkyd
z yEch nwjh ij ckrphr gsrq VsyhQksu ds vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS \ z VsyhQksu ykbu esa dkSu&lh ÅtkZ izokfgr gksrh gS \ —fo|qr ÅtkZ
—vysDtsaMj xzkge csy (fczVsu-1876)
z Mhty batu esa LikdZ Iyx D;ksa ugha gksrs \
—D;ksafd blesa b±/ku dk Toyu [Link] ds ncko ls gksrk gSA
z jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu rFkk lapkj ds vU; ek/;eksa esa eq[; :i ls fdl
fl¼kUr dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA —fo|qr pqEcdh; rjax fl¼kUr z ok;q;ku fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS \ —cjukSyh izes;

z varfj{k;ku o Ïf=e mixzgksa ds iz{ksi.k esa foKku ds dkSu ls fu;e z iuMqCch fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrh gS \
eq[;r;k iz;qDr gksrs gSa\ —U;wVu dk lkoZf=d xq#Rokd"kZ.k fu;e —æoxfrdh ds fu;e ds vk/kkj ij
o xfr fo"k;d fu;e z nwjchu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —xSyhfy;ks usA
z Å"eh; ba t uks a ] iz ' khrdks a (Refrigerators), okrkuq d w y dks a z VsyhQksu dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —xzkge csy
(Airconditioners) dk fuekZ.k HkkSfrdh ds fdu fl¼kUrksa ds vk/kkj z fluseSVksxzkQ fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS \
ij gksrk gS \ —Å"ekxfrdh ds fl¼kUrksa ds vk/kkj ij —n`f"Vca/ku (Persistance of vision) (RAS)
z dEI;wVj o eksckby Qksuksa esa fdl fl¼kUr dk iz;ksx gksrk gS \ z dejs ds rki o vkæZrk dks fu;fU=r djus ds fy, dkSu&lk ;U=
—vkbZ- lh-] v¼Zpkyd (Semi-condctors) rFkk bysDVªkWfuDl iz;qDr gksrk gS \ —,;j daMh'kuj
ds fu;eksa dk iz;ksxA z fo|qr eksVj esa dkSu&lk cy dk;Z djrk gS \—fo|qr pqEcdh; cy
z jMkj ds vkfo"dkjd dkSu Fks \ —jkcVZ okVjlu okV z fo|qr cSVjh esa ÅtkZ dk lap; fdl :i esa gksrk gS \
z X-Ray dh [kkst fdlus dh Fkh \ —fofy;e- ds- jksatu —jklk;fud ÅtkZ ds :i esa
z jsfM;e rRo dh [kkst fdlus dh Fkh \ —eSMe D;wjh o fi;js D;wjh z dEI;wVj dk tud fdls ekuk tkrk gS \ —pkYlZ cSost
z fMQjsUl batu dk vkfo"dkj dc gqvk \ —1823 z ijerki (Absolute Temperature) dh [kkst fdlus dh \
z Lopkfyr dykbZ ?kfM+;ksa ds pyus ds fy, ÅtkZ dSls feyrh gS \ —ykMZ dsfYou

—dykbZ (wrist) ds fofHkUu lapyu (Movement) lsA z vkos'kksa ds chp yxus okys cy dk irk fdlus yxk;k \—dwyke us
z uSuks gfeax cMZ D;k gS \ z vkdZ ySEi dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —Msoh us

—,d tsc ds vkdkj dk pkyd jfgr tklwlh foeku ftldk z okrkuqdwy (Air Conditioner) ds vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS \
fodkl la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk esa fd;k x;k gSA —MCY;w- gSohyS.M dfj;j

z xzSfoVh VªSDVj D;k gS \ z izR;korhZ /kkjk pkfyr eksVj (A.C. Motor) dk vkfo"dkj fdlus
fd;k \ —fudksyl VsLyk us
—fo'ks"k rduhdh ;qDr ,d varfj{k;ku tks {kqæ xzgksa dks i`Foh
ls VDdj ysus ls cpk,xkA bldh ifjdYiuk ,MoMZ Vh- yw- o z ok;q;ku (Aeroplane) dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \
LVSeys th- yo us 2005 esa nhA —jkbV cU/kqvksa usA

z ck:n dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —jkstj csdu usA z ckyisu dk vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS \ —lh- cksjks

z fFk;ksMks ykbV ;U= ls D;k ekik tkrk gS \ —dksa.k (Angle) ) z lkbfdy (Bicycle) dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —eSdfeyu usA
z fjokYoj dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —lSeq,y dksYV us) z dSydqysVj ds vkfo"dkjd dkSu gS \ —ch- ikLdy

242 |
z eksVj lkbfdy dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —,MoMZ cVyj usA z le; ekiu dk v/;;u djus okys foKku dks D;k dgrs gSa \
z ?kM+h esa LQfVd fØLVy dk dk;Z fdl ij vk/kkfjr gS \ —gkWjksykth
—nkc fo|qr izHkko z lkbcjusfVDl dk fopkj loZizFke fdlus fn;k \ —ukjcVZ ohuj
z fdlh bysDVªkWfud ?kM+h essa yksyd ?kM+h ds yksyd ds lerqY; z vfrlw{e [Link] dh xfr rFkk muds vU; lEcU/kksa dk vè;;u foKku
dkSu&lh ÅtkZ gksrh gS \ —fØLVyh; nksfy= dh fdl 'kk[kk ls fd;k tkrk gS \ —DokaVe eSdsfuDl
z VsifjdkWMZj dh Vsi ij fdl ;kSfxd dk ysi gksrk gS \ z f'kykys[kksa dk v/;;u foKku dh fdl 'kk[kk esa djrs gSa\
—QsjkseSXusfVd [Link] dk ysiA —,ihxzSQh
z æo fØLVy dgk¡ iz;qDr gksrs gSa \ z czãk.M ds v/;;u dks D;k dgrs gSa \ —dkWLeksykWth
—bysDVªkWfud ?kfM+;ksa] ikWdsV dSydqysVjksa o blh rjg vU; z czãk.M esa le;] LFkku ,oa æO; (Time, space and matter) dh
bysDVªkWfud izn'kZu ;qfDr;ksa esaA mRifÙk dSls gqbZ \ —egkfoLQksV (Big Bang) }kjk
z nw/k dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo fdl ;U= ls ekik tkrk gS \ —ySDVksehVj z izdk'k dh pky fdruh gksrh gS \ —3 yk[k [email protected]
z izkphu Hkkjr esa jl fo|k dk tud dkSu Fkk \ —ukxktqZu z izdk'k D;k gS \ —,d izdkj dh ÅtkZ
z Hkkjr dk /kkrq foKku mUur FkkA blds izek.k D;k gSa \ z lw;Z dh ÅtkZ o izdk'k dk lzksr D;k gS \
—esgjkSyh ykSg LrEHk ij dh xbZ ikWfy'k o lqYrkuxat dh —gkbMªkstu [Link] dk ukfHkdh; lay;u
egkRek cq¼ dh 7.5 QhV Å¡ph dk¡L; izfrek z lw;Z dh ÅtkZ i`Foh rd fdl :i esa igq¡prh gS \
z n'keyo [Link] dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —ojkgfefgj —fo|qr pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds fofdj.k }kjk
z 'kwU; dk vkfo"dkjd fdls ekuk tkrk gS \ —HkkLdjkpk;Z z Hkkjr ds izFke 'kks/k laLFkku dk uke D;k Fkk \
z fdl Hkkjrh; lezkV us fnYyh] t;iqj] [Link]] mTtSu ,oa eFkqjk esa —bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku Qkj fn dYVhos'ku vkWQ lkbUl
oSèk'kkyk,¡ LFkkfir dhaA —lokbZ jktk t;flag z loZizFke fdlus [Link] fl¼kUr izLrqr fd;k \
z foKku dh izFke ØkfUrdkjh [kkst D;k gS \ —vkx dk vkfo"dkj —[Link] (600 B.C.)
z iqjkekuo ds fodkl dks fdl vkfo"dkj us xfr nh \ z [Link] dh iqLrd dk D;k uke gS \ —oS'ksf"kd lw=
—ifg, dk vkfo"dkj z jklk;fud ifjorZu dk fopkj loZizFke fdlus fn;k \ —[Link]
z fo'o esa izFke vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr dgk¡ gqbZ o fdu vkfo"dkjksa dk blesa z izdk'k o /ofu ds xeu (movement) esa D;k vUrj gS \
fo'ks"k ;ksxnku gS \ —Øe'k% baXyS.M esa ikojywe o Hkki batu dk —izdk'k fcuk ek/;e ds xfr dj ldrk gS] tcfd èofu dks
vkfOk"dkj ek/;e dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
z vk/kqfud vkbaLVhu ds uke ls fdls tkuk tkrk gS \ z lw;Z xzg.k o pUæ xzg.k ds fl¼kUr dk izfriknu fdlus fd;k Fkk \
—LVhQsu fofy;e gkWfdal —vk;ZHkê us
z czãk.M esa lokZf/kd ek=k esa ik;k tkus okyk inkFkZ D;k gS \ z Hkkjr }kjk NksMs+ x;s izFke mixzg dk D;k uke Fkk \ —vk;ZHkê
—MkdZ eSVj z æO;eku laj{k.k dk fl¼kUr fdlus fn;k Fkk \ —ysokfl, (1789)
z izÏfr esa lcls etcwr cy dkSu&lk gksrk gS \ —ukfHkdh; cy z RADAR (jMkj) dk iwjk uke D;k gS \
z foKku esa vpkud gks tkus okyh [kkstksa dks D;k dgrs gSa\ —jsfM;ks fMVsDlu ,.M jsaftax (Radio Detction and
—lhjsufMfiVh (IAS) Ranging) jsfM;kss vfHkKku rFkk ijklu
z oSKkfud fof/k ds izfriknd dkSu Fks \ —xSyhfy;ks o Ýkafll csdu z eSuksehVj fdl dke vkrk gS \ —xSlksa dk nkc ekius ds
z izdk'k dk osx loZizFke fdlus ekik \ —jksej us z dSjsVksehVj dk D;k dk;Z gS \ —lksus dh 'kq¼rk ekirk gSA
z izdk'k ds osx ls xfreku fdlh vkdk'kh; fi.M dh yEckbZ o æO;eku z yDlehVj fdl jkf'k dks ekirk gS \ —izdk'k dh rhozrk ekirk gS
D;k gksxk \ z nwj fLFkr oLrqvksa dk rki fdl ;U= ls ekik tk ldrk gS \
—yEckbZ&'kwU;] æO;eku&vuar (lkis{krk fl¼kUr ds vuqlkj) —ik;jksehVj
z loZiFz ke fdlus dgk fd i`Foh xksy gS o viuh /kqjh (axis) ij ?kwerh z [Link] ce dh [kkst fdlus dh Fkh \ —vkVksgku usA
gS] ftlls fnu o jkr gksrs gSaA —vk;ZHkê us z Iyxxst uked midj.k dk iz;ksx dgk¡ gksrk gS \
z fu;U=.k dk foKku fdls dgrs gSa \ —lkbcjusfVDl —csyuksa esa Nsn ds ekiu esa (RRB jkaph (vfl- Mªk-)
z ?k"kZ.k (friction) rFkk Lusgdksa (Lubricants) dk v/;;u fdl foKku z vYVhehVj dk mi;ksx dgk¡ djrs gSa \
esa fd;k tkrk gS \ —VªkbcksykWth —mM+rs le; foeku dh Å¡pkbZ ekius esa

foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 243

z jMkj dk mi;ksx fdl fy, fd;k tkrk gS\ z {k;rkjk (Degenatrate Star) fdls dgrs gSa \
—tgktksa] ;q¼d foekuksa vkfn dks <w¡<us o ekxZ funsZ'ku esaA —'osr okeu rkjksa dks
z lksukj eq[;r% fduds }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS \ z fdlh oLrq dh f=&foeh; (3 Dimensional) Nfo;k¡ fjdkWMZ rFkk
—leqæh ;kf=;ksa }kjk (RRB paMhx<+ iqu#Rikfnr djus dh rduhd dks dgk tkrk gSA —gksyksxzkQhA
z ØksuksykWth fdldk v/;;u gS \ —le; o vof/k dkA
z SONAR dk iwjk uke D;k gS \
—Sound of Navigation and Ranging z vYVhehVj D;k ekius dk ;U= gS \ —mM+rs gq, foeku dh Å¡pkbZ
z lksysD'kk¡ D;k gS \ —lkSj ÅtkZ pkfyr fjD'kk z vkfM;ksehVj o ,fueksehVj esa D;k vUrj gS \
—vkfM;ksehVj /ofu dh rhozrk ekirk gS] tcfd ,fueksehVj
z ,d dkcZu ekbØksQksu lcls Js"B dgk¡ iz;qDr gksrk gS \
èofu dh xfr
—VsyhQksu esa
z izFke vkWVks eksckby (Lopkfyr okgu) dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k \
z ;fn dksbZ lwpuk VsyhQksu }kjk Mk;y djds vU;= Vsyhfotu LØhu
—dkyZ csUt
ij ns[kh o i<+h tk lds rks bl rduhd dks D;k dgrs gaS \
z iksVZyS.M lhes.V dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k \ —tkslQ vLiMhu
—VsyhQSDl
z lkSj [Link] (Solor System) dh [kkst fdlus dh \ —dsIyj
z usQksLdksi dk D;k mi;ksx gS \
z vkVksgku fdl vkfo"dkj ds fy, izfl¼ gS \ —[Link] ce
—mM+rs cknyksa dh xfr o fn'kk dk ekiuA
z tM+Ro dk fu;e (Principle of Inertia) dh [kkst fdlus dh \
z QSnksehVj ls D;k ekirs gaS\ —leqæ dh xgjkbZ —xSyhfy;ks
z vkdk'kh; [Link] dk v/;;u foKku dh fdl 'kk[kk ds vUrxZr djrs z izdk'k dk [Link] (Scattering of Light) dk fu;e fdlus
gSa \ —[kxksfydh (Astronomy) izfrikfnr fd;k \ —lh- oh- jeu (IAS)
z xfr'khy æo ij dk;Z djus okys æoksa dk v/;;u foKku dh fdl z LVsFkksLdksi fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS \
'kk[kk ds vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gS \—æoxfrdh (Hydrodynamics) —/ofu ds ijkorZu (Re昀氀ection of Sound)
z 'kjhj dh Hkk"kk dk v/;;u djus okys foKku dks D;k dgrs gSa \ z og midj.k dkSu&lk gS ftldk iz;ksx gok ds osx ds cy ds ekiu
—dkbusLFksfVDl(Kinesthetics) ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS \ —,sfueksehVj
z lsfyuksykWth esa fdldk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS \ —pUæek dkA z tgktksa esa le; ekiu ds fy, iz;qDr midj.k dkSu&lk gS \
z dsyksykWth (Kalology)dk v/;;u fo"k; D;k gS \—ekuoh; —ØksuksehVj
lqUnjrk z fo|qr cYc dk fQykes.V fdl /kkrq dk cuk gksrk gS \ —VaxLVu
z ,sYdseh D;k gS \ z [Link] ?kM+h (Atomic Clock) fdlds laØe.k (Transition) ij
—;g /kkrq foKku ls lEcfU/kr gSA blds vUrxZr izkphudkyhu vkèkkfjr gksrh gS —lhft;e-133
jlk;u'kkL=h lLrh /kkrqvksa esa ifjofrZr djus dh fof/k;k¡ [kkstrs z ,f'k;k dh fo'kkyre ijkorhZ nwjchu dgk¡ gS \ —dokywj
FksA z Hkkjr ds jk"Vªh; ekud C;wjks (National Bureau of Standards) dk
z izkphu ,sfrgkfld vo'ks"kksa dk v/;;u foKku dh fdl 'kk[kk ds uke D;k gS \
vUrxZr fd;k tkrk gS \ —iqjkrRo foKku (Archaeology) —NSIT (National Institute of Standards and Technology)

z orZeku esa czãk.M foKku (Cosmology) ds izfl¼ oSKkfud dkSu z fdl Hkkjrh; [Link]&foKkuh us la[;k fl¼kUr izfrikfnr fd;k \
—Jhfuokl vk;axj jkekuqte
gSa \ —LVhQsu fofy;e gkWfdal (fczVsu)
z eqxydky esa yEckbZ ds fy, fdl ek=d dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk\
z Hkkjr esa [Link] ÅtkZ foHkkx dk tud fdls ekuk tkrk
—xt
gS \ —MkW- gkseh tgk¡xhj HkkHkk
z Hkkjr esa eSfVªd [Link] dk izkjEHk dc gqvk \ —1956
z fØLVyksa dh lajpuk tkuus dk D;k lk/ku gS \
z jÙkh fdl jkf'k dk ekiu djus okyk ek=d gS \ —æO;eku dk
—fØLVydh ds vUrxZr ,Dl [Link] dks fØLVyksa ij Mkydj
z LASER dk [Link] :i (Fullform) D;k gS \
muds foorZu dk v/;;uA
—Light Ampli昀椀cation by Stimulated Emission Radiation
z foKku dk {ks= tks ekuo ,oa ;U= ds e/; Lopyu ,oa lapkj dk
(mn~nhfir fofdj.k mRltZu }kjk izdk'k dk izo/kZu) >kj[k.M
vè;;u djrk gS \ —lkbcjusfVDl
z ystj che dk mi;ksx dgk¡ gksrk gS \ —laosnu'khy (Sensitive)
z foKku ds fdl {ks= esa ge 'osr okeu (White Dwarf) ds ckjs esa LFkkuksa_ ;Fkk—vk¡[k] xqnkZ] ân;] V~;wej] efLr"d vkfn dh 'kY;
vè;;u djrs gSa \ —[kxksfydh (Astronomy)
fpfdRlk esaA

