1-0 mís';

1-1 çLrkouk
1-2 O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk vkSj dkuwu ds chp varj
1-3 O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dh çklafxdrk
1-4 oS'ohdj.k vkSj O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
1-5 fLFkjrk vkSj O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
1-6 çca/ku ikBîØe esa O;kolkf;d uSfrd f'k{kk
1-7 O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk funsZ'k dh çHkko'khyrk
1-8 D;k O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ,d fojks/kkHkkl gS\
1-9 O;olk; fdlds fy, gS\ nks çeq[k fopkj
1-10 lkjka'k
1-11 'kCnkoyh
1-12 Loij[k ç'u
1-13 lanHkZ@vkxs dk v/;;u

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] vki bl ;ksX; gks tk,ax%s

uSfrdrk dks dkuwu ls vyx dj ldsa(
oS'ohdj.k vkSj fLFkjrk ds vkt ds ;qx ds nkSjku O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dh
çklafxdrk dh ljkguk dj ldsa(
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dh çklafxdrk dh ljkguk djsa( vkSj
'ks;j/kkjdksa ds –f"Vdks.k vkSj çca/ku ds çfr fgr/kkjdksa ds –f"Vdks.k ds chp
varj dks le>saA

O;kikj uSfrdrk D;k gS\ D;k O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk fdlh mís'; dh iwfrZ
djrh gS\ D;k O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk fdlh okaNuh; ifj.kke dh vksj ys tkrh
gS\ ,sls ç'uksa dks lacksf/kr djus ls igys] vkb, ;g le>us dh dksf'k'k djsa fd
uSfrdrk ls D;k rkRi;Z gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk çca/kdh; fu.kZ; ysus esa uSfrd
eqíksa ds vuqç;ksx ds laca/k esa gSA bathfu;fjax uSfrdrk vkSj fpfdRlk uSfrdrk dh
rjg] O;olk; çca/ku {ks= Hkh uSfrdrk dks çca/kdh; fu.kZ; ysus dk ,d vfuok;Z
fgLlk ekurk gSA ,d “kS{kf.kd vuq'kklu ds :i esa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk gesa
11
 uSfrd ;k vuSfrd] lgh ;k xyr ds :i esa fu.kZ;ksa dk ewY;kadu djus ds ckjs esa
fof'k"V ç'uksa ds mÙkj [kkstus ds fy, ekxZn'kZu djrh gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ds
:i esa ,d O;ofLFkr v/;;u ds fcuk fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, jk; vkSj O;fäxr
iwokZxzgksa ls Hkjk gksuk r; gSA nks ç[;kr O;kolkf;d fo}kuksa] ,aMª;w Øsu vkSj fMdZ
eSVu dks m)`r djus ds fy,] ^^O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk O;kolkf;d fLFkfr;ksa]
xfrfof/k;ksa vkSj fu.kZ;ksa dk v/;;u gS tgka lgh vkSj xyr ds eqíksa dks lacksf/kr
fd;k tkrk gSA^^ ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; gS fd lgh vkSj xyr ds chp dk varj
foÙkh; vkSj j.kuhfrd fopkjksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d ds ctk; uSfrd ekunaMksa ij
vk/kkfjr gSA

O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dk v/;;u djrs le; vko';d phtksa esa ls ,d ;g ;kn

j[kuk gS fd ;g dkuwu ls vyx gSA uSfrdrk dkuwuh dksM ds :i esa mfYyf[kr
gj pht rd lhfer ugha gS vkSj bls dkuwuh :i ls vfuok;Z cuk fn;k x;k gSA
fyf[kr dkuwu ds :i esa D;k djsa vkSj D;k u djsa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk vlaHko gSA
blfy,] dkuwu dh vnkyrksa esa dqN ,sfrgkfld fu.kZ;ksa dks vius fu.kZ;ksa dks lgh
Bgjkus ds fy, dkuwu dh Hkkouk dk vkºoku djrs gq, ns[kuk nqyZHk ugha gSA
dkuwu] fdlh Hkh lH; lekt esa] lcls vPNk] ,d lkekU; U;wure Lohdk;Z ekud
gSA ijUrq] dqN uSfrd vkSj uSfrd ç'u vko';d :i ls dkuwu ds nk;jsa esa ugha
vkrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] dksbZ Hkh dkuwuh O;oLFkk cM+s cPpksa ds fy, ;g vfuok;Z
ugha djrh gS fd os vius cq<+kis esa vius ekrk&firk ds çfr oQknkj vkSj lefiZr
jgsAa
blh rjg] dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ;g ugha dgrk gS fd ifr&iRuh dks ,d&nwljs ds çfr
oQknkj gksuk pkfg,A blds vykok dkuwu fu;ked mís';ksa vkSj fdlh Hkh lekt esa
ukxfjd O;oLFkk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, dbZ eqíksa dks lfEefyr djrk gSA bl
rjg ds dkuwuh tukns'k ds fy, t:jh ugha fd uSfrd ewY; fufgrkFkZ gksaA
,d nk'kZfud us ,d ckj pqVdh yh] ^tgka HkkSfrdh lekIr gksrh gS] ogka rRoehekalk
'kq: gksrh gSA ^blh rjg] dksbZ ;g rdZ ns ldrk gS fd O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ogha
ls 'kq: gksrh gS tgka dkuwu lekIr gksrk gSA vkt dbZ dkuwuh vko';drk,a lekt
ds uSfrd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fodkl ds mi&mRikn gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] LFkk;h
O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, i;kZoj.k lewgksa }kjk c<+rh
lfØ;rk vkSj dk;ZLFky esa efgykvksa vkSj ,ythchVh vf/kdkjksa dks ekU;rk nsus dh
ekax us u, dkuwu dks tUe fn;k gSA ;|fi bu eqíksa dks gky gh esa dkuwu }kjk
igpkuk x;k gS] ijUrq gesa ;g /;ku esa j[kuk gksxk fd ;s uSfrd çHkko ds nk;js esa
vkrs gSaA nks 'krkfCn;ksa ls Hkh igys] fo/kok iqufoZokg ij fopkj djuk] ckfydkvksa ds
vf/kdkjksa ij ppkZ djuk vkSj efgykvksa dks lkoZtfud ekeyksa esa Hkkx ysus dh
vuqefr nsuk vuSfrd ekuk tkrk FkkA jktk jkeeksgu jk;] fo|klkxj tSls yksxksa
}kjk Hkkjr esa iqutkZxj.k vkanksyu vkSj T;ksfrjckbZ Qqys tSls yksxksa ds ;ksxnku us
lkekftd lq/kkjksa dk ekxZ ç'kLr fd;kA le; ds lkFk] muds ç;klksa ls gekjs
lekt esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa vR;f/kd ifjorZu vk;k gSA lkekftd lq/kkjksa esa
muds ç;klksa us gekjs tSls fir`&lÙkkRed lekt esa uSfrdrk vkSj /kekZpkj ij fQj
ls fopkj fd;k gSA ikjaifjd vkSj vk/kqfud lektksa esa] tks uSfrdrk dk xBu djrh
12
gS] mldh Hkkouk çpfyr 'kfä lehdj.kksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA tkfr&xzLr
lekt esa] mPp tkfr;ka uSfrd vkpj.k dk ekunaM fu/kkZfjr djrh gSaA
blh rjg] fir`&lÙkkRed lekt esa] iq#"k r; djrs gSa fd fdlh efgyk ds vkpj.k
ds lac/a k esa uSfrdrk vkSj /kekZpkj D;k gSA mUur vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa Hkh] d‚jiksjVs
vHkh Hkh mu efgykvksa dh f'kdk;rksa ls fuiVrs gSa ftUgksaus vius rjDdh esa :dkoV
dh f'kdk;r dh gSA blfy,] ;g /;ku j[kuk çklafxd gS fd uSfrdrk vkSj
/kekZpkj dk fo"k; ekStwnk lÙkk lajpukvksa ls fudVrk ls lacaf/kr gSA fdlh fuf'pr
le; esa] fo'ks"k 'kfä lajpuk okLrfod uSfrd fparkvksa dks dkuwuh :i çnku djus
esa Hkh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa us ckj&ckj tyok;q ifjorZu] ,ythchVh vf/kdkjksa vkSj
dk;ZLFky esa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa tSls eqíksa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA ehfM;k us
le;&le; ij bu eqíksa dks mBk;k gS] ftlls tu tkx:drk c<+ jgh gSA bu eqíksa
ds ckjs esa tu tkx:drk c<+us ls lekt esa O;kIr lgh vkSj xyr ds ckjs esa
lkekftd /kkj.kkvksa esa cnyko vkrk gSA d‚jiksjVs laxBuksa ds ekeys esa] oSf”od
m’.krk ¼Xykscy okfeaZx½ tSls eqíksa ds ckjs esa tu tkx:drk c<+us ls la/kkj.kh;rk
ds {ks= esa igy gqbZ gSA laf{kIr uke ds :i esa] dkiksZjVs lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro
¼lh,lvkj½ dks d‚iksZjVs fLFkjrk vkSj mÙkjnkf;Ro ds :i esa Hkh le>k tkrk gSA
vkstksu ijr dh deh vkSj i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk ds c<+rs ehfM;k dojst us Hkh
ljdkj dks i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkuwuksa dks fodflr djus ds fy, etcwj fd;k gSA
la{ksi esa] ,d vifjgk;Z pjeksRd"kZ ij igqapus ds ckn] vkt dh uSfrd fpark,a
dkuwuh ra=ksa dks is'k djus ds fy, ljdkj dk /;ku vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, ck/;
gSaA

