‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺼﺩﻱ ﻤﺭﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﻴﺭ‬

‫ﻗﺴﻡ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺳﺘﺮ ﺃﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪ :‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﱄ‬

‫ﻤﻥ ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ‪ :‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻗﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻗﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺃﺟﻴﺰﺕ ﻋﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪2013 /06/18 :‬‬

‫ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺓ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮ )ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ) ﺃ( ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ( ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ‪ /‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ )ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺓ )ﺏ(‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ( ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ‪ /‬ﻣﻮﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﺮ )ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ) ﺃ( ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﺎﺡ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ( ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪2013/ 2012‬‬

 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺭﺍﺟﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺇﻥ ﺗﺆﺗﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺛﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﷲ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﻀﻴﻊ ﺃﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﻤﻼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻣﻲ ﺃﻃﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﻒ ﺛﻤﺮﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺪ –‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍ ﻥ ﺃﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺟﻼﻝ ﻭﻋﺮﻓﺎﻧﺎ‪-‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺧﻮﺗﻲ ﻭﺃﺯﻭﺟﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺧﻮﺍﺗﻲ ﻭﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﻢ )ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻃﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻓﺼﻴﺢ‪ ,‬ﺷﻴﻤﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻬﻢ ﻟﻲ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‪-‬‬

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﺒﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﻨﻲ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻮﺽ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺰﺍﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﺍﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺀ –‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﻲ ﺣﺮﻓﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺏ‪ :‬ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﻲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻴﺪﻱ ﺟﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺫ‪....‬ﻭ ﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺒﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻﺪﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﺎﺡ ‪ -‬ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪III‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻤﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻧﺴﺘﻐﻔﺮﻩ ﻭﻧﻌﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﷲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻭﻧﺤﻤﺪﻩ ﻭﻧﺸﻜﺮﻩ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺬﻟﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺪﺩ ﺧﻄﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﻼﻝ ﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺿﻌﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺍﻧﺴﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺼﺎﺋﺢ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺨﺺ ﺑﺠﺰﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪ ENSP‬ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ‪ :QHSE‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﺸﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻟﻜﺤﻞ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﻮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ‪,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺧﻴﺮ ﻳﺴﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺇﻥ ﻧﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺨﺎﻟﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ,‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻠﻮﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺍﺟﻴﻦ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻷﺟﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪IV‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬،‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﳍﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬،‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
.‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺤﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫( ﻭﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺳﻄﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ‬....‫ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻮﻓﲑ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ‬،‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻧﺪﻳﻦ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ( ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﺣﺬﺕ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻌﺘﱪﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬:‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ‬.
‫ﻧﻔﻂ ؟‬
،‫ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ‬،‫ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬،‫ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬،‫ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ‬: ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻟﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
Résumé:
Dés la découverte commerciale du pétrole dans la fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours dans
le XXIe siècle, l'importance du pétrole ne s’est pas arrêté sur le forum mondiale et
régionale en tant qui est désigné comme la source principale d'énergie, cela joue un grand
rôle dans le développement des économies des pays et de constater la renaissance
industrielle et sociale. Il est donc l’artère de la vie de nombreux secteurs et des industries
manufacturières. Le développement économique d’exploiter une grande proportion des
réserves par l'intensification des efforts d'exploration et d'extraction des opérations sans
problèmes environnementaux dus résultant de ces processus Ce qui l'a traîné de déchets
toxiques qui ont un effet négatif sur les composants d'environnement (eau, air, sol,
humain....). En raison des défis environnementaux des phases d'activité de l'industrie
pétrolière, l'État et les défenseurs de la protection d'environnement ont mis des plans pour
réduire le danger des matières toxiques contenues dans ces déchets, avec la vénération
des méthodes et des technologies pour l'évacuation et le traitement des forages des
déchets et de l'extraction (les fluides de forage, les puits de forage des déchets), compris
le traitement mécanique , le traitement thermique, traitement physico-chimique , de sorte
d’avez les phases de l'exploration et de l'extraction pétrolière et compte tenu de tous les
lieu après le processus de forage et d'extraction.
Et la problématique de ce thème est de : qu’elle est l’effet de l’industrie pétrolière
sur l’environnement en Alegria farigoule en tant que les opérations d’exploration et
d’extraction du pétrole ?
Mots clés: l'industrie pétrolière, l'exploration et l'extraction, la protection
d'environnement, les fluides de forage, les puits de forage des déchets, le traitement
mécanique, traitement thermique.

V
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫‪III‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻫﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫‪IV‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫‪VI‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬
‫‪VII‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫‪VIII‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫‪IX‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻖ‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫‪XI‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪02‬‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫‪02‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫‪02‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪02‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪04‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪06‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪07‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪07‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪09‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪64‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ )‪.(ENSP‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﲤﻬﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.DPE‬‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫‪65‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪.ENSP‬‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪.MNSP‬‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP‬‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬
‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫‪57‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻖ‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺱ‬

‫‪66‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬــﺮﺱ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨـــــــــﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬

‫‪IX‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬــﺮﺱ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻖ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨـــــــــــﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ‬

‫‪58‬‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪. ENSP‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪59‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP-DPE‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪61‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP-DPE‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪62‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪. ENSP-DPE‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫‪X‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬــﺮﺱ ﺍﳉــﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨـــــــــﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.1‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.1‬‬
‫‪35‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬
‫‪100‬ﻍ‪/‬ﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﳐﱪ ‪ SGS‬ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬
‫‪45‬‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﳐﱪ ‪ SGS‬ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5.2‬‬

‫‪VII‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻬــﺮﺱ ﺍﻷﺷﻜــﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨـــــــــــﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬

‫‪03‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫‪09‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2-1‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1-1‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.DPE‬‬ ‫‪1 -2‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2 -2‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3-2‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4-2‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP-DPE‬‬ ‫‪5-2‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6-2‬‬

