bdkbZ 15 dkO; okpu ,oa fo'ys"k.

k % jke/kkjh flag
^fnudj*
bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk
15-0 mn~ns';
15-1 izLrkouk
15-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”ys’k.k
15-3 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
15-4 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

15-
15-0 mn~
mn~ns';
bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %
• jke/kkjh flag ^fnudj* dh pkj dforkvksa dh foLr`r O;k[;k le> ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• ^fnudj* dh dforkvksa dh O;k[;k dh fn'kkvksa dks tku ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• bu dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls ^fnudj* dh dkO;kRed fof'k"Vrkvksa dks tku
ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• ^fnudj* dh dkO;&Hkk"kk dks le>us dk ç;kl dj ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• ^fnudj* dh 'kCn&;kstuk vkSj 'kCnkoyh dks tku ldsaxh@ldsaxsA

15-
15-1 çLrkouk
fnudj th dk tUe 23 flracj 1908 dks fcgkj ds csxwljk; ftys ds flefj;k xk¡o esa gqvk FkkA
muds firk dk uke jfo flag rFkk ekrk dk uke eu:i nsoh FkkA fnudj dh çkFkfed f'k{kk
xk¡o ls iwjh gqbZA os gkbZ Ldwy dh ijh{kk eksdkek?kkV ls [Link] gq,A mlds ckn os iVuk pys
vk, vkSj iVuk d‚yst ls bfrgkl fo"k; esa ch-,- v‚ulZ dh ijh{kk ikl dhA mUgksaus dbZ rjg
dh ljdkjh vkSj çkbosV ukSdjh dhA os dqyifr ds in ij Hkh jgs vkSj lkaln HkhA
fnudj esa jktuhfrd psruk ç[kj Fkh ftldh vfHkO;fDr mudh dforkvksa esa [kwc gqbZ gSA muij
xk¡/khokn dk xgjk çHkko iM+k] gkyk¡fd os xk¡/khokn ds çfr vlgefr ntZ djusokyh dfork,¡ Hkh
,d nkSj esa fy[k pqds FksA os tokgjyky usg: ds fudV Fks] exj ^ij'kqjke dh çrh{kk* dh
dforkvksa esa muds 'kkludky dh vkykspuk Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA ^laL—fr ds pkj v/;k;* ds
fy, ^lkfgR; vdkneh* vkSj ^moZ'kh ds fy, KkuihB iqjLdkj ls os lEekfur gq,A
jk"Vªdfo jke/kkjh flag fnudj dh e`R;q 24 vçSy]1974 esa gqbZ FkhA
dkO; —fr;k¡
[Link] ¼1935½] gqadkj ¼1938½] jloUrh ¼1939½] }a}xhr ¼1940½] dq:{ks= ¼1946½] lke/ksuh ¼1947½]
ckiw ¼1947½] bfrgkl ds vk¡lw ¼1951½] jf'ejFkh ¼1952½] fnYyh ¼1954½] uhe ds iÙks ¼1954½] uhy
dqlqe ¼1955½] pØoky ¼1956½] lhih vkSj 'ka[k ¼1957½] moZ'kh ¼1961½] ij'kqjke dh çrh{kk
¼1963½] gkjs dks gfjuke ¼1970½] jf'eyksd ¼1974½
33
x| —fr;k¡
feV~Vh dh vksj 1946] v/kZukjh'oj 1952] jsrh ds Qwy 1954] laL—fr ds pkj v/;k; 1956]
iUr&çlkn vkSj eSfFkyh'kj.k 1958] [Link] 1958] /keZ] uSfrdrk vkSj foKku 1969] yksdnso usg:
1965] 'kq) dfork dh [kkst 1966] lkfgR;&eq[kh 1968] jk"VªHkk"kk vkanksyu vkSj xka/khth 1968]
gs jke! 1968] laLej.k vkSj J)katfy;k¡ 1970] Hkkjrh; ,drk 1971] esjh ;k=k,¡ 1971] fnudj
dh Mk;jh 1973] psruk dh f'kyk 1973A

15-
15-2 p;fur dforkvksa dk ikB vkSj fo”ys’k.k
,d
jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n
jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n]
vkneh Hkh D;k vuks[kk tho gksrk gS!
my>usa viuh cukdj vki gh Q¡lrk]
vkSj fQj cspSu gks txrk] u lksrk gSA

tkurk gS rw fd eSa fdruk iqjkuk gw¡\

eSa pqdk gw¡ ns[k euq dks tuers&ejrs;
vkSj yk[kksa ckj rq>&ls ikxyksa dks Hkh
pk¡nuh esa cSB LoIuksa ij lgh djrsA

vkneh dk LoIu\ gS og cqycqyk ty dk;

vkt mBrk vkSj dy fQj QwV tkrk gS;
fdUrq] fQj Hkh /kU; Bgjk vkneh gh rks\
cqycqyksa ls [ksyrk] dfork cukrk gSA

eSa u cksyk] fdUrq] esjh jkfxuh cksyh]

ns[k fQj ls] pk¡n! eq>dks tkurk gS rw\
LoIu esjs cqycqys gSa\ gS ;gh ikuh\
vkx dks Hkh D;k ugha igpkurk gS rw\

eSa u og tks LoIu ij dsoy lgh djrs]

34
vkx esa mldks xyk yksgk cukrh gw¡]
vkSj ml ij uhao j[krh gw¡ u;s ?kj dh]
bl rjg nhokj QkSyknh mBkrh gw¡A

euq ugha] euq&iq= gS ;g lkeus] ftldh

dYiuk dh thHk esa Hkh /kkj gksrh gS]
ok.k gh gksrs fopkjksa ds ugha dsoy]
LoIu ds Hkh gkFk esa ryokj gksrh gSA

LoxZ ds lezkV dks tkdj [kcj dj ns]

^jkst gh vkdk'k p<+rs tk jgs gSa os]
jksfd;s] tSls cus bu LoIuokyksa dks]
LoxZ dh gh vksj c<+rs vk jgs gSa osA^
^lke/ksuh*¼1946½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
pk¡n vkSj dfo dh ckrphr ds ek/;e ls ;g crkus dh dksf'k'k dh x;h gS fd euq"; vc
lk/ku&lEiUu gks x;k gSA foKku dh rkdr us mlds bjknksa dks [krjukd cuk fn;k gSA
O;k[;k
^jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n* 'kh"kZd dfork esa jke/kkjh flag fnudj us vk/kqfud
;qx ds euq"; dh oSKkfud {kerkvksa ds nq:i;ksx ij fopkj fd;k gSA foKku ds fodkl us euq";
dks rjg&rjg dh rduhd miyC/k djkbZ gSA blus euq"; ds thou dks lqxe&lqanj cuk;k gSA
bldk nwljk i{k ;g Hkh gS fd blus fo/oal dh rduhd dks Hkh vkfo"—r fd;k gSA igys dh
rqyuk esa vkt ds ;q)ksa esa T;knk fouk'k gksrk gSA
pk¡n vkSj dfo dh ckrphr ds ek/;e ls bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks jkspd rjhds ls bl dfork esa
çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA dYiuk ds lgkjs bl ckr&phr dk rkuk&ckuk cquk x;k gSA ^lke/ksuh*
¼1947½ dkO;&laxzg esa lax`ghr bl dfork dk ys[ku o"kZ 1946 gSA ^dq#{ks=* dk çdk'ku Hkh
1946 esa gh gqvk FkkA ;g nkSj nwljs fo'o;q) ¼1939&1945½ ds okrkoj.k ls f?kjk FkkA fnudj
dfBu 'kCn
euq
eu & euq"; ds vkfne iwoZt] oSfnd&ikS
nd [Link] ekU;rk ds vuqlkj euq ls gh ekuo dk tUe gqvk gS] euq&iq=&
ekuo] euq";

