PRECIS GRAMMATICAL

➔ Connaissances de la fin du cycle 4.

➔ Dossier à conserver tout au long de l’année (à garder si vous changez de cahier) et les années
suivantes.

1. LES ARTICLES DEFINIS ET INDEFINIS

En anglais, il existe quatre déterminants : a/ an/ the/ et O

➢ « A » et « an » signifient tous les deux : « un » et « une ». « A » s’utilise avant une consonne alors
que « an » s’utilise devant une voyelle.
Exemples: a cat / a door / an animal / an elephant
➢ “The” signifie “le, la, les ». C’est un article défini.

Exemples : “The boy I know”, “the school where I am”, “the teachers that I love” etc.
➢ “O” ou ensemble vide signifie «les, des ». Il évoque quelque chose de général

Exemples : “I love dogs” → j’adore les chiens en général, tous les chiens sans distinction.

2. LES DETERMINANTS DEMONSTRATIFS

➢ This + singulier (=ce, cet, cette) / these + pluriel (= ces)

Ils indiquent que l’objet, la personne, l’animal etc sont proches de l’énonciateur. Proches physiquement,
sentimentalement etc.
Exemple : I love this boy.
✓ That + singulier (ce, cet, cette) / these + pluriel (= ces)

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Au contraire, ces deux déterminants indiquent que l’objet, la personne, l’animal etc. sont éloignés de
l’énonciateur. Eloignés physiquement, sentimentalement etc.
Exemple: I hate that boy.

3. LE ‘S DE POSSESSION/ LE GENITIF

Emploi : Il sert à indiquer la possession, dire à qui appartient un objet.

1. Mary is Sonia’s sister.
2. Bob is John’s son.
3. It is my husband’s bag.
4. Ben is Louis’s /iz/ brother.
5. Snowball is the Simpsons’ dog.

1. Mary est la sœur de Sonia.

2. Bob est le fils de John.
3. C’est le sac de mon mari.
4. Ben est le frère de Louis.
5. Snowball est le chien des Simpsons –> Attention, au pluriel, il faut simplement noter l’apostrophe.

4. LES ADJECTIFS POSSESSIFS

➢ My= mon, ma, mes ➢ Its= son, sa, ses pour une chose ou un
animal.
➢ Your= ton, ta, tes, votre, vos.
➢ Our= notre, nos
➢ His= son, sa, ses pour un garçon.
➢ Their= leur(s)
➢ Her= son, sa, ses pour une fille.

5. LES PRONOMS PERSONNELS COMPLEMENTS

➢ Listen to me ! ➢ Look ! This is Ben’s dog ! Do you know it?

➢ Can I see you ? ➢ Give us a call !

➢ Look ! Here’s Matthew ! Do you know ➢ I’ve got a surprise for you !
him?
➢ Where are my keys? I can’t find them.
➢ Look ! Here’s Sandra ! Do you know her?

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 6. LES NOMBRES

➢ Rappel: pour dire une date, il faut séparer le nombre en deux.

Exemples: 1986= nineteen eighty-six / 1457 : fourteen fifty-seven / 1678: sixteen seventy-eight.
➢ Rappel: pour dire le jour, il faut utiliser les nombres ordinaux.
Exemples: the first, the second, the third, the fourth, the fifth etc.
Monday, the first (1st) of April; Tuesday, the second (2nd) of May etc.
Rappel: En anglais, les jours et les mois s’écrivent TOUJOURS avec une majuscule.

7. “BE” AU PRESENT (ETRE)

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I am I am not Am I tall?
You are You are not = you aren’t Are you tall?
He/she/it is He/she/it is not= he/she/it isn’t Is she-he-it tall?
We are We are not= we aren’t Are we tall?
You are You are not= you aren’t Are you tall?
They are They are not= they aren’t Are they tall?

8. “BE” AU PASSE (ETRE)

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I was I was not= I wasn’t Was I tall?

You were You were not= you weren’t Were you tall?
She/he/it was She/he/it was not= she/he/it wasn’t Was she/he/it tall?
We were We were not= we weren’t Were we tall?
You were You were not= you weren’t Were you tall?
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 They were They were not= they weren’t Were they tall?