244 |
z tgktksa esa le; ekiu gsrq dkSu&lk midj.k iz;qDr gksrk gS\ z foKku o izkS|ksfxdh esa D;k vUrj gS \
—ØksuksehVj —foKku esa izÏfr ds fu;eksa dk v/;;u djrs gSa] tcfd
z cSjksxzkQ D;k gS \ izkS|ksfxdh esa foKku ds fu;eksa dk O;kogkfjd vuqiz;ksx djrs gSaA
—ok;qnkc dk ekiu o vadu djus okyk ,d [Link] z Hkkjr dk izFke bathfu;fjax f'k{kk laLFkku dgk¡ LFkkfir fd x;k \
z vk¡/kh vkus ls iwoZ cSjksehVj ds ikB~;kad esa D;k ifjorZu gksrk gS \ —#M+dh (mÙkjk[k.M)
—ikB~;kad vpkud uhps vkrk gS] D;ksafd vk¡/kh rHkh vkrh gS tc z vUrfj{k o lEcfU/kr foKkuksa esa vuqla/kku ds fy, izeq[k jk"Vªh;
fdlh {ks= esa fuEu ok;q nkc mRiUu gksA dsUæ] ftls HkkSfrd vuqla/kku laLFkku dgrs gSa] dgk¡ fLFkr gS \
z fjDVj Ldsy ij fdl pht dk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS \ —vgenkckn

—HkwdEih; rhozrk z HkkSfrdh dk tUenkrk fdls ekuk tkrk gS \ —lj vkbtd U;wVu dks
z dkcksZjsVj dk D;k mi;ksx gS \ z Iykad dky (Plancks Time) D;k gS \
—10–43 lsds.M dh vof/k dks Iykad dky dgk gSA ;g l`f"V ds
—isVªksy ds lkFk gok dks fefJr djukA
izkjEHk dh ?kVuk fcx&cSax ds i'pkr~ dh og U;wure le;kof/k gS
z okWf'kax e'khu dh dk;Z [Link] fdl fl¼kUr ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS\
ftlesa HkkSfrdh ds lkjs fu;e izHkkoh gks x;sA
—vidsUæ.k ds fl¼kUr ij
z jk"Vªh; HkkSfrdh iz;ksx'kkyk dgk¡ gS \ —ubZ fnYyh esaA
z C;wQksVZ Ldsy D;k gS \
z VkVk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ QaMkesVy fjlpZ dgk¡ gS \ —eqacbZ esa
—,d iSekuk ftl ij gok dh xfr dh eki dh tkrh gSA
z ,fueksehVj dk mi;ksx dgk¡ gksrk gS \ —ok;q dk osx ekius esaA
z feyhckj Ldsy ij fdldk vadu fd;k tkrk gS\ z dsfYou iSekus ij fdl jkf'k dk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS \
—nkc (Pressure) dkA)
—ijerki (Absolute temperature) dkA
z lhLeksxzkQ D;k ekirk gS \ —HkwdEi dh rhozrk
z ikuh ds vUnj /ofu lquus ds ;U= dk D;k uke gS \ —gkbMªksQksuA
z vehVj dk D;k dk;Z gS \ z jk"Vªh; foKku fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS \ —28 Qjojh
—fdlh ifjiFk esa izokfgr /kkjk dh eki djuk z 1988 esa fdldh tUe 'krkCnh eukbZ xbZ Fkh \ —lh- oh- jeu
z VSfd;ksehVj fdl dke vkrk gS \ z vkstksu ijr j{k.k fnol dc euk;k tkrk gS \ —16 flrEcj dksA
—ok;q;ku o eksVj dh xfr ekius dsA z 14 fnlEcj dks dkSu&lk fnu euk;k tkrk gS \
z leqæ ry ls ok;q;ku dh Å¡pkbZ fdl ;U= }kjk ekirs gSa \ —jk"Vªh; ÅtkZ laj{k.k fnol
—vYVhehVj z vUrjkZ"Vªh; [Link] ÅtkZ ,tsalh dk eq[;ky; dgk¡ gS \
z gkbxzksehVj ls fdl jkf'k dk ekiu fd;k tkrk gS \ —fo;uk
—ok;[Link] dh lkisf{kd vkæZrk dk z Hkkjr ds izFke [Link] Hkêh (Reactor) dk D;k uke gS \
z gkbMªksehVj fdl dke vkrk gS \ —vIljk (1965)
—fdlh æo dk vkisf{kd ?kuRo ekius ds z lw{en'khZ dk vkfo"dkj fdlus fd;k Fkk \ —tsM] tkUlu
z ikSVsfU'k;ksehVj(Potentiometer) fdl jkf'k dh eki djrk gS \ z [Link] isu fdl fl¼kUr ij dk;Z djrk gS \ —dsf'kdRo
—foHkokUrj z dkcksZjsVj dk D;k dk;Z gS \
z nw/k dh 'kq¼rk fdl ;U= }kjk ekih tkrh gS \ —ySDVksehVj —batu esa gok dks isVªksy ok"i ds lkFk rhozrk ls mPp nkc ij
z iz'khrd esa rki dSls de fd;k tkrk gS \ izsf"kr djukA
—æo veksfu;k ds ok"iu ls z vUrfj{k [Link] (Cosmic Rays) dh [kkst fdlus dh \ —gsl us
z LØwxst dh lgk;rk ls U;wure fdruh yEckbZ Kkr dh tk ldrh z mM+ku vfHkys[kh (Flight Recorder) dk rduhdh uke D;k gS \
gS\ —feeh ds gtkjosa Hkkx rd —CySd ckDl

z [Link] ?kM+h fdlds laØe.k (Transition) ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gS \ z foKku fnol] 28 Qjojh dks fdl miy{; esa euk;k tkrk gS \
—lhft;e —bl fnu Hkkjrh; oSKkfud lh- oh- jeu us jeu izHkko dh

z orZeku vkS|ksfxd izxfr ds eq[; vk;ke D;k gSa \ [kkst dh FkhA

z i`Foh fnol dk lEcU/k fdl ls gS \ —i;kZoj.k ls
—1-lqij dEI;wVj] tSoizkS|ksfxdh o dejs ds rki ij
lqijdaMDVj dk fodkl z Hkkjrh; jklk;fud izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku dgk¡ fLFkr gS
—gSnjkckn (rsyaxkuk 1944)
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh | 245
 Unit-3 : ljy [Link]
v/;k; la[;k i¼fr
1
mnkgj.k& 4 + (5 + 6) = (4 + 5) + 6 = 15
4 × (5 × 6) = (4 × 5) × 6 = 120
;g xq.k ?kVko rFkk Hkkx ds fy, ekU; ugha gSA
l forj.k xq.k& [Link] dks vklku cukus ds fy, [Link] lafØ;k dks tksM+
rFkk ?kVko ij forfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k& 6 × (5 + 4) = 6 × 5 + 6 × 4
6 × (5 – 4) = 6 × 5 – 6 × 4
l rRled xq.k& ^'kwU;* (0) dks [Link]±dksa dk ;ksT; rRled dgk tkrk
gS rFkk ‘1’ dks [Link]±dksa dk [Link] rRled dgk tkrk gSA
la[;kvksa ij Hkkx lafØ;k
l HkkT; = Hkktd × HkkxQy + 'ks"kQy
tgk¡] 0 £ 'ks"kQy < Hkktd
mnk- % 808 dks fdlh la[;k ls Hkkx nsus ij HkkxQy 15 rFkk 'ks"kQy
13 izkIr gksrk gSA Hkktd Kkr dhft,A
HkkT; − 'ks"kQy 808 − 13 795
gy % Hkktd = = = = 53
HkkxQy 15 15
l (an + bn), (a + b) ls foHkkftr gksxk] ;fn n fo"ke gksA
l (an – bn), (a – b) ls foHkkftr gksxk] ;fn n çkÏfrd la[;k gksA
l (an – bn), (a + b) ls foHkkftr gksxh] ;fn n le gksA
l (an + bn + cn), (a + b + c) ls foHkkftr gksxk] ;fn n fo"ke gksA