vkt dh nqfu;k esa] d‚jiksjsV laxBu jkT; fu;ked ,tsafl;ksa ds chp rsth ls
lSaMfop gks jgs gSa vkSj mu ij ukxfjd lekt laxBuksa vkSj ehfM;k Li‚VykbV dh
lrdZrk esa o`f) gqbZ gSA yksdrkaf=d ljdkjsa yksxksa ds çfr tokcnsg gksrh gSa vkSj
mUgsa ernkrkvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS] blfy, jktuhfrd usrk turk dh
ekaxksa dks iwjk djus ds bPNqd gksrs gSAa bl çfØ;k esa] nks’k d‚jiksjVs {ks= Ikj gh
Fkksik tkrk gSA phu tSls lÙkkoknh jkT; esa Hkh] ljdkj d‚iksZjsV laxBuksa dh
lkoZtfud vkykspuk ds fy, vfrlaosnu'khy gSA gj lky iaæg ekpZ dks miHkksäk
vf/kdkj fnol ds :i esa euk;k tkrk gS] vkSj miHkksäk vf/kdkjksa ds mYya?ku ds
fy, de ls de ,d fuxe dks lkoZtfud :i ls QVdkj yxkbZ tkrh gS vkSj
'kfeaZnk fd;k tkrk gSA
blds vykok] d‚jiksjVs czkaM /kkj.kk ds çfr vf/kd laons u'khy gks jgs gSaA gj ckj
tc ehfM;k d‚iksZjVs ds xyr dkeksa ds ckjs esa fjiksVZ djrk gS] rks d‚iksZjVs çfr"Bk
dks Bsl igq¡prh gSA 1990 ds n'kd esa vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq#vkr ds lkFk]
lks'ky ehfM;k dk tcjnLr çlkj vkSj fodkl ds dkj.k vc ;g ;k rks izfr’Bk
c<+k ldrk gS ;k fQj mls feuVks ;k lsd.Mksa esa u’V dj ldrk gSA blfy,]
fu.kZ; ysus ds uSfrd igyqvksa ds ckjs esa Hkkoh çca/kdksa dks laons u'khy cukus vkSj
fgr/kkjd çca/ku ij tksj nsus ds fy, O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk vf/kd egRoiw.kZ
13
 gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk Kku us O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dh çklafxdrk dh
vko”;drk dks dqN dkj.kksa dks vkxs c<+k;k gSA
lcls igys] d‚iksZjVs laxBu] fo'ks"k :i ls cM+s laxBu tSls xwxy] ,seStksu]
Qslcqd] V~ohV~j] VsulsaV vkSj vyhckck cgqr çHkko'kkyh gks jgs gSaA ;s d‚iksZjsV
laxBu u dsoy vius x`g jkT; esa çHkko'kkyh gSa cfYd oSf'od lan”s k Hkh nsrs gSaA
O;kikj] ljdkj vkSj lekt tSls ikBîØeksa ds :i esa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk gesa
lekt ij cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa vkSj vU; d‚iksZjsV laxBuksa ds vR;f/kd çHkko
dks le>us esa enn djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dksfoM egkekjh dh 'kq#vkr vkSj
blds ifj.kkeLo:i y‚dMkmu ds dkj.k v‚uykbu euksjt a u dk mn; gqvkA
v‚uykbu euksjatu dh c<+rh ekax us cPpksa ds fy, o;Ld lkexzh rd vklku
igqap iSnk dj nh gS] vkSj NksVs cPpksa dh v‚uykbu xfrfof/k;ksa ij ekrk&firk dh
fuxjkuh ,d nq%LoIu cu xbZ gSA
blds vykok] vksoj n V‚i ¼vksVhVh½ ehfM;k lsokvksa tSlh v‚uykbu euksjatu
daifu;ksa ds foLQksV us ikfjokfjd laca/kksa dks uqdlku igqapk;k gSA nwljk] ,d le;
Fkk tc O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ds ikl lkekftd dkj.kksa ls fuiVus ds fy, lhfer
lalk/ku vkSj dkS'ky FksA feYVu ÝhMeSu ds vuqlkj ^dsoy O;olk; djuk gh
O;olk; gSA^ ijUrq vkt ds d‚iksZjVs laxBu lkekftd eqíksa ds lek/kku ryk'kus ds
fy, vR;f/kd dq'ky dk;Zcy vkSj i;kZIr foÙkh; lalk/kuksa ls vf/kd laiUu gSaA ge
,d ,slh nqfu;k esa gSa tgka la;qä jk"Vª us lglzkCnh lrr fodkl y{;ksa esa Hkkx ysus
ds fy, O;olk;ksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k gSA dbZ ekeyksa esa] ge lkekftd dkj.kksa ls
fuiVus ds fy, lkoZtfud&futh Hkkxhnkjh ¼ihihih½ O;oLFkkvksa ds mn~Hko dks ns[k
jgs gSaA blds vykok] dqN d‚jiksjVs lkekftd eqíksa dks u, mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa dks
fodflr djus dk volj ekurs gSAa
c<+rh tfVyrkvksa ds lkFk fgr/kkjd çca/ku pqukSrhiw.kZ gks x;k gS ftlesa vkS|ksfxd
vkSj mÙkj&vkS|ksfxd lekt dk;Z djrs gSaA d‚jiksjVs txr ds çfr c<+rk
lkoZtfud langs foMacukiw.kZ :i ls ,d vf/kd jpukRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh c<+rh
ekaxksa ds lkFk esy [kkrk gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk vkt dh tfVy nqfu;k esa
,d QeZ ds dkuwuh vkSj lkekftd nkf;Roksa ds ckjs esa çca/kdksa dks laons u'khy cukus
esa enn djrh gS] ftlesa dbZ lzkrs ksa ls vR;f/kd l?ku usVodZ gksrk gSA lkekftd
vis{kkvksa dks iwjk djuk rHkh laHko gS tc uoksfnr çca/kd fgr/kkjd çca/ku dh
ckjhfd;ksa dks le>sa vkSj mudh ljkguk djsAa var esa] O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk
gesa mu dbZ rjhdksa dh csgrj le> j[kus esa enn djrh gS ftlesa çca/kdh; fu.kZ;
ysus ls dbZ fgr/kkjdksa ij çHkko iM+rk gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk çfrHkkfx;ksa
dks csgrj fu.kZ; ysus dh le> iznku djrh gS vkSj dk;ZLFky ls ijs dkS'ky çnku
djrh gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk esa gekjs O;fäxr vkSj O;kolkf;d thou dks
le`) cukus dh vikj laHkkouk,a gSaA