‫‪VIII‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬

‫ﺘﻭﻁﺌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻜﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺷﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻨﺬ‪1859‬م ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺪ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺮﺍﻉ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻩ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺰﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻂ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‪ % 33,2‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2008‬م)‪ ، (1‬ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﺀ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ‬
‫ﲝﺜﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻄﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺴﺎﻧﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻭﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻮﻡ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰎ ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﳒﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ( ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ‪ The Green Well‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺴﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (QHSE‬ﺪﻑ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮﻱ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﳍﺬﺍ ﻧﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﰐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ ، 2013 ،‬ﺹ ﺃ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻔﻂ ؟‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺣﺎﻃﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ؟‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ,‬ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻔﺮ(؟‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ؟‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺜﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺭﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ؛‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪،‬ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ(ﻛﺂﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ؛‬
‫ﺗﱪﺯ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﻧﺎﻃﺮﺍﻙ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺎ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻷﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺃ‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ)ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ(ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻗﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻖ ﳍﻢ ﳍﺬﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﳎﱪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ت‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬

‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻥ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ % 95‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﲟﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﺒﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﲝﺜﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻬﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻧﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﳏﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺽ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﺸﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1959‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻪ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ (ENSP‬ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﻮﺍﻛﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ ﻟﻮﺻﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﻫﺎ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻮﻱ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﲝﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ؛‬

‫ث‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﲤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ)ﲟﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ DPE‬ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ‪ (MESP‬ﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻷﺧﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﱪﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ )ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ) ‪ ،IAP‬ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻮﻧﺎﻃﺮﺍﻙ ﻭﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ‪‬ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ‪.....‬ﺃﱁ( ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ)‪.(2012-2000‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻹﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪،‬ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (QHSE‬ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ھﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻨﺎﺓ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻓﺼﻠﲔ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻘﺔ)‪ ،(IMRAD‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬

‫ج‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺗﺄﺛـﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰎ ﲡﺰﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺒﺤﺜﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﲔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ )‪ .(ENSP‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ )ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ( ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰒ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ )‪ ,(Traitement des Bourbiers de forage‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﻨﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻧﻠﺨﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ‪MESP‬؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﲡﻨﺐ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ‪ - MESP-‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺧﱪ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺳﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ح‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﲤﻴﺰﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺳﻨﺔ‪1959‬ﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺎﺷﺘﺪ ﺍﻹﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ)ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ (‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻷﲝﺎﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ (‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﳓﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺋﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺎ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ)‪:(1‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.3‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻲ )ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺗﺴﻮﻳﻘﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ‪....‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ ‪ Amont‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲢﻮﻳﻠﻲ )ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺐ ‪ Avale‬ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‪ " :‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ‪) :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺐ()‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻞ)‪:(1-1‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ,‬ﺹ ‪.380‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪) ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ ،2008 ,‬ﺹ‪.6‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻩ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﲝﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺑﺎﺭﺍ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻔﺮﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ‪1859‬ﻡ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺓ ﺗﻴﺘﻮﺯﻓﻴﻞ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺒﺌﺮ "ﺩﺭﻳﻚ" ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻟﻮﻧﻴﻞ – ﺃﺩﻭﻳﻦ– ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻬﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﳓﻮ‪ 90‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺑﺴﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﻬﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺃﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﻼﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺗﲔ ﻇﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺄﺧﺬﻭﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻟﻔﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﳌﺴﺢ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺴﻮﺟﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻫﺰﺍﺕ ﺯﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺠﺮﺍﺕ‪،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﺮﻭﺱ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،1979 ،‬ﺹ‪.35‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳛﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳉﻴﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺒﺔ‬
‫ﳓﻮ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ‬
‫ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻣﺎﺩ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﳓﻮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻭﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﻟﺮﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻛﺎﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﻌﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﺍ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺻﺎﳊﺎ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻜﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﻳﺞ ‪.....‬ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﺍ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻣﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺇﱃ ‪75‬ﺳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻧﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺳﻔﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﲪﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،1983 ،‬ﺹ‪.8‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻬﺎﺭﻳﺞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻬﺎﺭﻳﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻟﺴﺪ ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ﻛﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﱰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻛﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﻛﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻔﻠﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻔﻂ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺗﻪ ﺧﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻷﲰﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ‪...‬ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﻀﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ)‪:(1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺣﺠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ؛‬