[Link]±dksa ij lafØ;kvksa ds xq.k l ,d la[;k dks tc D1 vkSj D2 ls Øekxr foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS]
rks 'ks"kQy Øe'k% R1 vkSj R2 çkIr gksrk gSA ;fn mlh la[;k dks D1
l laojd xq.k& fdUgha nks [Link]±dksa dk tksM+] ?kVko rFkk [Link] ges'kk ,d
× D2 ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] 'ks"kQy = D1 × R2 + R1
[Link]±d gksrk gSA
mnk- % ,d fuf'pr la[;k dks tc Øfed :i ls 3 vkSj 5 ls
mnkgj.k& 4 + 5 = 9, tks ,d [Link]±d gS foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] rks Øe'k% 1 vkSj 2 'ks"kQy cprk gSA
4 × 5 = 20, tks ,d [Link]±d gS ;fn mlh la[;k dks 15 ls foHkkftr fd;k tk, rks 'ks"kQy
4 – 5 = – 1, tks ,d [Link]±d gS D;k gksxk\
[Link]±dksa dk laojd xq.k [Link]±dksa ds foHkktu ds fy, lR; ugha gS] D;ksafd gy % ;gk¡ D1 = 3, D2 = 5, R1 = 1 vkSj R2 = 2
nks [Link]±dksa ds [Link] lnSo [Link]±d ugha gks ldrk gSA vHkh"V 'ks"kQy = D1 × R2 + R1
mnkgj.k& 4 ÷ 5 = 0.8, tks ,d [Link]±d ugha gS =3×2+1
=7
l Øefofues; xq.k& ;ksx rFkk [Link] dh lafØ;k esa nks [Link]±dksa dk Øe
l nks fHkUu&fHkUu la[;kvksa dks tc ,d gh Hkktd ls foHkkftr fd;k
cnyus ij [Link] lnSo leku gh jgrk gSA
tkrk gS] rks 'ks"kQy Øe'k% A vkSj B cprk gS rFkk tc mu la[;kvksa
mnkgj.k& 4+5=5+4=9
ds ;ksx dks mlh Hkktd ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS] rks 'ks"kQy C
4 × 5 = 5 × 4 = 20
cprk gSA rc Hkktd = A + B – C
;g xq.k ?kVko rFkk Hkkx ds fy, ekU; ugha gSA
mnk- % ;fn nks la[;kvksa esa ls çR;sd dks ,d gh Hkktd ls
l lkgp;Z xq.k& ;ksx rFkk [Link] dh lafØ;k esa nks ls vf/kd [Link]±dksa dks
foHkkftr fd;k tk;s] rks 'ks"kQy Øe'k% 3 vkSj 4 cprk gSA
dks"Bd ds lkFk fdlh Hkh çdkj lewfgr fd;k tk ldrk gS] [Link] ;fn la[;kvksa ds ;ksx dks mlh Hkktd ls foHkkftr fd;k tk;s]
lnSo leku jgsxkA rks 'ks"kQy 2 cprk gSA Hkktd Kkr dhft,A
ljy [Link] | 1
 gy % vHkh"V Hkktd = A + B – C la[;k 'kwU; (0) vFkok 7 ls foHkkftr gksus okyh la[;k gS] rks ewy
=3+4–2 la[;k Hkh 7 ls foHkkftr gksxhA
=5
l 8 ls foHkktdrkµla[;k ds vfUre rhu vadksa dk ;qXe] ;fn 8 ls
l fdlh nh gqbZ la[;k esa ls ,d U;wure la[;k bl çdkj ?kVk;h tkrh foHkkT; gS] rks og la[;k Hkh 8 ls foHkkftr gksxhA
gS fd og la[;k fdlh Hkktd ls foHkkftr gks tkrh gS] rks
l 9 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn la[;k ds lHkh vadksa dk ;ksx] 9 ls foHkkftr
vHkh"V U;wure la[;k = 'ks"kQy gS] rks og la[;k Hkh 9 ls foHkkftr gksxhA
mnk- % 42072 esa dkSu&lh U;wure la[;k ?kVk;h tk, fd çkIr l 11 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn la[;k esa le LFkkuksa ij vadksa ds ;ksx rFkk
la[;k 93 ls [Link]% foHkkftr gks tk,A fo"ke LFkkuksa ij vadksa ds ;ksx dk vUrj] 'kwU; ;k 11 ls foHkkT; gS]
gy % 42072 dks 93 ls Hkkx nsus ij çkIr 'ks"kQy = 36 rks la[;k Hkh 11 ls foHkkT; gksxhA
vHkh"V U;wure la[;k = 36
bdkbZ vad ij vk/kkfjr leL;k,¡
l fdlh nh gqbZ la[;k esa ,d U;wure la[;k bl çdkj tksM+h tkrh gS
fd og la[;k fdlh Hkktd ls foHkkftr gks tkrh gS] rks l 0, 1, 5 vkSj 6 ds bdkbZ vad okyh la[;kvksa dh fdlh Hkh ?kkr dk
vHkh"V U;wure la[;k = nh xbZ la[;k – 'ks"kQy bdkbZ vad Øe'k% 0, 1, 5 vkSj 6 gksxkA vFkkZr~
mnk- % 42072 esa dkSu&lh U;wure la[;k tksM+h tk, fd çkIr la[;k (.........0)n = .........0; (.........1)n = .........1
93 ls [Link]% foHkkftr gks tk,A (.........5)n = .........5; (.........6)n = .........6
gy % 42072 dks 93 ls Hkkx nsus ij çkIr 'ks"kQy = 36 l ;fn fdlh la[;k dk bdkbZ vad 0, 1, 5 vkSj 6 ds vykok vU; gks]
vHkh"V U;wure la[;k = Hkktd – 'ks"kQy rks blds bdkbZ vad dks vius vki ls de ls de ckj] tc rd fd
= 93 – 36 bldk bdkbZ vad 1 ;k 6 u çkIr gks tk;s] [Link] fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr~
= 57 (2)4 = 16; (3)4 = 81; (4)2 = 16;
4 4
foHkktdrk ds fu;e (7) = 2401; (8) = 4096; (9)2 = 81

l 2 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn fdlh la[;k dk bdkbZ vad 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 esa l ;fn n ,d çkÏfrd la[;k gks] rks
ls gks] rks og la[;k 2 ls foHkkT; gksrh gSA (2)4n dk bdkbZ vad = 6; (3)4n dk bdkbZ vad = 1
l 3 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn fdlh la[;k ds lHkh vadksa dk ;ksx] 3 ls (4)2n dk bdkbZ vad = 6; (7)4n dk bdkbZ vad = 1
foHkkT; gS] rks og la[;k Hkh 3 ls foHkkftr gksrh gSA (8)4n dk bdkbZ vad = 6; (9)2n dk bdkbZ vad = 1
l 4 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn fdlh la[;k ds vfUre nks vadksa dk ;qXe] 4 l la[;kvksa ds [Link] esa bdkbZ dk vad Kkr djus ds fy, lHkh
ls foHkkT; gS] rks og la[;k Hkh 4 ls foHkkftr gksrh gSA la[;kvksa ds bdkbZ vadksa dk [Link] Kkr djrs gSaA çkIr [Link]
l 5 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn fdlh la[;k dk bdkbZ vad 0 vFkok 5 gS]
dk bdkbZ vad] nh xbZ la[;kvksa ds [Link] esa çkIr bdkbZ ds vad
rks og la[;k 5 ls [Link];k foHkkftr gksrh gSA
ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
l 6 ls foHkktdrkµ;fn la[;k 2 rFkk 3 ls [Link];k foHkkT; gS] rks og
ekuk] la[;k A, B, C, ...... ds bdkbZ vad Øe'k% a, b, c, ...... gSa]
la[;k 6 ls Hkh [Link];k foHkkftr gksrh gSA
rks
l 7 ls foHkktdrkµla[;k dk bdkbZ vad ysdj mldk nksxquk djsaA
izkIr la[;k dks ewy la[;k ds 'ks"k vadksa esa ls ?kVk,¡A ;fn izkIr u;h A × B × C × ....... dk bdkbZ vad = a × b × c × ...... dk bdkbZ vad