1990 ds n'kd ls mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq#vkr us O;olk;ksa

ds fy, uSfrd ifj–'; dks cny fn;k gSA vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k us jk"Vªh; lhekvksa dks
ikjxE; cuk fn;k gSA c<+rs fons'kh d‚jiksjVs tqM+ko us d‚jiksjVs ~l dks lkaL—frd
14
eqíksa ds çfr vf/kd laons u'khy gksus dh c<+rh vko';drk dks Li’V fd;k gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy,] e/; iwoZ ds cktkjksa esa dke djus ds fy,] d‚jiksjVs ~l dks
LFkkuh; jhfr&fjoktksa vkSj laL—fr ds çfr csgn laosnu'khy gksuk pkfg,] D;ksafd
lekt esa çpfyr fyax iwokZxzgksa ds dkj.k efgykvksa dks viuh ekdsZfVax j.kuhfr;ksa
esa is'k djusa esa lrdZrk vko”;d gSA ;fn d‚jiksjVs fons'kh cktkjksa esa lkaL—frd
laons u'khyrk ds çfr vlaons u'khy gSa] rks mUgsa fo'ks"k :i ls mu lektksa ds
:f<+oknh rRoksa ls çfrfØ;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA nwljk] if'peh cktkjksa
dh lar`fIr ds lkFk] if'peh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa vkSj vU; egRoiw.kZ d‚iksZjVs ?kjkuksa
ds ikl mHkjrs cktkjksa esa fuos'k djus ds vykok 'kk;n gh dksbZ fodYi gksA bu
cktkjksa dh fo'ks"krk vLi’V dsUnz vkSj ^laLFkkxr 'kwU;rk^ gS vkSj buds vyx&vyx
dkuwuh <kaps gSAa dkuwuh vkSj jktuhfrd okrkoj.k ls ifjfpr gksus dh deh us Hkh
uSfrd mYya?kuksa dks tUe fn;k gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk uoksfnr çca/kdksa dks
vifjfpr ikfjfLFkfrd ra= esa QeZ ds dkuwuh vkSj lkekftd nkf;Roksa ds çfr
laons u'khy gksus esa l{ke cukrh gSA var esa] jk"Vªh; lhekvksa dh c<+h gqbZ ikjxE;rk
vkSj ftls dqN yksx O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ds ^fons'khdj.k^ dgrs gSa] us cgqjk"Vªh;
daifu;ksa ds izHkko esa o`f) dh gSA cM+s d‚iksZjVs laxBu dsoy vYika'k 'ks;j/kkjdksa ds
çfr tokcnsg gksrs gSAa tokcnsgh dh bl deh us d‚iksZjVs laxBuksa ds izfr “kadk
vkSj muds yksdrkaf=d Kku ds ckjs esa lansg c<+k fn;k gSA tokcnsgh dh deh ds
dkj.k bl yksdrkaf=d ?kkVs dk vFkZ oS'ohdj.k fojks/k dh o`f) vkSj vf/kd d‚iksZjVs
ftEesnkjh ds fy, ekax gSA

fLFkjrk dh le> i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk rd gh lhfer jgh gSA oSf”od m’Ek.k xzhu
gkml xSl mRltZu] vkSj vkstksu ijr dh deh ij muds çHkko dk eryc ljdkj
}kjk O;olk;ksa dk fofu;eu gSA vesfjdk esa] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsl a h ds dM+s
mRltZu ekunaMksa ds dkj.k teZu v‚Vkseksckby fnXxt oksDloSxu us vuSfrd
çFkkvksa dk lgkjk fy;k vkSj ckn esa cktkj ls 11]000 dkjksa dks okil cqyk fy;kA
ijUrq vc fofHkUu d‚iksZjVs laxBuksa }kjk fLFkjrk dks le>k tkus yxk gSA fczfV'k
isVªkfs y;e la/kkj.k dk vFkZ gS u, mRiknksa vkSj lsokvksa ds lkFk 'ksy] ;g blds
O;kolkf;d fl)karksa dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA vkt] v‚Vkseksckby m|ksxdrkZ jln]
vkSj dbZ vU; m|ksxksa dks LFkk;h O;kolkf;d çFkkvksa dks viukus dh ekaxksa ds lkFk
la?k"kZ djuk pkfg,A dqN mnkgj.kksa esa] d‚jiksjsV~l ij mu igyksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls
cpus dk ncko gksrk gS] tks gkf'k, ij jgus okyksa ;k LFkkuh; laL—fr;ksa dks u"V
djus dk dkj.k cu ldrk gSA gky gh esa] fLFkjrk dks vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd
fopkjksa ds p'es ls Hkh ns[kk tk jgk gSA