‫‪ -‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.6‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻴﺔ ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺭﺃﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ) ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ‬
‫ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻐﲑ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭﲢﺼﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﱄ)‪ (1‬؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺘﺪ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ ,‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﳊﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ)‪،(3‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳏﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﺭ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﲜﺎﻧﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻌﻪ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﲟﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﰲ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﲔ ﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ )ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ( ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻫﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪،1997 ،‬ﺹ‪.5‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ ‪،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ ‪،‬ﺹ ‪. 8‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ، 2008،‬ﺹ ‪.02‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ؛‬
‫‪ -2‬ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﱪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﳘﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﻴﺎﺕ؛‬
‫‪ -6‬ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -7‬ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ)‪:(1‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ = ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ‪ X‬ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺇﻻ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ)‪ .(3‬ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.03‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.03‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ,‬ﺹ ‪ - 380‬ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻜﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﻔﻂ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻭﺣﻔﺮ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻦ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺸﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻣﺜﻼ‬
‫)ﳉﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣﻴﻢ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﲑ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ -3‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺠﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻬﺠﻮﺭﺓ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﳛﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﻟﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺼﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﲟﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻌﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﺓ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ)‪.(3‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻛﻬﻮﱂ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ 1973‬ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﺻﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﰲ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻹﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻄﻠﻌﺎﺗﻪ)‪.(4‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.117‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺑﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺒﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﺍﺱ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺭﻉ ﻛﻮﻻﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪،2005 ،‬ﺹ‪.05‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺧﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ "ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﻧﻄﺮﺍﻙ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﲣﺼﺺ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ ،2007-2006 ،‬ﺹ ‪.17‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.17‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪...‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻭﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺳﻌﻴﻪ ﻟﺘﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺇﺷﺒﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺟﻬﺪ ﳑﻜﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﻞ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻛﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺯ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‪ :‬ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﻋﻤﺮﻩ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻪ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺼﻨﻊ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ‪‬ﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ)‪:(2‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻷﻱ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ )ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ( ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﱰﻑ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻮﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺭﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ﰲ ‪-20‬‬
‫‪ ،2012/11/21‬ﺹ ‪.431‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ‪,‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﺹ‬
‫ﺹ ‪.19-18‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻠﻪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﺮﻑ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‪...‬ﺍﱁ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﻌﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﲟﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﳘﺎ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ( ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ)‪.(2‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.19-18‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.42‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ(‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺣﻞ )ﻃﲔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ( ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﺗﺼﻠﻴﺐ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻔﻮ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﱪﻳﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﺰﻝ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪,‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ )‪ (La boue‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ :‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪..‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺮﻛﺎﺕ‪...‬ﺍﱁ ؛‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃﻣﻘﻠﱯ ﺃﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻴﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ,‬ﺹ ‪.22‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺯﻭﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﻞ ‪.(1)Les torches‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪:‬‬
‫ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ‪ ،‬ﰒ ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫ﺻﺮﻑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ)‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‪،‬‬
‫ﰒ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ)‪.(3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺠﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺗﺴﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷ‪‬ﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ( ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ)‪.(4‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‪ Injection‬ﺪﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﱪ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﻤﻦ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺯﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﲤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻭﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ)‪.(5‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ )ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ( ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﱰﻳﻦ‪...‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪. 51‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ ﺭﻭﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪ ،2001 ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.37-36‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.39‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،1992 ،‬ﺹ ‪.52‬‬
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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﺗﻠﻮﺛﺎ ﺧﻄﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺮﺷﺢ ﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺏ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺡ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‪...‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮﺓ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ‪‬ﺎ)‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﻏﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺝ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﺨﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻛﺎﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﻳﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪..‬ﺍﱁ)‪.(3‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻔﺮ ﲤﺲ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺳﻴﻼﻥ ﻟﻮﻗﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﻀﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ )ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ)‪.(4‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺷﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺣﻒ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺐ)‪.(5‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،DP‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ ،2007 ،‬ﺹ ‪.100‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.101‬‬
‫‪3 [Link] 25/03/2013 à 10:00 h.‬‬
‫‪4- [Link] 25/03/2013 à 10:30 h.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.48‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ -5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪,‬‬
‫ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﲰﻊ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳊﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‪ ,‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ)‪.((1‬‬
‫ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )‪:(1-1‬ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﻮﺍﺗﺞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻌﺘﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺯﺭﻧﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﺭﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﳓﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎﺕ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻷﻣﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺍﻓﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ‪ :‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪ – 252-262‬ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪.-‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،1976 ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ‪.173-172‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪-1‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2007-2006‬ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ )‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺬﻟﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺟﻬﻮﺩﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻞ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ,‬ﺇﺫ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺷﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﳒﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ‪ OK N32‬ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﲟﻨﻄﻘﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻉ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ 2006‬ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﲟﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺳﻮﻧﻄﺮﺍﻙ‬
‫‪.DP‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ ﺃ‪ -‬ﺝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻛﻤﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ ﺑﺘﺨﺼﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺪﻫﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ)‪.(1‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲡﻠﻲ ﻣﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻛﺄﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ)‪.(2‬‬
‫‪-3‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﲢﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺳﺮﺕ ﲟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﺔ ﲟﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﺮﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ :‬ﰎ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰎ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‪ :‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﻭﻣﻴﺘﺮﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺩ‪ -‬ﺑﺘﺼﺮﻑ‪.-‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.128-128‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﱯ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬
‫ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺎ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻭﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳋﺰﻧﺎﺕ‪...‬ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪U, S Department of energy national petroleum technology office ,AN‬‬
‫‪Introrduction to salt caverns and their use for disposal of oil field wastes ,1999 .‬‬
‫ﺍ‪‬ﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻭ ﺇﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﳊﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ ﺳﻨﺔ‪. 1999‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ‪ 1 ,95‬ﻭ‪6 ,00‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‪,‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ‪ SLURRY INJECTION TECHNOLOGY‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪8,50‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ 11,00‬ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ‪1‬؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Mohammed KHODjA‬ﻗﺪﻡ ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ 2008/0/15 ،‬ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Les Fluides de Forage : Etude des Performances et Considération (directeur‬‬
‫)‪de these :Jen PAUL‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ OBM‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ‪.WBM‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺮ ﻟﻸﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ )ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ‪ (....‬ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ( ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﺍﳋﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﺼﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﺧﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺪ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﰲ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ,‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺑﲔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺑﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﰎ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ,‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺣﻞ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻟﻪ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﰎ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ﲡﻨﺒﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺇﺑﻼﺀ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫‪,‬ﻭﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻳﺮﺓ ﻹﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻒ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪ ,‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳊﺴﻲ( ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪1- Mohammed khodja ,les fluides de forage , étude des performances et considération , thèse doctorat, univrerersite des sciences et de‬‬
‫‪technologie Houari Boumediene, Algérie,2008 , P24_28.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪: .‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :(2-1‬ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺪﻑ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪,‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﺑﲔ )‪1999‬ﻡ‪2008-‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺑﲔ)‪2012‬ﻡ‪2013-‬ﻡ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ)‪.(2012-2001‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﺎﺑﲔ )‪1985‬ﻡ‪2007-‬ﻡ(‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫‪ ENSP‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺋﻠﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲤﺜﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ,‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﴰﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬

‫ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ)ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ( ﻭﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ )ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ‪,QHSE‬‬ ‫ﳎﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫‪.MESP , DPE‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﻣﻞ‪ ,‬ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻗﻠﺔ‪(.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼـل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜـﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬
‫ﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺳﻠﻌﺔ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻟﻪ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﳐﺎﻃﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﺤﻘﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻋﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺃﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ‪ %97‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺠﺴﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺒﲏ ﻭ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﰎ ﺳﻴﺴﻠﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ) ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫)ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﲨﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪...‬ﺍﱁ( ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﻄﲑ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﳒﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻭﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﱪﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺳﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻛﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ )ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭ )ﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺴﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ENSP‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺄﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ )ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ( ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺳﻮﻧﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻭﺕ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1981‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺰﺍﻭﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻤﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ﲝﺚ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﳍﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺯﺑﺎﺋﻨﻪ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻧﺎﺟﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﺸﻐﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﶈﻮﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺳﻌﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻪ ﺑﺒﻠﻮﻍ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻪ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳎﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻓﺼﺢ ﺣﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻓﺤﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻛﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﲤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‪ .‬ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﳎﻤﻊ ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻻﺣﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﻨﻴﻪ ﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻤﺢ ﺇﱃ ﲤﺪﻳﺪ ﺭﻗﻌﺘﻪ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬ﲝﻠﻮﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،2010‬ﺗﺴﲎ ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺷﻮﻃﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ "ﺍﳋﱪﺓ" ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﺕ‪30‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺼﺮﻧﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ ﺟﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺍﹰ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﳏﻔﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻤ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﺎﹸ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 35‬ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻼﺋﻪ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﲡﻌﻠﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬ﻭﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻧﻈﺮﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺳﻮﻧﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﻙ ﻛﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﳕﻮﻩ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪.‬‬
‫ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺣﻠﻴﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﻭﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﺳﻴﻊ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﳎﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﺘﻜﺘﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺑ‪‬ﻌﺪﺍﹰ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎﹰ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬
‫ﳏﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﺟﱪﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻪ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﲢﻮﻻﺕ ﺟﺬﺭﻳﺔ )ﺗﻜﺘﻼﺕ ﻭﲢﺎﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﲢﻮﻟﺖ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﲰﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻧ‪‬ﻘﻠﺖ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺛﺖ‪ .( ...،‬ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﻫﺪﺗﻪ ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،2007‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﺄﻛﱪ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻲ )ﺗﺒﲏ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ( ﺃﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﳎﻤﻊ ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻀﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﳎﻤﻊ ﻡ‪.‬ﻭ‪.‬ﺥ‪.‬ﺁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺧﻼﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.DPE‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (DPE‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ‪‬ﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻖ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ )ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ( ﻭﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ ‪.2007‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ (1-2‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.QHSE‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻮﻱ ﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ENSP-DPE‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ‪;Trématent of pollueted soils‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ‪;Réhabilitation of oil sities‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ‪;Décontamination of phreatic surface sheets‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ )ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ( ‪;Trématent of waste pits‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺻﻬﺎﺭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ)‪.(1‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ‪ ،ENSP‬ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،2011‬ﺹ‪.46‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪:‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﲡﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ‪...‬ﺍﱁ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ )ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ‪...‬ﺍﱁ( ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺣﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﲔ ﻭﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ )ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ( ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎ)‪.(1‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺜﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﲣﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﺎﻟﺖ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻌﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰎ ﺗﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ )‪ (La boue‬ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﱪﻳﺪ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ )‪ (Outil de forage‬ﻭﺗﻠﺒﻴﺲ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ :Water Based Mud‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻟﻜﺤﻞ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،ENSP DPE‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪).2013/04/09 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،2007 ,‬ﺹ ‪.14‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ :Oil Based Mud‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ﻭﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ -‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺣﻠﻮ ‪ :Bétonique‬ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﺍ ‪ NA H CO3‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪0.8‬ﻛﻎ‪ /‬م‪ 3‬؛‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﺀ ؛‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻴﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ‪ + CMC‬ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪1‬ﻛﻎ‪ /‬م ‪ 3‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ‬

‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ Bétonite‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺓ ‪ Soude Causitique‬ﻟﻜﻞ ‪1‬ﻛﻎ‪/‬م ‪.Amidon‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﺎﱀ ﻣﺸﺒﻊ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﳊﻠﻮ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ Baryte‬ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪320‬‬
‫ﻍ‪/‬ﻡ‪ 3‬ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺛﻘﻴﻞ ‪1‬ﻛﻎ‪/‬ﻡ‪.3‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ Bentonite‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ‪ Gasoil‬ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺰﻝ ‪Séducteurs de filtrage‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪ %30‬ﻭﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %20‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻭﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺜﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﺳﻠﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬
‫ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪ Les Bourbiers‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ)‪.(2‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺴﺎﻧﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﲡﺴﺪ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻧﻈﻴﻒ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺳﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ La boue‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ،ENSP-BASP‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ )،2013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- BOUGRINAT Zayed , Activité Amont : Traitement des Bourbiers des unités de forage à Hassi Massoud , rapport de stage , P 2 -12,‬‬
‫‪2010/2011.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺎﻭﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻛﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1999‬ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ )‪ (1000‬ﻛﻬﻒ ﻣﻠﺤﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻳﺰﻳﺎﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺳﺴﺖ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪: (2-2‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﳌﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪Source: US. Department of energy, national petroleum technology office, an introduction to‬‬
‫‪salt caverns and their use for disposal of oil field wastes, 1999, p 03.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺃﻭﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺛﻘﺐ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲤﺪﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ )‪ (Casing‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻞﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ‪ Ciment‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻮﻯ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺟﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﲡﺎﻭﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ‪Anhydrice‬‬
‫‪ Layerd‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪ In Coming Wastes‬ﻋﱪ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ‪ Tubing‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- U .S Department of Energy National, Petroleum Technology Office, An Introduction To Salt Caverns and their uses for Disposal of‬‬
‫‪Oil Field Wastes, 1999, P 03.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﳊﺔ ﻓﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ ﺍﶈﻔﻮﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ‬
‫ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﲰﻨﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﲏ ‪ Clay Brick‬ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﻭﺟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻃﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﺮﻥ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 1100‬ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 48‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ‪ 8000‬ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻗﺘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺳﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺁﻟﺔ ‪ Traditional Jaw Crusher‬ﺣﱴ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﺭ‬
‫) ‪(1‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻘﻮﺏ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻝ ﺑﻘﻄﺮ ‪1‬ﻣﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺤﻮﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻁ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺍﱐ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺰﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺧﻠﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺫﻭ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻥ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﳌﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ‪ 9000‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺗﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﲏ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪Cycle du fluide sur le site de‬‬
‫‪forage‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﺑـ ‪ Outil de forage‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ‪ Tamis Vibrant‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻣﺰﻭﺩﺓ ‪ Les Toiles‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻏﺮﺑﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1‬ﻣﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺮ ﲟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻔﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﰒ ﻳﻀﺦ ﻋﱪ ‪ Pompe à Boue‬ﻋﱪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ‪La Téte‬‬
‫‪ d’injection‬ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ‪.Circulation System Fermé :‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪- Journal of American Science ,Influence of Oil well Drilling Waste in the Engineering Characteristics of Clay Bricks, No 06, 2010, P‬‬
‫‪49.‬‬