9. TRADUCTION DE “IL Y A” ET “IL Y AVAIT”

➢ There is + singulier= il y a ➢ There was + singulier= il y avait

Exemple: There is a cat. Exemple : There was one dog.
➢ There are + pluriel = il y a ➢ There were + pluriel= il y avait
Exemple: There are two cats. Exemple: There were two monkeys.

10.TRADUCTION DE “POUR”

➢ “for” + un nom
Exemple: This is a nice present for Paul
➢ “to” + un verbe
Exemple: I am here to tell you that I love you.
Vous pouvez remplacer “to” par « in order to » qui signifie «afin de ».

11.TRADUCTION DE “QUI”

➢ Nom + who

Exemple: The man who is there is a teacher.

➢ Chose + which

Exemple: The chair which is blue is broken.

12.LES ADJECTIFS COMPOSES

➢ Pour rappel, les adjectifs se situent TOUJOURS avant le nom.

Exemples: He has black hair; she has blue eyes; he is a wicked man; she is a beautiful lady.
➢ Avec ces adjectifs, vous pouvez composer des adjectifs composés

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Exemples: He is a black-haired man (=c’est un homme aux cheveux noirs); she is a blue-eyed girl (=c’est une
fille aux yeux bleus); he is a right-handed man (c’est un homme droitier).
➢ Construction : Il faut noter l’adjectif, ajouter un tiret et mettre le suffixe -ed au nom.

13.LES PLURIELS IRREGULIERS

Certains noms sont irréguliers au pluriel et ne prennent pas de « s ».

Exemples: one man/ two men – one woman/ two women - / one child – two children / one mouse – two
mice / one tooth – two teeth / one goose – two geese / a foot – two feet etc.

L’orthographe de certains noms varient lorsqu’ils sont au pluriel.

Exemples : one wife / two wives – one knife / two knives – A tomato / two tomatoes / An agency – two
agencies etc.

Certains noms s’écrivent de la même manière au singulier et au pluriel.

Exemples : one fish / two fish – one series / two series - one deer / two deer – one species / two species
etc.

14.LE COMPARATIF

Emploi: Comme son nom l’indique, le comparatif sert à comparer deux choses, personnes, groupes etc. « Il
est plus + adjectif + que lui »

➢ Il faut être capable de dissocier les adjectifs courts des adjectifs longs

➢ Un adjectif court est composé d’une syllabe (big, fat, slim, tall etc.) ou deux mais l’adjectif doit se
terminer par un « y » (friendly, lazy, ugly etc.)

➢ Un adjectif long est composé de deux syllabes ne se terminant pas par un « y » (handsome, stupid,
ou bien 3, 4, 5 syllabes (intelligent, expensive, beautiful etc.)

➢ Construction :

Adjectifs courts Adjectifs longs

Adjectif- ER + THAN MORE + ADJECTIF + THAN

Exemples: He is bigger than my friend / She is smaller than my father / Michael is lazier than Samuel / Your
cat is uglier than mine / This bag is more expensive than that one / Sam is more intelligent than Ben.
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Attention: Lorsque qu’un adjectif court se termine par une consonne/voyelle/consonne (big, slim, fat etc.),
il faut doubler la dernière consonne : big → bigger than / fat → fatter than / slimmer than etc.

Lorsqu’un adjectif court se termine par un -y, ce dernier se transforme en « i » : happier than / crazier than
etc.

15.LE SUPERLATIF

Emploi: Le superlatif sert à indiquer qu’un groupe, une personne est supérieur(e) à un(e) autre, qu’il est « le-
la plus… »

➢ Il faut être capable de dissocier les adjectifs courts des adjectifs longs

➢ Un adjectif court est composé d’une syllabe (big, fat, slim, tall etc.) ou deux mais l’adjectif doit se
terminer par un « y » (friendly, lazy, ugly etc.)

➢ Un adjectif long est composé de deux syllabes ne se terminant pas par un « y » (handsome, stupid,
ou bien 3, 4, 5 syllabes (intelligent, expensive, beautiful etc.)