çca/ku f'k{kk esa O;kolkf;d uSfrd f”k{kk dk LFkku xgu cgl dk fo"k; jgk gSA
gkoZMZ fctusl Ldwy ds Mhu fofy;e Mksuge us fopkj izdV fd;k fd lektksa esa
c<+rh tfVyrkvksa dk vFkZ gS fd lkekU; :Ik esa çca/kdh; vkSj uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus
dk mÙkj /kkfeZd vkSj dkuwuh xzaFkksa esa fufgr lzksrksa ls ugha fey ldrk gSA og
ladsr ns jgk Fkk fd mu O;olk;ksa dks çca/kdh; fu.kZ; ysus esa egRoiw.kZ lkekftd
leL;kvksa ls tw>uk iM+rk gSA 1928 esa gkoZMZ fctusl Ldwy ikBîØe esa 15
 O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ Fkh] ftls ckn esa 1935 esa gVk fn;k x;k
FkkA ckn esa] fctusl ,fFkDl dks o"kZ 1958 esa ^fctusl] lkslkbVh ,aM bafMfotqvy^
uked ikBîØe ds :i esa fQj ls 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA 1988 esa] O;kolkf;d
uSfrdrk dks Þfu.kZ; ysuk vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksaÞ uked v/;;u ds :i esa lfEEkfyr
fd;k x;k FkkA
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk Kku esa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk vkSj çklafxdrk
esa xgu cgl dk fo"k; jgh gSA ,d vyx 'kS{kf.kd fo"k; ds :i esa O;kolkf;d
uSfrdrk ds lac/a k esa çkjafHkd ppkZ dkQh egRo ds fo"k; ds :i esa bldh
çklafxdrk ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh jghA ,d ckj ,d xaHkhj Loh—fr feyus ds ckn]
bl ckr ij cgl gqbZ fd D;k ekeyk ,d vdsyk gksuk pkfg, ;k fofHkUu
dk;kZRed {ks=ksa esa O;olk; ds uSfrd igyqvksa ds ckjs esa fctusl Ldwy çfrHkkfx;ksa
dks laons u'khy cukus ds fy, ,d vyx e‚Mîwy ds :i esa tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
ijUrq bDdhloha lnh ds igys n'kd ds 'kq#vkrh o"kksaZ esa ,uj‚u vkSj oyZ~Md‚e ds
:i esa d‚iksZjVs ?kksVkyksa esa vpkud o`f) us bl Hkkouk dks tUe fn;k fd çca/ku
f'k{kk us yacs le; ls uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus dh Hkwfedk dks de dj fn;k gSA d‚jiksjVs
txr esa xyr dkeksa dh yxkrkj c<+rh la[;k ds dkj.k ekU;rk ,tsafl;ksa us ;g
#[k viuk;k fd O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dks ,d vfuok;Z vyx ls ikB;Øe cuk;k
tkuk pkfg,A blfy,] vf/kdka'k fctusl Ldwyksa us O;kolkf;d uSfrd f'k{kk dks
vius ikBîØe dk ,d vfHkUu vax cuk fy;k gSA
bDdhloha lnh dh 'kq#vkr esa] çfl) f'k{kkfon LoxhZ; çks lqea= ?kks"kky us çfrf"Br
,dsMeh v‚Q eSut s esaV yfuaZx ,aM ,tqds'ku esa ,d lkjxfHkZr ys[k esa çca/ku f'k{kk
ij rh[kk geyk fd;kA ?kks"kky ds vuqlkj] d‚iksZjsV ?kksVkyksa ds fy, nks"k dk ,d
cM+k fgLlk oSKkfud f'k{kk esa çfrHkkfx;ksa dks nh tkus okyh tgjhyh f'k{kk dks
ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg,A rFkkdfFkr oSKkfud e‚My çfrHkkfx;ksa dks ykHk
dekus ij fopkj djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr djrs gSa D;ksafd lHkh O;kolkf;d laxBuksa
dk vfUre mís'; ;gh gSaA ?kks"kky us rdZ fn;k fd [ksy] ,tsalh vkSj ysunsu ykxr
fo'ys"k.k tSls çca/ku fl)karksa us çca/ku dks ekuoh; vkSj lkekftd laca/kksa ls nwj
dj fn;k FkkA
vius dke esa ^gk;j ,El Vw gk;j gSaM~l^] ^jkds'k [kqjkuk] ,d gkoZMZ f”k{kkfon dk
rdZ gS fd O;kolkf;d f'k{kk esa ,d rjg dk cktkj dêjokn gSA 'ks;j/kkjd
ç/kkurk ds u, rdZ us çca/ku dks foÙkh; ifj.kkeksa ds vykok fdlh Hkh vU;
ftEesnkjh ls eqä dj fn;kA^ t‚tZ ,dsyj vkSj j‚cVZ f'kyj us viuh iqLrd
^,fuey fLifjV~l^ esa rdZ fn;k gS fd d‚iksZjVs ?kksVkys O;olk; Ldwyksa esa fo"kkä
f'k{k.k dk çR;{k ifj.kke gSA mudk eq[; rdZ ;g gS fd O;kolkf;d pØ uSfrd
çFkkvksa ds fy, O;fäxr çfrc)rkvksa ls tqM+s gSAa vf/kdkfj;ksa ds mnkgj.k dk
gokyk nsrs gq,] ,dsyj vkSj f'kyj dk rdZ gS fd foÙkh; ladV ds nkSjku] os
dk;ZLFky esa vuSfrd vkpj.k dks ;qfälaxr cukrs gSa vkSj ;g dgdj bls lgh
Bgjkrs gSa fd ^gj dksbZ blls nwj gks jgk gSA ^foÙkh; vf/kdkjh uohu foÙkh; lk/kuksa
dk fodkl djrs gSa tks u rks fu;kedksa ds fy, ek;us j[krs gSa vkSj u gh igys ls
ifj.kkeksa dk vuqeku yxkus esa foQy gksrs gSaA viuh iqLrd ^gkm n ekbVh Q‚y^ esa
fte d‚fyUl dk rdZ gS fd çca/ku ds vf/kdkjh ikap pj.kksa ds ek/;e ls vuSfrd
16 vkpj.k esa fyIr gks tkrs gSAa ;g ikap pj.k fuEu gaSA
igys pj.k esa] vf/kdkjh vfHkeku ls xzLr gksrs gSa tc fd os lQyrk dks fdlh
,slh pht ds :i esa ns[krs gSa ftlds os gdnkj gSa u fd mls dfBu dke ds
ek/;e ls vftZr djsaA nwljs pj.k esa] vf/kdkjh vf/kd ls vf/kd izkIr djus dk
iz;Ru djrs gaAS ftlds dkj.k os vnwjn'khZ cu tkrs gSa vkSj laxBukRed fgrksa ls
lEcU/k [kks nsrs gSaA rhljk] vf/kdkjh tksf[ke ysus dks rS;kj ugh gksrs gSa ftlds
dkj.k mUgsa ekufld fLFkfr dh vksj ys tkrk gS ftls dqN 'kks/kdrkZ ^lq[koknh
vuqdwyu^ dgrs gSa] tgka ge ges'kk vf/kd /ku vkSj 'kfä ekaxrs gSa vkSj ,d Hkzeiw.kZ
nqfu;k esa jgrs gSa tgka ge viuh HkkSfrd HkykbZ ls [kq'kh çkIr djrs gSaA var esa] ,sls
vf/kdkjh lek/kku <wa<rs gSa vkSj vçklafxd ds çfr vius vkd"kZ.k ds dkj.k
vkReleiZ.k dj nsrs gSaA fte d‚fyUl] dbZ vU; yksxksa dh rjg] ;g çLrqr djrs
gq, fu"d"kZ fudkyrs gSa fd çca/kdh; vf/kdkfj;ksa ds chp vuSfrd vkpj.k fctusl
Ldwyksa esa fo"kkä f'k{k.k ds ifj.kkeLo:i gksrk gSA ;g fo"kkä f'k{k.k d½
fouk'kdkjh lkekftd ewY;ksa dks c<+krk gS] [k½ ekuoh; ewY;ksa dks de djrk gS] vkSj
x½ vU; lHkh mís';ksa dh dher ij ykHk dks vf/kdre djus ds fy, vR;f/kd gkoh
jgrk gSA
vkykspuk dh ubZ ygj us ftEesnkj çca/ku vkSj lh[kus ds u, :iksa dk ekxZ ç'kLr
fd;kA ftEesnkj çca/ku vkSj lh[kuk fofHkUu :iksa esa çdV gqvkA çkjaHk esa blus
çf'k{kdksa }kjk ^f'k{k.k^ dk :i ys fy;kA bl ç;kl ds ckn çca/ku Ldwyksa us
^ftEesnkj çca/ku f'k{kk ds vk;kstu^ tSlh igy dhA çca/ku Ldwy ds Lrj ij bl
rjg dh igy uSfrdrk] d‚iksZjVs lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj fLFkjrk ij
LVSaM&vyksu ikBîØe çnku djus dk vkdkj ysrh gSA fQj Hkh ftEesnkj çca/ku dk
,d vkSj egRoiw.kZ fgLlk f'k{kkFkhZ gS] ftls ^lh[kus^ ds fy, çfrc) gksuk pkfg,A
var esa] ftEesnkj çca/ku vkSj lh[kus dh ftEesnkjh mu O;kolkf;d laxBuksa ij Hkh
gS tks ,d fof'k"V uSfrd okrkoj.k cukus ds fy, [kqn dks çfrc) djrs gSaA

