FINAL REPORT

MADAGASCAR: Country Gender Profile

February 2005

Consultants: Rakotoarison Bodolalao Angèle

Rakotoarisoa Hajavonjiniaina

The information presented here was gathered from on-site sources. And therefore JICA is not
responsible for its accuracy.
 FINAL REPORT

Country Gender Profile

Madagascar

February 2005

Japan International Cooperation Agency

Consultants : Rakotoarison Bodolalao Angèle

Rakotoarisoa Hajavonjiniaina

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Table of Contents
Madagascar

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................................... 4

1. BASIC PROFILE..................................................................................................................................................... 8
1-1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE .................................................................................................................................. 8
1-2 HEALTH PROFILE................................................................................................................................................ 11
1-3 EDUCATION PROFILE .......................................................................................................................................... 12
2. GENERAL SITUATION OF WOMEN AND GOVERNMENT POLICY ON WID/GENDER .................... 14
2-1 GENERAL SITUATION OF WOMEN IN MADAGASCAR...................................................................................... 14
2.2 GOVERNMENT POLICY ON WID/GENDER ........................................................................................................... 17
2.3. NATIONAL MACHINERY..................................................................................................................................... 21
3. CURRENT SITUATION OF WOMEN BY SECTOR ..................................................................................... 23
3-1 EDUCATION ........................................................................................................................................................ 23
3-2 HEALTH .............................................................................................................................................................. 26
3-3 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES ......................................................................................................... 29
3-4 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ....................................................................................................................................... 34
4. ON-GOING WID/GENDER PROJECTS ........................................................................................................... 38

5. WID/GENDER INFORMATION SOURCES..................................................................................................... 45

5-1 LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS/INDIVIDUALS RELATED TO WID/GENDER.................................................................. 45
5.2 LIST OF REPORTS AND REFERENCES RELATED TO WID/GENDER ........................................................................ 50
6. REFERENCE ......................................................................................................................................................... 72

7. DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................................................... 75

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 List of Abbreviations
(Madagascar)

French English
AFD Agence Française de Développement French Development Agency
AGR Activités Génératrices de Revenu Income Generating Activities
ANAE Association Nationale des Actions National Association of Environnemental
Environnementales Action
ASEG Analyse Socio -économique selon le Genre Social and Economic Analysis according to
the Gender
ASSS Annuaire des Statistiques du Secteur Santé de Directory of Statistics of Health Sector in
Madagascar Madagascar
AUE Association des Usagers de l'Eau Association of Water Users
BAD Banque Africaine de Développement African Development Bank
BIT / ILO Bureau International du travail International Labor Organization

BM / WB Banque Mondiale World Bank

BV Bassin(s) Versant(s) Watershed
CAFED Confédération des Associations de Femmes et Confederation of Women and Development
Développement Associations
CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women
CEG Collège d’Enseignement Général General training College
CEPE Certificat d’Etude Primaire et Elémentaire Primary and Elementary Studies Certificate

CHD Centre Hospitalier de District District Hospital Centre

CHR Centre Hospitalier Régional Regional Hospital Centre
CHU Centre Hospitalier Universitaire University Hospital Centre
CIDA Canadian International Development
Agency

EU European Union
CRESAN Crédit de Renforcement du Secteur Santé Health sector credit
CIDAEU Canadian International Development Agency
European union
CINU Centre d’Information des Nations Unies United nations documentation Center
CRESED Crédit de renforcement du Secteur de Education sector credit
l’éducation
CRS Catholic Relief Services
CSB Centre de Santé de Base Basic health Centre
EDSMD / DHS Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé Demographic and Health Surveys
Madagascar
DM Deutsch Mark

DRV Dinika sy Rindran’ny Vehivavy Women Association

DSRP / PRSP Document Stratégique de Réduction de la Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Pauvreté
DVV Deutschen Volkshoschul Verband
German Association for Education
ENDS Enquête Nationale de Démographie et de Health and National Population Survey
Santé
EPM Enquête Prioritaire auprès des Ménages Statistic year book – Family survey
EPP Equipe Permanente de Pilotage (PADR) Permanent Team Piloting (PADR)

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
EPT L’Education Pour Tous Education for all
EVF Education à la Vie Familiale Education to the Family life
F/P Family Planning

FAO Food and Agricultural Organization

FED Fonds Européen de Développement European Fund of Development
FES Friedrich Ebert Stiftung

FF Francs Français French Franc

FID Fonds d’Intervention pour le Développement Intervention Fund for the Development
FIDA Fonds International de Développement International Fund of Agricultural
Agricole Development
FJKM Fiangonan’i Jesoa Kristy eto Madagasikara Jesus Christ Church in Madagascar
FLM Eglise Luthérienne de Madagascar Lutheran Church in Madagascar

FMG Franc Malagasy Malagasy Franc

FNUAP / UNFPA Fonds des Nations Unies pour la Population United Nations Population Fund

FORMGED Formation en appui pour la Gestion des Training program supporting Development
interventions de Développement management
GAD Gender And Development

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GNI Gross National Income
GNP Gross national Product
GTDR Groupe de Travail de Développement Rural Rural Development task force
GTG Groupe thématique Genre Gender Group Thematic

GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische German Technical Cooperation

Zusammenarbeit
HDI Human Development Index
HIV/AIDS Human –Immuno- deficiency Virus/ Acquired
Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
IGED Initiative Genre et Développement Gender and Development Initiative
INSTAT Institut National de la Statistique National institute of statistics
IPH Human poverty index

ISDH Indice Sexo - Spécifique de Développement Gender related Development Index

Humain

IUD Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Devices

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

MFTP Ministère de la Formation Technique et Ministry of Professional and Technical

Professionnelle Training
MICS Enquête à indicateurs multiples Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey
MINESEB Ministère de l’Enseignement Secondaire et de Ministry of primary and secondary education
l’Education de Base
MINSAN Ministère de la Santé Ministry of health

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
MPI Micro Périmètre Irrigué Micro Perimeter Irrigated

N.A Not available

NGO Non Governmental Organization

NORAD Norwegian Agency for International
Development
NVTCS National Vocational Training Centers
NWC National Women’s Committee
ONE Office National pour l'Environnement National Office for the Environment
ORT /TRO Oral Rehydration Therapy
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PADR Plan d’Action pour le Développement Rural Rural Development Action Plan
PAEPAR Projet d’alimentation en Eau Potable et Water supply and sanitation Project in rural
Assainissement en milieu rural area
PAM Programme Alimentaire Mondial World Food Program
PANAGED Plan d’Action National Genre et Gender and Development National Action
Développement Plan
PANEF Plan d’Action National pour l’Éducation des National Action Plan for the Girls’ Education
Filles
PE Programme Environnemental Environnemental Programme
PHC Primary Health Care
PMF Programme de Micro Finance Micro Finance program
PMPS Projet Multisectoriel pour la Prévention du Multi sector project for HIV /AIDS prevention
Sida
PNPF Politique Nationale pour la Promotion de la National Policy of Women Promotion
Femme
PNUD /UNDP Programme des Nations Unies pour le United Nation Development Programs
Développement
PPI Petit Périmètre Irrigué Small scale Irrigated Perimeter
PSDR Projet de Soutien au Développement Rural Rural Development Support Project
RNDH Rapport National sur le développement humain National Report on Human Development
RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal
SEECALINE Surveillance et Éducation des Écoles et la Supervision and Education of Schools and
Communauté en Alimentation et Nutrition Community in Feeding and Widened
Élargie Nutrition
SR Santé de la Reproduction Reproductive Health
SMB Secrétariat Multi -Bailleurs Secretariat Multi donors
SPD Stratégie de Population et de Développement Population and Development Strategy
STD Sexually Transmitted Diseases

SME Small and Medium Sized Enterprise

SYGMA Syndicat Générale maritime General Union maritime
TDR Termes de Référence Terms of Reference
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development

Organization
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for
Women

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
UPDR Unité de Politique du Développement Rural Committee of Rural Development Policy
USAID United States Agency for International
Development
USD Dollars des Etats Unis d’Amérique US Dollars
WDR World Development Report

WHO World Health Organization

WID Women in Development
WWF World Wildlife Fund

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 1. Basic Profile
1-1 Socio-Economic Profile
Economic Indicators source : a, d
Growth GDP
GNI/Capita rate of real Implicit Gini index Aid/GNI
US $ (a) GDP (a) deflator (a) %
%) %
2003 290 9.6 2.7 n.a n.a
2002 n.a n.a n.a 52.7 d 8.6 d
2001 260 6.0 9.0 47.5 8.6
2000 250 4.7 7.1 n.a 24.1
1999 250 4.7 9.7 n.a 10.0 (1995)
Demographic Indicators source: a, b, d, j
Life Expectancy
female
Total urban Population Synthetic Male Female
population
(millions) population growth rate indices of
(a)
(a) % (a) fertility
%
(a, d)
2001 55.3 57.2
2000 54.8 56.7
2002 16.9 50.1 31 2.8 5.2 1999 54.3 56.2
1995 15.1 50.3 22.2 3.1 5.9 1997 53.3 55.2
-1999 (99) (95) (99) (99) (97)
(b) (j)

Public Sector Expenditure to sectors % of Government Budget source: k

Health Education Social Defense
% % Welfare
2004 n.a 33.8 n.a n.a
2001 9.7 15.66 n.a n.a
1997 n.a 14.3 n.a n.a
Industry/GDP source: a)
Agriculture % Industry % Service %

2003 29.2 15.4 55.5

2002 32.0 13.0 55.0
1999 30.0 13.8 56.2
Labor Indicators source: a, b, d , h
Minimum wage per % of
unemploym
Total No Unemploym months total Minimum wage per
ent Rate
active popu- ent Fmg active month in Fmg
(%) labor
lation Rate (h) popu-
force activity
(a) % Agri- Non lation Agri- Non
rate(d)
total cultural agricultural female (a) cultural agricultural
2002 8.5millions 4.5 (d) n.a n.a 2002 49.2 5.6 n.a n.a
2001 7.0millions 3.6 (d) n.a n.a 2001 48.8 4.3 n.a n.a

1999 7.0millions 2.8 (b) 156,514 153,846 1999 45.0 3.5 104,342 102,564

1995 6.0millions n.a 63,420 62,312 1995 45.0 6.4 n.a n.a

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Unemployment rate – Source : d
Male Female
Urban Rural Urban Rural
% % % %
EPM 2001 6.0 1.4 10.9 2.7
EPM 1993 7.2 0.8 6.4 0.9

Average income of family , year 1999- source :d

Chief of family Annual income of Annual income per
family person in the family
Fmg Fmg
Male 3,710,386 688,748
Female 2,778,897 724,127
Total 3,543,910 693,496

Proportion of workers % source: d

Agriculture Industry Trade Administration Service
Total % % % % %
2001 73.6 6.5 6.3 2.9 10.6
1999 76.5 4.9 5.9 2.6 10.1
1993 81.2 4.7 4.9 2.8 6.5

Agriculture Industry Trade Administration Service

male % % % % %
2001 72.2 6.4 4.0 3.9 13.9
1993 80.9 4.1 3.9 3.7 8.2

Agriculture Industry Trade Administration Service

female % % % % %
2001 75.3 6.6 8.7 1.9 7.6
1993 81.4 5.4 5.9 1.9 5.3
Source: f
Primary sector Secondary sector Tertiary sector Informal
female % % % %
1997 59.4 29.5 11.0 47

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Women in decision-making source: d, m
Member of Senators Coaching Staff Chief of Technicians
parliament % in public enterprises %
% position %
%
2001(d) 8 15.3 31 n.a 43
1995(m) 5 n.a 12.70 60 n.a

Law for Women (the latest ones only)

Law no 88 030 related to elimination of form of discrimination against 1988

women
Modifying et complementing certain dispositions of penal code related 2000
to violence against women
Ratification and signature of international law for women

CEDAW 1988
Beijing Platform of Action 1995

Policy of WID

National policy of women promotion (2000 – 2015) 2000

National Gender and Development Action Plan (2004-2008) 2004
Strategic frame of Gender mainstreaming in projects and programs 2001
Governmental organization of WID
Government
Ministry of Population, Social and Leisure – Direction of Gender Organization
promotion

References
a) World Bank :
- World Development Indicator database, 2004
- Development Economics Central database, 2000
- Database of Gender Statistics, 2000
- Africa Development indicator
- World Development report, 2000
b) Database of UNDP Madagascar, 2002
c) Database of UNICEF (Madagascar at glance), 2002
d) Statistic year book : Family Survey (Enquête auprès des Ménages, EPM), 1999, 2001, 2002
e) Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), Malagasy Government, 2003
f) Women Promotion National policy, 2000
g) Epidemiological Fact Sheet- UNAIDS/WHO – 2000
h) Data from Ministry of Public position, Employ and social Condition,
i) Human Development report ( Gender, Development and Poverty) 2003 – UNDP;
National human Development report 2004, UNDP site web
j) DHS 1997, DHS 2003
k) ASSS, 2002
l) National committee of HIV/ AIDS fight
m) Beijing report

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 1-2 Health Profile
Expansion of health service source: a, b,
No. of No. of Public expenditure on Health budget
physicians Hospital health % on Government general
Beds % of GDP budget
(per 1,000 people) % %
5.1 (2003) 9.0 (2002)
8.6 (1999) n.a n.a 7.8 (2001)

5.0 (1997) 3.5 (1997) 1.3 (2001) 9.2 (1999)

Child Health source: j Source: k

Mortality Rate % of the vaccinated (% of children under
12 months)
juvenile Infant Infanto BCG DPT Polio Measles
per1,000 per1,000 juvenile
2003 2001 67.1 46.3 49.5 71.4
- 58 38 94
2004
2000 42.5 36.6 36.6 29.0
97 96 70 159

1995 75.0 55.0 55.0 53.0

Family planning source: a, j, k HIV/AIDS source: j, l

Contraceptive Maternal % age

prevalence Births mortality Age at Synthetic 15-49
rate attendance rate first Total Indices of whole Women
(% of women rate (per marriage fertility fertility group (Number of
aged 15 – 49) Per 1000 100,000 (years rate Women with HIV age15-49)
(a, k) (j, k) live birth ) old) (j) 15- 49
(a,k) (j,k)
178 5.2
18.7 35.3 5.800
n.a (2003- (2002- 1,10(04)
(2002) (2003) (99)
2004) 2004)
% of
17.0 550 0.20(00)
n.a M : 18.2 women
(2000) (2000) 0.15(99)
F :17.6 seropositive
18.5 42.3 448 208 5.9
0,06(95) 1.15 (03)
(1997) (1997) (1997) (1997) (1997)
19.0 596 0.10(94)
n.a 0.33 (02)
(1995) (1995) 0,02(90)

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Nutrition source: b, j
% of infants Oral re-
with low birth hydration
weight therapy use rate
(j) %
33.1 (2000)
22.2 (2000)
45.5 (1997) 43.3 (2004)

Community Health service – Source: d

Access to safe water Access to sanitation
Urban Urban
Capi Great Seconda Urban Great
-tal center -ry towns Rural% centers Urban Secondary
Towns Rural
% % %
Modern Modern Modern
with with with
water Latrine water Latrine water Latrine
% % % % % %
1999 92.8 70.4 53.6 10.4
12.5 57.7 4.0 56.6 0.2 37.2

1-3 Education Profile

Commitment to Education source: m Adult literacy rate source: b, c
Number of year Public expenditure on
education (as % of)
Compuls In Total Male Female
GNP State % % %
ory in Primary budget
school school
2.5 (2001) n.a 2001 52 63 48
5 years 5 years 2000
3.2 (2000) 13.1 (1999) (b) 51 74 60

2.5 (1999) 9.6 (1997) 1995 81 88 73

(c)
Enrollment Ratio source: a
Primary education Secondary
(Net enrollment education Higher (tertiary)
ratio) (Gross enrollment education
% of relevant age ratio) (Gross enrollment
group % of age group ratio)
Male Female Male Female Male Female
% % % % % %
2000 67 68 2000 15 14 2000 2 2

1995 59 62 1995 16 16 1995 2 2

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Female Ratio of Higher Education source: m (Entry in University , all level)
Percentage of women at each field
Education Agriculture Engineering Languages Natural Medicine Computer Right and
% % and % sciences % sciences human
Technology % % sciences
% %
2003
39 37 19 58 34 51 24 50
2004
53 38 21 60 33 48 25 53

References
a) World Bank reports, 2000, 2004
b) Database of UNDP Madagascar,
c) Database of UNICEF (Madagascar at glance), 2002
d) Statistic year book : Family Survey (enquête auprès des Ménages, EPM), 1999, 2001, 2002
e) Document of strategy for poverty reduction (PRSP), Malagasy Government, 2003
f) Women Promotion National policy, 2000
g) Epidemiological Fact Sheet- UNAIDS/WHO – 2000
h) Ministry of Public position, Employ and social Condition,
i) Human Development report (Gender , human Development and poverty) 2003 – UNDP
National human Development report 2004, UNDP site web
j) DHS1997, DHS 2004
k) ASSS, 2002
l) National committee of HIV/ AIDS fight
m) Statistical directories 2003, 2004 - Ministry of the National education and the scientific
research.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 2. General Situation of Women and Government Policy on WID/Gender

2-1 General Situation of Women in MADAGASCAR

General Situation of Women in MADAGASCAR

1) Madagascar most concern is to fight against poverty. The Government measures in the
fight against poverty target women group.
2) The Gender related Development Index (ISDH) shows that in general, there are a few
disparities between women and men related to HDI. In the other trend, great disparity exists
between urban population and rural population. Illiterate Women living in rural area are the
group mostly touched by poverty and have a low rate of HDI.
3) All types of violence (sexual harassment, rape, incest, injuries, verbal and physical bad
treatment) related to women and girls exist in Madagascar.
4) There is a low representation of women in key positions of decision- making.
5) Women have little opportunities to control income use, resource and factors of production.

Madagascar situation
According to rankings from the World Bank, Madagascar is part of the group of poorest
countries; about 70% of the population live below poverty line estimated at 988.600 MGF (about
USD 100) per year per capita.
The current status of low income in Madagascar is due to a long process characterized by the
low economic growth resulting from insufficient level of investment, and a high demographic rate.
Moreover, poverty is a rural phenomenon, 85% of the poor live in rural area.
Regarding HDI, there is a great disparity between urban area and rural area (in 2003, HDI in
capital: 0.588; HDI in urban area: 0.5378 and HDI in rural area: 0.361) (source: HDR 2003)
The most vulnerable group touched by poverty is illiterate women living in rural area.

According to PSRP, the ultimate Development goal of Madagascar Government is to promote

fast and sustainable Development in order to reduce the rate of poverty for the next ten years
(from 70% to 35% of population in 2013). There are three strategic axes to reach this goal:
1) To restore a state respecting human right and good governance,
2) To promote and to enhance economic growth (growth rate: 8 – 10%) with a great
participation of the population,
3) To enhance and promote durable systems and social protection related to education, health,
nutrition and culture matters.
Furthermore, The new Malagasy Government is involved in the Millennium Development Goals,
which include eight objectives. At least, six or seven of these objectives concern directly or
indirectly Gender and women promotion such as:
1. eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,
2. achieve universal primary education,
3. promote gender equality,
4. reduce child mortality,
5. improve maternal health,
6. fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases,
7. ensure environmental sustainability by improving access to improved water source and to
improved sanitation systems.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Situation of women
Statistic data shows that there are more women than men living in Madagascar (103 women for
100 men in 2001).
The proportion of households headed by female remains about 19 % through the years (1993 –
2001)
Households headed by women are in general smaller (3.8 persons in average) than the one led
by men (5.4 persons).
Regarding the group living below the poverty line, in general, the rate of poverty of households
headed by male and the rate for those led by female are closed. However, in urban area,
households headed by women are poorer than households headed by men (in 1993, 56.3%
households led by woman are poor against 48.4% for those led by man). But through year 1993
to 2003, the rate of poverty of households led by women has improved and passed from 56.3%
to 44.4%. In rural area, rate of poverty of both groups of households are very dramatic (79.9%
and 76.8%)

Human Development index, 1999 – Source: PRSP

Indicator National
HDI 0.481
ISDH 0.460
Difference - 4.6

The ISDH emphasizes the little disparity between women and men in Madagascar. This little gap
is explained by the low disparity regarding indicator related to health and basic education.
Differences of women and men are especially noted in the level of income, overwork load and
regarding the control of income and resource use. In rural area this disparity is very obvious as it
is reinforced by the culture in which men have authority on women.
Opportunities of women to control and to participate in the income management and families
resources are linked to the monetary poverty level. More families are poor; the more men master
income use.