35
^dq#{ks=* esa bl fo"k; ij foLrkj ls fopkj dj jgs FksA dbZ ckrksa ds lkFk fnudj ;g Hkh crk
jgs Fks fd foKku ds vkfo"dkjksa us ;q) dh foHkhf"kdk dks c<+k;k gSA vr% foKku dks
euq";&fojks/kh gksus ls cpkus dh t:jr gSA vkt dh ekuo&lH;rk vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds nkSj dks
ikj dj 'kfDr&lEiUu gks x;h gSA bldh rqyuk esa igys dk ekuo pk¡n&flrkjksa ds ckjs esa
dYiuk ds lgkjs lksprk FkkA
fnudj dgrs gSa fd jkr esa vkdk'k esa pk¡n fudyk gqvk FkkA og eq>ls ckrsa djus yxk fd
vkneh fofp= fdLe dk tho gSA mldh fofp=rk dk vankt bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS
fd og viuh rjDdh ds fy, u tkus D;k&D;k djrk gS\ bl ç;kl esa og vuk;kl vius fy,
my>usa iSnk djrk tkrk gSA rjDdh dh bPNk ds Øe esa tc mldh my>usa cgqr c<+ tkrh gSa]
rc og cspSu jgus yxrk gSA mldh uhan mM+ tkrh gSA
pk¡n dfo dks lacksf/kr djds dgrk gS fd D;k rw tkurk gS fd eSa fdruk iqjkuk gw¡\ eSa rqEgkjh
ekuo tkfr ls cgqr igys ls ekStwn gw¡A eq>s rqEgkjh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl dk iwjk Øe ekywe gSA
eSaus rqEgkjs vkfne iwoZt euq dks tUe ysrs vkSj ejrs gq, ns[kk gSA eryc ;g fd ekuo tkfr
dh mRifÙk esjh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus dh ?kVuk gSA euq"; fodflr gksrk x;k vkSj /khjs&/khjs mlesa
laosnuk,¡ Hkh egÙ[Link] gksrh x;haA Hkkoukvksa ds Tokj esa euq"; dks eSaus rqEgkjh rjg dfo curs Hkh
ns[kk gSA ,slk eSaus yk[kksa ckj ns[kk gSA eq>s dbZ ckj yxk fd rqEgkjh rjg tks yksx dfo gksrs gSa]
os çk;% ikxy gksrs gSaA mu ikxyksa dks eSaus pk¡nuh jkrksa esa vkSj Hkh mUekfnr gksrs ns[kk gSA eq>s
;gh yxk fd ;s dfo pk¡nuh esa cSBdj vius liuksa dks gdhdr esa cnyus dh dYiuk djrs gSa]
exj ;g lc ekufld fo{kksHk ls T;knk dqN ugha gSA euq"; ds lius ikuh ds cqycqys dh rjg
curs vkSj fcxM+rs gSaA ysfdu vkneh lius ns[kuk NksMr+ k ugha gSA og bu liuksa ls gh [ksyrk
jgrk gS vkSj dfo ds :i esa viuh [Link] dks dfork esa <ky nsrk gSA
pk¡n dh bu ckrksa dks lqudj dfo us dksbZ tokc ugha fn;kA exj dfo dks ,slk yxk fd mlds
eu esa cSBh gqbZ dfork us viuh 'kSyh esa tokc fn;k gSA pk¡n dks lEcksf/kr djrs gq, dfo dh
jkfxuh cksy mBh fd ,s pk¡n! rqe eq>s Bhd ls ugha tkurs gks! vkt dk euq"; ftu liuksa dks
ns[krk gS os ikuh ds cqycqys ugha gSaA buesa ikuh Hkh gS vkSj vkx Hkh! vkt dk dfo dsoy liuksa
esa ugha thrk gS] cfYd og vius liuksa dks vkx esa xykdj yksgs dh rjg <ky ysrk gSA yksgs ls
cuh ml uhao ij og u, ?kj dh QkSyknh nhokj mBkrk gSA vc og euq dh rjg vkfne fLFkfr
esa ugha gS] cfYd fodkl djrk gqvk cgqr vkxs vk pqdk gSA og euq ls ekuo gks pqdk gSA vc
mldh dYiuk cksyus yxh gSA mldh cksyrh gqbZ thHk esa /kkj vk x;h gSA vc mlds ikl
dsoy fopkjksa ds gh ck.k ugha gSa] cfYd mlds liuksa ds gkFkksa esa ryokj vk x;h gSA dfo pk¡n
dks vkxkg djrk gS fd tkdj LoxZ ds lezkV ls dg nks fd ge euq"; yxkrkj vkxs c<+ jgs
gSaA fur u, lius ns[kusokys bu euq";ksa dh uh;r Bhd ugha gSA ;s vkids LoxZ ij /kkok cksyuk
pkgrs gSaA pkgs tSls gks] bUgsa jksfd,!
dkO; lkS"Bo
• foKku ds fodkl us fo/oal dh Hkh {kerk dk fodkl fd;k gSA
• vkt dk euq"; dsoy dYiuk djds Bgj ugha tk jgk] cfYd viuh dYiuk ds vkyacu
pk¡n ij dne Hkh j[k pqdk gSA
• ekuo lH;rk dk ;g csyxke fodkl ç—fr ds fy, [krjukd gSA
• 23 ek=kvksa dh iafDÙk;ksa ls bl dfork dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA

36
fo”ks’k
u;k euq"; ç—fr esa fouk'kdkjh gLr{ksi Hkh dj jgk gSA

nks
'kfDÙk
'kfDÙk vkSj {kek
{kek] n;k] ri] R;kx] eukscy
lcdk fy;k lgkjk
ij uj&O;k?kz lq;ks/ku rqels
dgks] dgk¡] dc gkjk\