çca/ku f'k{kk esa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk funsZ'k yacs le; ls ,d fooknkLin eqík jgk
gSA çca/ku Ldwyksa esa uSfrdrk funsZ'k lansg ds lkFk feys gSaA lcls igys] ;g rdZ
fn;k tkrk gS fd d‚yst ds çfrHkkfx;ksa us igys gh vius uSfrd ekudksa dks
fodflr dj fy;k gS] tc rd os [kqn dks ,d çca/ku Ldwy esa ukekafdr djrs gSaA
nwljk] çca/ku f'k{kk eq[; :i ls 'ks;j/kkjd ewY; dks vf/kdre djus ds rdZ ls
çHkkfor gqbZ gS] vkSj uSfrdrk funsZ'k bl mís'; ds foijhr gSA rhljk] c<+rs d‚iksZjsV
?kksVkys uSfrd funsZ'k dh foQyrk dks n'kkZrs gSaA ijUrq O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk funsZ'k
fujk”kk ds ckotwn çca/ku f'k{kk dk vfHkUu vax cu x;k gSA bfDol] ,lksfl,'ku
v‚Q ,MokaLM d‚ysft,V Ldwy v‚Q fctusl ¼,,lh,lch½] vkSj ,lksfl,'ku v‚Q
,ech, ¼,,ech,½ tSlh çR;k;u ,tsafl;ka vc O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk funsZ'k dks
vfuok;Z :i ls 'kkfey djus ij tksj ns jgh gSaA 2001 esa ,uj‚u ladV tSls
d‚iksZjVs ?kksVkyksa vkSj ckn esa 2008 ds lcçkbe ladV ds lkeus vkus esa ØsfMV
jsfVax ,tsafl;ksa vkSj fuos'k cSadksa dh Hkwfedk us O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk ij fQj
ls /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k gSA
nks O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk fo}ku] j‚cVZ , ft;kdkyksu vkSj MksukYM Vh okjxks] us
viusa ys[kks ^:V~l vkWQ Xykscy Qkbusaf'k;y Økbfll vkWj bu vkWoj ch&LdwYlÞ esa
17
 rdZ fn;k gS fd d‚iksZjVs ?kksVkyksa esa 'kkfey vf/kdka'k foÙkh; vf/kdkjh ch Ldwyksa ds
mRikn gSaA os vkxs rdZ nsrs gSa fd dbZ cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa vkSj muds jSad esa ,ech,
fMxzh /kkjdksa ds gky ds vuSfrd O;ogkj ds chp ,d mPp laca/k gSA ft;kdkyksu
,.M okxksZ ¼Giacalone vkSj Wargo) bl leL;k dk funku bl vksj b'kkjk djrs
gq, djrs gSa fd [kjkc çca/ku fl)karksa vkSj ykHk dks vf/kdre djus ds iaFk us
vR;f/kd d‚iksZjVs ykyp dks çca/kdksa dks uSfrd dk;ksZa esa dVkSrh djus ds fy,
etcwj dj fn;k gSA f'kdkxks Ldwy ekurk gS fd euq"; eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd fgrksa
ls çsfjr gksrk gSA blds vykok] fuxe ds ,dek= mís'; ds :i esa ykHk
vf/kdredj.k dh çxfr us çca/ku fl)karksa dks çsfjr fd;k gS tks LokFkZ vkSj
voljoknh O;ogkj dh odkyr djrs gSa] ftlls çca/kd voljoknh vkSj LokFkhZ cu
tkrs gSaA

çfrHkkfx;ksa dks ,d fparu'khy vH;kl esa layXu gksus ds fy, dgk tk ldrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr dqN xfrfof/k;k¡ gks ldrh gSa ftuesa os 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa%
1- nqfu;k ds lkeus ekStnw eqíksa ij vkids D;k fopkj gSa\ eqís vkids dk;ZLFky
esa laxBukRed ekgkSy] jk"Vªh; çklafxdrk ds orZeku eqíksa vkSj tyok;q
ifjorZu ls lacaf/kr uSfrd eqíks]a ;wØsu ;q) vkfn ls ysdj gks ldrs gSaA
çfrHkkfx;ksa dks 'kkfey eqíksa ds uSfrd igyqvksa ij çfrfcafcr djus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ,d ckj tc os eqíksa ds ,d fo'ks"k lsV dks lgh vkSj xyr ds :i esa
igpku ldrs gSa] rks mUgsa phtksa dks vPNk@cqjk ;k vf/kd vPNk@[kjkc
djkj nsus ds fy, ,d mís'; ekunaM rS;kj djus ds fy, dgk tkuk
pkfg,A
3- çfrHkkfx;ksa dks ikap 'kCnksa@okD;ka'kksa dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, dgk tk
ldrk gS tks vPNs@cqjs ;k vf/kd vPNs@[kjkc ls muds vFkZ ds lkj dks
idM+rs gSaA
4- bl xfrfof/k dk lekiu fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj djus okys çfrHkkfx;ksa ds
lkFk gks ldrk gS% vxj bl nqfu;k dks vf/kd vPNk cukuk gS rks gesa
vius vUnj lkewfgd :i ls fdu uSfrdrk@ewY;ksa dks fodflr djus dh
vko';drk gS
la{ksi esa] bl nqfu;k esa gekjh O;fäxr vkSj O;kolkf;d {kerkvksa esa gekjh
ftEesnkfj;ka vkSj Hkwfedk,a D;k gSa\
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18
1- vkids laxBukRed ra=] jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; {ks= esa vkids vkn”kZ dkSu
gSa tks vkidks yxrk gS fd xfrfof/k 1 esa vkids }kjk fpfUgr xq.kksa dk
çn'kZu dj jgs gSa vkSj mudk mYya?ku dkSu dj jgk gS\
2- d‚iksZjsV txr foi.ku vkSj foKkiu ds ek/;e ls m)`r dqN ewY;ksa dks dSls
izpkfjr etcwr djrk gS\
3- D;k d‚iksZjVs laxBu gekjs ewY;ksa vkSj miHkksx izk:i dh ilan dks lw{e :i
ls çHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj blfy, gesa vk/kqfud miHkksäk laL—fr esa [kqn dks
Lok;Ùk :i ls O;ä djus ds fy, lEeksfgr djrs gSa\
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mi;qZDr xfrfof/k ds ihNs ea”kk lgHkkfx;ksa dks bl ckr ds fy, izksRlkfgr djuk gS
fd os vius uSfrd ewY;ksa dks igpkusa vkSj ;g tkuusa dk iz;Ru djsa fd muds dk;Z
muds vkn”kksZ vkSj ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds vuq:Ik gSaA blds nks ykHk gksxas d½ os bl
;ksX; gksxsa fd iz”u dj ldsa fd dc] D;ksa vkSj dSls os vius fl)kUrksa ds foijhr
dk;Z djrs gS vkSj [k½ tc ge bl izdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa ls lh[krs gSa rks ge ;g
le> ik;sxas fd fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ds fofHkUu ekunaM gksrs gSaA vkSj dk;ZLFky esa
uSfrd pqukSfr;ksa ds fy, dksbZ ,d vkdkj&fQV&lHkh –f"Vdks.k ugha gSA bl rjg
ds vH;kl esa ,d xgjk xksrk yxkus ls çfrHkkfx;ksa dks nwljksa ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr dh
Hkkouk fodflr djus esa enn feyrh gSA ge vkxs dh bdkbZ esa uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus
ds eqíksa ls fuiVsaxsA fiNys chl o"kksaZ esa] O;ogkj euksfoKku esa u, 'kks/k us bafxr
fd;k gS fd dqN uSfrd fu.kZ; uSfrd eqíksa ds lkFk lEcU/k gks ldrs gS ijUrq gekjs
uSfrd fu.kZ; gekjs HkkoukRed vkosxksa vkSj lkekftd vkosxksa ls mRiUu gksrs gSAa
nwljh vksj] mu lanHkksaZ esa tgka ,d fof'k"V uSfrd nqfo/kk esa 'kkfey uSfrd eqíksa ls
gekjk HkkoukRed tqM+ko de gS] fuf'pr :i ls] lacfa /kr O;fä fu.kZ; ysus esa
rdZlaxr vkSj x.kukRed gksrk gSA