However, illiteracy concerns more women than men (see sheet 1-3 Education Profile)
Nevertheless, in primarily school, the number of girls and boys enrolled in school are almost the
same.
In higher level, the number of girls (especially living in rural area) decreases in transition classes,
most of the girls leave school when they have to live in secondary towns to continue their study,
and many families cannot afford to face costs to this higher school attendance.

Disparity is also noted in employment matter, women have difficulty to reach high position.
Many women are exercising jobs in informal sector and in bad paid job.
Although, great number of women run their own little businesses- as women have little financial
capacity, and low education- they have difficulty to come to credit opportunities to improve their
business
So, the income of majority of women is generally fragile and is constituted of unstable income.

Though many health programs target women and child, the performance of women and mother
health is yet bad. In family planning matters, women do not have enough freedom to choose the
contraceptive methods, which suit them.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
- Sexual harassment and violence against women

The Forth World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 provides the definition of violence as
follows: « Any act of violence that results in or likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological
harm or suffering, including threats of such acts, constraints or deprivation of liberty »
All types of violence related to women and girls exist in Madagascar.

Figures related to the domestic violence among the family are obvious.
Example: Domestic violence acts recorded at the “Service des Moeurs et des Mineurs”
(Minor and Moral Service) in Antananarivo during the year 2000.

motive Number Perpetrator

Rape 73 Man over 18 years old: 50
Man under 18 years old :23
Incest 6 All by man over 18 years old
Tentative of rape 4 Man over 18 years old :1
Man under 18 years old : 3
Strokes and voluntary injuries 174 Men : 100
Women : 74
Bad treatment on children 24 Men : 18
Women : 6

Example: Domestic violence Acts recorded at the “Sécurité Urbaine d’ Antananarivo” (Urban
Security of Antananarivo) during the year 2000

Motive Number Perpetrator

Strokes and voluntary injuries 386 Men : 230
Women : 156
Violence and assault and battery 20 Men : 59
Women : 08
Verbal threat to death 156 Men : 97
Women : 59
Tentative of rape 2 Men : 20

Further investigations among the victims report that categories of the authors of violence are
mainly the husband (51%), then the father (21%), the employer (5%) and other members of the
family (23%)
Other example: The Higher Level Court of Antananarivo judged between April 15 and December
15, 2000, 7056 domestic and non-domestic violence cases.

Immediate causes of violence are numerous and could be: the influence of the alcohol and
drugs, the influence of frustrations and stress related to the difficult conditions of life, family
dislocation, the influence of district gangsters, the influence of the bad pictures issued on
television. The majority of Perpetrators has been victims also of violence during their
childhood.
Underlying Causes are: the economic dependence of the women, their weak abilities to
react against injustice, and their ignorance of the legal measures and arrangements.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Gender roles and power relations greatly dominate the fundamental causes. Men's
supremacy translated by their aggressive masculinity model dominates passive womanhood
pattern, subjected to submission.

Victims of violence firstly relate their case to the people going in the same churches as
them, then to the local authorities of the village, finally to the police. The judicial way sets
itself up as last resort.
Factors that will reduce violence against women are: the civil marriage, the independence
of women, the establishment of structures support, reinforcement of laws on violence,
women participation in the community life.

Low representation in key positions of decision-making in the society and in the government
In general, due to many factors such as influence of culture, women consideration inside the
society, non availability to invest in career, men dominance in public life, Malagasy women faces
difficulty to accede to decision – making positions. This fact is measured by IPF (Indicator of
Women participation).
IPF related to Malagasy women is low (0.396), this means that women have not yet enough
chance and opportunities to participate in decision-making positions.
In 2001, there are only 5.10 % of women in the positions of Mayors, 8 % in the position of deputy,
15.3% in the position of senators, and 14.7% in high position inside the government system.
(Source: RNDH, 2003)
The representation of women in key decision-making in the government area has never gone
over 16%. Since the independence (1960), no women get in supreme position such as Country
President or First Minister.

2.2 Government Policy on WID/Gender

Government Policy on WID/Gender

The Governments priorities related to Gender issues are:

1) to fight against poverty and extreme poverty, which touch women, especially rural women,
deprived women groups in urban area and women head of household
2) to reduce disparity between women and men and to improve women livelihood and social
status: access to education, health facilities, access to production factors, application of right,
participation in public life and in Development actions
3) to mainstream gender concepts and practices in policy, strategic level and in programs and
projects.

The National Policy of Women Promotion (PNPF): This National policy is elaborated in year
2000.
The main target is to reduce the disparity of gender groups (Men / women – rural/ urban) and
instead to establish balanced Development, particularly between men and women.
5 mains issues are focused:
- Improvement of income, economic status of women, particularly, for the most deprived groups
of women (rural women, women living in popular fields, female-headed household…)
- Increasing the education level and training level of girls and women
- Promotion of health right and the right of women and girls adolescents regarding
reproduction life

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
- Reinforcement of effectiveness of women right and their participation in decision making
process
- Improvement of institutional mechanism to promote balanced Development between men
and women.

The Gender and Development National Plan (PANAGED). This plan is to implement the National
Policy of Women Promotion. This implementation is expected within the 5 next years (2004 –
2008) focusing efforts in mainstreaming the gender concepts and practices in institutions,
programs, and Development projects. The Gender plan has one mainstreaming program and
two specifics programs related to 1) improvement of women economic status and 2)
improvement of legal and social status of women.
1- Gender mainstreaming in different levels: National, provincial, regional, Communal
Main issues Target issues Inputs / actions
1- Research - Action To define constraints of women - Inventory and analysis of
participation in public life and to projects, programs, laws,
define actions to eliminate these practices discriminatory with
constraints regard to women
- Researches in policy fields,
economy, right, health,
culture, education, training
2- Lobbying action To convince institutions to - Workshop to share research
integrate Gender concept and results;
actions in theirs programs - Integrating Gender Concepts
in elaboration of strategic
documents: finance law, ministry
budget, Government policy,
program strategic and
implementation, communal
plans….
- Establishment of gender Units
in concerned institutions
- Establishment of the “gender
label”. It means that organisms
practicing gender approach
could ask and receive after an
audit an attestation certifying
that they have mainstreamed
with success the concept of
gender approach in their
program
3- Capacity building Capacity building related to Actions related to:
Gender tools for Development - Training
actors and partners - Inventory of human
competence
- Gender network
4- Communication Conception, production, and - Development of tools and
spreading of lobbying and supports
training tools - exchanges of experiences
- Documentation centres
- Participation in International

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 meeting
5- Monitoring – evaluation Follow up if targets are reached, Collection of data, especially
gender desegregated
information

2- Improvement of women economic status

Main issues Target issues Inputs / actions
Improvement of income of - Integration of Gender in Actions to facilitate access of
women living in suburban and in economic and social women to land, credit,
rural area, especially female- programs and projects equipment, technology and
headed household, girls leaving - Improvement of access of training,
schools early rural women to production Supporting income generating
means and factors activities programs,
- Providing support to women
working in informal fields
Creating environment favorable Facilitate women household Implementation in certain areas
to women work and participation tasks of facilities. Water supply,
in public life electricity, pre school for kids,
public sanitation…
Credit for house equipment
Reduce disparity between Training
different gender related to Facilitate women access to Establishment of structure
access to job market, and stable employment providing employment
related to salary counseling,
Sensitizing employers,
Improve statistic on employment

Action for girls leaving school Social and economic insertion of

these group of girls

3- Improvement of legal and social status of women

Main issues Target issues Inputs / actions
Affectivity of right to information. Practice of women right Raise women’s awareness of
Education and training their rights
Literacy education program

Law adapted to women needs Improve women status Study and adaptation of texts
Fight against violence Reduce violence against women Support victims of domestic and
sexual violence,
Supporting the application of
punishment against authors of
violence
Balanced participation of women Improvement of number of Reinforcement of women
and men in decision making women in decision and political capacity
process instance Enhancing formation of
associative group

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
WID/Gender related laws and regulations / WID/GAD related laws and regulations

In one side, The Malagasy law does not have any big disposition discriminatory against women.
The constitution in 1992 Madagascar is based on International chart of human right including the
CEDAW convention ratified in 1988. Through this act, Madagascar acknowledges the basic right
of women. The Main dispositions in the law are:
- Fight against injustice, inequality and discrimination in all his form
- Equality of right and practice of basic freedom for all citizens, right to exercise same
economic, social, cultural right for men and women
- Inequality due to sex status is prohibited
- Right to health protection
- The State commits itself to protect family right
- Right to education and training
- Right to work in public area and non discrimination related to employment due to sex status
- Right to land access and individual property
- Right of citizens

In other side, effective obstacles of gender equality concern the level of law application.
- For example, non-married women do not have right to require their children father to assume
the family (children) charges.
- In many cases women can loose their job during pregnancy
- No law punishing sexual harassment and rape as a crime unless it is done against minor
girls

Laws and regulations Date Content

1959 Women acquired right to vote and stand for
election
Law number 60 025 04 May 60 Law related to crimes against women
Law number 62 069 19 Oct.62 Law related to marriage, divorce,
Law number 62 089 01Oct. 62
Law number 63 022 20 Nov.63
Law number 67 030 18 Dec.67 Marriage regimes
Law number 62 152 28 March 62 Law related to women workers protection
Law number 62 150 28March 62
Law number 88 030 19 Dec.88 Elimination of form of discrimination against
women
Law number 90.014 20 July 90 Right and obligations in marriage
Declaration of Beijing and action 1995
plan
Law number 96.009 25 July 96 Related to adultery
Law number 2000 . 021 28 Nov 00 Modifying and complementing certain
Official journal on 30-11-00 arrangements on penal code related to
P 4240 violence against women
Sources: legal guide for Malagasy women, national policy of women promotion

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 2.3. National Machinery

MINISTRY OF POPULATION, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND LEISURE

1) The National Policy of Women Promotion (PNPF) for gender balanced Development is
established in 2000
2) The Gender and Development National Plan ( PANAGED) has just published (in 2004) and
principal activities of The Ministry responsible for gender issues are to implement this plan with
collaboration of all Gender issues stakeholders

The Gender issues are under the mandates of the Ministry of population, social protection and
leisure, particularly the General Department of Gender promotion, family and leisure.
The new organizational chart of National Machinery is established in 2003.

ON National level

Ministry of population, social protection and

leisure
Cabinet
General
Secretary

General Department of General Department of

population, social Gender promotion,
protection
Family, childhood,
leisure

Department of Department of Department Department

Gender Family of Childhood of Leisure
promotion

PANAGED
Coordinator

Division of Women Status Gender and Development

improvement Documentation Division
Division

In provincial Level: The Ministry of population is represented by an Interregional Direction

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
and almost in each Fivondronana (Middle Town), the structure is represented by one
Delegate

The strategic orientations of the Direction of Gender promotion is defined in the National Policy
of Women Promotion (PNPF) namely:
- the improvement of education and civic instruction and training of women and girls,
- the promotion of women social and economic issues among family and the community,
- the promotion of women and young adult women right,
- and finally the integration of women in the decision-making process.

The principal mandates of the Gender promotion direction is the implementation of the gender
plan (PANAGED)

Mandates and activities of the valorization of women Status Department:

- Implement and manage activities related to supporting by training women association to
create and to manage generating income activities
- Enhance women participation in Development activities in their localities
- Enhance the access and the integration of women in associative life and inside social and
economic women groups (like Self Help Group)
- Counseling, support and orientation for women related to women protection against violence
and human right violation.

Mandates and activities of Services of Gender and Development Department

- Promotion of Gender and Development concept
- Organizing or providing training for NGOs or Associations related to Gender issues
- With the PANAGED Coordinator, implementing and following up the implementation of
PANAGED

Mandates of the new Coordinator of PANAGED.

The PANAGED has just been launched. The Coordinator has been recruited. His mandate is the
coordination of PANAGED implementation and the management of relationship with partners.

Documentation centre mandates are:

- Management of documentation
- Data collection and management
- Documentation exchanges

In the PANAGED plan, it is expected to have some Gender Unit and a Gender focal point person
in each Ministry with which the Coordinator of PANAGED is supposed to work together to
mainstream the gender approaches.
As the implementation of PANAGED is at its start point, this Gender structure in other Ministries
is not yet established.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 3. Current Situation of Women by Sector
3-1 Education
Education

Include a summary of the information presented below.

1) Women are most touched by illiteracy than men
2) The education enrollment ratio is relatively low as well as for boys than for girls, especially in
high level
3) In 2001, 35% of children in school age do not have access to primary school; 3 out of 10
children end the primary school.
4) Regarding education opportunities, there is a big gap between rural areas and urban areas
5) Generally speaking, there is no big disparity between boys and girls regarding the access of
basic education, but disparities are perceptible at higher level
6) Difference between girls and boys is noted in the fields of professional and higher education.
Girls having less opportunities access.

Literacy education

Increasing of illiteracy rate is noted: In 1987, 28 % of population are illiterate but in 2001, half of
population are illiterate (48%), among this 61% are from rural area and 50.6% are women.
The disparity increases with the generation age: if for 10-19 years old, girls and boys have the
same rate of illiteracy, for adults 50- 59 years olds, 59.6% of men are illiterate against 74.5 % for
women.

The first cause of illiteracy is the low education enrollment. It is itself due to:
- Low level of the parents’ education. They are not aware of the importance of education
- No policy regarding pre -schooling.
- Poverty of the households who cannot face costs related to education.
- Parents loose confidence on education system. They find profitable to make their children
work and pay for the family expenses than sending them to school.
- Inefficiency of education system: lack of infrastructure, lack of trainers, trainers are not
motivated and not well trained, lack of tools; so, many children repeat years due to this
inefficiency.
- Schools are far from the villages and there is a problem of degradation of the rural road and
the rural insecurity – Children should walk many kilometers before reaching the school.
- For girls, the problem of school drop out is the practice of a premature marriage.

Government Policy
The PRSP gives an important place to education. Education for all is a target as well as a mean
for a fast and sustainable Development.
The Government policy is based on universal primary school. This policy aims to enhance the
rate education enrollment in primary school and to reduce the school drop out rate in order to
achieve the complete cycle.
Main objectives are:
- Primary education for all.
- Improvement of teaching quality.
- Progressive expansion of secondarily schools.
- Adaptation of high education to fit employment market.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
The improvement of education system is the first priority so that school becomes the basis of the
education for all at middle and long-term courses; the second priority is the fight against illiteracy
through non-formal education, which aims to reduce social exclusion in the Development
process.

Non-formal education
Non-formal education aims to compensate the lack of primary education.
This education area covers different forms such as literacy education, education for
Development, spiritual education, professional education, environmental education and health
education. Non – formal education is an opportunity and a good alternative to meet basic and
specific needs of training of non-educated population, especially women. In general, it is given
through organism linked with churches or through Development programs or through NGOs.
According to the national strategy of education, non-formal education actions gives priority to
girls of 9- 14 years old and women of 15- 44 years old, living both in rural and urban areas.

Problems affecting the non-formal education are:

- The lack of coordination of stakeholders intervening in the sector
- The lack of structure and infrastructure and means (human, equipment, finance)

Primary and secondary education

Generally speaking, women have lower education level than men. According to family survey
(EPM) 2001, 44% of women have performed primarily school against 47% for men; 7.7 % of
women have secondarily level against 9.5% of men, and only 1.5% of women has achieved
superior level against 2.3% for men.
Further more, this disparity is more accentuated in others provinces than in the capital, in rural
areas than in towns, with poor families than wealthy families.
Girls have a great risk to give up their studies after 11 years old. So, 27.0% of girls 11 – 14
years old have given up school in 2001 against 23.0% of boys in the same age class.
Girls’ late access to school and their facing problems in passing to superior class play against
their well education. Though the legal age to first accession to school is 6 years olds, many of
Malagasy children begin only at 7 or 8 years old. If in surplus some girls fail to go to superior
class, they can arrive at the age of 11 years old (age of school give up) without completing the
first cycle school.
In rural area, many girls give up school when they are just supposed knowing reading, writing
and counting as many parents think that letting them to continue to go at school would be not
required for their future roles of mother and wife.

Vocational and Technical education, higher education

In general, technical education mobilizes only a few proportions of pupils (5.4% of the whole
pupils enrolled in secondary school in school year 1999/2000).
Vocational and technical as well as higher education have been since a long time marked by two
types of disparities: disparity between boys and girls in the number matter and disparity related
to the specialization. But through the year, more and more both disparities have tendency to
decrease.
In 1999/ 2000 girls represented 1 out of 3 of trainees in technical education. Girls can be found
in trade careers (73.1%). In other careers such us agriculture, polytechnic, industrial matter,
boys dominates: girls represent only 24% of trainees on agriculture, 14% on polytechnic, 30% on
industrial matter. (source: Ministry of Technique and professional training)

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Enrollment in University, per sex and fields of specialization –Source: Human
Development report
Source: (Gender, Development and Poverty) 2003 – UNDP
Male Female
Fields 90/91 94/95 90/91 94/95
% % % %
Human sciences 29.7 23.3 30.9 26.6
Math, Physics 24.4 21.9 14.2 25.2
Computer
1.0 1.4 0.3 1.0
sciences
Langages studies 17.4 17.5 33.5 17.2
Health and
17.8 20.2 18.2 17.9
Medicine sciences
Agriculture 2.1 4.2 1.4 2.9
Technical
6.5 10.6 1.0 8.4
sciences
Others 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.7

Gender consideration Development plan and education

The National action plan for girls’ education promotion aims:
- To prepare girls performing their different roles as wives, as mothers, as Development actors
and as citizen
- To help girls reach plain accomplishment
- To reduce disparity of chance between boys and girls
- To establish good condition for balanced and gender adapted education

Employment opportunities
In formal education, training does not fit the employment needs
Non-formal education can only be efficient if it is an entire part of productive activities.

Relationship between women educational level and family health

Apart from mentioned disparities between men and women, the low level of women education
especially in rural area is one constraint to the human Development promotion. According to
MICS 2000 1 , in 2001, for example, the infant mortality rate is 111 out of 1000 for children whose
mothers are without education. It is only 83 out of 1000 for mothers having primary school level
and 66 out of 1000 with mothers having secondary school level.
Regarding 12 – 23 months babies, immunization rate for example is 21.2% for babies whose
mothers have any education, 47.0% for mothers having primary school level and 66.7% for
mothers having secondary school level and more.
Another illustration notes that in 2000, only 3% of women without education use contraceptive
method against 11% of women with primary school level and the rate is 23% for women with
secondary school level and more.

2) International involvement of Madagascar in education Principles

During the world declaration related to Education for all in 1999 and during the Education World
forum in April 2000 in Dakar, Madagascar has ratified agreement related to “Education for all
principles”

1
MICS 2000, Survey with multiple indicators, Madagascar , INSTAT /DDSS, November 2001

25
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 This principle stipulated that “All people, children, adolescent or adult should get training who
can respond to their basic education needs”. These needs cover tools of basic apprenticeship
(reading, writing, count, problem resolution) as well as basic elements such us knowledge,
aptitude, values, behavior. This basic education needs depend on types of groups, ages,
Gender, context of living, motivation and individual preferences.”

3-2 Health
Health

1) Both Children and Maternal are the main targeted groups of Government efforts in health
sector.
2) Access to quality health care is yet difficult in rural area.
3) Although, Child health indicators have good evolution, they have not reached a good level.
Therefore, efforts should be continued. Their evolution is linked closely to Mother education
level.
4) Low use of contraceptive method, high fecundity, high maternal mortality, and malnutrition of
mothers yet characterize Mother health.
5) The access rates of potable water and adequate sanitation are yet low in spite of a good
evolution these last past years. So, diseases caught from drinking non-potable water and due
to lack of hygiene are the first reasons of mortality of children under 5 years old.