‫‪30‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (3 -2‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪Source: Abbas Hadj Abbas , les bourbiers des forages pétrolier et des unîtes de production,‬‬
‫‪Thèse magister,départent de génie mécanique, université kasdi merbah,Ouargla,2011,pp‬‬
‫‪45_46.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ : (4 -2‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﻘﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Tamis vibrant‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ‪MESP‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ ENSP‬ﻛﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫‪ MESP‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺑﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1998‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ ENSP‬ﻭ‪ ،MEDES‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﱄ ﳐﺘﺼﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪...‬ﺍﱁ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫‪ MEDES‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺪﻋﻤﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻳﺰﻭ ‪ ISO 9001‬ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ‪ 2000‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ‪ %51 :‬ﻟـ‪ ،ENSP :‬ﻭ‪ MEDES :%49‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ‪ 07/05‬ﰱ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 2005‬ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ‪ 10/06‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪.2006‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪MESP‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺁﻻﺕ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺎﺭﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ)‪.(1‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ)‪:(2‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﲡﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ :‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ )‪:(1-2‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪source: Abbas Hadj Abbas , [Link]., pp 25.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪،‬ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،2012 ،‬ﺹ ‪.14‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪- [Link]‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ :‬ﲢﺴﺐ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ‬
‫ﺍﶈﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﻜﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﰲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ )ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ(؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻛﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭﻋﺰﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻪ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﻋﺰﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﰒ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ‪ ،Oil Bac‬ﺃﻳﻨﻢ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺰﻭﺟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ‪)0.85‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ( ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺣﻔﺮﻫﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺰﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰﻟﻪ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ )ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺢ‪..‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﲔ ﻭﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻦ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪) 1.00‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺁﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ( )‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ )‪:(2-2‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪source: Abbas Hadj Abbas, [Link].‬‬

‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﲡﻤﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﱵ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻝ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻳﻂ ﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺮﱘ ﻛﺸﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ،ENSP‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ‪) 2013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺤﺼﻴﺔ(‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻣﺮﺳﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ) ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﻃﲔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻥ ﺧﺎﺹ‬
‫ﲢﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 8000‬ﻭ‪ 9000‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻧﺰﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺑﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﻭﻃﲔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﻃﺤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻭﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﲰﻨﺖ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﺳﻨﻤﻨﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺔ ـﺄﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺌﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﻟﺘﻬﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ )‪: (3-2‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪[Link] :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ)‪:(4-2‬ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪Idem :‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺮﱘ ﻛﺸﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪) 2013/04/12 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪) 2013/04/12 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﱃ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﲣﺬ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺎﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﻛﻴﻮﺗﻮ ‪2005/02/16‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﰐ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﻠﻌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻼﺣﺔ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺮﻱ ‪.....‬ﺍﱁ‪ ،‬ﺍﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪2000‬ﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺩﻋﻤﺖ‬
‫ﲟﺪﻳﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺘﻔﺸﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﻤﻠﺖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﲢﺴﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﺑﻮﻱ ﻭﺭﻗﺎﰊ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ‪2002‬ﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﳌﻬﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬
‫‪،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻧﻮﺟﺰﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:1‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‪ :(1 _2):‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪1983/02/05‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪03/83‬‬
‫‪1983/07/16‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‪ 185‬ﺍﻧﻪ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻮﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫‪17/83‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﻭﺭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪1994/01/30‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻮﻧﺎﻃﺮﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ‪93/43‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻄﲔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪1994/01/30‬‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪43/94‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪[Link].[Link]‬‬
‫‪1999/07/20‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 09/99‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪3.2:‬‬
‫‪2001/07/03‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺟﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪10/01‬‬
‫‪2001/12/12‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 19/01‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪3.2:‬‬
‫‪2003/07/10‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪ 10/03‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪3.2:‬‬
‫‪2005/04/28‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ 07/07‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‪[Link]:‬‬
‫‪2005/08/04‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪12/05‬‬
‫‪2006/04/19‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪06/141‬‬
‫‪2007/05/19‬‬ ‫ﳛﺪﺩ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ‪ 145/07‬ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪2.1‬‬
‫‪2008/10/05‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲟﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪312/08‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﻨﺎﺀﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ ﺹ‪.69-67‬‬

‫‪35‬‬
ENSP ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬

:‫م ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬1993/07/10 ‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ‬93 /160‫ﻭﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ‬

.‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬:160 ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
.‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻭﺗﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬:165 ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫م ﺍﶈﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ‬2006/04/19‫ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﰲ‬06/141 ‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ‬
.‫ل‬/‫غ‬100 ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
.‫ل‬/‫غ‬100 ‫ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ‬:(2-2) ‫ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬
paramètres Unîtes Valeurs maximales
Température ⁰C 30
PH - 5,5 à 8,5
Matière en Suspension - 30
DBO5 Mg /1 40
DCO Mg /1 120
Azote Mg /1 40
Phosphate Mg /1 02
Cyanures Mg /1 0,1
Aluminium Mg /1 05
Cadmium Mg /1 0,2
Chôme Mg /1 03
Chôme Mg /1 0,1
Fer Mg /1 05
Manganèse Mg /1 01
Mercure Mg /1 0,01
Plomb Mg /1 01
Cuivre Mg /1 03
Zins Mg /1 05
Nickel Mg /1 05
Huile et graisse Mg /1 20
Hydrocarbures Mg /1 20
Phénols Mg /1 0,5
Solvants organique Mg /1 20
Chlore actif Mg /1 01
PCB Mg /1 0,001
Détergents Mg /1 02
Tensioactif Mg /1 10
DADA Mohammed Abderrahmane, Optimisation d’un procède traitement des boues :‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
de forage, Mémoire Magister, Université Mohamed Bougara Boumerdaes, 29/10/2011, p5.