^O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk^ 'kCn dks ges'kk fuand :i ls ns[kk x;k gSA O;olk; esa dbZ
yksx rdZ nsrs gSa fd vf/kdre ykHk vkSj uSfrd fu.kZ; ysuk ,d cgqr gh fojks/kh
laca/k ds cjkcj gSA la{ksi esa] fuand O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dks ,d fojks/kkHkkl ds
:i esa lanfHkZr djrs gSaA ;k rks dksbZ uSfrd fu.kZ; ysus esa layXu gks ldrk gS ;k
ykHk dks vf/kdre dj ldrk gSA 'kk;n blfy, O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dks çca/ku

xfrfof/k 1 vkSj 2 dks j‚l MksukYM ds tuZy v‚Q fctusl ,fFkDl ,tqds'ku esa çdkf'kr “kks/k
i= ls fy;k x;k gSA eSdM‚uYM~l] vkjA ¼2015½A dejs esa Kku ds lkFk dke djuk lh[kdj
ifjorZu dk ykHk mBkuk% ,d lg;ksxh f'k{k.k e‚My ds :i esa ftEesnkjh ds fy, f'kf{kr djukA
tuZy v‚Q fctusl ,fFkDl] 131¼3½] 511&518A 19
 f'k{kk ds ,d vfuok;Z fgLls ds :i esa 'kkfey djuk fiNyss dqN le; rd ges'kk
fookn dk fo"k; jgk gSA tSlk fd bl bdkbZ ds iwoZorhZ [kaMksa esa mYys[k fd;k x;k
gS] d‚iksZjVs txr esa uSfrd iru dh yxkrkj ?kVuk us O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk
dks çca/ku f'k{kk dk ,d vfHkUu vax cukus ds fy, ,d dksykgy dks tUe fn;k
gSA
,,lh,lch ¼;w,l&vk/kkfjr ,lksfl,'ku v‚Q ,Mokal d‚ysft,V Ldwy v‚Q
fctusl½] ,,ech, ¼;wds&vk/kkfjr ,lksfl,'ku v‚Q ,ech,½ vkSj bfDol tSlh
ekU;rk ,tsafl;ksa us çca/ku f'k{kk ikBîØe esa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dks 'kkfey
djus ij tksj fn;k gSA rc ls] fctusl Ldwyksa us O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dks
vf/kd xaHkhjrk ls fy;k gSA ijUrq dqN Ldwyksa us O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk
ikB;Øe dks ,d i`Fkd :i esa is'k fd;k gS] vkSj vU; mls oSdfYid ikB;Øe ds
:i esa is'k djrs gSaA dqN Ldwyksa us foi.ku] ys[kk vkSj foÙk] laxBukRed O;olk;
vkSj ekuo lalk/ku] vkSj d‚iksZjsV j.kuhfr tSls dk;kZRed {ks=ksa esa O;olk; esa uSfrd
çFkkvksa ls lacaf/kr e‚M;wy is'k fd,A fctusl Ldwy ikB;Øe esa uSfrdrk f'k{kk
dks 'kkfey djus ij c<+rh vke lgefr ds ckotwn] ;g vHkh Hkh rhoz cgl vkSj
ppkZvksa dks vkeaf=r djrk gSA ;s ppkZ,a vke rkSj ij fu;ksftr 'kS{kf.kd midj.kksa
ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh gSa] tSls çfrHkkxh&dsafær lh[kus dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy,
uohu rjhds] vkSj dk;ZLFky esa uSfrd nqfo/kkvksa dk lkeuk djus esa l{ke cukus ds
fy, çca/kdksa dks lgh dkS'ky lsV ls ySl djukA ge bdkbZ 4 esa dqN uSfrd fu.kZ;
ysus ds –f"Vdks.kksa dks ns[ksaxAs ijUrq blls igys fd ge ckn ds [kaMksa esa bu eqíksa
ij ppkZ djsa] gesa [kqn ls ckj&ckj iwNus dh t:jr gS] fd D;k O;kolkf;d
uSfrdrk f'k{kk ,d fojks/kkHkkl gS\ ;g ç'u gesa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk esa
ewyHkwr cgl dh vksj ykrk gS% 'ks;j/kkjd cuke fgr/kkjd fopkjA
'ks;j/kkjdksa ds fopkjksa ds leFkZd ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk vkSj f'kdkxks Ldwy ds
lkFk igpkus tkus okys çfl) vFkZ'kkL=h feYVu ÝhMeSu }kjk lefFkZr dk ekuuk
gS fd ekSfyd ^O;olk; dk mÌs”; O;olk; djuk gSA^ bl Ldwy ds vuqlkj]
O;olk; dk ,dek= mís'; ykHk dks vf/kdre djds 'ks;j/kkjd ewY; dks vf/kdre
djuk gSA feYVu ÝhMeSu us rdZ fn;k fd ;fn çca/kd Hkwfe ds dkuwu vkSj LFkkuh;
leqnk; ds lkekftd jhfr&fjoktksa dk ikyu djrs gSa] rks mudk ,dek= mís';
ykHk dks vf/kdre djuk vkSj 'ks;j/kkjd ewY; esa o`f) djuk gSA ÝhMeSu vkxs rdZ
nsrs gSa fd çca/kd dk vf/kns'k 'ks;j/kkjd ewY; dks vf/kdre djuk gSA bl lac/a k esa
tks nks çeq[k rdZ fn, x, os bl çdkj gSaA lcls igys] çca/kd dks ges'kk
'ks;j/kkjd ewY; dks vf/kdre djuk pkfg, D;ksafd og 'ks;j/kkjdksa ds iSls dks
vf/kdre ykHk ds fy, fuos'k djus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA fdlh Hkh ifjfLFkfr esa]
çca/kd dks ,sls dk;ksZa esa layXu gksus dk ç;kl ugha djuk pkfg, tks O;olk; dh
lkekftd ftEesnkjh esa vU; fgr/kkjdksa ds dY;k.k dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA ;fn çca/kd
QeZ dh lkekftd ftEesnkjh dks ykxw djds xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu gksuk pkgrk gS]
rks çca/kd fdlh ds çkFkfed tukns'k ls nwj gks jgk gSA eku yhft, fd çca/kd
ckgjh fgr/kkjdksa ds ckjs esa fpafrr gSA ml fLFkfr es]a fdlh dks nwljksa dk Hkyk
djus ds uke ij 'ks;j/kkjdksa ds iSls dk fuos'k ugha djuk pkfg,] cfYd viuk [kqn
dk O;olk; 'kq: djuk pkfg, vkSj viuh çkFkfedrkvksa ds vuqlkj fuos'k dks
çkFkfedrk nsuh pkfg,A nwljk] pwafd çca/kd dks lkoZtfud uhfr fuekZrk dh rjg
20
lkspus ds fy, çf'kf{kr ugha fd;k tkrk gS] çca/kd dks dsoy QeZ ds ykHk dks
vf/kdre djus ij /;ku nsuk pkfg, vkSj vU; fgr/kkjdksa dh t:jrksa dks
lkoZtfud uhfr fuekZrkvksa }kjk lEiUu ij NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A
uhps nh xbZ rkfydk esa 'ks;j/kkjdksa cuke fgr/kkjdksa dh cgl esa dqN lcls
lkekU; rdksaZ dk mYys[k gSA