➢ Construction :

Adjectifs courts Adjectifs longs

THE + ADJECTIF-EST THE MOST + ADJECTIF

Exemples: He is the biggest / She is the smallest / Michael is the laziest / Your cat is the ugliest / This bag is
the most expensive / Sam is the most intelligent.

Attention: Lorsque qu’un adjectif court se termine par une consonne/voyelle/consonne (big, slim, fat etc.),
il faut doubler la dernière consonne : big → the biggest / fat → the fattest / the slimmest etc.

Lorsqu’un adjectif court se termine par un -y, ce dernier se transforme en « i » : the happiest / the craziest
etc.

16.CAN/ CANNOT-CAN’T

Emploi: Il sert à exprimer une permission, une capacité ou incapacité, un savoir (quelque chose que l’on sait
faire ou non).
➢ Sa construction est simple : SUJET + CAN-CAN’T + VERBE A L’INFINITIF
➢ Pour rappel : CAN’T = CANNOT
➢ Traduction : je peux/sais – je ne peux pas/ je ne sais pas.

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 Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I can play football. I can’t play football. Can I play football?

You can play football. You can’t play football. Can you play football?
She/he/it can play football. She/he/it can’t play Can he/she/it play football?
We can play football. football. Can we play football?
You can play football. We can’t play football. Can you play football?
They can play football. You can’t play football. Can they play football?
They can’t play football.

17.MUST/MUSTN’T

Emploi : Il sert à exprimer une obligation, une forte probabilité ou quasi-certitude, une interdiction.
➢ Construction : SUJET + MUST/MUSTN’T + VERBE A L’INFINITIF

➢ Traduction : je dois/ je ne dois pas

Phrases affirmatives Phrases negatives Phrases interrogatives

I must obey my parents. I must obey my parents. Must I obey my parents?

You must obey your You must obey your parents. Must you obey your parents?
parents. She/he/it must obey her/his/its Must he/she it obey his/her/its
She/he/it must obey parents. parents?
her/his/its parents. We must obey our parents. Must we obey our parents?
We must obey our parents. You must obey your parents. Must you obey your parents?
You must obey your They must obey their parents. Must they obey their parents?
parents.
They must obey their
parents.

18. SHOULD/SHOULDN’T
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 Emploi : Il sert à exprimer un conseil (tu devrais ou ne devrais pas faire ceci ou cela).
➢ Construction : SUJET + SHOULD/SHOULDN’T + VERBE A L’INFINITIF

Phrases affirmatives Phrases negatives Phrases interrogatives

I should listen to you. I shouldn’t listen to you. Should I eat burgers?

You should listen to him. You shouldn’t listen to him. Should you eat burgers?
She/he/it should listen to her. She/he/it shouldn’t listen to Should he/she/it eat burgers?
We should listen to you. her. Should we eat burgers?
You should listen to her. We shouldn’t listen to you. Should you eat burgers?
They should listen to him. You shouldn’t listen to her. Should they eat burgers?
They shouldn’t listen to him.

Shouldn’t= should not

19.MUST/ MAY / MIGHT

➢ Ces trois modaux expriment une probabilité.

➢ Must: 90% de certitude
➢ May: 50% de certitude
➢ Might: 25% de certitude
Exemple: Un homme sort du tribunal vêtu d’un costume, une valise à la main.
1. He must be a lawyer Il doit être avocat 90% de certitude
2. He may be a teacher. Il est peut-être professeur 50% de certitude
3. He might be a clown. Il se pourrait qu’il soit clown. 25% de certitude

Pour faire une négation, il suffit d’ajouter «not» : he must not be a lawyer ; he may not be a teacher, he
might not be a clown.

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 20.LE PRESENT BE + V-ING

Emploi : Il sert à indiquer une action qui est en cours, qui est train de se passer.
➢ Pour ce faire, il faut conjuguer « be » au présent et mettre -ing au verbe.

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I am playing football I am not playing football Am I dancing?

You are playing football You aren’t playing football Are you dancing?
She/he/it is playing football She/he/it isn’t playing football Is she/he/it dancing?
We are playing football We aren’t playing football Are we dancing?
You are playing football You aren’t playing football Are you dancing?
They are playing football They aren’t playing football Are they dancing?