{kek'khy gks fjiq&le{k

rqe gq;s four ftruk gh
nq"V dkSjoksa us rqedks
dk;j le>k mruk ghA

vR;kpkj lgu djus dk

dqQy ;gh gksrk gS
ikS#"k dk vkrad euqt
dksey gksdj [kksrk gSA

{kek 'kksHkrh ml Hkqtax dks

ftlds ikl xjy gks
mldks D;k] tks narghu]
fo"kjfgr] fouhr] ljy gks\

rhu fnol rd iaFk ek¡xrs

j?kqifr flU/kq&fdukjs]
cSBs i<+rs jgs NUn

37
vuqu; ds I;kjs&I;kjsA

mÙkj esa tc ,d ukn Hkh

mBk ugha lkxj ls]
mBh v/khj /k/kd ikS#"k dh
vkx jke ds 'kj lsA

flU/kq nsg /kj ^=kfg&=kfg*

djrk vk fxjk 'kj.k esa]
pj.k iwt] nklrk xzg.k dh
c¡/kk ew<+ cU/ku esaA

lp iwNks] rks 'kj esa gh

clrh gS nhfIr fou; dh]
lfU/k&opu lEiwT; mlh dk]
ftlesa 'kfDÙk fot; dhA

lgu'khyrk] {kek] n;k dks

rHkh iwtrk tx gS]
cy dk niZ pedrk mlds
ihNs tc txex gSAd
^dq:{ks=^ ls ¼1946½

dfBu 'kCn
uj&O;k?kz& tks euq"; gksrs gq, Hkh ck?k dh rjg fgald ço`fÙk dk gks] lq;ks/ku&
ku nq;ksZ/ku] {kek'khy&
{kek'khy ekQ djus
dh ço`fÙk j[kusokyk] fjiq&le{k&nq
le{k 'eu ds lkeus] four&fouez
four ] ikS#"k dk vkrad & vius cy dk çHkko]
Hkqtax& lk¡i] xjy & tgj] ukn& ukn vkokt] 'kj&
'kj rhj] ok.k] =kfg&=kfg&j{kk
=kfg&=kfg dh Hkh[k ek¡xuk] nhfIr&
nhfIr ped]
lfU/k&opu lEiwT;&
; le>kSrs dh ckr dk lEeku] cy dk niZ& 'kfDr dk vkRefo'okl

38
lUnHkZ
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^'kfDÙk vkSj {kek* 'kh"kZd dfork ^dq#{ks=* ¼1946½ ds ^r`rh; lxZ* ls yh x;h gSA ^dq#{ks= ,d
[kaMdkO; gSA ^'kfDÙk vkSj {kek* 'kh"kZd lEikndksa ds }kjk fn;k x;k gSA ;q) ij fopkj djus
okyh ;g iqLrd egkHkkjr ls çlax ysdj viuh ckr dgrh gSA çLrqr dfork esa Hkh"e vkSj
;qf)f"Bj ds chp ckrphr gSA egkHkkjr dk ;q) lekIr gks pqdk gS] Hkh"e firkeg 'kj&'k¸;k ij
ysV dj lw;Z ds mÙkjk;.k gksus dh çrh{kk dj jgs gSaA ;qf)f"Bj mudk gky&pky iwNus muds
ikl çfrfnu tkrs gSaA iqjkuh ckrksa ij nksuksa vius&vius fopkj j[krs gSaA bl dfork esa dsoy
Hkh"e ds dFku gSaA
O;k[;k
Hkh"e firkeg ;qf)f"Bj dks le>krs gq, dg jgs gSa fd rqe vius dks ;q) ds fy, nks"kh er
ekuks! rqeus rks gj rjg ls dksf'k'k dh Fkh fd ;q) u gksus ik,A blds fy, rqe nq;ksZ/ku ds
vkxs >qds Hkh FksA rqe le>kSrs dks Hkh rS;kj Fks] exj dkSjo&i{k rqEgkjh ckrksa dks lquuk dgk¡
pkgrk Fkk! rqEgkjh fouezrk dks mUgksaus nqcZyrk le>k Fkk! blfy, rqEgsa Xykfu djus dh dksbZ
t:jr ugha gSA
Hkh"e dgrs gSa fd gs ;qf)f"Bj! {kek] n;k] ri] R;kx vkSj eukscy & tSls lkfRod lk/kuksa dk
rqeus mi;ksx fd;k! bu lcds lgkjs rqeus nq;ksZ/ku ds eu dks cnyus dk ç;kl fd;k] fdUrq
;g crkvks fd nq;ksZ/ku rqels dgha Hkh vkSj dHkh Hkh esy&tksy dks rS;kj gqvk\ og rks euq";
gksrs gq, Hkh ck?k dh rjg fgald gSA
{kek'khy cudj 'k=q ds lkeus rqe ftrus gh fouez gksrs x, mu nq"V dkSjoksa us rqEgsa mruk gh
dk;j le>kA os rqEgkjh {kek'khyrk dk lEeku u dj lds! ns[kks ;qf)f"Bj] vR;kpkj dks
yxkrkj lgrs tkus dk nq"[Link] ;gh fudyrk gS fd rqe cyoku gksrs gq, Hkh cyghu le>
fy, tkrs gks! rqEgkjh dkseyrk dks rqEgkjh detksjh eku fy;k tkrk gSA
Hkh"e vxyh iafDr;ksa esa lk¡i dk mnkgj.k nsrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd ftl lk¡i ds ikl tgj gks
og dgs fd eSaus {kek dj fn;k] rks ;g ckr 'kksHkrh gSA ftl lk¡i ds ikl u rks uqdhys nk¡r gSa]
u tgj gS] tks fouez vkSj ljy gS & og Hkyk fdlh dks D;k ekQh nsxk\ blfy, ekQh Hkh
mlh dh egÙ[Link] gksrh gS] ftlds ikl rkdr gks!
Hkh"e fQj mnkgj.k nsrs gS fd jke rhu fnuksa rd leqæ ls jkLrk ek¡xrs jgsA os leqæ ls çkFkZuk
djrs jgs fd yadk rd tkus dk jkLrk eq>s nhft,A os fuosnu dh lqanj&lqanj iafDr;ksa ds lgkjs
viuh ckr dgrs jgs] exj leqæ ij dksbZ vlj ugha iM+kA mldh rjQ ls dksbZ tokc ugha
vk;kA varr% jke dk /kS;Z tokc ns x;k vkSj os Øksf/kr gks x,A ekuks muds ikS#"k dh vkx
muds rhj ds ek/;e ls çdV gqbZA fo/oal dh vk'kadk çdV gksrs gh leqæ nsg /kkj.k djds jke
ds [Link] esa vk fxjkA mlus viuh j{kk dh Hkh[k ek¡xhA mlus jke ds [Link] dh oanuk dh vkSj
mudh v/khurk Lohdkj djus dh ?kks"[Link] dhA og tM+&cqf) leqæ cy ds vkxs Hk;Hkhr gqvk
vkSj nkLrk ds ca/ku esa c¡/k x;kA
gs ;qf)f"Bj! lp rks ;gh gS fd rkdr gksus ij gh fouezrk 'kksHkk nsrh gSA rhj dh rkdr esa gh
fou; dh ped clrh gSA le>kSrs dk çLrko rHkh ekuk tkrk gS tc fot; dh 'kfDr Hkh
vkids ikl gks! lgu'khyrk] {kek vkSj n;k dks ;g lalkj rHkh lEeku nsrk gS tc 'kfDr dh
ped mlds ihNs ekStwn gksrh gS!
dkO; lkS"Bo