Government Policy
The Government policy is summarized in the five-year plan of the Ministry of Health (2002 –
2006) and in the PSRP. The main goal consists of improving the access to healthcare services
for the poorest and most vulnerable citizens and to prevent them from diseases. The main
issues to reach these goals are:
- Immunization against preventable diseases for all the children.
- Improvement of women access to post birth care and to delivery well coached by qualified
persons.
- Fight against epidemic and health public problems.
- Improvement of availability and access of medical care and medicines.
- Searches related to sustainable health system.
Both Children and maternal health is the main targeted of health care efforts of the Government.

So, the plan has 4 priorities:

1- Promotion of reproductive health such as motherhood without risk, family planning, girls’
reproductive health and child health improvement such as immunization and integrated
taking in charge of children illnesses.
2- Fight against malnutrition (women, and children).
3- Fight against transmissible diseases, especially HIV / AIDS infection.
4- Fight against non-transmissible diseases.

Although this multiplicity of programs touching women, many aspects of women and girls health
are not considered. First of all, regarding the health of women workers, especially in private
sector (free zone) and in informal sector and secondly, concerning the bad practices of domestic
and sexual violence against girls and women and their impacts on women health and
psychology.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Health services
Health service supply is based on implementation of decentralized services. There are about
111 health districts in sub prefecture. The pyramidal structure of public service is made up of
four levels: 1) primary level which is the basis health center (CSB), 2) the district hospital centers
(CHD), 3) the regional hospital centers (CHR), 4) In national level, the university hospital centers
(CHU).
There are for example 2417 public and private CSB (centers closest to population).
Despite the effort of the government to improve access to quality health structure, this access is
not enough yet in rural area. Health center can be provided in urban area in a ray of 1-5 km; in
rural area this distance can be 30 km.
The overall budget allocated to public sector health experiences a continuous increase in
nominal value

General situation of health

In general, The life expectancy is about 55 years old, it is about 40 years for about 32% of the
population, women live much longer than men. But this life expectancy at birth is very sensitive
to infantile and juvenile mortality level. The recent data (EDSMD or DHS on October 2004)
shows that the infanto-juvenile rate is 159 for 1,000 in 1997 and 94 for 1,000 in 2004. Thus,
even if this rate has noted a continuous decrease between 1997 and 2004, many Malagasy
children under age of five die from diseases that could be prevented such as malaria, diarrhea,
acute respiratory illnesses.
Diseases that most affected the population are: respiratory affections among which are flu,
malaria and diseases due to non- potable water.

Child health
Compared to 1997 statistic, though immunization rate has good evolution, it is already low as
well as the rate of birth protection against tetanus. According to immunization card and
declaration of mothers, in 2004, 53% of 12- 23 months babies have been completely immunized,
26% partially immunized and yet 21% received no immunization at all. The Government makes
now great effort and operation to raise this rate very rapidly.
The practices of immunization as well as the use of ORT are closely linked to education level of
the mother.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Nutrition
With regard of nutritional status, half of all the nation’s children age of 3 to 59 months (and 50%
of the total population, most of them women) suffer from growth retardation due to chronic
malnutrition. The majority of babies 1-5 month (67%) are breast fed, but babies’ nutrition
practice after the sixth month in general does not follow WHO and Ministry of health
recommended standard.

Community health services

Over than 80 % of the population live in rural areas where 9/10 residents have no access to safe
and potable water. 1.1% of households have domestic plumbing facilities and 15.8 % fetch water
from public taps. More than 70% of households fetch water from uncontrolled sources.
So, diarrhea and its consequence like dehydration constitute the main causes of children
mortality. Only 43% of ill children are treated by ORT.
The country has been repeatedly buffeted by many natural disasters including devastating
cyclones. Due to the lack of adequate community health infrastructure, these calamities have
often deteriorated into humanitarian crises especially in health matter.

HIV/AIDS

The first two cases of HIV infection were found in Madagascar in 1987. Available updated
estimation (source: epidemiological fact sheet, 2000, UNAIDS, WHO) shows:
- Estimated number of adults living with HIV/AID: 10.000. 5800 of whom are women; and there
are 450 children (0 – 14 years olds). It’s difficult to have the accurate statistic related to adults
(male and female) living with VIH/AIDS as tests of HIV/AID are often done only on women.
- Number of deaths (adults and children): 870
- Estimated number of orphans: 2600
Last survey (in 2003) shows rate of HIV/AIDS prevalence of 1.1%. Over this rate, specialist says
that the HIV/AIDS in Madagascar attains the generalization step, it does mean that HIV/AIDS
becomes the problem of all groups of population, not only the concerns of certain vulnerable
groups like prostitutes or person depending on drugs, or homosexual person.

General situation of women health

The women health is characterized by:
- Precocity of sexual activities (14 years old), and precocity of fecundity, 30% of girls have
already begun giving birth at the age of 15 – 19 years old. This fact has great impact on
girls’ education level. Another problem concerns also the practice of abortion, which would
have bad impact on the future health of the girls.
- High rate of fecundity: Although from 1997 to 2000, the synthetic indices of fecundity have
been decreasing, it is among the highest in the world. In 2004, this indice reaches 5.2 kids
per woman. For women living in Antananarivo, the capital, it is 2.7 and for rural women, it is
5.7.
- Low contraceptive prevalence: The Ministry of health and many International and bilateral
programs have done many efforts to spread the family planning practices, but the
problematic needs a long term effort to reach expected results. So, in 2004, only 31% of
women and 29% of men have used at least one modern contraceptive method.
- Health status is also marked by high maternal mortality rate. This maternal mortality
particularly touched rural and non-educated women and is linked to pregnancy complication
and abortions. 78% of women living in urban area give birth with adequate qualified
environment, but in rural area, less than 50% of women (48%) have opportunities to give

28
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 birth in qualified environment. 87% of educated women (secondary school and more) choose
to give birth with adequate assistance, but 29% only of non educated women do this choice,
though this latest rate has good evolution (26% in 1997)
- Great malnutrition for pregnant women and breasting women. In rural area, more than 40%
are anemic
- Surcharge of work of women (households, land, social...) affecting their health.
- Vulnerability of sexual transmissible disease and HIV / AIDS
- Many of married women do not have opportunities to choose and take their own decision
about sexual health
- Exposition to many diseases due to poverty situation as well as low access to potable water
and adequate sanitation

Frequently mentioned reasons to explain the above situation of women are: 1) the low
opportunities for them to accede to health proximity quality service (especially in rural area),
2) poverty environment that affects more women life condition, 3) the social and cultural
behavior of the society related to women status and 4) finally the low level of women education.

3-3 Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries

1) In Madagascar, the poorest groups of population are those family whose heads practice
agriculture and fisheries as main economic activities.
2) The rural women role in rural economy has been under-estimated and the women works in
agriculture have been occulted since a long time.
3) Rural women works in agriculture fields contribute to national production, to natural
resource management, to the food security of the family. Income managed by women
contributes more to the improvement of family and children nutrition than income managed by
men.
4) Main causes of population poverty in rural area, especially for women groups are: difficulty
to own land, low level of education, lack of communications means, and low productivity.

General situation
Agriculture sector contributes about 1/ 3 of the GNI, despise 3/4 of the population work in
agriculture area. The average dimension of fields is about one hectare.
Products such as rice, maize, cassava, potatoes occupy 75% of cultivated fields, 8 out of 10 of
rural active population work to these kind of agriculture so there are no place for other kind of
activities. However, all subsistence agriculture has a low output. Thus, in many rural villages
and families, production is for self-consumption and provides only a little money income to life
improvement.
The export agricultural products such as vanilla, coffee, clove give significant incomes, though
there are certain incertitude and risks linked to international price.
Fisheries and aqua farming if done in professional matter are among the efficient activities, but a
little proportion of peasants is only concerned of these kinds of activities.
Constraints in the Development of agriculture sector are:
- Risks due to the climate.
- Low link between production, transformation, and trade.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
- Farmers and peasants using low technologies in production. Moreover, they have low
capacities and knowledge to transform the agriculture raw material into products with more
added value (example: transformation of fruits into jam or into fruit juice)
- Farmers and peasants having low level of instruction in marketing and management.
- Hydraulic system being insufficient and not used appropriately.
- The shape of rural geography.
- Lack of communications means, no access to market information, problem of road.
- Results of researches related to agriculture improvement having difficulty to reach farmers
and peasants problems.
- A little credit and saving system adapted to peasant’s context (only 3% of peasants
integrated in the system).
- Low level of farmers’ education.

Agricultural Policy and Gender

Rural Development policy is expressed through the Action Plan for Rural Development (PADR)
and through the Director plan 2004 – 2005. This policy gives importance to a productive
agriculture based by market access.

The agricultural policy aims to take gender into consideration in poverty reduction effort. The
sustainable Development and the protection on environment cannot succeed if human and
social aspects are not taken into consideration.
The director plan (2004- 2005) of rural Development has a market-based approach. It is based
on four initiatives:
1- Agricultural system oriented to the market
2- Researches programs and diffusion of researches results oriented to the market
3- Establishment of environment which is able to support rural Development such as:
- Reduction of insecurity and robbery
- Improvement of communication and opening road to market
- Improvement of children nutrition
- Quality control
- Land reform
5- Formation of strategic alliances for rural Development support
- Public / private partnership
- Finance resources mobilization

Little farmers and rural women can’t have any profit of this plan if gender issues are not
prominent in Ministry of Agriculture’s policies and practices.

Regarding The Environmental Plan, in 2001, a national strategic frame to integrate Gender
issues in projects and programs has been elaborated and given to institutions to serve as
methodological instruments to mainstream gender. In November 2003, the Environmental
program became in the same time a Development and environmental program. So, the
environmental program PE III has spread into rural Development partners Gender issues tools
such as this Gender integration guide.

The PSDR project:

The PSDR, Development rural sector program works in the frame of the rural action plan
(PADR), This plan was approved by the Government in 1999 1) to promote sustainable growth
of agricultural production fields, 2) to assure food security and 3) finally to facilitate social
services access in rural area.

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 The program responds to associations and communes demand in financing, implementing and
coaching their projects. This program supports also Communes to elaborate Development plan.
PSDR program gives effort to mainstream Gender approach in the implementation of its projects.
For example, one of its indicators stipulated that minimum of 40% of projects should be
proposed by deprived groups, in particular women groups.

Ownership of farming land and agrarian reform

- Agriculture is the most predominant activities in rural area; it is why access to land is very
important for rural households. Report concerning “women and rights related to land
ownership “ done by FAO showed that there is a close relationship between poverty and
opportunities of land access. In rural area, land is the first production factor. The contrast
between the low dimension of land exploitation and the existence of great spaces not
cultivated shows that constraints exist in land access matter. The access to land becomes
more and more difficult due to fast demographic growth and due to non-clarity in law related
to land (land occupation is based on traditional complex measures, but the legal ownership
of land is conditioned by long and costly administrative process). The sharing of land is very
unequal. One reason of women low economic power is their low access to land, as well as to
other factors of production and to technique and technology information.

- Malagasy law related to land ownership stipulates equality between women and men, but the
use of land is submitted to very complex traditional measures. In many regions of Madagascar,
(for example, South, Southeast, North, West) land and zebu are owned especially by men, girls
do not inherit their parents. On their wedding day, furniture and sewing equipment are given to
them as heritage. According to the tradition, the reason of this heritage system is to protect the
family wealth to remain inside the family, which continues through boys.

Rural life and gender

Rural Community living is based on agricultural activities. Women and children always serve as
workers to help the family head. According to family survey, in 2001, 78% of women work in
agricultural sector and produce more than half of the subsistence agriculture products. Rural
women work more than rural men do as they work up to 16 – 18 hours per day if all their
activities are counted. They deal with water, wood energy collect, food cooking, household,
children care, production activities, and market activities. They contribute to food security,
protection of environment but many of their activities are not counted as economic activities.
On the other side, disparity between men and women seems less important in Madagascar than
in other countries in Development or than in other African ones.
The most important disparities between men and women are noted in the exercise of activities.
In market economic activities, women gives only less than 50% of the time men can give. In the
contrary, women work 4 times more than men concerning household’s activities. Only a few
proportion of rural women have trade activities (6% in 2001) and other services activities (4% in
2001). But evolution of rural women interest to these last kinds of activities is noted. Compared
to women, men rural activities are more diversified apart from agriculture such as industrial
activities, other services like teaching, transportation, trade, and administration.
Rural women yet have low influence and power on decision-making process inside their family.
The less the family income is; the more men have exclusive control to the income management.

But, through influence of NGOs works, rural women can get more and more responsibilities in
the village community and village Development committees.

31
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Extension Activities and Training for Women
Through NGOs and non formal education organisms, through projects and programs targeting
especially women groups and finally through women self help group associations or groups of
pupils parents, rural women have great opportunities to have adapted training, access to
information and opportunities to have support to develop generating income activities.

Water supply
Madagascar has 40.000 km of rivers; many rivers are noted in western side as well as in eastern
side. Despite this fact, the hydraulic system is insufficient and not used properly.
The Government through World bank program, NGOs as WaterAid and organism like UNICEF,
JICA, has since many years (about 15 years) given effort to spread potable water supply in rural
area, but according to statistic much has to be done in the future in water supply infrastructure.
In rural area, work related to water is women work. Rural women spend about 4 hours 20
minutes per day for household, among this water supply takes an important place.

Environment policy and Gender

Environment chart (law 90 033) is the basic document related to environment management.
Goals defined inside this chart are implemented through the Environmental Action Plan.
These main goals are:
- Development of human resources
- sustainable Development by good management of natural resources
- rehabilitation, protection, and management of Malagasy bio diversity
- improvement of rural and urban condition of life
- maintaining balance between population growth and resources Development
- improvement of environment management tools
- Searching solution related to land security problematic.

The chart gives consideration to human and social aspects in the environment management
without stressed the importance of Gender.
But, in 2001, the Environmental Program PE II elaborated and widespread tools to mainstream
gender analysis and gender practices inside all institutions and programs intervening in the
sector.
The PE (Environmental Program) III launched in 2002 became a Development and
Environmental program and has given a great importance to Gender matter.

Forestry
Deforestation is one of the main environmental problems; it constitutes a serious threat for soil,
sources, and existent bio-diversity in Madagascar. Deforestation causes are linked to 1) fast
population growth, 2) poverty, 3) need of land resources, 4) cultural practice like “tavy” which
consists to burn vegetal matter before cultivating, 5) need of energy (95% of energy are provided
through woods) and 6) need of wood for building. According to forest specialist perspective
(Madagascar Challenges for sustainable Development – lessons learned for future perspectives
Report), forest would disappear after 25 years if the actual tendency remained. In spite of the
fact that there are many energy resources that can be exploited in Madagascar, like renewable
energy such as working with sun, with wind, with water, isotherm energy, the majority of
Malagasy people only use as energy sources for food woods and charcoals.

Consequences of deforestation are degradation of water resources, disappearance of faunas

and flora especially endemic animals, trees and plants. However, eco - tourism can diversify

32
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
income of rural population particularly women through production and selling of handcraft
products

Fisheries
Even with rudimentary equipment, traditional fishers can easily get 10 kg of fishes per day.
However, they remain among the poorest socio - professional group in Madagascar. The
problem resides in the commercialization, the price and the conservation of the products. The
majority of fishers are illiterate, and live in enclosing area.
Sea fishing is mainly a male activity; men go out all day to fishing (210 days / 365 days). Women
deal with equipment repair, commercialization and transformation of products.
In industrial fishing, seafood fishers’ life is very deplorable: no insurance, low salary. That is why
many associations like SYGMA (General Union Maritime), and many women associations try to
improve fishers and families work and life by providing technical and right training.
In rural area, fish breeding constitutes one efficient activity generating good income.

33
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 3-4 Economic Activities
Economic Activities

1) Malagasy women are hard working people, but they work less than men in activities related
to market and economy.
2) Despite their real productive potential, women have a very low economic power and they are
the group that is most touched by poverty
3) In General, agriculture remains the first main activity
4) Informal sector and free zone are the two sectors women are in majority, but condition of
work is not protected
5) Women earn less than men
6) There is a little proportion of population active working in high and middle position and even
less for women

Gender and activities

In 2002, Malagasy women represent about 49.5% of the active population. They cumulate
surcharge, as they are active in production area, in reproduction (household, children
education…) area and in social and community life.
Madagascar has ratified the Convention for the elimination of all forms of discrimination against
Women (CEDAW) in 1988. It means that legal frame contributes to balance the right between
women and men and tends to correct disparities linked to sex in economic, policy, social areas
and in the market work, but data shows that practices are other things.
According to the survey made in 2001 related to work agenda of men and women, in urban area,
women of 15 – 49 years olds (active population doing economic activities) work 9h 30 min per
day. It is 13% longer than men work hours which is 8h35 min In rural area, the difference is 15%
(female: 9h40mn and male: 8h20mn) .
The work concerned is defined as the whole economic activities related to market or not, the
whole household activities and children care.
Work time structure of women and men 15 – 49 years old in rural and urban area– Source: RNDH
2003 – according to survey related to women and men activities
Activities women Men
(in % of time of 24 hours) urban rural urban rural
Economic activities linked to market 10.4% 10.6% 20.1% 19.8%
Economic activities, but not linked to market 3.5% 9.2% 3.5% 10.1%
Household 18.0% 17.0% 4.3% 2.9%
Total time for work activities 31.9% 36.8% 27.9% 32.8%
training 3.7% 0.9% 4.6% 1.1%
Social activities 2.6% 2.7% 2.9% 3.3%
leisure 7.8% 3.0% 9.3% 4.4%
travel 2.5% 2.0% 4.2% 4.2%
Rest, time for eating 51.6% 54.5% 50.9% 54.2%
Total time for no work 68.1% 63.2% 72.1% 67.2%

34
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 In urban area, women spend 31.9% of their time to work against 27.9 for men; In rural area,
women work 36.8% for their time to work against 32.8% for rural men. But data shows that
women do not devote as much time as men to economic activities linked or not to the market.
(one reason also is the fact that the majority of women activities like those related to handcraft,
micro farming for self subsistence, water and energy services, product transformation for food,
are not recognized as economic activities and not accounted like that).
Women give a lot of time to household, more than time devoted to economic activities. Men give
only about one hour per day in urban area and 30 min per day in rural area to perform
household work.
In general, women reserve less time for training, leisure, and travel than men. Time for social
activities is almost the same for both.
Type of activities – source: EPM 2001
Type of activities Urban Rural
Male Female Total Male Female Total
%
% % % % %
Agriculture 34.3 37.3 35.7 81.1 83.8 82.4
Food Industry 3.0 3.4 3.2 0.2 0.7 0.5
Textile Industry 2.9 9.3 5.9 0.7 3.0 1.8
Public building 5.5 0.2 3.0 1.3 0.1 0.7
Other industries 9.5 2.0 6.3 3.3 1.0 2.2
trade 10.1 20.7 15.1 2.5 6.1 4.2
Transport 8.4 0.2 4.5 2.4 0.0 1.2
Private health 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1
Private education 1.5 2.1 1.8 0.6 0.9 0.7
Public 9.5 6.7 8.2 2.6 0.8 1.7
administration
Other services 14.6 17.7 16.0 5.2 3.5 4.4
Whole 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Agriculture remains the main activity of population in rural and even in urban area.
Women activities are less diversified than men activities. Apart from agriculture, women are
concentrated in trade, in services in informal sector and more recently in textile sector after the
emergence of free zone.
Gender and Employment opportunities / unemployment / under-employment
In Madagascar, existence of disparities between women and men situation in the market work is
noted. Four causes for these disparities:

35
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
1- Women at home and in the community face surcharge of household and social work so they
give up to have more professional activities outside home when activities are monetary value.
2- The low level of education and a low level of competence of women due to lack of training
3- Behavior of employers who prefer recruiting men than women as they think that men would
give less problem of absenteeism and would be therefore more efficient.
4- Social consideration and culture, which maintain women in a certain low position.