yacs le; rd pyus okyk LokFkZ ykHk vf/kdredj.k ,d QeZ dk

,dek= mís'; gksuk pkfg,
d‚iksZjVs çfr"Bk vius ewy dk;ksZa ls gV tkus ls
,d vkfFkZd ,tsaV ds :i esa
bldh çkFkfed Hkwfedk detksj
iM+ ldrh gS] tks O;kid
lkekftd fgr ds fy, viuh
xfrfof/k;ksa dks vuqdwfyr djus
dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA
fuxeksa dks lekt ds lkFk viuh çca/kdksa ds ikl lkekftd eqíksa
izfrc)rk ds vuqlkj vius nkf;Roksa dk lek/kku djus ds fy, dkS'ky
dks iwjk djus dh vko';drk gSA dh deh gSA
lfØ; –f"Vdks.k dh deh ls fuxe lkekftd U;k; dh fparkvksa
ljdkjh fu;eu gks ldrs gSa ftlls dk vkºoku djrs gq, j‚fcu gqM
QeksaZ dks de çfrLi/khZ cuusa dh dh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA
laHkkouk gksrh gSA
LFkkuh; lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd fuxeksa dh lkekftd Hkkxhnkjh
çFkkvksa dk ikyu mldh 'kfä dks c<+k,xh vkSj
lekt esa 'kfä;ksa ds cgqyoknh
foHkktu dh laHkkoukvksa dks ckf/kr
djsxh
lkekftd leL;kvksa dks volj ds
:i esa cnyuk
lelkef;d le; ds nkSjku
lkekftd leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds
fy, ljdkj vkSj xSj&ljdkjh
laxBuksa ds lkFk lk>snkjh djus ds
fy, O;olk; ds ikl i;kZIr lalk/ku
gSaA

çca/ku ds 'ks;j/kkjd fl)kar dh f'kdkxks Ldwy v‚Q bdksu‚feDl }kjk tksjnkj

odkyr dh xbZ gS] tks ekurk gS fd euq"; gkseks bdksu‚fed] vkfFkZd ,tsVa gSa] vkSj
21
 vius vkfFkZd dY;k.k dks vf/kdre djuk pkgrs gSaA feYVu ÝhMeSu 'ks;j/kkjdksa ds
ewY; dks vf/kdre djus ds lcls çeq[k iSjksdkj gSaA mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd ^dqN
#>ku tSls d‚iksZjsV vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk vius 'ks;j/kkjdksa ds fy, ftruk laHko gks
mruk iSlk cukus ds LFkku ij ,d lkekftd ftEesnkjh dh Loh—fr gekjs Lora=
lekt dh uhao dks iwjh rjg ls detksj dj ldrs gSaA nwljh vksj] ,d vU;
çfrf"Br vFkZ'kkL=h i‚y lSeq,ylu us fgr/kkjd çca/ku ds i{k esa rdZ fn;kA
mUgksaus rdZ fn;k] ^,d cM+k fuxe bu fnuksa u dsoy lkekftd ftEesnkjh esa layXu
gks ldrk gS] cfYd ,slk djus dh dksf'k'k djuk Hkh xyr gksxkA^
,MoMZ ÝheSu us vius çfl) dk;Z] ^j.kuhfrd çca/ku% ,d fgr/kkjd –f"Vdks.k^ esa]
fgr/kkjd çca/ku ds {ks= esa ,d cgqr gh fo}rkiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k vkSj bl laca/k esa
pkj ekSfyd çLrkoksa ds lkFk vk,%
1- i`FkDdj.k Hkze% O;kikj vkSj uSfrdrk dks vyx ls çcaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gS
2- ,dhdj.k Fkhfll%
d½ vf/kdka'k O;kolkf;d fu.kZ;ksa esa ,d uSfrd lkexzh ;k ,d fufgr
uSfrd –f"Vdks.k gksrk gS
[k½ blds foijhr] vf/kdka'k uSfrd fu.kZ;ksa esa dqN O;kolkf;d lkexzh ;k
O;olk; dk fufgr –f"Vdks.k gksrk gSA
3- [kqyk ç'u rdZ a½ ;fn ;g fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS%

ewY; fdlds fy, cuk;k x;k gS] vkSj fdlds fy, u"V fd;k x;k gS\
bl QSlys ls fdls uqdlku gqvk gS vkSj fdls Qk;nk gqvk gS\
bl fu.kZ; ls fdlds vf/kdkj l{ke gSa ;k fdlds ewY;ksa dh çkfIr gksrh
gS\
vxj eSa ;g fu.kZ; ysrk gwa rks eSa fdl rjg dk O;fä cuwaxk\
4-
vf/kdka'k yksx] vf/kdka'k le;] nwljksa ij dk;ksaZ ds çHkkoksa ds fy, ftEesnkjh ysuk
pkgrs gSa] djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj mUgsa Lohdkj djuk pkfg,
,MoMZ ÝheSu ds fgr/kkjdksa ds –f"Vdks.k us le; ds lkFk O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk
lkfgR; esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr fd;k gSA gky ds fnuksa esa d‚iksZjVs ç'kklu dh
foQyrkvksa us O;olk;ksa dks vius uSfrd vkpj.k esa vf/kd ftEesnkj gksus dk
vkºoku fd;k gSA ;g ,d rF; gS fd fuxe ,d dkuwuh O;fä gSA loky ;g gS
fd D;k d‚jiksjsV O;fäRo ds fopkj esa ;g fo'okl gS fd fuxe dks ,d uSfrd
O;fä Hkh gksuk pkfg,\
'ks;j/kkjdksa vkSj fgr/kkjdksa }kjk çLrqr mijksä rdksaZ ds lanHkZ es]a g‚yhoqM fQYe
^vnj ihiYl euh^ ls fDyfiax okys fuEufyf[kr ;wVîwc fyad ij fDyd djds
muds c;ku ds xq.k vkSj nks"kksa dh tkap djsa%
22
'ks;j/kkjdksa dh jk; ds fy,% :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62kxPyNZF3Q

fgr/kkjdksa ds –f"Vdks.k ds fy,% :