39
• ;q)ksUekn ds ekgkSy esa 'kfDrghurk dke ugha vkrh gSA
• ;q)&fç;rk çfri{k dh fouezrk dk lEeku ugha djrh gSA
• 'kkafr cuk, j[kus ds fy, 'kfDr&larqyu vko';d gSA
• ;g dfork vokarj ls ;g Hkh lUns'k nsrh gS fd ;q) varr% vPNs [Link] ugha nsrk gSA
• 28 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa ls bl dfork dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA 16 vkSj 12 ek=k ij ;fr gSA
var esa nh?kZ gSA
fo”ks’k
;q) ds ekgkSy esa ohjrk vko';d gksrh gSA ,sls ekgkSy esa 'kfDrghu dks viekfur gksuk iM+rk
gSA {kek dh uhfr Hkh rHkh dkjxj gksrh gS] tc {kek djusokyk 'kfDr'kkyh gksA
rhu
fgeky;
esjs uxifr ! esjs fo'kky !
lkdkj] fnO;] xkSjo fojkV~ !
ikS#"k ds iqathHkwr Toky!
esjh tuuh ds fge&fdjhV!
esjs Hkkjr ds fnO; Hkky!
esjs uxifr! esjs fo'kky!

;qx&;qx vts;] fucZU/k] eqDr]

;qx&;qx xoksZUur] fur egku;
fuLlhe O;kse esa rku jgk
;qx ls fdl efgek dk forku\

dSlh v[kaM ;g fpj&lekf/k\

;froj! dSlk ;g vej /;ku\
rw egk'kwU; esa [kkst jgk\
fdl tfVy leL;k dk funku\
my>u dk dSlk fo"ke tky\
esjs uxifr! esjs fo'kky!

vks ekSu riL;k&yhu ;rh!

iy Hkj dks rks dj –xqUes"k!
js! Tokykvksa ls nX/k fody]
gS rM+i jgk in ij Lons'k!

lq[k&fla/kq] iapun] czãiq=]

xaxk&;equk dh vfe;&/kkj;
ftl iq.;Hkwfe dh vksj cgh
rsjh foxfyr d#.kk mnkjA

40
ftlds }kjksa ij [kM+k ØkUr
lhekifr! rw us dh iqdkj &
^in&nfyr bls djuk ihNs
igys ys esjk flj mrkjA^

ml iq.;Hkwfe ij vkt rih]

js! vku iM+k ladV djky;
O;kdqy rsjs lqr rM+i jgs]
Ml jgs prqfnZd~ fofo/k O;kyA
esjs uxifr! esjs fo'kky!
fdruh ef.k;k¡ yqV x;ha] feVk
fdruk esjk oSHko v'ks"k!
rw /;ku&eXu gh jgk] b/kj
ohjku gqvk I;kjk Lons'kA

fdruh æqin ds cky [kqys]

fdruh dfy;ksa dk var gqvk\
dg ân; [kksy fpÙkkSj ;gk¡
fdrus fnu Toky&olar gqvk\

iwNs] fldrkd.k ls fgeifr]

rsjk og jktLFkku dgk¡\
ou&ou Lora=rk&nhi fy,
fQjus okyk cyoku dgk¡\

rw iwN] vo/k ls jke dgk¡\

o`ank! cksyks] ?ku';ke dgk¡\
vks ex/k ! dgk¡ esjs v'kksd\
og pUæxqIr cy/kke dgk¡\

iSjksa ij gh gS iM+h gqbZ

fefFkyk fHk[[Link] lqdqekjh]
rw iwN] dgk¡ blus [kks;ha
viuh vuUr fuf/k;k¡ lkjh\

jh dfiyoLrq! dg cq)nso
ds os eaxy mins'k dgk¡\
frCcr] bjku] tkiku] phu
rd x;s gq, lUns'k dgk¡\

oS'kkyh ds HkXuko'ks"k ls
iwN( fyPNoh&'kku dgk¡\
vks jh mnkl [Link]! crk]
fo|kifr dfo ds xku dgk¡\

rw r#.k ns'k ls iwN vjs!

xw¡tk dSlk ;g /oal&jkx\

41
vEcqf/k&vUrLry&chp fNih
;g lqyx jgh gS dkSu vkx\

çkph ds çkax.k&chp ns[k]

ty jgk [Link]&;qx&vfXu Toky]
rw flagukn dj tkx rih!
esjs uxifr! esjs fo'kky!

js! jksd ;qf/kf"Bj dks u ;gk¡]

tkus ns mudks LoxZ /khj!
ij] fQjk gesa [Link]&xnk]
ykSVk ns vtqZu&Hkhe ohjA

dg ns 'kadj ls vkt djsa]

os çy;&u`R; fQj ,d ckj;
lkjs Hkkjr esa xw¡t mBs]
^gj&gj&ce^ dk fQj egksPpkjA

ys v¡xMkbZ mB] fgys /kjk]

dj fut fojkV Loj esa fuukn]
rw 'kSy&jkV~ gqadkj Hkjs]
QV tk; dqgk] Hkkxs çeknA

rw ekSu R;kx] dj flagukn]

js rih! vkt ri dk u dky]
uo;qx&'ka[k&/ofu txk jgh
rw tkx] tkx] esjs fo'kky!
¼jpukdky & 1933] ^gqadkj* ls ¼1938½