According to EPM 2001, there are about 1.6 millions of new jobs created between 1993 and
2001, more than 50% (51%) have been gained by women. Although this fact, new job cannot
resorb all job demands. Between 1993 and 2001, the female unemployment rate increased from
6.4% to 10.9% but the male rate decreased from 7.2% to 6.0%. This situation reflects the
preference of employers to recruit men than women.
The under-employment is defined in terms of income (less than the minimum in force), in terms
of under-use of competence and in terms of reduction of the work time (less than 35hours per
week).
In terms of under-employment linked to time, 30% of women are in situation of under-
employment against 17% for men.
In terms of salary, 43% of women are in situation of under-employment against 26% for men.
Free zone
In Madagascar free zone enterprises employ 0.6% of the whole active population, the work force
in these free zones are in majority young people and women. Women represent 84% of the
whole free zones employees. Despite of the work law, free zone enterprises are reputed to
practice bad conditions of work and non-respect of worker right.
Gender and income
In general, the Malagasy work market is characterized by low salary rate compared to other
countries. For women, the situation is accented.
Due to above said inequality in the time devoted to activities linked to market and also due to the
level of women education, Malagasy women earn less than men. In general, women earn 2/3 of
men can earn.
About more than 50% of active women work as family helpers and consequently do not earn a
real salary or have a very bad salary.
Generally speaking, the average of annual income earned and managed by women head of
family is less than what is earned and managed by men. However, if the length of the family is
considered (men head bigger family than women), the average income for both is almost the
same.

36
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Gender and professional categories
Structure of employment per professional categories – Source: EPM 2001
Sector Male Female Total
High and middle 4.3 1.8 3.1
position in Government
and private organisms
Workers with 13.8 8.9 11.4
qualification
Man power without 5.0 3.0 4.0
qualification
Own account (self 54.6 33.6 44.4
employed)
Family helpers 22.3 52.7 37.0
Whole 100.0 100.0 100.0

Above sheet shows that there is a little proportion of population active working in high and
middle position. Regarding women, although, there are only few women having position of
permanent worker, the majority works as independent workers (52.7%) or as family helpers
(33.6%). Compared to data of 1993, the evolution is positive due to the existence of new
enterprise created and effort of education promotion of universities.
The difference between men and women to get high position is explained first by the difference
in level of education and secondly by the recent insertion of women in the work market to
accumulate experiences.
The above sheet shows a great percentage of self-employment, the majority of these work is in
informal sector.
Informal sector
The informal sector is the first provider of employment in Madagascar, as the formal sector,
cannot provide more than 4 % of employment for public administration and 11% of employment
for private sector.
3/ 4 of women work in informal sector as women encounter more difficulty to accede to formal
employment. Women manage more than 50% of informal little enterprises.
This informal sector is characterized by instability and non-sustainability of conditions of work
(no appropriate site, low qualification of staff…). There is also no law for the protection of
workers’ right.
Support for micro enterprise
Micro finance is organized in Madagascar and has its own strategy fitting rural and poor
beneficiaries needs. Saving and credit Organisms are decentralized and reach almost all-rural
villages.
Due to poverty situation and their status on the society, women have naturally difficulty to
accede to production improvement factors as land, technique, technology, training, information,
and infrastructure and among this list, credit system. So, Many professionals of credit and

37
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Development programs especially target women and help them to raise income-generating
activities. Women associations have good reputation of being good clients of credit system.

4. On-going WID/Gender Projects

Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to

Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues
Women / General
Population and - INSTAT, FNUAP 5 years – 3,9 Millions Women status
Development - Ministry of (UNFPA) 1999- USD improvement,
strategies population 2003 Emphasis on
- National Office French increasing male
of Population cooperation responsibilities
- Ministry of in reproductive
Economy health,
particularly with
respect to STDs/
HIV/ AIDS
prevention;
Gender policy
and Gender plan
Support for n.a USAID n.a n.a Institutional
women Development,
Associations training related
and publics to Gender,
institutions project
management
Establishment n.a French n.a n.a Women right
of law clinic Cooperation
MADIO II INSTAT French n.a n.a Women status
Project Cooperation
Study of women
poverty
Reduction of n.a PAM n.a n.a Women mobility
natural
catastrophe
impacts: bridge,
road
rehabilitation
Program SAF -FJKM GTZ n.a n.a Local
supporting Development
Decentralization with women
in Ambatolampy participation
UNICEF Ministry of Health UNICEF Phase USD Child and
program Ministry of 2004- 44.495.000 women health,
integrating: education 2009
Child health (Proposal) Women, child
integration and family right
mother health,
boys and girls
education, Fight
against VIH

38
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to
Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues
/AIDS, child
right
FORMGED EU EU 2004 - n.a Training
2007 program
supporting
management of
development
Education
Project DAP 1 Ministry of PNUD 1998 – Women right
in Fianarantsoa population 2003 USD8.000.000
and Tuléar
- Training in law
issues
- Support in
good
governance
issues
CRESED II Ministry of World Bank 1999- USD 65 Training ,
education Malagasy 2003 millions education
Government + 54 Milliards improvement
Fmg
Programme n.a PNUD n.a n.a Gender
MAG 97/008 sensitization,
In Tuléar, Community
Tamatave, education,
Fianara improvement of
Training, family income
literacy
education for
communities,
micro finance
for women
Reinforcement n.a USAID n.a n.a Capacity
of women building
capacities in
scientific,
management,
agriculture,
health,
arbitrage et
mediation fields
Women Legal Chemonics USAID 2004- n.a Women right
Right (WLR) 2007
Program ONE FAO n.a Mainstreaming
ASEG: of gender
Gender concept in
training, projects and
Elaboration of programs
Gender Tools

Project TCP ONE FAO n.a n.a Mainstreaming

MAG 8925: of gender

39
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to
Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues
Elaboration of concept in
strategy and projects and
tools for programs
integration of
gender in
programs and
projects
Partnership for n.a French n.a n.a Girls education
school: teacher cooperation
training and
parents
responsibilities
Training for n.a FES n.a n.a Women training
women
involved in
syndicalism in
negotiation
strategy
Health / Medicine
Smaller and Ministry of Health, USAID 2004- n.a Help improve
healthier Chemonics 2009 the health and
Families nutritional status
of women and
children age
five and under
HIV/AIDS fight n.a USAID n.a n.a Aim to prevent
sexually –
transmitted
infections and
HIV/AIDS
through activities
with high – risk
groups
Fight against Ministry of Health USAID n.a n.a Insecticide
malaria treated nets sold
and targeted to
pregnant women
and children
under five
Nutrition / Food n.a USAID n.a n.a School feeding
security programs
involving women
Establishment Ministry of Health USAID n.a n.a Motherhood
of breast
feeding space
in private and
free zone
enterprise
Program n.a French n.a n.a Mothers and
related to AIDs cooperation girls health
fight for
mothers and

40
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to
Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues
girls
Program n.a French n.a n.a Improvement of
supporting Cooperation services, training
health Districts
SEECALINE Ministry of World Bank, 1998- USD 27.6 Improvement of
Program population Malagasy 2003 millions nutrition,
And Ministry of Government + 10.8 education
education milliards Fmg

CRESAN 2: Ministry of Health World Bank 2000- USD 40 Improvement of

Health program Malagasy 2006 millions health, of
Government + 28.6 system and
milliards Fmg health services;
Reproductive
health, HIV
/AIDs fight,
Nutrition n.a PAM n.a n.a Women nutrition
improvement
for pregnant
and
breastfeeding
women
Supporting Ministry of Health WHO/ OMS n.a n.a Reproductive
Health health for girls,
program Rural
reproductive
health, training
of traditional
nurse
Health and Ministry of Health GTZ n.a n.a Women Health
sanitation
program in
Majunga
Reproductive SALFA, UNFPA 5 years 10.1 millions Women and girls
Health SAF-FJKM, French 1999- USD reproductive
FISA, Cooperation 2003 health: use of
Kung FU – services,
Federation, improved
Ministry of knowledge and
Defense, promotion of
Ministry of Health, responsive
Ministry of Youth behavior
and Sport,
PMPS Malagasy Malagasy n.a n.a Fight against
Associations and Government HIV/AIDs
NGOs
PAEPAR Ministry of Energy World Bank 1998 - USD 17.3 Water supply
and Mines Malagasy 2003 millions and sanitation,
Government + 18.8 hygiene
milliards Fmg education
involving women

41
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to
Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues

Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery

Program n.a French n.a n.a Improvement of
related to cooperation rural production
peasants and rural
capacity women life
reinforcement condition
Implementation Vice- Preminister European 2003 - n.a Gender
of social action CARE Union 2005 Analysis, women
in road sector life
project at improvement,
Sambava – Income
Antalaha, generating
Antananarivo activities
Fishery Project n.a GTZ n.a n.a Fishery for
in Nosy be women
Rural Foundation Switzerland 2004- CHF 18 Improvement of
Development Intercooperation Cooperation 2006 Millions community
Program (Phase 2) (among these
(SAHA) women)
participation,
capacity
building ,
knowledge and
income
PSDR Ministry of World bank, 2001 - USD 89 Improvement of
agriculture Malagasy 2007 millions rural families
Government + 52 milliards income and life
FMG
Program Ministry of World Bank, 2004- n.a Protection and
Environmental Environment, Malagasy 2009 Management of
3 – PE 3 National Office of Government natural
Environment resources,
involving gender
approach
Project n.a EU n.a n.a Practice of
enhancing gender
export cultures approaches in
the project
implementation
Training Rural EU n.a n.a Sensitization
program for organizations or and training for
rural associations project
organizations personnel
FORMAGRI related to
Gender
Agriculture n.a USAID n.a n.a Support farmer
production and associations to
market improve
development agricultural
productivity
linked with

42
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to
Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues
natural
resources
management
Natural n.a USAID n.a n.a Transfer natural
resource resource
management management
rights and
responsibilities
into the hands of
rural
communities
Protected area n.a USAID n.a n.a Establishment of
management Natural park
system
Biologically n.a USAID n.a n.a National
diverse Environmental
Ecosystems action Plan
conserved in
priority
conservation
zones

Economic Activities
PAIQ: Town Commune of French n.a n.a Micro credit,
initiatives Antananarivo Cooperation Infrastructure
support having impact in
program women
improvement life
PAISE n.a French n.a n.a Creation of
Social and Cooperation employment,
economic Professional
insertion training
program
Microstart na PNUD n.a n.a Improvement of
Program in women income
Fianarantsoa
and Ambositra:
Micro credit for
women

Creation , Association, WWF n.a n.a Improvement of

spreading of Village women condition
improved communities life and
Malagasy protection of
cooker environment

Production of Women WWF n.a n.a Improvement of

handcraft associations women income

43
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Project / Implementing Donor Duration Budget Relative to
Program Organization and Organization (Total of Women and
partners project) gender issues
supporting
program
FID 3 (Social FID project office World Bank, 2001- USD 137 Community
funds) Malagasy 2006 millions Infrastructure,
Government + 349 milliards Improvement of
FMG community and
women income
Micro finance PMF project World Bank, 1999 - USD 16.4 Improvement of
program ( PMF) implementation Malagasy 2004 millions most deprived
agency Government + 11.7 income among
milliards FMG these poor
women
Income Women PAM n.a n.a Improvement of
generating associations women income
activities
Establishment Schools, Parents PAM n.a n.a Women charge
of feeding Associations in work
centers at facilitation
school
Micro finance Desjardins World Bank, n.a n.a Improvement of
Special funds Canadian Canadian women
for women agency economy status
Funds for Women GTZ n.a n.a Improvement of
women micro associations women
projects economy status
Income Associations, UNIDO 2004 USD27,229 Women income
generating Small scale improvement
activities and enterprises
job in silk
sector

44
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 5. WID/Gender Information Sources
5-1 List of Organizations/individuals related to WID/Gender

Experience Gender :
Social and Gender Analysis,
Reports /
Contact Person Gender mainstreaming,
Writers Contact Address
Name of Organization (Area of gender training, Gender
(Published Year Tele/Fax/E.Mail
specialization) tools
etc.)
Coordination of Gender
promotion activities
Organization/individual who prepared the Profile
Rafiringason Gender Gender analysis, Gender Gender Lot VC 30
Rakotoarison Bodolalao Rural development mainstreaming, promotion Regional Action Ambohidahy
Angèle Local governance activities Plan report 101 Antananarivo,
( For 22 258 89
Antananarivo), 032 02 358 60
2001 [email protected]
Rakotoarisoa Consultant free - Gender Logt 1945 bis 67ha
Hajavojiniaina lance Establishment of gender Catalogue of Antananarivo 101
data base, at documentation documents for 032.04.596.64
Centers or through internet IGED ,2002 aina_arisoa@yahoo.
- Gender fr
catalogue
consulted
through internet,
2002
Government Organization
Ministry of population Rabezanahary Implementation of - PANAGED Ambohijatovo
Bakolimalala PANAGED (2004 -2008) B.P 123
et des Loisirs - Women Antananarivo
General Director promotion Tel: 020 22 218 48
Policy- (2000) Fax: 020 22 221 56
Mobile: 032 04 485
05
Irabezanahary@yah
oo.fr
Ministère de la justice Randrianantenaina - adaptation of Women (Legal guide for Rue Joël
Lalaharinivo Malagasy law according to Malagasy Rakotomalala
Laurette CEDAW women), no date Faravohitra
- Preparing law project [email protected]
Director of legal related to women right and 020 22 215 14
reform related to domestic violence 032 03 300 52
Ministry of Health Docteur Family planning - (ASSS), 1998 Tel. 020 22 553 61
Rahantanirina Marie - Demographic Tel. 032 07 783 91
Perline and health
General Director of survey (DHS),
family planning 2003 –2004,

ONE Rasamimanana - Gender mainstreaming GENDER Avenue

National Office for Vololomihaja in PE III approach in PE Rainilaiarivony
Environment Chief of Project - Gender tools III, 2004 Antaninarenina- BP.
DIMITRA « Rural - 822
Women and “Gender and 101
Development » Environment “ ANTANANARIVO
Madagascar
Razafindriaka Bénie See 5.2 Tél. 261-20 22 259
Person 99
Responsable in Fax 261-20 22 306
« Resource Center » 93
E-mail :
[email protected]
[email protected]

45
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Experience Gender :
Social and Gender Analysis,
Reports /
Contact Person Gender mainstreaming,
Writers Contact Address
Name of Organization (Area of gender training, Gender
(Published Year Tele/Fax/E.Mail
specialization) tools
etc.)
Coordination of Gender
promotion activities
University of Rejo Robert, Training related to Gender n.a BP 3044 Ankatso -
Agronomy , forest Razafindramanda analysis tools 101 Antananarivo,
sciences - Antananarivo Mino 22 316 09

Mino.razafindraman
ga@univ-
antananarivo.mg
Pedagogic searches and Charles Gender approaches in n.a 22 253 10
studies Unity ANDRIAMASINORO education matters BP 5090 Complexe
Scolaire Ampefiloha
101 Antananarivo
International Organization
PNUD / UNDP Adama Guindo Gender approaches in policy - Report related BP 1348 PNUD,
Resident and strategy of intervention, to Violence Immeuble galaxy
representant Analysis, mainstreaming, against women Andraharo
training, tools, lobbying and girls in
Madagascar, 22 366 50
Ralimanga Viviane) Participation in Gender 2003 22 370 37
UN Coordination Group Thematic (GTG) RNDH« genre », E-mail:
Specialist organized by PNUD 2003 adama.guindo@undp
- RNDH, 1999 - .org
2000
FNUAP/ UNFPA Gisèle Ratsimba Gender approaches in policy “Vivre ensemble Rue Lénine,
Gender focal point and strategy of intervention dans des IV R 19 bis
mondes Antanimena
Participation in Gender séparés : B.P 1348
Group Thematic (GTG), hommes et Antananarivo 101
femmes à une Tel::020 22 226 57 /
Dealt with population époque de 020 22 303 74 / 020
problematic, changements” 22 693 27
Equity between Gender 2000 (Living Fax: 020 22 357 42
together: men - [email protected]
Health improvement and women in a - www.unfpa.org
world in
movement),
EDS,
Gender national
Policy and
PANAGED 2004
http://takela
ka.dts.mg/fn
uap
FAO Martin Smith Gender analysis tools Newspaper Tel. 020 22 288 35
Représentant Gender concept and tools FAFANA :
spreading in media. Gender page
Training in Gender analysis - ASEG Guides
tools - Fiche ASEG
- Guide ASEG
for trainers
BIT / ILO Madame Farah - Lobbying related to Gender - Promoting Ankadivato
Razafiarisoa issues Gender Equality Tel:020 22 266 29 /
« Gender Focal - Training for worker with at work, 1997 15
point » Gender approach - Social funds Fax: 020 22 266 94
revisited : http://www.ilo.org/gen
employment and der
gender
dimensions -
(Gender, poverty
and
Employment),

46
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Experience Gender :
Social and Gender Analysis,
Reports /
Contact Person Gender mainstreaming,
Writers Contact Address
Name of Organization (Area of gender training, Gender
(Published Year Tele/Fax/E.Mail
specialization) tools
etc.)
Coordination of Gender
promotion activities
2001
PAM Josette - Action planning for Policy related to Tel : 020 22 315 72
Ravelomanana consideration of Gender Gender Fax : 020 22 322 99
Gender Focal point concept in identification, problematic, E-mail :
implementation of programs 2003 -2007 josette.ravelomanana
- Participation of women @wft.org
group in the decision making
process
- Balanced participation in
management committee
- Lobbying activities
regarding girls enrollment in
school
- Participation in GTG
- Community sensitization
related to gender
- traditional improved
cooker
- fight against girl school
drop out
World Bank Razafintsalama Ziva Gender approaches in policy World report Rue Andriamifidy
Spécialist in Social and strategy of intervention related to Anosy
Développement services for poor BP 4140
Participation in Gender people, 2004
Group Thematic (GTG)
GTZ Ranarivelo Randa - active in Gender Training Manual: Gender BP 869
Kourieh - Gender et poverty and Projects 101 Antananarivo
Coordinator consideration among Madagascar
criteria of project approval Tel 261- 20 22 42
- Practice of Gender 598
approaches in each steps Fax 261- 20 22 42
of intervention 605
- Documentation space E-mail : gtz-
related to Gender [email protected]
- Participation in Gender
network
Intercooperation Raharisoavelohanta Gender Analysis Guideline for B.P 3044
Lina Gender approach in projects gender Antananarivo 101
Executive Deputy and programs approach, Tel: 020 22 612 05
Delegate implementation 020 22 339 64
See 5.2 fax: 020 22 611 73
http://www.interc [email protected]
ooperation.ch intercop@wanadoo.
mg
European Union Ramarokoto - Training related to Comprendre nos Immeuble NY
Jeannine gender différences, HAVANA
Gender focal point - - Development of réduire les 67Ha Antananarivo
curriculum and training inégalités Tel 22 212 02
tools (understanding E-mail:
our differences, [email protected]
to reducing
inequalities),
2000

USAID Corrine RAFAELL - Meanstreaming of n.a ZI TALOUMIS

gender approach in Ankorondrano
program and projects 22 539 20
[email protected]

French Cooperation Mr Denis Training and study in social 23, rue

(AFD) CASTAING development and gender, Razanakomba –

47
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Experience Gender :
Social and Gender Analysis,
Reports /
Contact Person Gender mainstreaming,
Writers Contact Address
Name of Organization (Area of gender training, Gender
(Published Year Tele/Fax/E.Mail
specialization) tools
etc.)
Coordination of Gender
promotion activities
Director Gender analysis, Ambohijatovo
BP: 557
Tel: 22 200 46-47-48
AFDAntananarivo@g
roupe-afd.org
n.a
WWF Jean-Paul Paddack 32 Training related to 020 22 348 85
Program Officer gender [email protected]
Practice of analysis grille rg
Mamy related to Gender
Rakotonomenjanaha relationship in project
ry cycle 020 22 348 85
Assistant of regional - Active in the theme 033 12 814 01
representant gender and environment
/ natural Resource
management
CARE Michèle Analysis, training, activities See 5.2 020 22 339 10
INTERNATIONAL in RAKOTOMANGA in women promotion 033 11 339 10
Madagascar 032 07 300 70
Liliane -Tana Water Front
RAJAOBELIMAHEF 32 24, Rue Dr
A Rajaonah –
Ambodivona –
Bakoly 101
RAFARALAHISOA Antananarivo
[email protected]
FES Dr Hantanirina - supporting training Tools related to BP 3185- Tsiadana-
ANDRIANASY related to Gender Gender issues 101 Antananarivo
Project Counselor - Gender consideration 22 344 24
among criteria of 032 02 499 96
project approval hanta.ffe@wanadoo.
- Fight against violence mg
CRS Catholic Relief Jennifer Overton Promoting activities n.a Lot II W 27D Rue
Services – Madagascar Country targeting deprived women François Vittori
Representant groups Ankorahotra
Antananarivo 101
Tél.
(261.20)22.206.66
[email protected]
Institute for International Violette Adult, women education, Tools in adults Lot VF 32 Ter
cooperation of German Rabakoarivelo Literacy education, literacy Ankazotokana
adult Education Training of trainers education Ambany- 101
Association (DVV) Antananarivo
Diary for women 22 569 81
iiz.dvvmada@simicro
.mg
NGOs and Associations
CAFED Général Denise 33 Training and capacity n.a Maibahoaka Ivato
Fischer building for women B.P 3780
National President associations 020 22 443 13
34 Non formal education 35 11 00 129
Fight against AIDS [email protected]
- providing information http://takelaka.dts.mg
/cafed
Lalao lobbying Beijing report, Bibliothèque
DRV Randriamampionona 1995 Municipale
President Analakely-
22 211 76