36
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪:‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺒﲏ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﺋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺭﺿﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺘﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻌﻀﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ )ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ( ‪‬ﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ)‪ (QHSE‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻷﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺿﻴﺎﻉ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﲰﻲ‬
‫‪ QHSES‬ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :Q‬ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ )‪(Quality‬؛‬
‫‪ :H‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ )‪(Health‬؛‬
‫‪ : E‬ﺍﶈﻴﻂ )‪(Envirenment‬؛‬
‫‪ :S‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ )‪.(Safety‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺒﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﻘﺎ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻼ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﲟﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‪ QHSE‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﲎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻳﺎ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ :‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﳌﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻜﺘﺎﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺼﻠﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ 2013‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ISO900‬ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ‪2008‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﰲ ‪.2016/01/31‬‬
‫‪ :ISO9001‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻼ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﳐﺮﺟﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪:ISO9001‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،ENSP ،QHSE‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (DPE‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪.2013/04/10 ،‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،DPE‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪) ،2013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻛﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ؛‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:ENSP‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲰﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﳕﻮ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺼﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﳌﻨﺸﺂ‪‬ﺎ)‪.(1‬ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ )‪ :(2‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ -‬ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﺎﱄ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﲢﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﲪﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺍﺕ‪...‬ﺍﱁ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ISO‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﺜﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‪،ISO9001 :‬‬
‫‪...ISO9003‬ﺍﱁ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﲟﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ)‪ (3‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP-DPE‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ISO14000‬ﻭ‪ ISO18000‬ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2013‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:ENSP‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ‪ ISO14000‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‪ ,‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺩﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،ENSP ،DPE‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪ ،QHSE‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ ).20013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ‪ ISO14000‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪...‬ﺍﱁ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ‪ ISO‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ)‪.(2‬‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪:QHS18001‬‬
‫ﳝﺜﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ENSP‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ‪.ISO18001‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ)‪(4‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪.ENSP-DPE‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻩ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪:‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ‪ QHSE‬ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺔ ‪ ISO18001‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﲔ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﲏ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ )ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﺷﺒﻜﺎﺗﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ(‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫‪ ENSP‬ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺇﻳﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪﻩ ﲟﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ؛‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪.2013/04/11 ،‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﳒﻮﻯ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﻔﻀﻲ ﺑﻄﺎﻳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ ،2005/03/9-8‬ﺹ ‪.134‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺛﻴﻖ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﰲ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ)‪.(1‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪. ENSP-DPE‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ)‪:(5‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ :( 5-2‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ENSP-DPE‬‬

‫ﻤﺯﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺭﻴﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻁﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺴﺤﻕ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴﻕ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺹ‪...‬ﺍﻟﺦ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻨﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻨﺎﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)ﺍﻷﺒﺩﺍﻥ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﺴﻘﻭﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻵﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،ENSP ،QHSE‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (DPE‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪.2013/04/10 ،‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻗﺎﺩﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﰲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪ ،ENSP-DPE‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪)2013/04/12 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪:‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰎ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﺮﺽ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﻭﳘﺎ‪:‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫)ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﱪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)‪ (la boue‬ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ)ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ (‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺩﺙ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ( ﻣﻦ ﺃﳒﻊ ﻃﺮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ )‪.(The Green Well‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺜﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ‪.‬ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪,‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ( ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﺒﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﻏﻠﻖ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫_ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻋﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ)‪ (QHSE‬ﻳﺸﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﻯ ﳊﺼﻮﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ISO9001‬ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﻦ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ‪ISO14001‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ ISO18001‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﻨﺔ ‪2013‬ﻡ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﳝﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺘﲔ ﳘﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻊ ﻭﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻱ ﺃﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻛﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪...‬ﺃﱁ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻓﻘﻴﺎ ﻷﻥ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻌﻘﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻫﻮﺍﻣﺶ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺸﻞ ﻣﺮﻫﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﻀﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺀ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺸﺠﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳒﻊ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳐﱪ‬
‫‪ SCS‬ﺑﺘﻮﻧﺲ ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﳑﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺽ ﳊﻔﺮ )‪ (HR-207‬ﲝﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﻣﻞ ﺣﻴﺚ ﰒ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺟﺪﻭﻻﻥ ﺭﻗﻢ‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ)‪ (MESP‬ﻟﺸﮭﺮ ﺟﻮان ‪2005‬‬
‫)‪ (3 - 2‬ﻭ)‪ (4 -2‬ﻳﻮﺿﺤﺎﻥ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.111‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ :(3 _ 2‬ﺗﻘرﯾر اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻟﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت ﺣﻔر ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫رﻗم ‪: 1229 / 2005 :‬‬

‫‪Med /065 /05‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪BLC:‬‬ ‫‪MEDES‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ‬