dfBu 'kCn
uxifr&
uxifr fgeky;] ux ¼igkM+½] esjs fo'kky & dfo vius ns'k dh fojkVrk ds çrhd ds :i esa fgeky; dks
lEcksf/kr dj jgk gS] lkdkj&
lkdkj fo'kkyrk vkSj fnO;rk dk ewfrZeku :i gS fgeky;] esjh tuuh& tuuh esjh Hkkjrekrk]
esjh ekr`Hkwfe] fge&fdjhV
fge&fdjhV&
fdjhV Hkkjrekrk ds flj ij cQZ ds eqdqV dh rjg gS fgeky;] fnO; Hkky & pedrs gq,
yykV dh rjg gS fgeky;] vts;& ftls thrk u tk lds] fucZU/k& /k fcuk ca/ku ds] eqDr&
r tks fdlh ca/ku esa u
gks] fuLlhe O;kse& lhekghu vkdk'k] efgek dk forku& forku çHkk&eaMy dk vkoj.k] fpj&lekf/k
fpj&lekf/k &yxkrkj /;ku esa
jguk] ;froj&
;froj laU;kfl;ksa esa Js"B] egk'kwU;& ; fojkV vkdk'k] riL;k&yhu]
riL;k ;rh & lk/kuk esa Mwck gqvk laU;klh]
–xqUes"k&
k –x [kksyuk] vk¡[ksa [kksyuk] lq[k&fla/kqk & lq[k dk çrhd fo'kky fla/kq unh] iapun&ia
un iatkc dh ik¡p
ufn;k¡& lryt] >sye] pukc] jkoh vkSj O;kl] vfe;&/kkj&vfe;&/kkj ve`r dh rjg dh ty/kkjk] iq.;Hkwfe & Hkkjr
dh ifo= Hkwfe] foxfyr&
foxfyr fi?kyh gqbZ] ØkUr &p<+ & k gqvk] lhekifr&
lhekifr lhek dk j{kd] in&nfyr&
in&nfyr ijkftr djuk]
rih&
rih riLoh] djky & Hk;kud] lqr& cPps] lUrku] prqfnZd~ &pkjksa rjQ] fofo/k O;ky & fofHkUu çdkj ds
lk¡i vFkkZr~ leL;k,]¡ ef.k;k¡
ef.k;k & dherh ;k ewY;oku] oSHko& ko ,s'o;Z] lEeku] v'ks"k&
k tks dHkh lekIr u gks]
æqink&
nk ækSinh] fpÙkkSj& fprkSM]+ Toky&olar & tkSgj dh ?kVuk] fldrkd.k& fldrkd.k ckyw ds d.k] fgeifr &
fgeky;] vo/k & jke dh v;ks/;k] o`ank& k —".k dk o`ankou] ?ku';ke&
?ku';ke —".k] cy/kke&
cy/kke cy'kkyh] fuf/k;k¡
fuf/k;k &
[ktkuk] HkXuko'ks"k&k VwVs&QwVs vo'ks"k] fyPNoh&'kku
fyPNoh & fyPNoh [Link]; ds xkSjo] [Link]&
[Link] fefFkyk esa
cgusokyh ,d unh] /oal&jkx& &jkx fouk'k dk jkx] vEcqf/k&vUrLry & leqæ ds Hkhrj] çkph& çkph iwjc fn'kk]
[Link]&;qx&vfXu
&vfXu Toky&
Toky [Link] ;qx ds vkus dh ped fn[kkbZ ns jgh gS] flagukn& ukn flag dh rjg xtZuk]
çy;&u`
çy; R;& vfu;fer phtksa ds fo/oal ds fy, u`R;] 'kSy&jkV~ &jkV & fo'kky ioZr] dqgk& k dqgklk] /kq¡/kykiu]
çekn&
çekn vkyL;] uo;qx&'ka[k&/ofu& k&/ofu u;k tekuk ekuks 'ka[k dh /ofu ls txk jgk gSA