[Link] vH;kl iz'u

1. 45 Nk=ksa dh d{kk esa] 35 dks vaxzsth ilan gS 3. ;fn la[;k A dh lcls NksVh vHkkT; la[;k 3 gS nkok djrk gS fd mls mruk tsc [kpZ feyrk
vkSj 40 dks [Link] ilan gSA ;fn gj fdlh dks vkSj la[;k B dh lcls NksVh vHkkT; la[;k 7 gS tks 70 yksxksa osG chp cjkcj ck¡Vk tk ldrk
de-ls-de ,d fo"k; ilan gS] rks nksuksa fo"k; gS] rks A + B dh lcls NksVh vHkkT; la[;k gSµ gSA jeu dk tsc [kpZ fdruk gS \
(A) 3 (B) 5 (A) ` 975 (B) ` 999
dqy fdruksa dks ilan gS \
(C) ` 990 (D) ` 980
(A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 2 (D) 10
6. ------------og la[;k gS tks u rks vHkkT; vkSj u
(C) 75 (D) 35 4. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu lh ,d ifjes; la[;k gS\
gh HkkT; gSA
(A) 2+2 (B) 4+2
2. ,d /kukRed la[;k 'n' dks 9 ls foHkkftr djus (A) 2 (B) 3
ij 'ks"kQy 6 cprk gSA 3n + 2 dks 3 ls foHkkftr (C) 3 + 3 (D) p (C) 1 (D) 4
djus ij D;k 'ks"kQy cprk gS \ 5. jeu nkok djrk gS fd mlosG ikl mlosG HkkbZ@ 7. 10 vkSj 40 ds e/; vHkkT; la[;kvksa dh la[;k
(A) 1 (B) 0 cguksa dh rqyuk esa vfèkdre tsc [kpZ gSA mu ----------- gSA
lHkh dks iSls 3 vadksa esa feyrs gSa ysfdu jeu (A) 6 (B) 7
(C) 3 (D) 2
(C) 8 (D) 10

2 |
 8. la[;k 64 vkSj 36 esa xq.k gS fd os vius bdkbZ vad 12. nks Øekxr vHkkT; la[;kvksa dk [Link] 17. 9 ls foHkkT; 19,596 dh nks fudVre la[;k,¡
ls foHkkT; gSaA 20 vkSj 60 ds chp dh la[;kvksa 7387 gSA bu nksuksa la[;kvksa esa fdruk varj gS\ dkSu&lh gSa\
esa ls ,slh fdruh la[;k,¡ gSa ftuds }kjk bl xq.k (A) 3 (B) 2 (A) 19,509; 19, 611
dks lUrq"V fd;k tkrk gSµ (C) 4 (D) 6 (B) 19,564; 19, 620
(A) 19 (B) 21
(C) 20 (D) 17
13. ;fn 4 vadksa dh la[;k 48ab, 2, 5 vkSj 7 ls (C) 19,611; 19, 575
foHkkT; gS] rks (10a – b) dk eku D;k gS \ (D) 19,593; 19, 602
9. ,d lewg esa 450 yksx ,sls g®] tks ;k rks vaxzsth (A) 20 (B) 0
;k fgUnh cksy ldrs g®] 250 dsoy fgUnh cksy 18. vaMs ds ,d Vksdjs esa] gj 25 vaMksa esa ls ,d lM+k
(C) 10 (D) 30
ldrs g®] tcfd 150 dsoy vaxzsth cksy ldrs vaMk gSA ;fn 8 esa ls 5 lM+s vaMs vuqi;ksxh gksrs
14. ;fn 5A72B, 11 ls HkkT; gS] rks B – A dk eku
g®A fdrus yksx nksuksa Hkk"kk,¡ cksy ldrs g® \ D;k gS \ gSa vkSj Vksdjh esa dqy 10 O;FkZ vaMs gksrs gSa] rks
(A) 100 (B) 50 Vksdjs esa vaMksa dh la[;k dh [Link] djsaA
(A) 4 (B) 3
(C) 700 (D) 400
(C) 1 (D) 2 (A) 380 (B) 400
10. ,d fMftVy dSydqysVj esa vad 2, 5, 8 rFkk 15. ;fn 9 vadkas dh ,d la[;k 5p42978n6, 72 (C) 420 (D) 440
4 dk;Z ug° dj jgs g®A ;fn ;g 6 vad okyk ls foHkkT; gS] rks (2p – 1) dk eku D;k gksxk] 19. (4) 11 × (5) 5 × (3) 2 × (13) 2 es vHkkT;
dSydqysVj gS] rks bl dsydqysVj dk mi;ksx tgk¡ n, n ds lHkh laHkkfor ekukas eas ls nwljk [Link][kaM dh oqGy la[;k dh [Link] djsaA
djrs gq, 2 la[;kvksa (nksuksa la[;k,a 0 ls cM+s lcls cM+k eku gS\ fn;k x;k gS fd p vkSj n (A) 30 (B) 31
vadksa ls cuh g® vkSj buesa vadksa dks nksgjk;k izkÏfrd la[;k,¡ gSaA (C) 33 (D) 32
ug° x;k gS) ds e/; vf/kdre fdruk varj (A) 15 (B) 17
gks ldrk gS\ 20. ;fn 100 vkSj 1000 ds chp fLFkr fdlh [Link]±d
(C) 21 (D) 11
(A) 976310 (B) 872631 ds vadksa dk ;ksx ml la[;k ls ?kVk fn;k tk,]
(C) 772631 (D) 171631 16. fuEufyf[kr eas ls dkSu-lh la[;k 360 ls rks [Link] ges'kk gksrk gSµ
11. 6m61, 11 ls foHkkT; gSA m dk eku D;k gS \ foHkkT; gS\
(A) 6 ls foHkkT; (B) 2 ls foHkkT;
(A) 4 (B) 5 (A) 171720 (B) 176600
(C) 9 ls foHkkT; (D) 5 ls foHkkT;
(C) 0 (D) 3 (C) 166200 (D) 171080