‫‪01‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ)‪(Boue‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻮﺝ‬
‫‪MEDES‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟــ‪:‬‬ ‫‪2005/06/28‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﰲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻟﺒﺌﺮ )‪ (HR-207‬ﲝﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ‪ 2005/06/28‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ 09 :00‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪Sonatrach‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺫﻛﺮﻩ‪ ,‬ﺹ ‪.111‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :( 4 -2‬ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﳐﱪ ‪ SGS‬ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫ﳐﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪/‬ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ‪100‬ﻍ‪/‬ﻝ ﻭ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪19.2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪Hydrocarbures‬‬
‫‪0.07‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪VL +‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Crome (CV‬‬
‫‪0.42‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Plombe (Pl‬‬
‫‪0.53‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Zinc (Zh‬‬
‫> ‪0.001‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Cadmium (Cd‬‬
‫> ‪0.005‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Cyanure (Cn‬‬
‫‪0.13‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Nickel (Ni‬‬
‫> ‪0.01‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Arsenic (As‬‬
‫> ‪0.001‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Mercure (Hg‬‬
‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Cuivre (Cu‬‬
‫‪0.06‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ ‪ /‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Manganèse (Mn‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.111‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(5 - 2‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﲔ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻐﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺰ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻩ ‪ 0.06‬غ‪/‬ل ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺇﱃ ‪ 0.04‬غ‪/‬ل ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻗﻮﺭﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪100‬غ‪/‬ل‪.‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ)‪ (2 -2‬ﳒﺪﻫﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪ 1‬غ‪/‬ل‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺰﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﲟﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﻤﻮﺡ ‪‬ﺎ ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪‬ﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ : 0.05‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ 3‬غ‪/‬ل ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cuvier‬‬
‫>‪ :0.01‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ 0.01‬ﻍ‪/‬ﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Mercure‬‬
‫> ‪:0.01‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ 0.01‬ﻍ‪/‬ﻝ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Arsenic‬‬
‫> ‪:0.001‬ﺍﳊﺪ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻌﺪﻯ ‪ 0.02‬ﻍ‪/‬ﻝ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Cadmium‬‬
‫ﺟدول رﻗم)‪ :(5- 2‬ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻣﺧﺑر ‪ SGS‬ﻟﻧﻔﺎﯾﺎت ﺣﻔر ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ‬

‫‪/‬‬ ‫ﳐﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪/‬ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ‪/‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ‪100‬ﻍ‪/‬ﻝ ﻭ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺎ‬
‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻲز ‪Hydrocarbures‬‬
‫> ‪0.01‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ‪VL +‬‬
‫‪0.09‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Crome (CV‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Plombe (Pl‬‬
‫‪0.41‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Zinc (Zh‬‬
‫> ‪0.001‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Cadmium (Cd‬‬
‫> ‪0.005‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Cyanure (Cn‬‬
‫‪0.08‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Nickel (Ni‬‬
‫> ‪0.01‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Arsenic (As‬‬
‫> ‪0.001‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Mercure (Hg‬‬
‫‪0.05‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ‪/‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Cuivre (Cu‬‬
‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫ﻣﻎ ‪ /‬ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ )‪Manganèse (Mn‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.112‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ ‪ENSP‬‬
‫ﺨﻼﺼﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻧﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﱵ‬
‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﻤﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﳋﺼﻮﺹ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ )ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ)‪ ،(QHSE‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻗﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺮﺍﺭ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲣﺼﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺯ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺟﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ‪ ، ENSP‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﲏ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺪﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳒﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﺍﺀ ‪The Clean Wells‬ﺃﻭ ‪. The Clean Wells‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻧﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﻘﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪1850‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﻋﺮﻋﺖ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺣﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﱄ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﳑﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﺎﺷﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻏﻢ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻧﻀﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺁﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﻓﻼ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ) ﺩﺍﻧﻴﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﺭﻏﻖ( »ﺇﻥ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﱐ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ«‪.‬‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ‬
‫ﺃﺫﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﳊﺎﻕ ﺇﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﺩﻳﻦ‬
‫ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻌﻴﻬﻢ ﳓﻮ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﻭﻗﺒﻮﻻ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﳌﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻭﻋﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻋﻲ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﰲ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪,‬ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪ (QHSE‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﻂ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ‪.The Clean Wells‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻨﺎﺓ ﻛﻤﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳍﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻛﻮ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ‪ ,‬ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺣﻔﺮ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ‪ ,‬ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﲰﻨﺖ ﻭﻭﻗﻮﺩ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﶈﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﻟﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪....‬ﺃﱁ‪ ,‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺴﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ)ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪,‬ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪,‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ(ﻭﺗﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ )ﻭﺣﻞ ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ,‬ﻭﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺣﻔﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ(؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻤﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﺗﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺩﻓﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﻥ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ)ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ( ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺒﲏ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ‪.The Clean Wells‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻧﻠﺨﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻭﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺓ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪,‬ﻭ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻸﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ)ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ( ﺇﺫ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻳﻠﺔ ﻛﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﻪ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮﺀ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﱀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﻄﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﲔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﻭﻣﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﲡﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺍﻟـﺨﺎﺘﻤـﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺃﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺼﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﳒﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱐ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻭﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ؛‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﻗـﺎﺌﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠـﻊ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﲪﺪ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻳﺖ‪.1976 ،‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺑﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺒﻴﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮﻩ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﺍﺱ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺭﻉ ﻛﻮﻻﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺭﺑﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ‪.2005 ،‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺃﺛﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪2000‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺣﺴﲔ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﲑﻭﺕ‪.2003 ،‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺍﳊﻜﻴﻢ ﺭﻭﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺎﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪.2001 ،‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﳋﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺯﻫﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻁ ‪.1997‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﴰﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪.2003 ،‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪.1983‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﺮﻭﺱ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪.1983،‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﳏﺮﻭﺱ ﺇﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪.1979‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .11‬ﺧﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ "ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﻮﻧﺎ ﻃﺮﺍﻙ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﲣﺼﺺ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪-2006 ،‬‬
‫‪.2007‬‬