Association of women Odile Improvement of the capacity News week Lot III 017 Mananjara
journalist Ralisiarinjatovo of women journalist “Vehivavy, 101 Antananarivo

48
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 Experience Gender :
Social and Gender Analysis,
Reports /
Contact Person Gender mainstreaming,
Writers Contact Address
Name of Organization (Area of gender training, Gender
(Published Year Tele/Fax/E.Mail
specialization) tools
etc.)
Coordination of Gender
promotion activities
tanora, ankizy, 032 02 163 90
soa ho antsika”
(women, youth,
children, good
for all)
Consultants
FOCUS Ravaozanany Genre et Lot VG 44 Ter
DEVELOPMENT Noroarisoa comportement Antsahabe
ASSOCIATION General Director sexuel (Gender 101 Antananarivo
and sexual 020 22 274 41
behavior), 2002 033 11 729 38
032 02 569 65
focusdev@wanadoo
.mg
Analysis, mainstreaming, See 5.2 48, Làlana Havana,
Mireille RABENORO Consultant Free training, tools, activities Antsahabe,101
lance promoting Gender approach Antananarivo
22 295 43
mireille.rabenoro@bl
ueline.mg
BEST - GAD Rakotozafy Mamy Analysis, mainstreaming, Lot VT 74 villa
consultant training, tools, activities Fenosoa
promoting Gender approach Andohanimandrosez
a
22 614 22
[email protected]
Networks

GENDER Thematic Led by PNUD/UNDP - Experience exchange n.a Headquarter of

Group - Mainstreaming gender Madagascar UNDP
-
Network Gender Led by members in - experience exchange Plan for No address
rotation - experience promoting
capitalization Gender concept
SMB Balcet Jean-Claude, Providing information Des documents
SECRÉTARIAT MULTI- Coordinator Exchange of experience and online, links, and http://www.smbmad
BAILLEURS documentation list of a.net
Alain Pierre documentation
Randrianjohary,
Deputy Coordinator

49
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 5.2 List of reports and references related to WID/Gender

English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where

Title
to get
Education and Training
Education history of Malagasy Histoire de l'éducation des jeunes filles Ravelomanana 1995 FORMAGED
girls of the XVIth to the middle malgaches du XVIè au milieu du XXè siècle Randrianjafinimanana,
XXth century Jacqueline
Girls and women’s education in L'éducation des filles et des femmes à Coury, Diane - UNICEF. Fonds 1998 FORMAGED
Madagascar : assessment Madagascar : un état de lieux des Nations Unies pour
l'Enfance
National Action Plan for girls’ Plan d'Action National pour l'éducation des UERP. Unité d'Etude et de 1995 FORMAGED
education filles Recherche Pédagogique.
Antananarivo
Male and female role in young Rôle masculin et féminin dans l'éducation Rajaonson Rabenoro, Mireille – 1999 FORMAGED
people’s education on family life des jeunes à la vie familiale à Antananarivo Mémoire de Maîtrise en
in Antananarivo 1945 – 1960 : 1945 - 1960 : exemple d'Isotry Histoire : Université
example of the Isotry district d'Antananarivo
Educational possibilities and Les possibilités et les disparités éducatives Ramamonjisoa, Suzy, Robinson, 1991 CDIST
disparities between girls and entre les fillettes et garçonnets à Sahondra, Rahasinirina, Claire
boys in Madagascar Madagascar
Basic education. Orientation for Education de base. Orientation en vue de GTZ-WID Project 1999 GTZ
the gender concept integration l’intégration de la dimension du genre dans
into projects. les projets
Health and Medicine
Children and women’s situation Analyse de la situation des enfants et des UNICEF. Fonds des Nations 2000 FORMAGED
analysis. femmes Unies pour l'Enfance -
Antananarivo :
Situation analysis of Analyse de la situation et des problèmes Ranjalahy Rasolofomanana 2002 UNICEF
development problems related de développement liés à l’infection par le
to the HIV infection and AIDS in VIH et le Sida à Madagascar
Madagascar
Statistics directory of the Health Annuaire des statistiques du Secteur Santé Ministère de la santé / Direction 2002 INSTAT
sector in Madagascar. de Madagascar de la Recherche et de la
Planification
Statistics directory of the Health Annuaire des statistiques du Secteur Santé Ministère de la Santé 1998 INSTAT
Sector in Madagascar (ASSS) de Madagascar (ASSS) Service des informations
sanitares pour la gestion
APPROPROP / PF annual report APPROPROP / PF annual report USAID 1997 BM
Madagascar Madagascar
Commitment, the Health and Engagement, La santé et les droits en UNDP n.a CINU
laws in terms of sexuality and matière de sexualité et de reproduction
reproduction for all pour tous
Demographic and Health survey Enquête Démographique et de Santé INSTAT – Direction de la 1997 CAFED
Démographie et des
Statistiques Sociales
Gender and sexual behavior Genre et comportement sexuel Focus Development Association 2002 BM
– PMPS IST/SIDA
Food and nutritional situation in La situation alimentaire et nutritionnelle à Projet Sécurit (Séecaline) 1997 BM
Madagascar – National Strategy Madagascar – Stratégie Nationale de IDA N°2474 MAG
for Food and Nutrition Security Sécurité Alimentaire et de Nutrition
Semi-annual report Rapport semi-annuel USAID 1997 BM
Appropop/PF Management Appropop/PF Management Sciences for
Sciences for Health Health
Technical report « National Rapport technique “Symposium National FNUAP – Ministère de la Santé 1992 CAFED
symposium on Health and sur la Santé et de la reproduction –
Reproduction » - Tamatave Tamatave août 1997
August 1997
National Symposium on Health Symposium National sur la Santé de la FNUAP 1997 BM
and Reproduction Reproduction
Toamasina from August 11th Toamasina du 11 au 15 août 1997
to15th 1997 Rapport technique
Technical report

50
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Behaviors of Malagasy women Comportement des femmes de la capitale Rakotonirina, Nivoarisoa Lalao 1990 CDIST
of the Capital toward voluntary malgache devant la contraception /Université d'Antananarivo.
surgical contraception chirurgicale volontaire Faculté de Médecine

Ratio of corporal weight, age Rapport poids corporel, âge de grossesse Raheliarisoa, Julia Antonine/ 1992 CDIST
and pregnancy Université d'Antananarivo.
Faculté de Médecine

Problems encountered in terms Problèmes rencontrés en matière de Ramakarinorohanta, Claudine 1992 CDIST
of contraception in some family contraception dans quelques centres de Mialinjanahary/Université
planning centers of Antsirabe planning familial à Antsirabe d'Antananarivo. Faculté de
Médecine

The family planning saves lives La planification familiale sauve des vies PRB. Population Reference 1991 CDIST
Bureau. Washington. US

The Malagasy woman and La femme malgache et les manifestations Rakotomalala Andrianasolo, 1988 CDIST
psychosomatic manifestations of psychosomatiques des désordres Vololontsoa/ Université
psychological disorders psychologiques d'Antananarivo. Faculté de
Médecine

The woman’s role in the Rôle de la femme dans la santé Rasoatahirinjanahary, Marie 1993 CDIST
community health communautaire Angeline/ Université
d'Antananarivo. Faculté de
Médecine

Study on mothers’ living Étude sur les conditions des mères dans la Razafinirina, Pascaline/ 1994 CDIST
conditions in the town of ville de Toamasina. Enquête effectuée dans Université de Mahajanga.
Toamasina. Survey undertaken deux Centres de Santé Maternelle et Faculté de Médecine
in two Maternal and Infantile Infantile Publics
Public Centers

Couple fertility, contraceptive Fécondité du couple décision contraceptive Faharouddine, Myriam/ 2001 CDIST
decision of men in the town of chez l'homme dans la ville d'Antsiranana Université de Mahajanga.
Antsiranana Faculté de Médecine

The calcic homeostasis for L'homéostasie calcique chez la femme Konopka, P. 1976 CDIST
pregnant woman. enceinte
Social, .Economic, cultural Tant qu’on a la santé. Les déterminants PREISWERK, Yvonne 1999 Intercoop
factors of health related to the socio- économiques et culturels de la santé eration
relationship between men and dans les relations sociales entre les
women femmes et les hommes

The AIDS in Madagascar. Le sida à Madagascar. Epidémiologie, PDFIV 1995 GTZ

Epidemiology, projections, social projections, impact socio-économique,
and economic impact, interventions
interventions

51
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Feminine concerns: Texts on Inquiétudes féminines: Textes sur la santé de Ministère de la Santé Publique 1994 GTZ
reproductive health la reproduction

Politics and Development strategy Politique et stratégie de développement en Saito, K.A.; Spurling, D. 1994 GTZ
for rural women faveur des femmes rurales

Sexually transferable diseases La prise en charge des maladies Palmer, I. n.a GTZ
coverage in Madagascar. sexuellement transmissibles à Madagascar.
Protocols for public health cares Protocoles pour les soins de santé publique
1998. 1998
Gender issues in health policy and their implications for the 1990’s Dr. Frommer, G.; Dr. Odierna, S.; n.a GTZ
Schade, E.

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Application of the GENDER and Application de l’Approche GENRE et Projet d’Amélioration des 1997 CARE
Development in the frame of the Développement dans le cadre du Projet Plantes à Tubercules/CARE
Tuber Plants Improvement d’Amélioration des Plantes à Tubercules
Project
ASEG – Orientation to train on ASEG – Orientation pour former en ASEG- Ministry of environment n.a ONE
ASEG- formative guide – guide Guide formateur – guide for application in ONE
for application in different different levels: macro, intermediate, micro FAO
levels : macro, intermediate,
micro
Rearing and society : AOMBE 1 Elevage et société : AOMBE 1 Fieloux, Michèle; Lombard, 1987. FORMAGED
Jacques. Equipe de Recherche
Associée MRSTD/ORSTOM.
Toliara
Demographic and Health Survey Enquête Démographique et de Santé INSTAT 2003-2004 INSTAT
Environment program Etude préparatoire programme FAO 2003 FAO
preparatory Study– Gender environnement – Approche Genre pour le Smbmada.net Siteweb de
approach for exportations développement des exportations à SMB
development in Madagascar Madagascar
GENDER Training – Approach Formation GENRE – Méthodologie PAPAT 1999 CARE
methodology d’Approche
Guide: Gender and environment Guide : genre et environnement ONE Madagascar 2004 ONE
The FIFAMANOR in the zone of L’Action de FIFAMANOR dans le CARE 1998 CARE
Vakinankaratra Vakinankaratra
Situation, Analysis of Situational Situation, Analyse de GENRE
and Social GENDER Situationnelle et Sociale
Activities of PAM, contributing Les activités du PAM contribuant à la PAM 2000 PAM
to reduce inequalities between réduction des inégalités entre Homme et
Men and Women Femmes
The integration of participatory L'intégration des approches participative et Fiege, Karin - CFSDR. Centre 1997 FORMAGED
approaches and gender in a genre dans un projet de développement de Formation Supérieur pour le
regional rural Development rural régional : le cas de l'ODAI, Développement Rural. Berlin –
project : the case of 'ODAI, Madagascar
Madagascar
Manual of participatory Manuel d’approches de vulgarisation GTZ 1996 GTZ
popularization of approaches participative basée sur le sexe
based on sex
FIFAMANOR Project on Projet de Renforcement Institutionnel du CARE - FIFAMANOR 1998 CARE
Institutional Empowerment FIFAMANOR à travers les Approches
through GENDER and GENRE et Développement et Sécurité des
Household Livelihood Security Conditions de Vie des Ménages
Development Approaches
Report of the Training Workshop Rapport de l’atelier de formation Gestion GTZ 1997 GTZ
on Projects Management des Projets Tenant Compte de la
Considering the Gender Dimension du Genre
dimension
Review of gender aspects in the Revue des aspects genre dans le FIDA 2001 World Bank
rural Development développement rural Smbmada.n

52
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
et

Role of women in Technologies Rôle des femmes dans l’Elaboration des UNIFM 1995 FAO
Elaboration of Food Cycle Technologies du Cycle Alimentaire
Statistics and gender, Statistiques et genre, Recensement FAO 1998 FAO
orientation for a review of agricoles, orientation pour une révision des
concepts and methodology concepts et de la méthodologie
The role of national services for Le rôle des services nationaux d'animation Harder Gudrun, Martius von/ 1985 CDIST
rural animation and agricultural rurale et de vulgarisation agricole auprès Revue Tiers Monde
popularization beside women des femmes

Women and the fight against Femmes et lutte contre la désertification Monimart, Marie /IIED. 1989 CDIST
desert International Institute for
Environment and
Development. Londres.

Technology for Development of Technology for Development of rural UNCRD. United Nations 1989 CDIST
rural women women Center for Regional
Development. Nagoya. JP

Farmers: a forgotten category. Les agriculteurs : une catégorie oubliée. GRAI n.a CDIST
Phylogenetic resources, women Les ressources phylogénétiques, les
and the GCRAI femmes et le GCRAI

Malagasy rural sociology: Sociologie rurale malgache : stage de Ottino, Paul/ IRSM. Institut de 1959 CDIST
practical training and formation et de perfectionnement du Recherches Scientifiques de
improvement of the Malagasy personnel du paysannat malgache Madagascar. Tananarive -.
farming Centrale d'Equipement
Agricole et de Modernisation
du Paysannat Malgache.
Tananarive

Role of women in Fishing Rôle des femmes dans le développement FAO 1991 CDIST
Development des pêches
The realities of gender in Centre for Development and 1998 Intercoo
sustainable land management. Environment peration
Basic concepts
Gender and durable land Genre et gestion durable des sols ZWEIFEL 1998 Intercoo
management peration
Gender and Livestock BRAVO- BAUMANN 2000 Intercoo
Swiss Agency for peration
Development and Cooperation
Filling the lack of data. Integration Combler la lacune de données. Intégration Rabakoson, I.M., Ramiliharivao, H. 1999 GTZ
of Men-Women specificity in des spécificités hommes-femmes dans les
agricultural statistics statistiques agricoles

Elaboration of men and women Elaboration d’une analyse de la situation des BMZ Division 411 1999 GTZ
situation analysis in rural area for hommes et des femmes en milieu rural et pour
the identification of improved l’identification des techniques améliorées pour
techniques for farmer-women. les paysannes
Making men and women Fampandraisana anjara ny vehivavy sy ny BMZ aktuell Nr. 084/Juillet 1997 1998 GTZ
participate in forests lehilahy amin’ny fitantanana ny ala
management

53
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Violence of men against women Men’s violence against women in rural Schimmerl, B. - GTZ/Eschborn 1998 GTZ
in rural Bangladesh: undermined Bangladesh: undermined or exacerbated by
or exacerbated by micro credit microcredit programmes
programs

Sensitization of the population for Sensibilisation de la population pour la Anonyme 1998 GTZ
women’s participation in forests participation de la femme à la gestion des
management according to the forêts selon le genre
gender
Forest and nature conservation. Forestry and nature conservation. Indications GTZ-Women in development - 1997 GTZ
Indications for gender orientation for gender orientation German Agency for Technical
Cooperation

The gender approach in the L’approche genre dans la politique de Dr. Tekülve, M., Henneberg, M. 1997 GTZ
Development politics of GTZ and développement de la GTZ et ses implications
its implications for the protection pour le secteur protection et gestion durable
sector and resources lasting des ressources
management
Women’s rights on natural Les droits des femmes sur les ressources Pheko Mohau 1997 GTZ
resources, especially the land naturelles, en particulier la terre et l’eau
and the water

Irrigation agriculture. Indications Agriculture d’irrigation. Indications pour Lingen A. 1996 GTZ
for the orientation in accordance l’orientation selon le genre
with the gender
Soil Development. Aménagement des terroirs. Orientations en Gender-Orientierung 8/Abt. 43 1996 GTZ
Orientations for the gender vue de l’intégration de l’aspect genre dans les
aspects integration into projects projets

Purification of urban districts. Assainissement des quartiers urbains. Gebert, R. 1996 GTZ
Indications for the orientation in Indications pour l’orientation selon le genre
accordance with the gender

Manual of participatory Manuel d’approches de vulgarisation BMZ Division 411 1996 GTZ
approaches of popularization participative basée sur le sexe
based on sex
Manual of participatory Manuel d’approches de vulgarisation Engels, A.; Kirsch, R. 1996 GTZ
approaches of popularization participative basée sur le sexe
based on sex
Reflections on gender issues in Reflections on gender issues in joint forest Agence Canadienne de 1995 GTZ
joint forest management Forest management Forest Study Series F 003 Développement International
Study Series F 003

Women promotion and animal Promotion des femmes et développement de Ramanantenasoa, J. 1992 GTZ
production Development. la production animale. Stratégies et
Strategies and procedures procédures

Women promotion and regional Promotion des femmes et développement Randriamoralaza, L.P. 1992 GTZ
rural Development (DRR). rural régional (DRR). Stratégies et procédures
Strategies and procedures

Women promotion and plant Promotion des femmes et production végétale. Randriamamonjy 1992 GTZ
production. Stratégies et procédures
Strategies and procedures
The feminine promotion in the La promotion féminine dans le cadre du Razafindramanga, V.H. 1991 GTZ
frame of rural Development. développement rural. Un guide d’orientation
An orientation guide

54
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Women in community forestry. Les femmes dans la foresterie BMFSF (Bundesministerium für 1990 GTZ
Field guide for projects design communautaire. Guide de terrain pour la Familie, Senioren, Frauen und
and implementation. conception et l’exécution de projets Jugend°

Elaboration of situation analysis Elaboration d’une analyse de la situation des Reichenbach, G. 1999 GTZ
of men and women in rural area hommes et des femmes en milieu rural et pour
and for the identification of l’identification des techniques améliorées pour
improved techniques for women- les paysannes
farmer.

Participation and self promotion Participation et autopromotion dans la gestion Hajer, M., Vahl, J. n.a GTZ
in natural resources des ressources naturelles. Document de base
management. Basis document

Gender and agricultural and rural Genre et développement agricole et rural Hayfa, G. n.a GTZ
Development

Experiences in the integration of gender in the Malawi-German fisheries and IGED (Bureau d’Appui aux n.a GTZ
aqua culture Development project Initiatives Genre et
Développement) Walters, H.