42
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
^fgeky;* 'kh"kZd dfork jke/kkjh flag fnudj ds dkO;&laxzg ^gqadkj* ¼1938½ ls yh x;h gSA
bl dfork esa fnudj us fgeky; dks lEcksf/kr djds jk"Vªh; Lok/khurk vkUnksyu ls tqM+h dqN
ckrksa dks O;Dr fd;k gSA dfork dh vihy ;g gS fd Hkkjr vkt nqnZ'kk dks çkIr gks x;k gS]
,slh fLFkfr esa ns'k dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dks ;kn djus dh t:jr gSA gekjs ns'kokfl;ksa us
igys Hkh foijhr ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dM+k la?k"kZ fd;k gSA bl dfork esa fgeky; dks Hkkjr ds xkSjo
dk çrhd ekudj vkºoku fd;k x;k gSA ;g vkºoku çR;{k :i ls rks fgeky; ls gS] exj
vkarfjd vFkZ esa ns'kokfl;ksa ls gSA
O;k[;k
jk"Vªdfo jke/kkjh flag fnudj us bl dfork dh jpuk ijk/khu Hkkjr ds nkSj esa dh FkhA
Hkkjrokfl;ksa ds eu esa vkRe&xkSjo dk Hkko mRiUu djus ds mn~ns'; ls mUgksaus vihy ls Hkjh
gqbZ bl dfork dh jpuk dh FkhA dfork fgeky; dks lEcksf/kr gSA fgeky; dks iwjh dfork esa
Hkkjr ds xkSjo ds çrhd ds :i esa çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fnudj dgrs gSa fd gs esjs uxifr!
rqe nqfu;k Hkj ds ioZrksa esa lcls Å¡ps gks! rqe fo'kky gks! fojkVrk vkSj fnO;rk ds rqe lkdkj
:i gks! rqe gekjs ns'k ds fy, fojkV xkSjo gks!
vkxs dh iafDr;ksa esa fnudj us fgeky; dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dks crkus ds fy, dbZ rjg dh
HkkoukRed dYiuk dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA ,sls fcEcksa vkSj çrhdksa ds ek/;e ls os jk"Vªh;rk dh
Hkkouk dks etcwrh çnku djuk pkgrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd gs fgeky;! rqe ikS#"k ds iqathHkwr
Toky gks vFkkZr~ ikS#"k ds lexz :i dh dYiuk ;fn dh tk, rks og rqEgkjh rjg dk gh gksxk!
rqe esjh Hkkjrekrk ds eLrd ij cQZ ds eqdqV dh rjg lq'kksfHkr gks! rqe esjs ns'k ds fnO;
yykV dh rjg ekywe iM+rs gks!
rqe ;qxksa&;qxksa ls vijkftr gks] cU/kughu gks] eqDr gks vkSj eqfDr ds çrhd Hkh gks] rqe
;qxksa&;qxksa ls xkSjo ds lkFk [kM+s gks] rqe egkurk ds 'kk'or :i gks! vkt Hkh rqe bl lhekghu
vkdk'k esa viuh efgek dk vkoj.k rkurs tk jgs gks! rqels esjh ;gha vlgefr gSA fnudj
blds ckn fgeky; ls tks ckrsa dg jgs gSa mudk lkjka'k ;gh gS fd Hkkjr dh vkt dh voLFkk
ds vuqlkj rqEgsa dqN dne mBkus dh t:jr gSA ,slk dgdj fnudj bl dfork esa fgeky;
dks Hkkjr dh fo'kky turk dk çfrfuf/k cuk nsrs gSaA
os dgrs gSa fd Hkkjr vkt ijk/khu gS] exj rqeus rks v[kaM lekf/k ys j[kh gSA ;g fpj&lekf/k
fdl fy,\ gs ;froj! rqEgkjk /;ku rks VwV gh ugha jgk gS] ;g vej /;ku fdl fy,\ ,slk
yxrk gS rqe vkt dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku flj mBkdj vkdk'k ds egk'kwU; esa ryk'k jgs
gks! exj leL;k rks rqEgkjs inry esa QSyh Hkkjr&Hkwfe ij gSA bl Hkkjr&Hkwfe dh leL;kvksa ls
Hkh T;knk tfVy fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku rqe egk'kwU; esa [kkst jgs gks D;k\ exj ,slh fLFkfr
fn[kkbZ rks ugha nsrhA fuf'pr :i ls leL;k bl /kjrh ij gS] vkdk'k esa ughaA rqEgsa ns[kdj
yxrk gS fd rqe fdlh xgjh my>u esa Q¡ls gks!
rqe ekSu jgdj riL;k esa yhu jgusokys lU;klh dh rjg ekywe iM+rs gksA esjk fuosnu gS fd
vkt rqEgsa iy Hkj ds fy, gh lgh] exj viuh vk¡[ksa [kksy nsuh pkfg,A rc rqe ns[k ikvksxs
fd rqEgkjs dneksa ij iM+k ;g egku ns'k fdu&fdu eqlhcrksa ls xzLr gksdj rM+i jgk gSA
rqeus bl ns'k dks cgqr dqN fn;k gSA fla/kq tSlh fo'kky unh ls Hkkjr dh Hkwfe dks flafpr
fd;k gSA iatkc dh ik¡pksa ufn;k¡ ¼lryt] >sye] pukc] jkoh vkSj O;kl½] czãiq=] xaxk&;equk
vkfn dh ve`re; ty/kkjk dks rqeus Hkkjr dks ,sls çnku fd;k gS ekuks rqEgkjh d#.kk fi?ky
43
dj Hkkjr dks vk'kh"k ns jgh gSA rqe ;qxksa&;qxksa ls Hkkjr dh lhek ij lhekifr dh rjg [kM+s
gksA tc Hkh fdlh us lhek dks ikj dj vkrafdr djus dh dksf'k'k dh] rc rqeus xtZuk dh fd
igys eq>ls Vdjkvks rc bl ifo= Hkwfe esa ços'k djks!
gs riLoh! mlh iq.;&Hkwfe ij vkt Hk;kud ladV vk [kM+k gqvk gSA rqEgkjh larkusa O;kdqy
gksdj rM+i jgh gSAa mUgsa pkjksa rjQ ls liZ&:ih vusd dfBukb;k¡ M¡l jgh gSaA gekjs ns'k dh
vdwr laifÙk ywV dj fons'k Hkst nh x;hA gekjk oSHko dHkh lekIr gksuos kyk ugha Fkk] exj mls
Hkh ywV fy;k x;kA rqe bu lc ckrksa ls cs[kcj gksdj /;ku esa yhu jgs vkSj gekjk I;kjk ns'k
ohjku dj fn;k x;kA
fdruh leL;k,¡ fxuokÅ¡\ vc rd u tkus L=h ij vR;kpkj dh fdruh ?kVuk,¡ ?kfVr gks
x;haA egkHkkjr esa rks ,d ækSinh ds cky [kqys Fks] vkt u tkus ,slh fdruh okjnkrsa gks pqdh gSa
vkSj gks jgh gSAa u tkus fdrus cPps&cfPp;ksa dks vR;kpkj dh cfyosnh ij ekSr fey pqdh gSA
fprkSM+ ls iwN yks fd mlds tkSgj dh ?kVuk,¡ vc gj txg ?kfVr gks jgh gSaA gs fgeifr! esjh
ckrksa ij fo'okl u gks rks] ckyw ds [Link] ls cuh ml fojkV Hkwfe ls iwNks fd rqEgkjk og
xkSjo'kkyh jktLFkku vc fdl gkyr esa gS\ mlh jktLFkku ds mn;iqj esa [Link] çrki gq, Fks]
ftUgksaus taxy esa thou fcrkuk eatwj fd;k exj viuh Lora=rk ds nhid dks cq>us ugha fn;k!
tjk iwNuk ,sls cyoku vc dgk¡ gSa\
rqe nwljh txgksa dk gky&pky Hkh iwN ldrs gks! dksbZ QdZ ugha feysxkA lcdh nqnZ'kk leku
gSA rqe v;ks/;k ls iwNks fd rqEgkjs jke dgk¡ pys x,\ o`Unkou ls iwNks fd —".k dgk¡ pys x,\
gs ex/k! esjs fç;n'khZ v'kksd vkSj egku lezkV pUæxqIr dgk¡ pys x,\ D;k bl xkSjo'kkyh
vrhr dh dksbZ fu'kkuh vkt ekStwn gS\ ughaA vkt dsoy grk'kk gSA
rqEgkjs iSjksa ds utnhd fefFkyk dh Hkwfe gSA vkt og [Link] ,d fHk[[Link] dh rjg yx
jgh gSA mldk gky&pky iwNks fd mlus viuh vuar fuf/k;k¡ dgk¡ [kks nh gSa\ tokc rks lcdk
;gh gS fd bl nfjærk dk dkj.k vaxzstksa dk lkezkT; gSA iwjk Hkkjr fgalk vkSj neu ls iVk
gqvk gSA gs dfiyoLrq! rqEgha crkvks fd xkSre cq) ds eaxye; mins'k vkt dgk¡ pys x,\
,d le; Fkk fd muds mins'k frCcr] bZjku] tkiku] phu bR;kfn ns'kksa rd çlkfjr gks x, FksA
Hkkjr ls pys gq, ;s mins'k vkt Hkkjr esa gh lqukbZ ugha iM+ jgs gSaA cq) us 'kkafr ds mins'k
fn, Fks] exj vkt Hkkjr esa gh mldh deh gks x;h gSA pkjksa rjQ v'kkafr dk lkezkT; QSyk
gqvk gSA ,d tekuk Fkk fd oS'kkyh esa fyPNfo;ksa dk yksdrkfU=d [Link]; FkkA exj vkt lc
/kwy&/kwlfjr gks pqdk gSA vc rks gekjk iqjkuk lkfgR; Hkh ns[kus&lquus dks ugha feyrk gSA ftl
[Link] unh ds fdukjs fo|kifr ds xhrksa dh /kwe eph jgrh Fkh] ogk¡ vkt mnklh Nk;h gqbZ gSA
;g Bhd gS fd rqe rd ;s ckrsa vHkh ugha igq¡ph gSaA exj ;g ns'k r#.kkbZ dh v¡xM+kbZ ys jgk
gSA bl çkphu ns'k ds Hkhrj ls ubZ psruk tUe ys jgh gSA bl r#.k ns'k ls rqe laokn LFkkfir
djks! budh ckrsa lquks fd ;s rqe ls D;k pkgrs gSaA ubZ psruk ls ;qDr bl ns'k ls iwNks fd
fo/oal dh ;g dSlh /ofu lqukbZ iM+ jgh gS\ ,slk yxrk gS fd leqæ ds Hkhrj dksbZ vkx lqyx
jgh gSA yxrk gS fd iwjk ns'k Hkhrj&Hkhrj Økafr dh rS;kjh dj jgk gSA iwjc fn'kk esa fudyrk
gqvk lwjt ekuks [Link]&;qx dh vfXu ysdj çTTofyr gks jgk gSA ,sls le; esa gs esjs uxifr!
rqe viuh riL;k NksM+dj tkx tkvks! rqe vius fojkV :i ds lkFk flagukn djks! rqels
vuqjks/k gS fd vkt ;qf)f"Bj dks LoxkZjksg.k djus nks] mUgsa er jksdks! vkt mudh t:jr ugha
gSA vkt gesa vtqZu vkSj Hkhe dh t:jr gSA LoxkZjksg.k dh ?kVuk ds Øe esa vtqZu vkSj Hkhe
vius xkaMho vkSj xnk ds lkFk rqEgkjh [kkb;ksa esa fxj x, FksA vkt mUgsa ykSVk nks! vtqZu dks
xkaMho ds lkFk vkSj Hkhe dks xnk ds lkFk! vkt dh dfBukb;ksa ls tw>us ds fy, vtqZu&Hkhe