O;k[;kRed gy
1. (A) fn;k gS] rFkk B, 7 ls cM+k ;k cjkcj gksuk pkfg,A 4 =2
Nk=ksa dh la[;k = 45 ekuk] A= 3 vr% 2 + 2 = 4 ,d ifjes; la[;k
Nk=ksa dh la[;k ftudks vaxzsth ilUn gS B=7 gSA
= 35 blfy,] A + B = 3 + 7 = 10
(C) 3 + 3
Nk=ksa dh la[;k ftudks [Link] ilUn gS ge tkurs gSa fd 2 (A + B) dk lcls
,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
3
= 40 NksVk vHkkT; [Link] gSA
Nk=ksa dh la[;k ftudks nksuksa fo"k; ilUn ekuk] A = 32 = 9 (D) p ,d vifjes; la[;k gSA
gSa = 35 + 40 – 45 = 30 B = 72 = 49 vr% 4 + 2 ,d ifjes; la[;k
vr% nksuksa fo"k; dqy 30 Nk=ksa dks ilUn blfy, A + B = 49 + 9 = 58 gSA
gSA blh izdkj ;gk¡ Hkh (A + B) dk lcls 5. (D) iz'u ls Li"V gS] jeu dk tsc [kpZ rhu
NksVk vHkkT; [Link] 2 gSA vadksa dh og la[;k gksxh tks] 70 ls [Link]%
2. (D) ekuk la[;k n dks 9 ls foHkkftr djus
vr% A + B dh lcls NksVh vHkkT;
ij HkkxQy = x foHkkT; gks]
la[;k 2 gSA
rc la[;k n = 9x + 6 vr% fodYi (D) esa nh xbZ la[;k 980,
n dk eku 3n + 2 esa j[kus ij 4. (B) ifjes; la[;k o vifjes; la[;k dk tksM+ 70 ls [Link]% foHkkT; gSA
o vUrj ges'kk vifjes; gksrk gSA
3n + 2 = 3 (9n +6) + 2 ∴ jeu dk tsc [kpZ = ` 980
= 3 (9n + 6) + 2 ifjes; la[;k ,d ,slh la[;k gS ftls
6. (B) 1 u rks vHkkT; gS] vkSj u gh HkkT; gSA
vc ;g Li"V :i ls ns[kk tk ldrk p
ge q dh fLFkfr esa fy[k ldrs gSa
gS fd 3 ls foHkkftr djus ij la[;k 7. (C) 10 vkSj 40 ds e/; vHkkT; la[;k,¡µ
'ks"kQy 2 NksM+ nsxkA fodYiksa esa ns[kus ij] 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37
3. (C) fn;k gS] la[;k A dh lcls NksVh vHkkT; (A) 2+2 10 vkSj 40 ds e/; 8 vHkkT; la[;k,¡ gSaA
la[;k = 3 2 ,d vifjes; la[;k gS vr% 8. (D) ,slh la[;k,¡ tks Lo;a vius bdkbZ vad ls
la[;k B dh lcls NksVh vHkkT; la[;k 2 + 2 vifjes; la[;k gSA foHkkT; gSA 20 ls 60 ds chp esa ,slh 17
=7 la[;k,¡ gSaA tSls = 36, 45, 52
(B) 4+2
vr% A, 3 ls cM+k ;k cjkcj gksuk pkfg,
ljy [Link] | 3
 9. (B) iz'ukuqlkj osu vkjs[k fuEuor~ gSµ 14. (C) 5A72B = 19,593
11 ls foHkkftr gksus ds fy, ;ksx = 1 + 9 + 5 + 9 + 3 = 27
(5 + 7 + B) – (A + 2) = 11 27, 9 ls
HkkT; gSA
12 + B – A – 2 = 11 19,602 ds vadksa dk
B – A + 10 = 11 ;ksx = 1 + 9 + 6 + 0 + 2 = 18
ekuk x yksx nksuksa Hkk"kk;sa cksy ldrs g®A B− A =1 18, 9 ls HkkT; gSA
rc] 250 + x + 150 = 450 15. (A) tc la[;k 72 ls foHkkT; gksrh gS rc blfy,]
 x = 450 – 250 – 150
la[;k 9 o 8 ls foHkkT; gksuh pkfg, 19,593 vkSj 19,602, 9 ls foHkkT; gSA
 x = 450 – 400
\ x = 50 (5P42978n6) la[;k esa n ds LFkku ij vr% fodYi (D) lgh gSA
8 o 5 j[k ldrs gSa] D;ksafd la[;k dks 18. (B) 5 O;FkZ [Link] ds fy, lM+s gq, [Link] dh
10. (B) iz'u ls] dSydqysVj esa vad 2, 5, 8 rFkk
8 ls foHkkT; gksus ds fy, vfUre rhu la[;k = 8
4 dk;Z ug° dj jgsA
vad 8 ls foHkkT; gksus pkfg, rFkk n 10 O;FkZ [Link] ds fy, lM+s gq, [Link]
vr% lcls cM+h la[;k = 976310
rFkk lcls NksVh la[;k = 103679
ç'ukuqlkj nwljk cM+k vad gksuk pkfg,A dh la[;k = 85 × 10 = 16
\ vUrj = 976310 – 103679 \ n=5 Q 25 [Link] esa ls 1 lM+k [Link] gS] rks
= 872631 rFkk] 16 lM+s [Link] ds fy, dqy [Link] dh
5+p+4+2+9+7+8+5+6 la[;k
11. (C) 6m61, 11 ls foHkkT; gS rc fi 9
(6 + 6) – (m + 1) = 0 ;k 11 46 + p = 25× 16
fi 9
12 – m – 1 = 0 ;k 11 ⇒ m = 0 ;k 11 = 400
\ p=8
∵ 11 nks vdksa dh la[;k gS blfy, m = 0 19. (B) 411 × 55 × 32 × 132
vr% 2p – 1 = 2 × 8 – 1 = 15 = (22)11 × 55 × 32 × 132
12. (D) ekuk] 7387 ds vHkkT; [Link][k.M = 89
× 83 gSa] ftudk vUrj 89 – 83 = 6 gSA 16. (A) tc la[;k 360 ls foHkkT; gksrh gS rc = 222 × 55 × 32 × 132
13. (D) 48ab, 2, 5 o 7 ls foHkkftr gSA 2 o 5 ls
la[;k ds vUr esa 0 gksuk pkfg;s rFkk vr% vHkkT; [Link][kaM dh oqGy la-
foHkkftr gksus ds fy, vUr esa 'kwU; gksuk la[;k ds vadksa dk ;ksx 9 ls foHkkT; ?kkrsa
pkfg,A gksxk vkSj la[;k ds vfUre 2 vad 4 ls
\ b =0 foHkkT; gksaxsA = (22 + 5 + 2 + 2)
vr% la[;k 48a07 ls foHkkftr gS] \ fodYi (A) ls] = 31
rc 48a – 2 × 0 = 48a, 7 ls foHkkftr 171720 la[;k ds vUr esa 0 gS rFkk 20. (C) iz'ukuqlkj]
gksxk la[;k ds vadksa dk ;ksx 9 ls foHkkT; gS la[;k = 100x + 10y + z
rFkk 48 – 2a; 7 ls foHkkftr gksxk vkSj vfUre nks vad 4 ls foHkkT; gSaA blfy, vadksa dk ;ksx = x + y + z
vr% a dk U;wure eku ftlds fy, vr% la[;k 171720, 360 ls foHkkT; gSA vr% varj = 100x + 10y + z – x – y – z
48 – 2a, 7 ls foHkkftr gksxkµ
17. (D) 9 dk HkkT; fu;e la[;kvksa ds vadksa dk = 99x + 9y = 9(11x + y)
a =3
;ksx 9 ls HkkT; gksuk pkfg, vr%] la[;k ges'kk 9 ls foHkkT; gSA
\ vc 10a – b = 10 × 3 – 0 = 30

qq

4 |
 Unit-4 : ckSf¼d {kerk

v/;k;
1 vaxzsth [Link] ijh{k.k

bl v/;k; ds vUrxZr vaxzsth [Link] (A-Z) ij vk/kkfjr iz'u iwNs  v{kjksa ds LFkku ls lEcfU/kr egÙ[Link] fcUnq
tkrs gSa rFkk vH;FkhZ dks vaxzsth [Link] ds lHkh 26 v{kjksa ds LFkkfud  ;fn nksuksa v{kjksa dh fLFkfr leku fn'kk esa gks] rc nksuksa v{kjksa ds
eku rFkk blls lEcfU/kr rF; ;kn gksus pkfg,A Øekadksa dks ?kVk nsrs gSa vkSj v{kj dk LFkku izkjfEHkd fLFkfr ds
vaxzsth [Link] ls lEcfU/kr dqN [Link] fcUnqµ vuqlkj Kkr dj ysrs gSaA tSlsµnk,¡ ls 12osa v{kj ds nk,¡ 7ok¡
v{kj] nk,¡ ls 5ok¡ v{kj gksxkA
 [Link] nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaµ
 ;fn nksuksa v{kjksa dh fLFkfr vleku fn'kk esa gks] rc nksuksa v{kjksa
 Loj—A E I O U (vaxzsth [Link] esa Lojksa dh la[;k 5 gSA) ds Øekadksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSa vkSj v{kj dk LFkku izkjfEHkd fLFkfr
 O;atu—B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z ds vuqlkj Kkr dj ysrs gSaA tSlsµnk,¡ ls 9osa v{kj ds ck,¡ 7ok¡
(vaxzsth [Link] esa O;atuksa dh la[;k 21 gSA) v{kj] nk,¡ ls 16ok¡ v{kj gksxkA
 v¼k±'k  iz'uksa ds izdkj
v¼k±'k nks izdkj ds gksrs gSaµ vaxt sz h [Link] esa blls lEcfU/kr fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds iz'u iwNs tkrs
 izFke v¼k±'k—A B C D E F G H I J K L M (izFke gSaµ
v¼k±'k esa dqy 13 v{kj gksrs gSaA vr% 1 ls 13 rd ds v{kj
 v{kj dk LFkku Kkr djuk
izFke v¼k±'k esa gksrs gSaA)
(I) vaxzsth [Link] esa
 f}rh; v¼k±'k— N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
(f}rh; v¼k±'k esa dqy 13 v{kj gksrs gSaA vr% 14 ls 26 rd mnk- vaxt
sz h [Link] es]a ck,¡ ls 21osa v{kj ds ck,¡ 10ok¡
ds v{kj f}rh; v¼k±'k eas gksrs gSaA) v{kj dkSu&lk gksxk \
(A) J (B) K (C) L (D) M
 LFkku
vaxzsth [Link] esa] izR;sd v{kj dk viuk LFkku gksrk gSA ;g gy (B) :
ds ck,¡ 10ok¡ v{kj
LFkku nks Øeksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121314 1516 1718 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
AB C D E F G H I J K LM N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
 lh/kk Øe—blesa A dk LFkku igyk rFkk Z dk LFkku vfUre
gksrk gSA ck,¡ ls 21ok¡ v{kj
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U VWX Y Z ck,¡¡ ls 21osa v{kj U ds ck,¡¡ 10ok¡ v{kj K gksxkA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
vr% fodYi (B) lgh mÙkj gksxkA
 foijhr Øeµblesa Z dk LFkku igyk rFkk A dk LFkku 2. eè; v{kj
vfUre gksrk gSA (I) e/; v{kjksa dh la[;k Kkr djuk
Z Y XWV U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
vaxzsth [Link] esa nks v{kjksa ds chp fdrus v{kj gSaA iz'u
esa iwNk tkrk gSA budh pkj fLFkfr;k¡ gSaµ
vaxzsth [Link] esa izR;sd v{kj ,d&nwljs dk foijhr gksrk gS_ ?
(i)
tSlsµA dk foijhr v{kj Z, B dk Y, C dk X, D dk W... vkfnA ck,¡ ls nk,¡ ls
foijhr v{kjksa dk ;ksx ges'kk 27 gksrk gSA (ii)
tSlsµE dk foijhr v{kj Kkr djuk gS vkSj E dk [Link] esa 5ok¡ ck;k¡
LFkku gSA
foijhr [Link] = (27 – 5) = 22 (V) ck;k¡ ?