The 2nd GTZ regional seminar on women in rural Development center for Rodenberg, B.; Wichterich, Chr. n.a GTZ
integrated agricultural Development

Training program for the improvement of rural women capacities Rabakoson, I.M. n.a GTZ

Impact of the activities of the lake Kariba fishery’s Development project (LKFDP) Informationsdienst des n.a GTZ
on women Evangelischen Pressedienstes

Two halves make a whole - Balancing gender relations in Development GTZ Division 402 “Protection de n.a GTZ
l’environnement..” - PROGERNAP

Developing agricultural extension for women farmers Projet Initiatives Genre et n.a GTZ
Développement (IGED)

How forestry can benefit from gender analysis Gutiérrez, M.; Schimmel, B. n.a GTZ

Economic Activities
Equality in employment and Egalité dans l’emploi et la profession BIT 1996 BIT
profession
Gender and Job Gender and Job BIT 1998 BIT
Gender, poverty and Genre, pauvreté et emploi : guide d’action BIT Not dated BIT
employment: action guide
Integration of gender issues in Intégration des questions de Genre dans BIT 2001 BIT
politics and strategies of les politiques et stratégies en matière
employment d’Emploi
The challenge of the micro credit Le défi du sommet du microcrédit : Gibbons, David S.; Meehan, 1999 FORMAGE
summit: How to get institutional Comment obtenir l'autonomie financière Fennifer W. D
financial autonomy by preserving institutionnelle tout en préservant
the commitment to intervene at l'engagement d'agir auprès des familles
the level of poorest families les plus pauvres

55
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Determinants of feminine Les déterminants de l'offre féminine de Ramilison, Eric N. - Projet 1996 FORMAGE
employment offer.: What incites travail : qu'est ce qui incite les femmes à MADIO.. Antananarivo – in : D
women to work ? travailler? Appui à la réflexion macro-
économique

Inequalities with regard to sex in Les inégalités selon le sexe dans l'emploi Ramilison, Eric N. - Projet 1996 FORMAGE
the employment MADIO. in : Appui à la réflexion D
macro-économique,
Action Plan 2000 for the Plan d’Action 2000 pour la promotion de Programme Alimentaire 2000 PAM
promotion of women l’autonomisation des femmes dans le Mondial, Représentation à
independence in the scope of cadre des activités appuyées par le PAM Madagascar
activities supported by PAM
Promoting Gender Equality at Promoting Gender Equality at Work ILO 1997 BIT
Work
GENDER and Development Rapport de GENRE et développement : Jeannie 1997 CARE
relation : Données Statistiques et Economiques RAKOTONDRAINIBE/CARE
Statistic and economic data
INSTAT
Results of the schedule survey Résultats de l’enquête emploi du temps à PNUD
INSTAT / PNUD 2001
in Madagascar Madagascar smbmada.n
et
BIT 2003 BIT
International Review of Work Revue Internationale du Travail
Special number : the equality of Numéro spécial : L’égalité au travail
work
To get rid of the Poverty by Work S’affranchir de la Pauvreté par le travail BIT 2003 BIT
Households statistics : Statistiques des ménages - in : Enquête Ministère de l'Economie et du 1993. FORMAGE
Permanent survey beside Permanente auprès des Ménages Plan - Institut National de la D
households Statistique. Madagascar /
Randrianarony
Work (review) toward a fair Travail (Revue) vers une mondialisation BIT 2003 BIT
globalization (Report of the World juste (Rapport de la Commision mondiale
Commission on the social sur la dimension sociale de la
dimension of the globalization) mondialisation)
Women, Gender and Work BIT Not dated BIT
More & Better Jobs for Women in action guide: ILO 1996 BIT
Theme 1:
Developing African Economies: The role of Women
Theme 2:
Achieving Good Governance: The Essential Participation of Women Theme 3:
African Women and the Information Age; an opportunity
Theme 4:
Creating opportunities of Africa’s New Generation
Social funds revisited : employment and gender dimensions (Gender, Poverty ILO 2001 BIT
and Employment)
Culture, gender, science and technology KWESI KWAA PRAH 1991 CDIST
How to face the privatization Comment faire face à la privatisation FFS. Front des Fédérations des 1997 CDIST
Syndicats. Antananarivo; FFE.
Fondation Friedrich Ebert.
Antananarivo

Evaluation of women and family Evaluation de la situation des femmes et Fédération Démocratique 1980 CDIST
situation with regard to the de la famille en relation avec Internationale des Femmes.
establishment of a new world- l'établissement d'un nouvel ordre Antananarivo (MG)
wide economic order économique mondiale
Are women of South Africa winning the battle on economic rights? Weltbank 1998 GTZ

56
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Micro enterprise and Handicraft Promotion de l’artisanat et de la petite 1996 GTZ
Promotion. Indications for entreprise. Indications pour l’orientation
orientation in accordance with the selon le genre
Gender
The gender and Economy Engelhardt, E.; Oswald, K. n.a GTZ

Social and gender issues in macro-economic policy advice FAO n.a GTZ

Glossary on macro-economics from a gender perspective Gaesing, K. - Division 07 n.a GTZ

Social/Gender Analysis
Survey on urban Malagasy Enquête sur la condition de la femme Raobisaholy, Albertine 1989 CDIST
women’s living conditions malgache en milieu urbain

Social and economic analysis in Analyse socio-économique selon le genre, Coopération Technique 2001 FAO
accordance with gender Orientations pour former en ASEG, Guide Madagascar/ FAO
approach, Orientations for ASEG du Formateur
training, Trainer Guide
Argumentation for an effective Argumentaire pour une prise en compte
Smbmada.n
consideration of Gender effective des disparités de genre dans le Astou Diagne 2001
et
disparities in the DRSP DSRP
ASEG : Socio-Economical ASEG : Analyse Socio-Economique selon FAO - Rome : FAO, 1997 FORMAGED
Analysis in accordance with the le Genre
Gender
ASEG : Reference Guide (draft) ASEG : Guide de référence (draft) FAO - Rome : FAO, 1997 FORMAGED
Strategic structure for the gender Cadre Stratégique pour l’intégration de la Coopération Technique 2001 CINU - FAO
integration in projects and dimension du genre dans les projets et Madagascar/FAO-ONE
programs programmes
Understand our differences, Comprendre nos différences, réduire les IGED. Initiative Genre et 2000 FORMAGED
reduce inequalities inégalités Développement. Antananarivo
Women’s Situation and Living Conditions de vie et situation des femmes Raharinjanahary, Lala 1998 FORMAGED
conditions in Madagascar for an à Madagascar pour un changement
harmonious change harmonieux

National conference on Gender Conférence nationale sur les problèmes du Fondation Friedrich Ebert 1997 FES
problems in Madagascar Genre à Madagascar
Malagasy women : Reflects of Des femmes malgaches : Reflets Soroptimist International . club 1994 FORMAGED
today d'aujourd'hui d'Antananarivo
Rights equality between men and Egalité de droits entre la femme et PNUD 1973 CINU
women , it’s time to act l’homme, il est temps d’agir
Being a woman and a mother in Etre femme et mère à Madagascar Ravololomanga, Bodo – 1992. FORMAGED
Madagascar

Women and poverty in rural Femmes et pauvreté en milieu rural: Réseaux de

Réseaux des observatoires
area: analysis of inequalities analyse des inégalités sexuées à partir 2001 observatoire
Ruraux
related to sex from rural des observatoires ruraux de Madagascar s ruraux
observatories in Madagascar
National Conference on Gender Conférence Nationale sur les problèmes FES – Fondation Frederich Ebert 1997 CAFED
problems in Madagascar du genre à Madagascar et ses partenaires –
ANDRIANASY Hantanirina
Films –theaters for women role Films -théâtres pour le renforcement du Programme Alimentaire Mondial, Not dated PAM
empowerment, video, French rôle de la femme, vidéo, version sous- Madagascar
under-titled version titrée en Français.
GENDER and Development in GENRE et développement sur les Côtes Galy Michel/CARE 1997 CARE
the Coasts of Madagascar de Madagascar
Feminine concerns: woman Inquiétudes Féminines : reportage de PRB, Population Référence 1998 CINU
report on gender-based violence femme sur la violance basée sur le genre Bureau

57
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
to get
Introduction of the GENDER Introduction du Concept GENRE au sein Lina RAKOTOZAFY 1999 CARE
Concept within Mahavita des activités du Projet CARE
Project/Madagascar activities Mahavita/Madagascar

It’s a Boy, It’s a girl : Reflections on sex and gender in Madagascar and Cambridge University Press 1998 Ministry of
beyond population
The Malagasy woman before the La femme malgache avant la colonisation Ramamonjisoa 1976 Ministry of
colonization Suzy research
The Malagasy woman’s situation La situation de la femme Malgache Comité de Concertation et de 1998
Coordination des Associations et
ONG/Femmes de Madagascar
Women in our world Les femmes dans notre monde Popoulation reference bureau 2002 INSTAT
(PRB) www.prg.org
www.measurecommunication.or
g
[email protected]
Women, peace and security Les femmes, la paix et la sécurité PNUD 2000 CINU
Madagascar: national Report on Madagascar : Rapport National sur les BIT – CTP 1995 CAFED
women femmes
Beijing 1995 Beijing 1995
Madagascar: The priorities, Madagascar: Les prioritaires Santé et BM – Mireille RAHARISON 1995 BM
Health and Education éducation
Gender for the Development Miralenta ho an’ny fampandrosoana PNUD – Prog MAG/97/007 – 2003 CINU
DAP 1
Implementation of Social Actions Mise en œuvre du Programme d’Actions Projet MOASAVA/CARE 2003 CARE
Program and Realization of Sociales du Volet Routier et Réalisation
related road networks Sambava- des Voiries Connexes Sambava-Antalaha
Antalaha Etude Socio-économique et de GENRE
Social and Economic and
GENDER Studies
Politics related to Men-Women Politique concennat la problématique PAM 2003 PAM
Problematic (2003-2007) Hommes-Femmes (2003-2007)
National Politics on Women Politique Nationale de Promotion de la République de Madagascar 2000
Promotion for a man-woman Femme, pour un développement équilibré
balanced Development homme -femme
For an integration of the Pour une intégration de l'approche "genre" Rakotosoa, Rado Aimé 1999. FORMAGED
« gender » approach in politics, dans les politiques, programmes, et/ou
programs and/or Development projets de développement à Madagascar
projects in Madagascar.
Social –economic study and Etude Socio-économique et de GENRE Programme Mahavita 2003 CARE
GENDER (Program of Social (Programme d’Actions Sociales en CARE
Actions for accompaniment to the Accompagnement au Projet Petit
Petit Boulevard Project) Boulevard)
National Action Program for the Programme d'Action Nationale pour la Ministère de la Population. 1998 FORMAGED
Woman’s Promotion (PANPF) Promotion de la Femme (PANPF) Madagascar
Forth world conference on Quatrième conférence mondiale sur les PNUD 1995 CINU
women, Beijing Sept 1995 femmes, Beijing sept 1995
National Report on Human Rapport National sur le Développement PNUD 2003 BM
Development: Gender Humain : Genre
Report on the violence towards Rapport sur la violence à l’égard des PNUD 2003 CINU
Women and girls in Madagascar: femmes et les fillette à Madagascar : un
assessment état des lieux
Report on the violence towards Rapport sur la violence envers les PNUD 2002 PNUD
women and girls in Madagascar femmes et les fillettes à Madagascar
Report on the Gender in Rapport sur le Genre à Madagascar Diop- Diagne A. 2002 World bank
Madagascar
Mission Reports on the Women Rapports des missions du Projet MPCFE 2000 Ministry of
Status Valorization and Education Valorisation du Statut de la femme et population
to the Family life Project, realized éducation à la vie familiale, effectués dans
in six Provinces les six Provinces
General Recommendations Recommandations Générales formulées BIT – PNUD 1995 CAFED
formulated by the Elimination of par le Comité sur l’élimination de la
Discrimination towards women discrimination à l’égard des femmes
Committee

58
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
to get
Reconsider "The Malagasy Repenser "La femme Malgache" : de Institut de Civilisations Musée 2000. FORMAGED
Woman" : new perspectives on nouvelles perspectives sur le genre à d'Art et Archéologie
the Gender in Madagascar Madagascar Antananarivo - in : Taloha, n°13,
Children and Women’s situation Situation des enfants et des femmes à PNUD- UNICEF Madagascar 2000 CINU
in Madagascar Madagascar
Children and Women’s situation Situation des enfants et des femmes à UNICEF 2000 BM
in Madagascar Madagascar
Children and Women’s situation Situation des enfants et des femmes à UNICEF 2000 UNICEF
in Madagascar 1999- 2000 Madagascar 1999- 2000
I will not keep quiet until violence Tsy hangina aho raha tsy foana ny Département des Femmes de la n.a FLM
is eradicated– violence towards herisetra – la violence à l’égard des Conférence des Eglises de
women femmes toute l’Afrique à Madagascar

A case of cultural harmonious Un cas de coexistence culturelle Randriamarolaza, Louis Paul - n.a FORMAGED
coexistence in Madagascar : The harmonieuse à Madagascar : La relation in : Commission Nationale
relation between man-woman homme-femme à travers le projet MAG Malgache -
through the MAG 003 Project 003
Women’s Rights and Status Valorisation des droits et statut de la MPCFE 2000 Ministry of
Valorization : Regional reports on femme : rapports régionaux sur le statut population
women’s juridical status juridique des femmes
The Malagasy girl, guarantor of La fillette malgache, garant l'avenir de Ramamonjisoa, Suzy No date CDIST
Madagascar’s Future Madagascar

Children and Women’s situation Analyse de la situation des enfants et des UNICEF 1994 CDIST
in Madagascar femmes à Madagascar

Women head of households and Femmes chefs de ménage et pauvreté. IMATEP. Institut Malgache des 1999 CDIST
poverty Techniques de Planification.
Antananarivo

The concubines of Soalala Les concubins de Soalala /Cahiers du Waast, Roland 1974 CDIST
/Customs studies Center Book – Centre d'Études des Coutumes -
University of Madagascar Université de Madagascar
Validation workshop of the national Atelier de validation de la politique nationale Osterhaus, J.; Salzer, W. 2000 GTZ
politics for Malagasy women’s de promotion de la femme malgache
promotion

Making women’s right real. A Making women’s right real. A resource Osterhaus, J.; Schaefer, S. 1999 GTZ
resource manual on women, manual on women, gender, human rights
gender, human rights and the law and the law

The Malagasy woman’s situation. La situation de la femme malgache. Recueil Organisation des Nations Unies 1998 GTZ
Interventions compilation of d’interventions de responsables et de pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture
persons Responsible and Resource personnes ressources du comité DRV de
Persons of the DRV committee 1995 à 1998
from 1995 to 1998
The nations’ progress. The world Le progrès des nations. Les nations du MEF/GTZ 1998 GTZ
nations ranged according to the monde classées selon les progrès
accomplished progresses in terms accomplis en faveur des droits de l’enfant et
of children’s rights and feminine de la promotion féminine
promotion.
National conference on gender Conférence nationale sur les problèmes du Monimart, M. (Consultante KIT 1997 GTZ
problems in Madagascar. genre à Madagascar (Fifanakalozan-kevitra pour la D.G. VIII A2)
(Exchanges on inequalities momba ny fifampitondra-mitanila eo amin’ny
between men and women) lahy sy ny vavy)

59
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
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Promotion Strategy for equal Stratégie de promotion en faveur de la Ministère de la Population et de la 1997 GTZ
participation rights of men and participation à droits égaux des femmes et Solidarité
women in Development process. des hommes au processus de
Sex equality strategy développement. Stratégie d’égalité des
sexes

Study and support strategies to Etude et stratégies d’appui à la promotion Bureau d’Etudes DIRE 1996 GTZ
women’s promotion in des femmes à Ambatolampy. Rapport final (Développement, Impact, Réalités,
Ambatolampy. Final report Environnement)

Social, Economics and Gender Etude Socio-économique et de GENRE Programme Mahavita 2003 CARE
Studies (Social Actions Program (Programme d’Actions Sociales en CARE
on Petit Boulevard Project) Accompagnement au Projet Petit
Boulevard)
National Action Program for the Programme d'Action Nationale pour la Ministère de la Population. 1998 FORMAGED
Woman Promotion Promotion de la Femme (PANPF) Madagascar
Fourth World Conference on Quatrième conférence mondiale sur les PNUD 1995 CINU
Women, Beijing September femmes, Beijing sept 1995
1995
National Report on Human Rapport National sur le Développement PNUD 2003 BM
Development : Gender Humain : Genre
Report on Violence on Women Rapport sur la violence à l’égard des PNUD 2003 CINU
and Girls in Madagascar : An femmes et les fillette à Madagascar : un
Appraisal état des lieux
Report on Violence on Women Rapport sur la violence envers les femmes PNUD 2002 PNUD
and Girls in Madagascar
et les fillettes à Madagascar
Report on Gender in Rapport sur le Genre à Madagascar Diop- Diagne A. 2002 World bank
Madagascar
Missions Reports of the Project Rapports des missions du Projet MPCFE 2000 Ministry of
on Promotion of the Woman Valorisation du Statut de la femme et population
Status and Education in Family éducation à la vie familiale, effectués dans
Life, Achieved in the six les six Provinces
Provinces
General Recommendations Recommandations Générales formulées BIT – PNUD 1995 CAFED
formulated by the Committee on par le Comité sur l’élimination de la
the Eradication of Discrimination discrimination à l’égard des femmes
toward Women

Rethinking “The Malagasy Repenser "La femme Malgache" : de Institut de Civilisations Musée 2000 FORMAGED
woman” New Gender nouvelles perspectives sur le genre à d'Art et Archéologie
perspectives in Madagascar Madagascar Antananarivo - in : Taloha, n°13,
The situation of Children and Situation des enfants et des femmes à PNUD- UNICEF Madagascar 2000 CINU
Women in Madagascar Madagascar
The situation of Children and Situation des enfants et des femmes à UNICEF 2000 BM
Women in Madagascar Madagascar
The situation of Children and Situation des enfants et des femmes à UNICEF 2000 UNICEF
Women in Madagascar –1999-
Madagascar 1999- 2000
2000
I Won’t shut my Mouth until Tsy hangina aho raha tsy foana ny Département des Femmes de la n.a FLM
violence is eliminated –
herisetra – la violence à l’égard des Conférence des Eglises de
Violence on Women
femmes toute l’Afrique à Madagascar
A Case of Harmonious Cultural Un cas de coexistence culturelle Randriamarolaza, Louis Paul - n.a FORMAGED
Coexistence in Madagascar: harmonieuse à Madagascar : La relation in : Commission Nationale
Relation Man-Woman Through homme-femme à travers le projet MAG 003 Malgache -
MAG 003 Project
Promotion of the Woman Rights Valorisation des droits et statut de la MPCFE 2000 Ministry of
and Status : Regional Reports femme : rapports régionaux sur le statut population
on the Legal Status of Women juridique des femmes
The Malagasy Young Girl, The La fillette malgache, garant l'avenir de Ramamonjisoa, Suzy Not dated CDIST
Builder of the Future of Madagascar
Madagascar

60
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
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Analysis of the Situation of Analyse de la situation des enfants et des UNICEF 1994 CDIST
Children and Women in femmes à Madagascar
Madagascar

Women, Heads of Households Femmes chefs de ménage et pauvreté. IMATEP. Institut Malgache 1999 CDIST
and Poverty des Techniques de
Planification. Antananarivo

The Concubines of Soalala/ Les concubins de Soalala /Cahiers du Waast, Roland 1974 CDIST
Notebook of The Customs Centre d'Études des Coutumes -
Study Center - University of Université de Madagascar
Madagascar
Validation of Workshop on the Atelier de validation de la politique nationale Osterhaus, J.; Salzer, W. 2000 GTZ
National Policy for the Promotion de promotion de la femme malgache
of the Malagasy Women

Making women’s right real. A resource Osterhaus, J.; Schaefer, S. 1999 GTZ
manual on women, gender, human rights and
the law

The Situation of the Malagasy La situation de la femme malgache. Recueil Organisation des Nations Unies 1998 GTZ
Woman. Records of the d’interventions de responsables et de pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture
Managers Interventions and key personnes ressources du comité DRV de
Persons of the DRV Committee 1995 à 1998
from 1995 till 1998
The Nations’ progress. The World Le progrès des nations. Les nations du MEF/GTZ 1998 GTZ
National World ranged According monde classées selon les progrès accomplis
to their Progresses on the Child’s en faveur des droits de l’enfant et de la
Rights and Women Promotion promotion féminine

National Conference on the Conférence nationale sur les problèmes du Monimart, M. (Consultante KIT 1997 GTZ
Gender Issues in Madagascar genre à Madagascar (Fifanakalozan-kevitra pour la D.G. VIII A2)
momba ny fifampitondra-mitanila eo amin’ny
lahy sy ny vavy)