44
dh t:jr gS] ;qf)f"Bj dh ugha! rqEgkjs dSyk'k ioZr ij 'kadj dk okl gSA muls dgks fd ,d
ckj çy;&u`R; dj nsa! tks dqN cqjk mldk fo/oal gks tk, vkSj ,d ckj fQj ls iwjs Hkkjr esa
^gj&gj&ce* dk t;?kks"k lqukbZ iM+ tk,!
vafre ckr ;g fd rqe /;ku NksM+ks! ,d ckj v¡xM+kbZ yks! rqEgkjh gYdh v¡xM+kbZ ls Hkh ;g iwjh
/kjrh fgy tk,xh! vkt rd rqEgkjh vkokt fdlh us ugha lquh] gekjk vuqjks/k gS fd vius
fojkV Loj ls vuqxw¡t iSnk dj nks! gs ioZrs'oj! rqEgkjs gqadkj ls /kqa/kydk QV tk,xk vkSj
çekn nwj gks tk,xk! rqEgkjh ,d NksVh&lh dksf'k'k Hkkjr esa ubZ psruk dk lapkj dj nsxh vkSj
fojksf/k;ksa ds gkSlys iLr gks tk,¡xs! rqe vius ekSu dks R;kx nks! flagukn djks! gs riLoh! vkt
riL;k djus dk le; ugha gSA u, ;qx dh 'ka[k&/ofu txk jgh gSA gs esjs fo'kky! rqe tkx
tkvks!
dkO; lkS"Bo
• fgeky; dks Hkkjr dh fojkVrk vkSj ohjrk dk çrhd crk;k x;k gSA
• fgeky; dks lEcksf/kr ;g dfork Hkkjr ds vk[;ku vkSj bfrgkl ls xoZ ds çlaxksa dks
çLrqr dj jgh gSA
• Lora=rk vkUnksyu dh i`"BHkwfe esa fy[kh xbZ ;g dfork ns'kokfl;ksa ls iqutkZxj.k dh
vihy djrh gSA
• bl dfork dk fuekZ.k 16 ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa ls gqvk gSA
fo”ks’k
Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds le; dsoy vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg ls gh dke ugha fy;k x;k FkkA ,sls
dbZ vkUnksyu gq, Fks tgk¡ fgalkRed la?k"kZ dk lgkjk fy;k x;k FkkA Økafrdkjh fopkjksa esa
fo'okl j[kusokys vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ds ç;klksa dk viuk egÙo gSA ;g dfork blh çdkj ds
la?k"kksaZ dk i{k ys jgh gSA
pkj
Hkxoku ds Mkfd,
i{kh vkSj ckny]
;s Hkxoku ds Mkfd, gSa]
tks ,d egkns'k ls
nwljs egkns'k dks tkrs gSaA
ge rks le> ugha ikrs gSa
exj mudh ykbZ fpfë;k¡
isM+] ikS/ks] ikuh vkSj igkM+
ck¡prs gSaA

45
ge rks dsoy ;g vk¡drs gSa
fd ,d ns'k dh /kjrh
nwljs ns'k dks lqxa/k Hkstrh gSA
vkSj og lkSjHk gok esa rSjrs gq,
if{k;ksa dh ik¡[kksa ij frjrk gSA
vkSj ,d ns'k dk Hkki
nwljs ns'k esa ikuh
cudj fxjrk gSA
¼^gkjs dks gfjuke*¼1970½
lUnHkZ vkSj çlax
ns'k dh jktuhfrd lhekvksa ls ijs tkdj ç—fr dh v[kaMrk dks le>us dh ,d dksf'k'k bl
dfork esa dh xbZ gSA
O;k[;k
^Hkxoku ds Mkfd,* 'kh"kZd dfork esa jke/kkjh flag fnudj us oSf'od laL—fr dks ns'k dh
lhekvksa ls ijs crk;k gSA ns'k dh lhek,¡ jktuhfrd gksrh gSaA exj ;g /kjrh bu lhekvksa ds
vk/kkj ij ugha cuh gSA /kjrh dk viuk çk—frd Lo:i v[kaM gSA blds çek.k ç—fr esa
fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA
fnudj dgrs gSa fd i{kh vkSj ckny Hkxoku ds Mkfd, dh rjg gSaA ;s nksuksa ekuks Hkxoku ds
lans'k ysdj loZ= fopj.k djrs gSaA os ,d egkns'k ls nwljs egkns'k esa pys tkrs gSaA vius
vkus&tkus ds Øe esa u tkus os fdruh lkjh phtsa LFkkUrfjr djrs jgrs gSaA bu ij fdlh ns'k
dk dkuwu ykxw ugha gks ikrk!
;s nksuksa ftl rjg ds lans'k ysdj vkrs gSa] mUgsa ge euq"; le> ugha ikrsA budh yk;h gqbZ
fpfV~B;ksa dks ge i<+ ugha ikrsA exj ,slk ugha gS fd ç—fr esa dksbZ ,slk u gks tks budh
fpfV~B;ksa dks u i<+ lds! dfo dk [;ky gS fd isM+] ikS/ks] ikuh vkSj igkM+ bu fpfV~B;ksa dks i<+
ysrs gSaA muesa bruh {kerk gS fd os i{kh vkSj ckny ds }kjk ykbZ xbZ Hkxoku dh fpfV~B;ksa dks
i<+ ldsa!
exj bu ckrksa ij çk;% ge xkSj ugha djrs! ge rks dsoy ;g le>rs gSa fd gekjh jktuhfrd
lhek,¡ gh lR; gSa vkSj ç—fr dk v[kaM Lo:i blds vkxs >wBk cuk fn;k tkrk gSA ge euq";
dsoy bruk le> ikrs gSa fd ,d ns'k dh /kjrh ls tks lqxa/k mBrh gS] og nwljs ns'k dks igq¡p
tkrh gSA ;g lqxa/k gok esa rSjrs gq, if{k;ksa ds ia[kksa ij lokj gks tkrh gSA blh rjg ,d ns'k
ls mBh gqbZ Hkki ikuh cudj nwljs ns'k esa cjl tkrh gSA
dfBu 'kCn
ck¡prs&i<+dj lqukuk] vk¡drs& ewY;kadu djuk