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‫‪ .12‬ﺭﲪﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‪) ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﺮﻛﺎﻭﻱ‪ -‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ(‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻉ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫‪.2008‬‬
‫‪ .13‬ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻼﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ‪ ،DP‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪.2007 ,‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﺮ ﳏﻤﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﰲ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪.2008 ،‬‬
‫‪ .15‬ﻗﻮﻳﺪﺭﻱ ﻗﻮﺷﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻮﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪2008 ،‬ﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .16‬ﳐﻠﻔﻲ ﺃﻣﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻃﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﺩﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪.2013/2012 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .17‬ﻣﻮﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﲕﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺭﻫﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ ﰲ ‪-20‬‬
‫‪.2012/11/21‬‬
‫‪ .18‬ﳒﻮﻯ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻝ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﻔﻀﻲ ﺑﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻞ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔﰲ‪-8‬‬
‫‪.2005/03/9‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .19‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،DPE‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‪20013/04/11 ،‬‬
‫)ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪ .20‬ﺑﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻒ‪،‬ﻛﺎﺩﻱ ﳏﻤﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،ENSP ،DPE‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ‪،QHSE‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ ).20013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .21‬ﻟﻜﺤﻞ ﻧﺒﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،ENSP DPE‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ‪ ).2013/04/09‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .22‬ﻣﺮﺳﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ La boue‬ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ،ENSP-BASP‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺣﻞ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪ ) ،2013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .23‬ﻣﺮﱘ ﻛﺸﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ ،ENSP‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺃﺣﻮﺍﺽ ﻧﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ‪ )، 2013/04/11 ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .24‬ﺃﻣﻘﻠﱯ ﺃﳏﻤﺪ ﻋﻴﺎﺫ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .25‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭﺍﺟﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺻﺎﺑﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪.1992 ،‬‬
‫‪ .26‬ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻔﺮﻱ ‪.2008‬‬
‫‪ .27‬ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪ ،‬ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‪.2007 ،‬‬
‫‪ .28‬ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﺎ‪‬ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .29‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﳎﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪.2012 ،‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺳﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .30‬ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ ,09 /99‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ ،51‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ‪ 28‬ﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ‪.1999‬‬

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،‫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬،10/03 ‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬،‫ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬.31
.2003 ‫ ﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ‬4‫ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ‬،43‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،‫ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬،07/05‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬،‫ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬.32
.2005‫ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻞ‬28‫ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ‬،50‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬,43/94‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ‬,‫ ﺭﺋﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬.33
‫ ﺍﶈﺪﺩ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬,‫ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
.1994 ‫ ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ‬30‫ ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ﰲ‬,‫ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬

:‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺒﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬

-Thèses Doctorales et Magistères :

34. Abbas Hadj Abbas , les bourbiers des forages pétrolier et des unîtes
de production, Thèse magister,départent de génie mécanique,
université kasdi merbah, Ouargla,2011 .
35. DADA Mohammed Abderrahmane, Optimisation d’un procède
traitement des boues de forage, Mémoire Magster, Université
Mohamed Bougara Boumerdaes, 29/10/2011.
36. Mohammed khodja ,les fluides de forage , étude des performances
et considération , thèse doctorat, univrerersite des sciences et de
technologie Houari Boumediene, Algérie,2008 .

- Revues, Rapports, Articles et Autres Documents:

37. BOUGRINAT Zayed , Activité Amont : Traitement des Bourbiers

des unités de forage à Hassi Massoud , rapport de stage , 2010/2011.
38. Rapport Annuel de Sonatrach .2009.
39. Revues L’Algérie Petroleum Institute, IAP, Volume 03, Janvier2009.

40. U .S Department of Energy National, Petroleum Technology Office,

An Introduction To Salt Caverns and their uses for Disposal of
Oil Field Wastes, 1999,
41. . Journal of American Science Influence of Oil well Drilling Waste in
the Engineering Characteristics of Clay Bricks, No 06, 2010.

55
 :‫ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬-

42. [Link]
43. [Link]
44. [Link]
45. [Link]
46. [Link].
47. [Link]/[Link]?name=new&fil.
48. [Link]
49. [Link].

56
 ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ )‪ :(1‬ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴـــــﺲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳــﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌــــــــﺎﻡ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ "ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ "ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ"‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﺑﻴﻨﻎ‬

‫ﻫﺎﺳﺐ ‪HESP‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻟﻴﱪﺗﻮﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ‬

‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺐ ‪BASP‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪Baroid‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﲜﻴﺎﺳﺐ ‪BJSP‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﶈﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺳﺐ ‪MESP‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺐ ‪WESP‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺬﺭﻓﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ "ﺣﺴﻨﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ" ﻫﻮ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺟﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺪﻳﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ‪،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻔﻲ ‪. 2012‬‬

‫‪58‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬

BASP Baroid Algérie des Services aux Puits.

DBO5 Demande Biologique en Oxygène pour une période
de5 jours
DCO Demande chimique en Oxygène
DPE Direction Protection d’Environnement.
DP Division Production.
ENSP Entreprise National du Services aux Puits.
HP Haute Pression
IAP L’Algérie Petroleum Institute.
MESP Méditerranée Environnement du Services aux Puits.
OBM Oil- based Mud -
QHSE Qualité, Heath, Safety , Enivrement.
WBM water - based Mud –
SCS Societe de Control Supervise.

XI
 ‫ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ) ‪ : (3‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ‪. ENSP‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪ ،ENSP ،QHSE‬ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )‪.(DPE‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺔ ‪،‬‬

‫‪60‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ)‪:(5‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ENSP-DPE‬‬

‫‪62‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻴﻥ‬
‫‪III‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻫﺩﺍﺀ‪..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪IV‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺭ‪..........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‪.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪VI‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ‪.................................................................................‬‬
‫‪VII‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺍﻭل‪...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪VIII‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل‪....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪IX‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻭﺭ ‪...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪X‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻕ‪...................................................................................‬‬
‫‪XI‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ‪..............................................................................‬‬
‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‪.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪01‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‪....................................‬‬
‫‪02‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪....................................................................................‬‬
‫‪02‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪............................................. .‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪........................................................‬‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺭ )‪.......................... .(ENSP‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺼل‪...................................................................................‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭ ‪............‬‬

‫‪41‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‪............................................................... .‬‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‪.........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪51‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‪..............................................................................‬‬

‫‪57‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻕ‪.........................................................................................‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺭﺱ‪........................................................................................‬‬

‫‪VI‬‬