Promotion Strategy in favor of Stratégie de promotion en faveur de la Ministère de la Population et de la 1997 GTZ
Women and Men Participation to participation à droits égaux des femmes et Solidarité
Equal Right in the Development des hommes au processus de
Process. Strategy of Sex Equality développement. Stratégie d’égalité des sexes

Survey and Support Strategies to Etude et stratégies d’appui à la promotion Bureau d’Etudes DIRE 1996 GTZ
the Promotion of Women in des femmes à Ambatolampy. Rapport final (Développement, Impact, Réalités,
Ambatolampy. Final report Environnement)

Synthesis Report on the Rapport de synthèse sur l’atelier : Canadian council for international 1996 GTZ
Workshop: Presentation of the Présentation de l’approche générique cooperation; MATCH International
Integrated Generic Approach in intégrée dans le projet Opération Centre
the Integrated Agricultural Developpement agricole intégré à Port Bergé
Development Operations Project
in Port Bergé

Final Report: Survey and Support Rapport final: Etude et stratégies d’appui à la Alexander, P.; Baden S. 1996 GTZ
Strategies to the Promotion of promotion des femmes à Ambatolampy
Women in Ambatolampy

61
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
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Final report: Survey and Support Stratégies d’appui à la promotion des Buvinic, M. 1996 GTZ
Strategies to the Promotion of femmes du milieu rural à Ambatolampy
Women in Rural Areas in (Version préliminaire)
Ambatolampy (Preliminary
Version)
Feminine Concerns: Women Inquiétudes féminines: Les femmes Ministère de la Population, de la 1995 GTZ
Express themselves on the Men’s s’expriment sur la participation des hommes condition féminine et de l’enfance
Involvement in the Family dans la famille

Feminine Concerns: Reports of Inquiétudes féminines: Reportage de Natpracha, P. n.a GTZ

Women on the Gender-based femmes sur la violence basée sur le genre
Violence

Integration of Gender Issues in the Intégration des questions de genre dans la Dinika sy Rindra ho an’ny n.a GTZ
Development Cooperation of the coopération au développement de la Vehivavy
European Community. Mission communauté européenne. Rapport de
Report in Madagascar mission à Madagascar

Practical strategies for involving women as well as men in water and sanitation Population Reference Bureau Inc. n.a GTZ
activities

Others
Acts of the International Actes du séminaire international sur le Ministère de la Justice du 1993 CAFED
Workshop on the Network of réseau de centres d’aide et de consultation Canada
Help Centers and legal juridique pour les femmes en Agence de Coopération
consultation for Women in Francophonie , Yaoundé 1993 Culturelle et Technique
French Speaking Countries,
Yaoundé 1993,
Action for the Equality Between Action pour l’égalité entre les sexes et la UN 2000 CINU
Sexes and the Woman's promotion de la femme
Promotion
Comparative Analysis Between Analyse comparative entre les sexes : CFC. Condition Féminine 1996 FORMAGE
Sexes: Guide For Development Guide d'élaboration du politique Canada D
of Policy www.swc-cfc.gc.ca
Gender Participatory Approches participatives selon le genre Kerstan, Birgit - GTZ – 1996 FORMAGE
Approaches in Technical dans la Coopération Technique Manuel des D
Cooperation- Handbook for chargés de cours
Lecturers
Workshop on Gender Approach Atrik'asa mikasika ny fomba fiaraha-miasa Laderrack - Antananarivo 1997 FORMAGE
amin'ny sokajy lahy sy vavy (Atelier sur D
l'approche genre)
Opinion of WIDE on the Avis de WIDE sur les relations de l'UE avec Brew, Jo - WIDE 1999 FORMAGE
Relation of UE and ACP les pays ACP d'un point de vue égalité de D
Countries Regarding Sex sexe
Equality
DIMITRA Biannual Bulletin Bulletin semestriel DIMITRA DIMITRA/Bruxelles et FAO 2000-2004 ONE
To Understand the Domestic Comprendre le travail domestique des BIT 2004 BIT
Work of Children to Better enfants pour mieux intervenir
Interventions
Gender Concept, Population and Concept Genre, Population et Njeck, Rose Alice - Projet MAG 1998 FORMAGE
Development Développement 97/PO3 :"Consolidation des D
activités d'éducation à la vie
familiale et d'appui à l'auto-
emploi". Antananarivo -
Thinking founded on the Sex, Considérations fondées sur le sexe, la FNUAP 1995 CAFED
the Population and the population et le développement : le rôle du
Development: The Role of the Fonds des Nations Unies pour la
United Nations Population Fund Population

Convention on the Elimination of Convention sur l’élimination de toute les PNUD Not dated CINU
all Form of Discrimination formes de discrimination à l’égard des

62
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
to get
Towards Women femmes
Declaration and Program of Déclaration et programme d’action de PNUD 2000 CINU
Action of Beijing+5 : Political Beijing+5 : déclaration politique et
Declaration and Final Document document final

Rights of the Man … to Rights Des droits de l’Homme…aux droits de la PNUD/ SOS Femmes 1998 CAFED
of the Woman Femme
National Report on the Human Rapport national sur le développement INSTAT. Institut National de la 1999 CINU
Development in Madagascar humain à Madagascar Statistique ; PNUD. Programme
des Nations Unies pour le
développement –

Intermediate Poverty Reduction Document Intérimaire de Stratégie de Secrétariat Technique de 2000 http://www.s
Strategy Papers Réduction de la Pauvreté l’Ajustement mbmada.net
Multiple Indicators Clusters Enquête à Indicateurs Multiples INSTAT 2000 INSTAT
Survey MICS 2000
MICS 2000
Households Permanent Survey Enquête Permanente auprès des Ménages INSTAT 1993 INSTAT
(Thematic Analysis on Women (Analyse thématique Femme et
and Development) Développement)
And the Women? A Priority for Et les femmes? Une priorité pour UNESCO 1995 CAFED
the UNESCO l’UNESCO
Impact Study differentiated by Etude d'impact différenciée par genre : Lingen, Annet - Ministère 1994 FORMAGE
Guide à l'intention des cadres Néerlandais des Affaires D
Gender : Guide for Executives Etrangères. Pays Bas

Women and Development : A Femmes et développement : Un guide pour Commission des communautés 1993 FORMAGE
Guide for the Management of la gestion du genre dans la coopération de Européennes. Bruxelles – D
Gender in the Cooperation la communauté Européenne avec les pays
Between European Community d'Amérique latine, d'Asie et Bassin
with Countries of Latin America, méditerranéen
of Asia and Mediterranean
Basin,
Gender training and Formation Genre et Développement : Rafransoa, Zoary ; CARE - 2000 FORMAGE
Development: Workshop Report Rapport d'Atelier Antananarivo D
Gender and Economic Genre et développement économique: Vers Rapport de la BM sur les 2003 BM
Development: Toward the l’égalité des sexes dans les droits, les politiques de développement
Equality of Sexes in Rights, ressources et la participation
Resources and the Participation
Management of the Project Gestion du cycle de projet et genre Monimart, Marie; Braithwaite, 1998. FORMAGE
Cycle and Gender Atelier de formation Mary – Guinée Conakry D
Training Workshop
Guide of facilitators for Gender- Guide du facilitateur pour Ateliers Praline Coupal, Françoise - 1998 FORMAGE
Sensitive, Qualitative Evaluation d'évaluation et de suivi qualitatifs sensibles PAM. Ottawa – Atelier sur le D
and Monitoring Carried Out aux genres, réalisés à l'aide des méthodes suivi sensible aux genres des
Through Participatory Rural d'appréciation rurale participative (MARP) projets du PAM au moyen des
Appraisal Methods (PRA) MARP. n°2 Cameroune,
Practical Guide for the Guide Pratique pour la mise sur pied d’un Ministère de la Justice du Not dated CAFED
Establishment of a Legal centre d’aide juridique Canada
Assistance Center Projet Réseau de centres d’aide et de Agence de Coopération
Network of Assistance Centers consultation juridique pour les femmes en Culturelle et Technique –
Project and legal Consultation Francophonie Université Ottawa
for Women in French Speaking
Countries
Impacts of the Modernity : Impacts de la modernité : concepts de SEDET – CNRS, Université 2001
Concepts of Fatherhood and paternité et de maternité à Antananarivo, Paris 7
Motherhood in Antananarivo, Madagascar (1945 - 1960 )», dans Histoire Denis Diderot
Madagascar (1945 - 1960 )», in et devenir de l’Afrique Noire au XXème
History and the Future of Black siècle, Cahier « Afrique Noire » N°19-20
Africa in the XXème Century,
Notebook « Afrique Noire »
N°19-20

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
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Title
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The Development French L’AFD Et la prise en compte du genre, note Agence Française de 2001 AFD
Agency And the Gender Issues d’orientation opérationnelle Développement
Note of Operational Orientation

The Gender Approach in the L’Approche Genre dans le Cycle du Projet GTZ 1996 GTZ
Project Cycle
FIDA 2000 CINU
The FIDA Approach to Promote La demarche du FIDA pour promouvoir
Equity between Man and l’équité entre homme et femme
Woman
The Promotion of the Woman : La promotion de la femme : note pour PNUD Not dated CINU
Note for the Orator l’orateur
The Partnership Between The Le partenariat Madagascar-Banque BM Madagascar 1998 CAFED
World Bank and Madagascar - Mondiale
Representation of the World La mission résidente de la Banque
Bank in Madagascar Mondiale à Madagascar
The Power of The Poor, the Le pouvoir des pauvres, le gouvernance PNUD Not dated CINU
Local Governance for the locale pour la réduction de la pauvreté
Reduction of Poverty
The Women Progress through Le progès des femmes à travers le monde : UNICEF 2000 CINU
the World : biennial Report Rapport biennal
The United Nations Systems in Le Système des Nations Unies à PNUD 2003 CINU
Madagascar: The Partner of the Madagascar : le partenaire de la Grande Ile
Great Island toward the vers les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le
Development Millenium Developpemnt (OMD)
Objectives
Rights of Workers Les droits des Travailleurs BIT 1995 BIT
(Training Module) (Module de formation)
Guidance to Value an Ligne de conduite pour évaluer une Sprenger, Ellen; Dubel, Irène 1997 FORMAGE
Organization from Gender Lens organisation du point de vue du genre in : Genre et changement D
organisationnel/ Sprenger,
Ellen ; Dubel, Irène,-
Madagascar of today Madagascar d’aujourd’hui Marius Razafindrakoto 1996 BM
Manual for Projects: Why and Manuel pour les projets : Pourquoi et Agence Canadienne de 1996 FORMAGE
How to Use Indicators Taking comment utiliser des indicateurs tenant Développement - Ottawa D
Account of Gaps between Men compte des écarts entre les hommes et les
and Women femmes
Educational Manuals for Manuels Pédagogiques pour les République de Madagascar, PAM
Facilitators to Gender Issues - animateurs aux questions de Genre, draft Ministère de la Population, de la
draft, Condition féminine et de
l’enfance
National Operation of Activities Opération nationale d'évaluation des Randriamaro, Zo - FNUAP 1997 FORMAGE
Assessment Related to activités en matière de population /Rapport Antananarivo D
Population Report sectoriel
Orientations to Train on SEAGA Orientations pour Former en ASEG (Guide FAO/ ONE 2001 ONE
(Trainer’s Guide) Socioeconomic du Formateur)’ Analyse Socio-Economique
'and Gender Analysis - SEAGA) Selon le Genre-ASEG)
Passport to Integrate Gender Passeport pour intégrer la dimension FAO – ASEG Not dated FAO
Dimension in « Emergency « genre de programme d’urgence »
Program»
Implementing Program of The Programme de mise en œuvre de la Gouvernement malgache 2002 MINAGRI
State General Policy politique générale de l’Etat
Proposition for Education on Proposition pour l’éducation nutritionnelle CERE Uiversité de Liège 1991 BM
Nutrition in the Seecaline Project dans le projet SEECALINE Michel ANDRIEN
Mission Report Rapport de mission
Gender and Development Rapport de l'atelier de formation en genre Razafialivony, Voahangy Malala; 1998 FORMAGE
Workshop Report of the et développement dans la Coopération au Walters, Hettier D
European Commission Développement de l'Union Européenne - Atelier de formation, Janvier
Cooperation to the Development Madagascar 1998 Antananarivo.
- Madagascar
National report on the Human Rapport National sur le Développement PNUD 1996 BM
Development Humain

64
Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
National report on the Human Rapport National sur le Développement PNUD, Madagascar 2001 CINU
Development 2000. 2001 Humain 2000. 2001
Rapport national sur le Développement PNUD 1999 BM
Humain Madagascar
Report on the Development in Rapport sur le développement dans le Banque Mondiale 2004 CINU
the World, Services for the monde, des services pour les pauvres
Poor,
Society, culture and HIV/AIDS in Société, culture et VIH/SIDA à Focus Development Association 2003 PMPS /
Madagascar : Madagascar : CNLS
- « Ways and Customs and -« Us et coutumes et comportement
Sexual Behavior » sexuel »
Quantitative Component of -composante quantitative de l’Etude
the Survey

Population and Development Stratégies de Population et Développement Charles A. 1997 World Bank
Strategies RAKOTONDRAFARA

Monitoring and Evaluation in a Suivi et évaluation dans une perspective de Walters, Hettier; Hermans, 1995 FORMAGE
Gender perspective: A Key genre : Un fil conducteur Annet; Van der Hel, Margreet – D
Point
Monitoring and Evaluation in a Suivi et évaluation dans une perspective de PNUD. Programme des Nations 1997 FORMAGE
Result Perspective: Handbooks résultat : Manuel pour les responsables de Unies pour le développement - D
for Program Managers programme New York
www.undp.org/eo/fhdc.htm,-
A Right Globalization : Creating Une mondialisation juste : créer des Commision Mondiale sur la 2003 BIT
opportunities for all opportunités pour tous dimension sociale de la
Mondialisation
Living Together, in Separate Vivre ensemble, dans des mondes FNUAP 2000 CINU
Worlds: Men and Women at a séparés : Hommes et Femmes à une
Period of Changes époque de changements
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) Republic of Madagascar 2003 BM
World of women to a mixed world (D'un monde de femmes à un monde mixte) Beatriz Ruiz, Carmen – traduit n.a FORMAGE
par Rafransoa, Zoary D
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European CCE. Commission des 2001 FORMAGE
Parliament : Action plan for Mainstreaming of gender equality in Community Communautés Européennes. D
Development Co-operation. Bruxelles
Engendering Development (Engendrer le développement) King, Elizabeth M.; Mason, 2000 FORMAGE
Andrew D D
World Bank,
Why do we have to be bothered about gender issues? (Pourquoi devons-nous Fax de la cellule formfed du 2001 FORMAGE
nous unir pour la question de genre?) – 22/01/01 D
The Oxfam gender training manual (Manuel de formation de Oxfam sur le Williams, Suzanne; Seed, Janet; 1995 FORMAGE
genre) Mwau, Adelina- OXFAM D
Country Strategic Opportunities Paper IFAD, Republic of Madagascar 2000 IFAD

The Social Status of the Le statut social de la femme. Pour un Gauffenic, Armelle /Revue du 1985 CDIST
Woman. For a new World Order nouvel ordre mondial Tiers Monde

The Second Strategy of the La deuxième stratégie de l'UNESCO a Deble, Isabelle /Revue Tiers 1985 CDIST
UNESCO towards Women l'égard des femmes Monde
Women and Development: Femmes et développement : analyse INADES. Institut Africain pour le 1985/04 CDIST
Analysis of the problem. du problème cas concrets d'initiatives Développement Economique et
Concrete cases of initiatives Social. Abidjan. CI
National Report on the Social Rapport national sur le développement PNUD 1995 CDIST
Development. World Summit social. Sommet mondial pour le
for the Social Development développement social Copenhague
Copenhagen
Women of the South: Sources Femmes du Sud : sources Galland, Colette 1995 CDIST
of Information for the d'information pour
Development le développement

Women and Domestic Energies Femmes et énergies Suremain, Marie Dominique de 1985 CDIST
in the Popular Districts of domestiques dans les quartiers
Bogota populaires de Bogota

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get

Women and Supply: Toward a Femmes et ravitaillement : Chuegoue, Augustin Désiré, 1998 CDIST
Better Visibility? vers une plus grande visibilité? Ndjebet, Cécile

The Forgotten of the Greatest Les oubliés de grandes opérations de Kane, C.H. 1974 CDIST
Development Operations: développement : le groupe enfance-
Childhood - Youth – Women jeunesse
Group / Present Development -femmes /Actuel Développement

The Woman and the La femme et la décision/Actuel Latora da Veiga 1976 CDIST
Decision/Present Development Développement Pinto, Francoise

Notes on the Social Condition Notes sur la condition sociale de la MODAIN, G./ Bulletin de 1928 CDIST
of the Hova Woman femme hova l'Academie Malgache

Anthropological Guides and Guides anthropologiques et Richard /BIT, Genève 1986 CDIST
Questionnaires for the Survey questionnaires pour l'étude des
of the Demographic Changes changements démographiques et des
and Roles of Women rôles des femmes

Women's Communication and Auteur (AAUTS): Pierce Colfer, 1977 CDIST

family planning in rural America Carol J/ East-West
the case of Bushler bay Communication Institute.
Honolulu (HT)
Gender Integration in the Intégration du genre dans les organisations. Schuler, S.R.; Hashemi, S.M.; 2003 GTZ
Organizations. Document of Document de référence Huda Badal, S.
Reference
Elimination of the Violence towards Elimination de la violence à l’égard des Commenwealth secretary 2002 GTZ
Women and Girls. Contribution to femmes et des filles. Contribuer à la
the Human Right Protection and to protection des droits humains et au
Development by Eradicating développement en éliminant et en
Violence Preventing from It prévenant la violence

Gender and change in the organizational culture. Tools to construct a gender- GTZ Unit 04 - Strategic Corporate 2001 GTZ
sensitive organization Development
Dossier: Five years after Beijing Dossier: Cinq ans après Beijing Les femmes Osterhaus, J. 2000 GTZ
Women and the Development - et le développement - surmonter les
Overcoming Obstacles obstacles

Dossier: Globalization and Dossier: Globalisation et communication Osterhaus, J. 2000 GTZ

Communication-Women ‘s Africa L’Afrique des femmes (Egalité entre les
(Equality between Sexes - sexes - Bilan de la 5ème conférence
Assessment of the 5th world mondiale sur les femmes)
Conference on women)

Gender and Project Management. A contribution to the quality management of GTZ Pilotprogramm Abt. 42 2000 GTZ
GTZ

DIMITRA Guide Rural Women and Guide DIMITRA Femmes rurales et Seidemann, S. 2000 GTZ
Development. An NGO Index, Développement. Un répertoire d’ONG,
Research Institutes and European Instituts de recherche et centres
Information Centers d’information européens

Strategies for achieving the international Development targets: Making Landuse planning in the technical 2000 GTZ
Government work for poor people cooperation

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 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
DAC Guidelines for gender equality and women’s empowerment in Entwicklung und Zusammenarbeit/ 1999 GTZ
Development coo-operation/ DSE

Gender differentiation of a Target Différenciation sexo-spécifique du SOROPTIMIST INTERNATIONAL, 1999 GTZ

Group” In the Technical and Financial groupe cible” dans les projets choisis de Club Antananarivo
Cooperation Chosen Project la coopération technique et financière

Intensive Training on “Gender and Formation intensive en “Genre et FAO/Forests, Trees and People 1999 GTZ
Development” Développement”

Gender, growth, and poverty reduction. Special program of assistance for Klein, D. 1999 GTZ
Africa, 1998status report on poverty in Sub-saharan Africa

The Globalized Woman (Essay La femme mondialisée (essai traduit de Marjan van Es; Walters, H. 1999 GTZ
Translated from German Language) l’allemand)

Taking Account of Gender in the La prise en compte du genre dans la GTZ 1999 GTZ
Project Management. A contribution to gestion des projets. Une contribution à
the Management of the Quality of GTZ la gestion de la qualité de la GTZ

The Voice of Women for the Change. La voix des femmes pour le Sandhu, R.; Sandler, J. 1999 GTZ
The Communication and the Rural changement. la communication et la
Woman femme rurale

DAC source book on concepts and Egyptian-German Integrated Pest 1998 GTZ
approaches linked to gender equality Management Project