21.LE PRESENT SIMPLE

Emploi: Il sert à parler d’une habitude, d’une vérité générale.

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I play football I don’t play football Do I dance?

You play football You don’t play football Do you dance?
She/he/it playS football She/he/it doesn’t play football Does she/he/it dance?
We play football We don’t play football Do we dance?
You play football You don’t play football Do you dance?
They play football They don’t play football Do they dance?

22.LE PRETERIT SIMPLE

Emploi: Il sert à indiquer un fait passé, révolu.

➢ La seule difficulté se trouve pour les phrases affirmatives. Il faut connaître les verbes irréguliers.

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➢ Pour les phrases négatives et interrogatives, les verbes irréguliers ne sont pas utilisés puisque que le
passé est « compris » dans « did ».

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

a. Verbes réguliers
I didn’t play football Did I run?
I played football You didn’t sing Did you dance?
You played football She/he/it didn’t watch Did she/he/it watch
She/he/it played football TV TV?
We played football We didn’t speak English Did we play the piano?
You played football You didn’t take a shower Did you sing a song?
They played football They didn’t run Did they open the
door?
b. Verbes irréguliers (à connaître par cœur ;
2e colonne)

I ran in the street

You sang a song
She/he/it took a bath
We rode a bike
You ate a piece of cake
They drank a cup of tea

23.PRONONCIATION DU “ED”

➢ /ED/ is DEAD !!!

➢ Le “ed” peut se prononcer de trois façons différentes :
/d/ /t/ /id/

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 24.LE PRETERIT EN BE + V-ING

Emploi : Il sert à indiquer une action en cours dans le passé.

➢ Exemple: Quand il est entré, sa femme nageait.
➢ Construction : il faut conjuguer «BE » au passé (WAS ou WERE) et ajouter -ing au verbe.

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I was playing rugby I wasn’t playing rugby Was I playing rugby?

You were watching TV You weren’t watching TV Were you watching TV?
She/he/it was working She/he/it wasn’t working Was she/he/it working?
We were drinking We weren’t drinking Were we drinking?
You were listening to me You weren’t listening to me Were you listening to me?
They were cooking. They weren’t cooking. Were they cooking?

Wasn’t= was not

Weren’t= were not

25.WILL/ WON’T

Emploi: Il sert à parler au futur, c’est une décision incertaine ou prise au moment où l’on parle mais aussi
pour prédire un évènement.
➢ Construction: sujet + will/won’t + verbe à l’infinitif

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I will play tennis. I won’t play rugby. Will I dance?

You will play tennis. You won’t play rugby. Will you dance?
She/he/it will play tennis. She/he/it won’t play rugby. Will she/he/it dance?
We will play tennis. We won’t play rugby. Will we dance?
You will play tennis. You won’t play rugby. Will you dance?

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 They will play tennis. They won’t play rugby. Will they dance?

Won’t= will not

26.BE GOING TO

Emploi: Il sert à exprimer une action qui va certainement se dérouler dans un futur proche.
➢ Construction: Il faut conjuguer « BE » au présent et mettre un verbe à l’infinitif derrière « TO »

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I am going to play. I am not going to play. Am I going to play?

You are going to watch TV You are not going to watch TV Are you going to watch TV?
She/he/it is going to run She/he/it is not going to run Is she/he/it going to run?
We are going to work We are going not to work Are we going to work?
You are going to dance You are not going to dance Are you going to dance?
They are going to eat. They are not going to eat. Are they going to eat?

Il est possible d’utiliser les

contractions « isn’t et «aren’t »

27.HAVE TO/ HAD TO

Emploi: Ils servent à indiquer une obligation qui n’émane pas de soi-même, désir extérieur.
Exemple: Tu dois/devais manger de la nourriture saine (car c’est le médecin qui te l’a/l’avait dit).
Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I have to eat healthy food I don’t have to eat healthy food Do I have to drink coffee?
You have to eat healthy food You don’t have to eat healthy food Do you have to drink coffee?
She/he/it haS to eat healthy food She/he/it doesn’t have to eat Does he have to drink
We have to eat healthy food healthy food coffee?