46
exj ç—fr dk v[kaM Lo:i blls fojkV gSA bl Lo:i dks le>us ds fy, ç—fr ds vU;
lans'kksa dks Hkh le>uk gksxkA
dkO; lkS"Bo
• ç—fr lcls cM+k lR; gSA
• ns'k dh ljgnsa euq"; dh cukbZ gqbZ gSa] ftuesa c¡/kdj jgus dh csclh euq"; dh gS ç—fr
dh ughaA
• ç—fr ds lans'kksa dks le>dj gh bl nqfu;k dks [kq'kgky cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
• ;g NaneqDr dfork gS] gkyk¡fd dqN iafDr;ksa esa rqdcanh vkSj ek=kvksa dh lekurk Hkh
ekStwn gSA fQj Hkh iwjh dfork esa NUn dk vuq'kklu ugha gSA
fo”ks’k
ns'k dh jktuhfrd lhekvksa ls cM+k lp ç—fr dk v[kaM Lo:i gSA
cks/k iz”u&1
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mÙkj la{ksi esa nsaA
1- ^jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n* dfork esa dfo dk D;k lUns'k gS\
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2- ^'kfDr vkSj {kek* dfork esa ;q) dk fojks/k gS ;k leFkZu\
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3- fgeky;* 'kh"kZd dfork esa Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds fdl :i ij ckr dh x;h gS\
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4- ^Hkxoku ds Mkfd,* dfork esa fdl rjg dh oSpkfjdh çLrqr dh x;h gS\
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cks/k iz”u &2

oLrqfu"B ç'u
i. ^jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n* 'kh"kZd dfork fdl iqLrd esa gS\
d½ [Link] [k½ lke/ksuh x½ gqadkj ?k½ dq#{ks=

47
 ii. 'kfDr vkSj {kek* fdl iqLrd dk dkO;ka'k gS\
d½ dq#{ks= [k½ jf'ejFkh x½ moZ'kh ?k½ ij'kqjke dh çrh{kk
iii. ^'kfDr vkSj {kek* 'kh"kZd dfork esa fdu nks ik=ksa ds chp laokn gks jgk gS \
d½ fonqj&;qf)f"Bj [k½ Hkh"e&;qf)f"Bj x½ æ[Link];Z&;qf)f"Bj
?k½ —ikpk;Z&;qf)f"Bj
iv. ^esjh tuuh ds fge&fdjhV* esa ^fge&fdjhV* fdls dgk x;k gS\
d½ dSyk'k [k½ vtqZu&Hkhe x½ pUæxqIr ?k½ fgeky;
v. ^fgeky;* dfork esa çy;&u`R; djus dh vihy fdlls dh xbZ gS\
d½ ns'koklh [k½ fgeky; x½ 'kadj ?k½ dSyk'k
vi. ^gqadkj* dkO;&laxzg dk çdk'ku dc gqvk Fkk \
d½ 1953 [k½ 1938 x½ 1957 ?k½ 1970
vii. *fgeky;* dfork esa fdruh ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dk mi;ksx gqvk gS \
d½ 21 [k½ 24 x½ 18 ?k½ 16
viii. ^jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n* dfork esa fdruh ek=kvksa dh iafDr;ksa dk
mi;ksx gqvk gS\
d½ 23 [k½ 21 x½ 17 ?k½ 28
ix. fnudj dk tUe dc gqvk Fkk\
d½ 1909 [k½ 1910 x½ 1908 ?k½ 1912
x. fnudj dh e`R;q dc gqbZ Fkh\
d½ 1968 [k½ 1985 x½ 1964 ?k½ 1974
xi. fnudj dks fdl iqLrd ds fy, KkuihB iqjLdkj feyk Fkk\
d½ dq#{ks= [k½ jf'ejFkh x½ laL—fr ds pkj v/;k; ?k½ moZ'kh

15-
15-3 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
cks/k iz”u&1
1- jkr ;ksa dgus yxk eq>ls xxu dk pk¡n* dfork esa pk¡n vkSj dfo dh ckrphr fn[kkbZ
x;h gSA pk¡n euq"; ds iqjkus :iksa dh ppkZ dj jgk gSA exj dfo crkrk gS fd vkt
dk euq"; vc oSlk ugha jg x;k gSA mlds ikl foKku dh 'kfDr;k¡ vk x;h gSaA buds
lgkjs og vius thou dks lqfo/kktud cuk jgk gSA exj blh ds lkFk og ç—fr dh
cukoV esa fo/oaldkjh gLr{ksi dj jgk gSA
2- ^'kfDr vkSj {kek* dfork esa ;q) dk leFkZu ugha gSA ;g dfork ^dq#{ks=* iqLrd dk
,d va'k gSA bl fdrkc esa ;q) dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj [Link] dh ppkZ egkHkkjr dh
dFkk ds ek/;e ls dh x;h gSA exj bl va'k dks i<+us ij ,slk yxrk gS fd fnudj
;q) dk i{k ys jgs gSaA lko/kkuh ls vFkZ yxkus ij ge ikrs gSa fd bl dfork esa dsoy
bruk dgk x;k gS fd ;q) ds ekgkSy esa 'kfDr dh egÙkk gksrh gSA gekjh {kek'khyrk dk
lEeku Hkh rHkh gksrk gS tc ge rkdroj gksrs gSaA bl dfork dk ewy lUns'k ;gh gS
fd 'kfDr'kkyh gksdj {kek'khy vkSj lgu'khy cuuk pkfg,] vU;Fkk gekjs bl dne dk
lEeku ugha gks ikrk gSA
3- ^fgeky;* 'kh"kZd dfork esa Hkkjrh; vk[;ku vkSj bfrgkl dh ohjrk ls tqM+s çlaxksa dks
;kn fd;k x;k gSA ^gqadkj* ¼1938½ esa lax`ghr bl dfork dk lUnHkZ Lora=rk vkUnksyu
gSA vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg ds jkLrs ds vykok Økafrdkjh ekxZ dks viukus okys Lora=rk

48
 lsukuh Hkh lfØ; FksA bl /kkjk dk viuk egÙo gSA Hkkjrh; tuekul dk ,d cM+k
fgLlk bl jkLrs ij pyusokyksa dks lEeku dh –f"V ls ns[krk FkkA bu yksxksa dh
'kgknr dks uk;dRo dk ntkZ çnku fd;k tkrk FkkA fnudj us blh /kkjk dh Hkkoukvksa
dks bl dfork esa lkaL—frd 'kCnkoyh ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k gSA
4- ^Hkxoku ds Mkfd,* dfork esa ç—fr ds v[kaM :i dks LFkk;h vkSj lR; ekuk x;k gSA
ns'k dh cukbZ x;h lhek,¡ euq";&fufeZr gSaA bu lcds ihNs jktuhfr dh Hkwfedk gksrh
gSA ;s ljgnsa curh&fcxM+rh jgh gSaA exj ç—fr dh lÙkk ges'kk dk;e jgh gSA i{kh
vkSj ckny ds ek/;e ls ;g ckr dgh x;h gS fd Hkxoku ;k ç—fr dh bl lÙkk dks
igpkuks! ns'k dh lhek,¡ ç—fr dh v[kaMrk dks ugha ck¡/k ldrh gSaA ç—fr gj rjg ls
Lora= gSA
cks/k iz”u &2
oLrqfu"B ç'u
i. [k
ii. d
iii. [k
iv. ?k
v. Xk
vi. [k
vii. ?k
viii. d
ix. x
x. ?k
xi. ?k

15-
15-4 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa
1- fnudj jpukoyh & lEiknd &uUnfd'kksj uoy] r#.k dqekj] jktdey çdk'ku] u;h
fnYyh
2- ;qxpkj.k fnudj & lkfo=h flUgk] lsrq çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh
3- fnudj & la-& lkfo=h flUgk] jk/kk—".k çdk'ku] u;h fnYyh

49