,Socio - economic and Gender Genre, Analyse Socio-économique et Vrouwenberaad 1998 GTZ
Analysis and Training. The SEAGA Formation. Le programme ASEG Ontwikkelingssamenwerking
Program

Lessons of Experiences: The Group Les leçons des expériences: Le groupe Société d’Assistance au 1998 GTZ
targets the Young in the Technical cible des jeunes dans la coopération Développement des Entreprises
Cooperation technique (SADéE)

Proposition of Project for the Proposition de projet pour le programme Slocum, R.; Wichhart, L.; Thomas- 1998 GTZ
Socioeconomic and Gender Analysis d’analyse socio-économique selon le Slayter, B.
Program (SEAGA) in Madagascar genre (ASEG) dans le contexte de
Context Madagascar

Figures and Gender - Agricultural Statistiques et genre - Recensements Herrmann, G. 1998 GTZ
Census. Orientations for a Revision of agricoles. Orientations pour une révision
concepts and the Methodology des concepts et de la méthodologie

Training for sustainable Development. Promotion of women. New Media. Mehreen Hosain 1998 GTZ
Quality Management. Human Resource Development. Cooperatives

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 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Concept for the promotion of equal participation by women and men in the Wichterich, Chr. 1997 GTZ
Development process. Concept on gender equality

Conceptual framework for gender analysis within the Development context GTZ 1997 GTZ

Gender and organizational change: Bridging the gap between policy and FAO 1997 GTZ
practice

Gender Assessment Studies. A manual for gender consultants GTZ Orientation selon le genre 1997 GTZ
2/Division 425

Instructions for the Appreciation Instructions pour l’appréciation de Walters, H.; Hermans, A.; van der 1997 GTZ
of the Orientation of Cooperation l’orientation des projets de la coopération aux Hel, M.
Projects with regards to the exigences de la lutte contre la pauvreté
Struggle against Poverty
Requirements
Integration of Gender Issues in Intégration des questions du genre dans la GTZ Gender-Orientierung 1997 GTZ
UE-ACP Development coopération au développement UE-ACP. 7/Abteilung 401
Cooperation. Report of Rapport de Madagascar
Madagascar
Integration of Gender Issues in Intégration des questions genre dans la GTZ Abteilung 401 (Wirtschafts- 1997 GTZ
UE-ACP Development coopération au développement UE-ACP und Sozialpolitik, Recht und
Cooperation (Regional Training (Session de formation régionale en genre et Verwaltung)
Session in Gender and développement
Development
Participative Materialization of the Matérialisation participative de l’approche Arbeitskreis Armustbekämpfung 1997 GTZ
Gender Approach in the genre dans le cadre de l’identification des durch Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe
Identification of Technical/ related activités techniques/ connexes et des
activities and for Adequate formations adéquates liées à la gestion forêts
Training related to Forests
Management

Why and how to Use Indicators Pourquoi et comment utiliser des indicateurs Boschmann, N. 1996 GTZ
taking account of Gaps between tenant compte des écarts entre les hommes
Men and Women et les femmes Manuel pour les projets
Manual for Projects

Target people Analysis - Why, Analyse des groupes -cibles - Pourquoi, Gender Office Swedish 1996 GTZ
When, What and How? Quand, Quoi et Comment? International Development
Authority (SIDA)

Gender Participatory Approches participatives selon le genre dans Développement et Coopération; N° 1996 GTZ
Approaches in the Technical la coopération technique (Points 1 à 7) 4/1995 - DSE
Cooperation

SEAGA – Socio-Economic and ASEG -Analyse Socio -Economique selon le GTZ 1996 GTZ
Gender Analysis. A Field Guide Genre. Guide d’application au niveau de
Application terrain

Professional Training – Guidance Formation professionnelle. Indications pour Gaesing, K.; v. Morstein, C. 1996 GTZ
for the Gender Orientation l’orientation selon le genre

The Gender Approach in the L’approche Genre dans le cycle du projet. Balit, S.; Organisation des nations 1996 GTZ
Project Cycle. Guidance for Indication pour la gestion des projets unies pour l’alimentation et
Projects Management l’agriculture FAO

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 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Evaluation Participatory Methods Méthodes participatives d’évaluation (Points Commission Femmes et 1996 GTZ
(Points 8 to 15). Handbook for 8 à 15) - Manuel des chargés de cours pour Développement (CFD)
Lecturers for local Experts les experts locaux

The Gender Approach in the L’approche Genre dans le cycle du projet. Dr. Tekülve, M. 1995 GTZ
Project Cycle. Guidance for Indications pour la gestion des projets
Projects Management

The Monitoring and The Le suivi et l’évaluation dans une perspective Engelhardt, E., Oswald, K. 1995 GTZ
Evaluation in a Gender de genre. Un fil conducteur
Perspective – A key Point
Training Session : Gender and Session de formation: Genre et analyse GTZ 1995 GTZ
Social Analysis sociale

To lead a balanced Development Conduire un développement équilibré BMZ aktuell Nr. 020/Oktober 92 1993 GTZ
between Men and Women Hommes -Femmes

We would like to improve life! a “Nous voulons améliorer la vie !” a research GTZ 1992 GTZ
research on income generating on income generating activities of rural
activities of rural women in women in Madagascar
Madagascar
SEAGA Field level Guide. 3 Guide de terrain ASEG. Trois boîtes à outils Vrouwenberaad in Development 2000 GTZ
toolkits to facilitate the pour faciliter la planification participative du 1978-1993
Participatory Development développement
Planning
Differentiated Impact Study per Etude d’impact différenciée par genre. Guide GTZ 1994 GTZ
Gender. Guide for Senior staff à l’intention des cadres

Equity Access to Information Accès équitable à l’information PRODILO (Projet Promotion des n.a GTZ
Initiatives Locales)

Evolution of Political Approaches Evolution des approches politiques envers les Shahra Razavi, Miller Carol n.a GTZ
toward Women , the Gender and femmes, le genre et le développement
the Development

n.a

Processes Monitoring. A tool for Suivi des processus. Un outil de travail pour Department for International n.a GTZ
Project Partners in their Work des collaborateurs de projet Development (DFID)

The Malagasy Woman Legal Guide juridique de la femme malgache Nagel, I.; Diesfeld, H.J.; Sebgo, P.; n.a GTZ
Guide Endres, T.

Annual report related to balanced Rapport d’activité annuel sur le RAHARIVOLOLONA, 1998 Intercoo
Development in the region of développement équilibré dans la région de RAMANAMBOHITRA peration
Menabe Menabe
Tools for implementation of Instruments de travail pour la réalisation d’un GEHRIGER, A 1997 Intercoo
balanced Development inside développement équilibré femmes – hommes INTERCOOPERATION peration
Intercooperation projects dans les activités des projets
d’Intercoopération
Gender Analysis in Development planning, a case book RAO, Aruna ; ANDERSON, Mary 1991 Intercoo
OVERHOLT, Cathérine peration

Gender training in Development – PRASSAD. Anuradha ; BHATIA, 1991 Intercoo

Workshop report Kiran peration
National Labour Institute
Women and African Society Femmes, Providence de la société Africaine INADES 1996 Intercoo
peration

Gender mainstreaming. A study United Nations Research Institute 1995 Intercoo

of efforts by the UNDO, the World for Social development peration
Bank and the ILO to
institutionalize Gender issues

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 English translation of the Title Publisher Year Where
Title
to get
Gender assessment study: A guide for policy staff Organisation des nations unies n.a GTZ
pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture
FAO

Institutional Development challenges in reaching women farmers with improved Projet Initiatives Genre et n.a GTZ
technology Développement (IGED)

Technical cooperation and promotion of women - Present situation, objectives, Annet LINGEN, with Brouwers, R.; n.a GTZ
concepts and instruments Nugteren, M.; Plantenga, D.;
Zuidberg, L.

Integration of women and the gender approach - an important cross-cutting GTZ- n.a GTZ
issue for GTZ

Coopération technique et promotion féminine. orientations et strategies BMZ Aktuell n.a GTZ
Technical Cooperation and Women Promotion, Orientations and strategies

Introduction to the gender Analysis method: aims, categories and tools GTZ n.a GTZ

Put the gender issue on the agenda - The need for participatory methods in Boschmann, N. n.a GTZ
land use planning

Social and gender training workshop, Amman, 26/27 January 1993 GTZ n.a GTZ

Tools of Gender Analysis. A Guide to Field Methods for Bringing Gender GTZ n.a GTZ
Sustainable Resource Management

Critical review of five years project experiences in business promotion and Reimann, C./ University of Bradford n.a GTZ
recommendations for a future concept (“Promotion of women in rural areas”)

Women’s world banking (WWB) Osterhaus, J.; Schaefer, S. n.a GTZ

Learning about rural women Schneider, R.M.; Schneider, W. n.a GTZ

Towards gender mainstreaming in crisis prevention and conflict management. GTZ- Pilotprogramm n.a GTZ
Guidelines for the German technical cooperation Gender/Frauenförderung

A new approach to country-owned poverty reduction strategies Thomas-Slayter, B.; Lee Esser, A.; n.a GTZ
Dale Shields, M.

How to include gender into ZOPP-Planning procedures. Lessons learned by the Spittler, E.A.; Osterhaus, J. n.a GTZ
WID-project in Egypt and Jordan

Tool Book - Gender Analysis and Training Forster, R.; Osterhaus, J. n.a GTZ

Tool book for Gender sensitive participatory extension approaches in the Développement et Coopération; N° n.a GTZ
Philippines and elsewhere 5/2000 - DSE

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Title
to get
Gender-sensitive participatory approaches in Technical Co-operation. Trainers’ Développement et Coopération n.a GTZ
manual for local experts

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
 6. Reference
List of documents consulted for the elaboration of Madagascar Gender profile

1- Year book of Statistic – Enquête auprès des ménages ( Family survey ) 1999, 2000, 2001
INSTAT
2- PRSP (Strategy of Poverty Reduction Paper), 2003, Malagasy Government
3- Rapport de mise en œuvre du PRSP (implementation of PRSPreport) (July à December
2003) – Feb 2004 – Malagasy Government
4- Policy National of Women promotion, 2000, Ministry of Population
5- PANAGED (Gender Plan), 2004, Ministry of population
6- Epidemiological fact sheet on HIV/AIDS and sexual transmitted infections – 2000 -
UNAID/WHO,
7- Guide juridique de la femme Malgache (Legal guide for Malagasy women) no date,
Association of women lawyers, UNICEF
8- DHS III – Demographic and health survey – Madagascar 2003 – 2004, 2004 – Ministry of
budget, finance and economy, INSTAT, Measure DHS+ program
9- Argumentaire pour une prise en compte effective des disparités de genre dans la stratégie
de réduction de la pauvreté à Madagascar (Arguments for consideration of Gender in
Madagascar poverty alleviation strategy), 2001, Astou DIAGNE
10- Revue des aspects Genre dans le développement rural- mission d’étude (Review of Gender
aspects in Madagascar rural Development programs, 2001 – Helen Lackner
11- Education des filles et des femmes à Madagascar – un état de lieux (situation of girls and
women education in Madagascar) – 1998, UNICEF
12- Madagascar - Rapport sur le Développement Humain “ Genre, Développement humain et
pauvreté” (Human Development Report Gender, Human Development and poverty) - 2003
– UNDP
13- Rapport annuel 2002 de la Banque Mondiale (World Bank annual report 2002)
14- Document de stratégie de programme de coopération Madagascar (Madagascar
cooperation program Strategy Paper)– UNICEF- 2005-2009, Nov 2003- UNICEF
15- Madagascar – United Nation’s Development assistance Framework (UNDAF)- Nov 2003-
Malagasy Government – United Nations

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16- Rapport sur le suivi des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement à Madagascar (Report
related to follow up of Millenium Challenge goals in Madagascar) – Sept 2004 – MEFB-
INSTAT
17- Madagascar – Rapport National sur les femmes (National report related to women situation
in Madagascar) – pour Beijing 1995- 1995
18- rapport des membres de la Délégation Malagasy des ONGs au forum Mondial des ONGs
sur les femmes (Report of Malagasy NGOs Delegates in women World Forum) – Beijing
1995
19- Développement au seuil du XXIe siècle- rapport sur le développement dans le monde (World
Development Report), 1999- 2000, 2000 World Bank
20- Données sur les projets des secteurs de développement rural, sécurité alimentaire et
environnement à Madagascar (Data related to projects intervening in rural Development,
food security, environment in Madagascar) - Secrétariat Multi- Bailleurs (SMB) – – Mai 2001
21- Projet de Soutien au Développement rural (Rural Development Project) – World Bank –
Madagascar – 2001
22- Déclaration de politique pour le développement du sous- secteur irrigué (Declaration of
policy for the Development of subsector of irrigation)- World Bank – Madagascar – 2001
23- Lettre de politique de Développement rural (Letter of rural Development policy) – World
Bank- Madagascar – 2001
24- Projet de plate forme d’action à Madagascar ( Platform of action project in Madagascar) –
Ministry of population / Women promotion Department– 1994
25- Les femmes et le droit foncier: sur un pied d’égalité (Women and right related to land
ownership) – FAO – 2003
26- Document cadre de politique économique 1999 - 2001 (Document framework of economic
policy 1999 – 2001) – Malagasy Republic – not dated
27- Information sur les Objectifs de la déclaration du Millénaire (Information related to Millenium
Goals declaration) – United nations
28- Plan directeur quinquenal pour le développement rural: une approche de marché pour la
lutte contre la pauvreté en milieu rural à Madagascar (Master Plan for rural Development:
market based approach for fighting against poverty in rural area in Madagascar) – Ministry of
agriculture – 2004
29- Plan d’action pour le Développement rural à Madagascar – (Rural Development plan) – Inter
ministry committee – 2000

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30- Madagascar – les défis d’un développement durable – leçons d’hier pour les perpectives de
demain (Madagascar – Challenges for sustainable Development – lessons learned for
future perpectives) - 2002
31- Survey on the domestic violence - psychological case approach of Antananarivo–- by Dr
Rasoarimboahangy Miarintsoa - January–February 2001
32- Survey on the Domestic Violence–legal - by by Randriatavy Lova - March 2001
33- Survey on the Violence Against Women - by Focus Development Association.- November
2004
34- WEBSITE: http://devdata.worldbank.org (world Development indicator database,
Development economics central, Database of Gender Statistics)
35- http://www.banque.mondiale.org.mg Madagascar World bank
36- http://hdr.undp.org – Human Development reports – UNDP
37- http://www.onu.mg/pnud/ Madagascar UNDP data base
38- http://www.developmentgoals.net Millenium Development Goals
39- http://www.unido.org UNIDO
40- http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry Madagascar UNICEF
41- http://www.fao.org FAO
42- http://www.unfpa.org UNFPA
43- http://www.uis.unesco IUNESCO – Institute for Statistic
44- http://www.smbmada.net Madagascar – Multi donors secretary (SMB)
45- http://www.genreenaction.net Gender Initiatives of European Union
46- http://www.sante.gov.mg/ health Ministry
47- http://www.cite.mg/signmad.htm Web Sites related to Madagascar

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 7. Definitions

<Technical Terms>
Affirmative action
Prioritized positive measure to promptly correct the difference, in the case that discriminated
groups are placed in extremely unequal conditions to other groups, due to the discrimination
accumulated in the past.
Informal sector
Part of economy consisting of small competitive individual or family firms listed in the labor
indicators. According to the definition of ILO, those engaged in this sector have simple
technology, insufficient amount of capital, unidentified business location, minimum number of
employees (or none of them), lack of legality and registration, and no capability of bookkeeping.
National machinery
Administrative organization to promote equal participation between men and women, and to
implement and strengthen policies related to women, and to supplement organization for women.
Poverty line
Level of income under which it is impossible to get adapted food regarding good nutrition and to
satisfy non-alimentation basic needs.
Reproductive health/rights
Health/Rights concerning sex and reproduction. Concerns safe and satisfied sex life, and
freedom to decide whether, when and how many children to deliver.

<Indicators>
Economic Indicators
Inflation rate
Instead, GDP deflator is used.
Percentage of Women’s Income
There are no appropriate data comparable to each country. UNDP works out that the women’s
income is 75% of men’s in non-agricultural sector.
GDP per capita:
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the sum of value added by all residents’ producers plus any
products taxes not included in the valuation of output. GDP per capita is gross domestic product
divided by mid-year population. Growth is calculated from constant price GDP data in local
currency
GNI per capita
Gross National Income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all residents producers plus any
product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary
income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
GNI per capita is gross national income divided by mid-year population.
GNI per capita in US Dollars is converted using the World Bank Atlas method.
Gini index
Aggregate numerical measures of income inequality ranging from 0 to 100. A Gini index of zero
represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.
National Poverty rate
Percentage of population living below the poverty line deemed appropriate for the country by its
authorities.
Urban poverty rate

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Percentage of the urban population living below the urban poverty line

rural poverty rate

Percentage of the rural population living below the rural poverty line

Active population or labor force

All people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It
includes both the employed and unemployed.

Health

Access of health services: Percentage of population who can visit health centers in less than
one hours of travel, by foot or by local means of transportation
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Access to safe water: Share of population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of
safe water (uncontaminated water) from such us springs, sanitary wells, public fountain,
standpipe..;
Antenatal care Percentage of women aged 15-49 years attended at least once during pregnancy
by skilled health personnel
Child malnutrition Percentage of children under 5 whose weight for age is less than minus 2
standard deviations from the median of the reference population
Contraceptive prevalence Percentage of women in union aged 15 – 49 years currently using
contraception
Enrolment ratio of primary and secondary school
EPI: Expanded program of immunization: The immunizations in this program include those
against TB, DPT, polio and measles, as well as protecting babies against neonatal tetanus by
vaccination of pregnant women;
Estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS Estimated number of adults and children living
with HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate: Percentage of adults (15 – 49 years) living with HIV/AIDS as of
end of year
Infant mortality rate Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age expressed per
1,000 births:
Maternal mortality rate Annual number of mothers who die among 100,000 cases of delivery due
to pregnancy
Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) use rate The rate of using oral rehydrate salt or substitute
solution for under- infants having diarrhea
Percentage of births attended by trained health personnel: The rate of births with the help of
doctors, nurses, midwives, trained health personnel, or trained traditional midwives
Percentage of infants with low birth weight: The rate of newborn children of which the birth
weight is less than 2,500 grams
Public expenditure on health Consists of recurrent and capital spending from Government
(central and local) for health promotion and health services
Share of population with at least adequate excreta disposal facilities (private or shared but not
public) that can effectively prevent human, animal and insect contact with excreta.
Skilled attendant at delivery: Percentage of births attended by skilled health personnel (doctors,
nurses or midwives)

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar
Synthetic fecundity rate : Number of children that would put to the world a woman during its life,
by giving birth, to each age, to the number of children corresponding to the rate of fecundity
prevailing for this age.
Total enrolment ratio (or gross enrolment ratio) is the rate of pupils going to school with no
respect to school age against population at the school age. Net enrolment ratio is the rate of
pupils going to school at the school age against the people at the school age.
Total fertility rate Average number of children whom a woman delivers in all her life
Under-five mortality rate Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age
expressed per 1,000 live births
Under-one mortality rate Annual number of infants who die among 1,000 newborn babies within
1 year after the birth

Demographic
Life expectancy at birth The number of years newborn children would live if subject to the
mortality risk prevailing for the cross section of population at the time of their birth.
Urban population:
Percentage of population living in urban areas (capital, Great urban Center, secondary urban
Centers)

Education
Adult illiteracy rate:
Percentage of persons aged 15 and over who can’t with understanding read and write
Adult female illiteracy
Proportion of female adults aged 15 and above who cannot read and write a short, simple
statement on their everyday life.
Gross enrolment ratios:
is the number of children enrolled in a schooling level (primary or secondary) regardless of age,
divided by the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the same level.
Net primary or secondary school enrolment ratio
The number of children enrolled in primary school who belong to the age group that officially
corresponds to primary schooling, divided by the total population of same age group
Net primary school attendance
Percentage of children in the age group that officially correspond to primary schooling who
attend primary school
Primary school entrants reaching grade five
Percentage of the children entering the first grade of primary school who eventually reach grade
five

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Gender Country Profile - Madagascar