64 |
 (iii) 3. v{kj ;qXe cukuk
nk;k¡ ;qXe cukus ds fy, egÙ[Link] fcUnq
 v{kj&;qXe vkxs rFkk ihNs nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa lEHko gSA
 ,d 'kCn esa ,d ls vf/kd ;qXe cuk;s tk ldrs gaSA
nk;k¡
?  ,d v{kj ls ;qXe cuk ysus ds ckn nksckjk mlh v{kj ls ;qXe
cuk ldrs gaSA ;fn og vaxzsth [Link] ds vuqlkj leku
(iv) nwjh ij gksrs gSaA
ck;k¡ ?
mnk- ‘WONDERS’ esa ,sls fdrus v{kj&;qXe gSa] ftuds
nk;k¡ chp mrus gh v{kj gSa] ftrus fd vaxzsth [Link] esa
mnk- vaxzsth [Link] esa ck,¡ ls 9osa v{kj rFkk nk,¡¡ ls gksrs gSa\
(A) nks (B) rhu
7osa v{kj ds eè; fdrus v{kj gSa\
(C) ,d (D) rhu ls vf/kd
(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) 11
gy (C) : gy (D) %
23 15 14 4 5 18 19
LekVZ fVªdµdqy v{kj → ck,¡¡ ls 9 v{kj W O N D E R S
+ nk,¡¡ ls 7 v{kj
dqy v{kj → 9 + 7 ‘WONDERS 'kCn esa NO, DE, RS rFkk RW pkj
= 16 ,sls ;qXe gSa] buds chp mrus gh v{kj gSa] ftrus vaxszth
vaxzsth [Link] esa dqy v{kjksa dh la[;k [Link] esa gksrs gSaA
= 26 4. v{kj leL;k
26 – 16 ⇒ 10 mnk- ;fn 'kCn ‘REPRESENTATIVE’ ds igys vkSj vkBosa
vr% buds chp esa 10 v{kj gksaxsA v{kjksa ds LFkku ijLij cny nsa] blh izdkj nwljs vkSj
ukSosa v{kj vkSj vkxs Hkh blh izdkj v{kjksa dks cny
(II) e/; dk v{kj Kkr djuk fn;k tk;s] rks ubZ O;oLFkk esa ck,¡¡ fljs ls 6osa v{kj
mnk- vaxzsth [Link] esa ck,¡¡ ls 8osa rFkk 20osa v{kj ds ds ck,¡¡ pkSFkk v{kj dkSu&lk gksxk\
e/; dkSu&lk v{kj gksxk\ (A) E (B) A
(A) M (B) N (C) P (D) T
(C) P (D) R gy (D) %
gy (B) : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ck,¡ ls 8ok¡ v{kj
R E PR E S EN T A T I V E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2526
ABCDEFGH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U VW X Y Z ifjorZu ds cknµ
ck,¡ ls 20ok¡ v{kj
ds ck,¡ pkSFkk
e/; v{kj

ck,¡¡ ls 8ok¡ v{kj H rFkk ck,¡¡ ls 20ok¡ v{kj T 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

N T A T I V E R E P R E S E
gSA bu nksuksa ds Bhd chp esa v{kj N gksxkA
LekVZ fVªdµ ck,¡ ls 6ok¡
ck,¡¡ ls 14ok¡ v{kj N gksxk tksfd nksukas v{kjksa ifjorZu ds ckn 'kCn esa ck,¡¡ ls 6osa v{kj V ds
ds Bhd chp dk v{kj gksxkA ck,¡¡ pkSFkk v{kj T gksxkA
;fn nksuksa v{kjksa dk Øe ck,¡¡ ls gS] rks nksuksa 5. vaxzsth 'kCnksa dk O;oLFkhdj.k
v{kjksa ds Øekadksa dks tksM+dj mldk vkèkk dj
vaxt
sz h ds 'kCnksa dks [Link] ;k 'kCndks'k (dictionary) ds vuqlkj
nsrs gSa] ftlls muds Bhd chp dk v{kj izkIr
Øe ls O;ofLFkr djuk gh 'kCnksa dk O;oLFkhdj.k dgykrk gSA
gks tkrk gSA
28
= 14 = 14
mnk- 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj dkSu&lk 'kCn pkSFks LFkku ij
8 + 20 =
2 vk;sxk\
ck,¡¡ ls 14ok¡ v{kj N gksxk tksfd nksukas v{kjksa (A) Propense (B) Prophet
ds Bhd chp dk v{kj gksxkA (C) Prong (D) Propine