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 You have to eat healthy food We don’t have to eat healthy food Do we have to drink coffee?
They have to eat healthy food You don’t have to eat healthy food Do you have to drink coffee?
They don’t have to eat healthy food Do they have to drink coffee?

Phrases affirmatives Phrases négatives Phrases interrogatives

I had to eat healthy food I didn’t have to eat healthy food Did I have to drink coffee?
You had to eat healthy food You didn’t have to eat healthy food Did you have to drink coffee?
She/he/it had to eat healthy She/he/it didn’t have to eat healthy Did he have to drink coffee?
food food Did we have to drink coffee?
We had to eat healthy food We didn’t have to eat healthy food Did you have to drink coffee?
You had to eat healthy food You didn’t have to eat healthy food Did they have to drink
They had to eat healthy food They didn’t have to eat healthy food coffee?

28.LE CONDITIONNEL

Emploi: Il sert à indiquer une condition, une hypothèse, un souhait.

Exemple: Si j’étais riche, j’achèterais un manoir.

IF + PRETERIT SUJET + WOULD + VERBE A L’INFINITIF

If I ate more apples, I would be slim.

If he danced, he would participate in a TV show.
If they won the lottery, they would buy a new car.

29.LA VOIX PASSIVE

Exemples: Le chat mange la souris → La souris est mangée par le chat.

Le chat a mangé la taupe → La taupe a été mangée par le chat.

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Construction: BE au passé ou présent + verbe au participe passé (-ed ou verbe de la 3e colonne des verbes
irréguliers)
Voix active au The cat eats the mouse.
présent
Voix passive The mouse is eaten by the cat.
au présent

Voix active au The boy plays tennis.

présent
Voix passive Tennis is played by the boy.
au présent

Voix active au The cat eat the mice.

présent
Voix passive The mice are eaten by the cat.
au présent

Voix active au The boy reads books.

présent
Voix passive Books are read by the boy.
au présent

Voix active au The cat ate the mouse.

passé
Voix passive The mouse was eaten by the cat.
au passé

Voix active au The boy played tennis.

passé
Voix passive Tennis was played by the boy.
au passé

Voix active au The cat ate the mice.

passé
Voix passive The mice were eaten by the cat.
au passé

Voix active au The boy read books.

passé
Voix passive Books were read by the boy.
au passé

Rappel: a mouse / two mice

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 30.LE PRESENT PERFECT

Emploi: Le present perfect sert à parler d’une action qui a débuté dans le passé et qui continue dans le
présent.
➢ «For» et «since» signifient « depuis »
➢ « For » + durée
➢ « Since » + date
Exemples: I have been a teacher since 2011 (=je suis professeur depuis 2011) / I have been a teacher for
twenty years (=je suis professeur depuis 20 ans) / He has lived in Loches since 2012 (= Il vit à Loches depuis
2012) / She has lived in Tours for five years (= Elle habite à Tours depuis 5 ans)/ You have visited Paris since
Monday (=tu visites Paris depuis lundi).

Construction: HAVE / HAS + VERBE AU PARTICIPE PASSE (-ED ou VERBE DE LA 3e COLONNE DES VERBES
IRREGULIERS)

31.LES MOTS DE LIAISON

Les mots de liaison sont primordiaux pour construire vos récits.

a. First, firstly, to begin with, to start with…
b. Then, secondly, moreover, furthermore…
c. Finally, to finish, to conclude, to put it in a nutshell…
d. But, however, nevertheless…

32.DONNER SON OPINION

a. I think that/ I suppose that…

b. I agree with/ I disagree with/ I don’t agree with…

33.LA METHODOLOGIE D’UN DOCUMENT ICONOGRAPHIQUE

a. Présentation: je présente le document (sa source, sa nature, son auteur, sa date de publication)
b. Description: je décris ce que je vois sur l’image (I can see, there is-are, in the middle, in the
background, in the foreground etc.)
c. Analyse: j’évoque le message de l’auteur : qu’a-t-il voulu dire ?

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d. Mon avis: je dis si j’aime ou non l’image et les raisons (I love/like/dislike this document because…)

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