ckSf¼d {kerk | 65
 gy (D) % Pro p ense v{kj vyx gSaA bu v{kjksa dks vaxzsth [Link] ds
vuqlkj Øe esa yxkus ij ‘n’ v{kj igys vk;sxkA
Pro p het
mlds ckn p vk;sxk] ysfdu p rhu 'kCnksa esa leku gSA
Pro n g v{kjksa dks [Link] ds vuqlkj yxkus ij]
Pro p ine 1 2 3 4
Pro n g, >Pro pe nse, >Pro ph et, > Pro pi ne
‘Pro’ lHkh 'kCnksa esa leku gSA ‘Pro’ ds ckn lHkh esa
'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj pkSFks LFkku ij Propine vk;sxkA
[Link] vH;kl iz'u
1. vaxzsth 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj] fuEu 'kCnksa dks tSls fd tc mUgsa [Link] Øe esa O;ofLFkr funsZ'k (iz'u la[;k 11 ,oa 12 ds fy,)
O;ofLFkr djsa % fd;k tkrk gS \
iz'u eas ,d 'kCn fn;k x;k gSAS mlds ckn fn;s x,
(a) Nature (b) Native (A) 2 (B) 1 oSdfYid 'kCnksa eas ls ml 'kCn dks pqfu,] tks fn;s
(c) Narrate (d) Nascent x;s ewy 'kCn ds v{kjksa ls ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
(C) 3 (D) 4
(e) Naughty 11. STUPENDOUS
7. uhps fn, x, iz'u esa dqN v{kj nks vaMkdkjksa esa
(A) (c), (d), (b), (a), (e)
,d-nwljs dks dkVrs gq, fn, x, gSaA izfrPNsfnr (A) PEN (B) TAPE
(B) (d), (a), (c), (e), (b)
Hkkx esa fn, x, v{kjksa dk ,d ls vf/kd ckj (C) STOP (D) DONT
(C) (b), (d), (c), (a), (e) mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd izfrPNsfnr 12. ORGANISATION
(D) (d), (b), (c), (e), (a) Hkkx ds ckgj ds izR;sd v{kj dk mi;ksx dsoy
(A) STATION (B) GAIN
,d ckj [Link] 'kCn cukus ds fy, fd;k tkuk
2. fn, x, 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks'k ds Øekuqlkj gSA ;fn ,slk dksbZ 'kCn ugha cuk;k tk ldrk (C) NATION (D) RATION
O;ofLFkr dhft,A gS rks mÙkj ‘X’ nsa vkSj ;fn ,d vkSj ,slk 'kCn funsZ'k (iz'u la[;k 13 ,oa 14 ds fy,)
1. Mailbox cuk;k tk ldrk gS] rks mÙkj ‘M’ nsa] vU;Fkk
2. Aperture 'kCn dk nwljk v{kj mÙkj gksxkA izR;sd iz'u nh x;h v{kjksa dh Ük`[a kyk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO
3. Mainstream
PQRSTUVWXYZ
4. Avocado
5. Crocodile (A) M (B) X 13. dkSu&lk v{kj ck,¡ fljs ls 13osa v{kj ds nk,¡
(C) P (D) B 7ok¡ v{kjgksxk\
(A) 54321 (B) 24531
(A) S (B) T
(C) 24513 (D) 12345 8. fuEu iz'u esa] v{kjksa dk ,d lewg fn;k x;k (C) U (D) V
3. dkSu-lk 'kCn vaxzsth 'kCndks"k esa igys vkrk gS ftUgsa 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vkSj 6 la[;kafdr fd;k
14. dkSu&lk v{kj nk,¡ fljs ls 19osa v{kj ds ck,¡
gS\ x;k gSA uhps bu la[;kvksa ds la;kstu ds pkj
NBok¡ v{kj gksxk\
fodYi fn, x, gSaA la[;kvksa ds la;kstu dk og
(A) Carrom (B) Comaming (A) M (B) N
fodYi pqusa ftlls ,d [Link] 'kCn cuk;k tk
(C) Carier (D) Cartoon (C) X (D) buesals dksbZ ugha
ldsA
OBRSAB 15. 'kCn ‘CREATIVITY’ ds igys] ik¡pos]a nlosa ,oa
4. DECLARATION esa ,sls fdrus v{kj gSa ftuesa
1 2 34 56
vkBosa v{kjksa ls] izR;sd 'kCn esa izR;sd v{kj dk
ls izR;sd v{kj izkjaHk esa mrus gh nwj gS ftrus dsoy ,d ckj iz;ksx djrs gq, vaxzsth ds fdrus
fd os [Link] esa gSaA (A) 5, 2, 3, 1, 6, 4 (B) 4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 1
[Link] 'kCn cuk, tk ldrs gSa\
(C) 5, 6, 4, 1, 3, 2 (D) 4, 6, 5, 2, 3, 1
(A) ,d (B) nks (A) dksbZ ugha (B) ,d
funsZ'k (iz'u la[;k 9 ,oa 10 ds fy,) (C) nks (D) rhu
(C) rhu (D) ik¡p
fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks'k esa fn;s x;s Øe ds 16. fn, x, vO;ofLFkr 'kCnksa dks O;ofLFkr djus ij
5. ;fn vaxzsth [Link] dks myVs Øe esa fy[kk dsoy ,d [Link] 'kCn izkIr gksrk gS] ml 'kCn
tk, vkSj Y ls ysdj gj nwljs dks nkb± vksj vuqlkj fy[ksaA
dks Kkr dhft,µ
c<+rs gq, MªkWi dj fn;k tk,] rks dkSu&lk 9. 1. Chemistry 2. Chamber
(A) HURLPO (B) KCIENA
v{kj [Link] ds 'ks"k v{kjksa ds chp esa 3. Cheap 4. Cheerful
(C) EJBATC (D) XELPOD
gksxk \ (A) 2, 3, 4, 1 (B) 2, 1, 3, 4
(C) 3, 4, 2, 1 (D) 2, 4, 3, 1 17. ;fn vaxzsth [Link] ls lHkh Loj (okmvy) gVk
(A) O (B) M
10. 1. Billian 2. Bifurcate fn;s tkrs gSa] rks [Link] dh ubZ Ük`a[kyk esa 15osa
(C) N (D) L
3. Bilateral 4. Bilirubin LFkku ij D;k vk;sxk\
6. “CATEGORY” 'kCn esa ,sls fdrus v{kj gSa] (A) 2, 1, 3, 4 (B) 4, 3, 2, 1 (A) v{kj O (B) v{kj R
tks 'kCn dh 'kq#vkr ls mruh gh nwjh ij gSa (C) 2, 3, 4, 1 (D) 2, 3, 1, 4 (C) v{kj S (D) v{kj T

66 |
 O;k[;kRed gy
1. (A) 'kCnksa dks vaxzsth 'kCndks'k esa yxkus ij] vr% igyk 'kCn Carrier gksxk tks fd 8. (C) lHkh fodYiksa dks psd djus ij]
(c) Na r rate fodYi (A) esa fn;k x;k gSA (A) 5, 2, 3, 1, 6, 4
4. (D) AB ROBS
(d) Na s cent vr% ;g dksbZ vFkZi.w kZ 'kCn ugha curkA
(b) Nat i ve (B) 4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 1
D E C L A R A T I O N S BRA BO
(a) Nat u re
vr% ;g dksbZ vFkZi.w kZ 'kCn ugha curkA
(e) Na u ghty (D) 4, 6, 5, 2, 3, 1
S BA BRO
vr% Øe = c, d, b, a, e
vr% dksbZ [Link] 'kCn ugha curkA
2. (C) fn, x, 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks"k ds Øe esa ;qXe = DE, DN, EN, CI, RT (C) 5, 6, 4, 1, 3, 2
yxkus ijµ ABSO RB
vr% 5 ;qXe gSaA
(2) A perture vr% Absorb ,d [Link] 'kCn gSA
5. (C) va x z s t h [Link] e kyk dks mYVs Øe es a fodYi (C) iz'u dk lgh mÙkj gSA
(4) A vocado
fy[kus ij 9. (A) 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr djus ijµ
(5) C rocodile Z Y X W VU TS RQ PONM
2. Ch a mber 3. Ch e ap
(1) Mai l box LK J I H G F E DCB A
4. Ch e erful 1. Ch e mistry
(3) Mai n stream iz'ukuqlkj]
Z X V T R P N L J HF D B fodYi (A) lgh gSA
Øe ⇒ 2, 4, 5, 1, 3
vr% e/; dk v{kj = N 10. (C) 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr djus ijµ
3. (A) fn, x, 'kCnksa dks 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj 2. Bi f urcate 3. Bi l ateral
6. (B) C A T E G O R Y
O;ofLFkr djus ij] 4. Bi l irubin 1. Bi l lian
A C E G O R T Y
(3) Carr i er
fodYi (C) lgh gSA
(1) Carr O m dsoy ,d v{kj Y gSA
11. (B) ‘TAPE’ dk ‘A’ ewy 'kCn esa ugha gSA
(4) Cort o on 7. (B) P, B, M, S rFkk K dk mi;ksx djds dksbZ
(2) Corm m ing Hkh [Link] 'kCn ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA 12. (A) ‘STATION’ esa nks ‘T’ gS]a tcfd ewy 'kCn
vr% fodYi (B) iz'u dk lgh mÙkj gSA esa ,d gh ‘T’ gSA
ds nk,¡ 7ok¡
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 R L R
13. (B) A B C D E F G H I J K L MN O P Q R S T U V WX Y Z Trick : + ⇒
19 6 25
ck,¡ ls 13ok¡
nk,¡¡ ls 25ok¡ v{kjµ
ck,¡¡ ls 13ok¡ v{kj M gSA M ds nk,¡¡ 7ok¡ v{kj T gksxkA ck,¡¡ ls v{kj dh fLFkfr = 27 – nk,¡¡ ls v{kj dh fLFkfr
= 27 – 25
L R L = 2 [B]
Trick : + ⇒
13 7 20 ck,¡ ls nwljk v{kj vkSj nk,¡ ls 25ok¡ v{kj B gSA
ck,¡ ls 20ok¡ v{kj T gSA
ds ck,¡ 6ok¡ 15. (B)

14. (D) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 C, T, I vkSj Y ls cuus okyk lkFkZd 'kCn CITY gSA

ABCDEFGH I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

nk,¡ ls 19ok¡ 16. (C) E J B A T C → A B J E C T (Hk;kud] n;uh;)

nk,¡¡ ls 19ok¡ v{kj H gS vkSj H ds ck,¡¡ 6ok¡ v{kj B gksxkA 17. (C) Lojksa dks gVkus ds ckn cuh ubZ Ük`a[kykµ
B C D F G H J K L M N P Q R S T V W X Y Z

ubZ Ük`a[kyk esa 15osa LFkku ij S vk;sxkA

qq

ckSf¼d {kerk | 67