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJRhrow3Jws

ohfM;ks ns[kus ds ckn] vki bl ç'u dk lek/kku djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ekeys
ij ppkZ dj ldrs gSa% fuxe dk mís'; D;k gS\ D;k ;g flQZ ykHk dekus ds fy,
gS] ;k bldh dksbZ lkekftd ftEesnkjh Hkh gS\ ;g ekurs gq,] ,slh ftEesnkjh fdl
çdkj vkSj D;k :i ysuh pkfg,\ ekeyk çca/ku ds nks Ldwyksa ds chp nk'kZfud
varj dks lkeus ykrk gS% fgr/kkjd vkSj 'ks;j/kkjd çca/kuA
v‚uykbu xsfeax m|ksx vkt lcls rsth ls c<+rs m|ksxksa esa ls ,d gSA bu [ksyksa
dh yksdfç;rk fyax] /keZ vkSj jk"Vªh; lhekvksa rd QSyh gqbZ gSA bu [ksyksa esa mu
miHkksäkvksa ds fy, Hkh ,d etcwr vihy gS tks pkyhlosa n'kd ls igys ds gSaA
dksfoM egkekjh ds çdksi us dbZ yksxksa dks v‚uykbu euksjatu dh ryk'k djus ds
fy, etcwj fd;kA tcfd cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds fy, pqukSrh Fkh fd os bl pqukSrh
dks Lohdkj djsa vkSj vf/kd euksjatd xse fodflr djsa] miHkksäkvksa ds fy, pqukSrh
bu [ksyksa ds vknh gksus ls [kqn dks nwj djus dh FkhA dqN v‚uykbu xsfeax
daifu;ka dsoy euksjatu ds fy, euksjatd v‚uykbu xse ds lkFk vkus ls ysdj
vR;f/kd uohu [ksyksa rd fodflr gqbZ gSaA vc fopkj dsoy lsok çnkrk cuus dk
ugha Fkk] cfYd miHkksäkvksa dks v‚uykbu [ksyksa ds vknh cukuk vkSj ;gka rd fd
mUgsa dSls jksds j[kk tk,A ,sls dbZ rjhds Fks ftuesa v‚uykbu [ksy daifu;ksa us
vf/kdre cktkj fgLlsnkjh gkfly djus ds fy, vius çfr}af};ksa dks iNkM+us dh
dksf'k'k dhA dqN daifu;ksa us cM+s iSekus ij eYVhIys;j ¼,e,eih½ jksy&Iysbax xse
¼vkjihth½ fodflr fd;kA ;s ,e,eih vkjihth ohfM;ks [ksy gSa tgka f[kykM+h
baVjusV ds ek/;e ls lSdM+ksa gtkjksa vU; f[kykfM;ksa ls ,d&nwljs ls tqM+rs gSaA dbZ
ekeyksa es]a ;s [ksy Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds ckjs esa gSaA f[kykfM+;ksa ls mEehn dh tkrh gS
fd os dkYifud nqfu;k esa ?kweus ds fy, thoar pfj= eq¶r esa rS;kj djsaxAs
f[kykM+h vkHkklh nqfu;k esa vius lg;ksxh vkSj u, nksLr cukus ds fy, lqyHk gSAa
f[kykfM+;ksa dks pfj= ds HkkX; dks fu/kkZfjr djus dh Lora=rk gS] çR;sd pfj= dks
rkdr feyrh gS D;ksafd ,d O;fäxr f[kykM+h vf/kd ?kaVksa rd [ksyrk gSA thoar
ik=ksa dk eryc gS fd tc f[kykM+h y‚x v‚Q djrs gSa] rks muds v‚uykbu
lg;ksxh vkSj fxYM dh vU; lg;ksfx;ksa vkSj fxYMksa }kjk ijkftr gksus dh laHkkouk
gSA blfy, f[kykfM+;ksa ij viuh LØhu ls fpids jgus vkSj y‚x v‚Q u djus dk
tcjnLr ncko gksrk gSA lksuh v‚uykbu ds fy, ,d [ksy dks VSx fd;k x;k Fkk
^[ksy [ksyrk gS] thou dks fojke nsrk gSA^ blds vykok] y‚x v‚Q dk eryc Fkk
fd vkHkklh nqfu;k esa thoar ik=ksa ij vU; f[kykfM+;ksa }kjk geyksa ds v/khu gksus
dh laHkkouk Fkh tc ,d fof'k"V f[kykM+h v‚Qykbu FkkA
mijksä ekeys ds vk/kkj ij] fuEufyf[kr ij fopkj djsa%
d½ D;k v‚uykbu [ksy daifu;ksa dh dksbZ lkekftd ftEesnkjh gS fd os bu
[ksyksa dk mRiknu u djsa tks vR;f/kd u'ks dh yr ds leku gSa\
23
 [k½ D;k ;g rdZ nsuk mfpr gS fd v‚uykbu [ksy fodkldrkZvksa dks nks"kh ugha
Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg, cfYd detksj O;fä;ksa dks v‚uykbu [ksy esa vLFkk;h
euksoSKkfud 'kj.k ysuk vkSj vknh gksuk gS\
x½ D;k vki dbZ ;qokvksa dh dher ij v‚uykbu [ksy daifu;ksa }kjk ykHk dh
ikxy [kkst dks lgh Bgjkrs gSa] tks n;uh; ekufld fLFkfr;ksa esa ifrr gks
tkrs gSa vkSj pje ekeyksa esa vkRegR;k Hkh dj ysrs gSa\
?k½ bl jk; dk leFkZu ;k fojks/k djus ds fy, dksbZ rdZ D;k ns ldrk gS fd
rackdw] 'kjkc] [kk| vkSj is; inkFkZ ¼,Q ,aM ch½] vkSj v‚uykbu [ksy
daifu;ksa tSls fof'k"V m|ksxksa dks nwljksa dh rqyuk esa lkekftd :i ls
vf/kd ftEesnkj gksuk pkfg,\
mijksä ekeys ds lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf[kr ç'uksa ij ppkZ djsa%
d½ ekeys esa eq[; ik=ksa dh igpku djsa
[k½ ekeys esa lfEefyr uSfrd eqíksa dh igpku djsa
x½ ekeys ds lanHkZ esa 'ks;j/kkjdksa cuke fgr/kkjdksa ds çca/ku ls lacaf/kr
fofHkUu vo/kkj.kkvksa dks ykxw djsa

O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk funsZ'k ij çca/ku f'k{kk ds fo}kuksa ds chp dbZ cglsa gqbZ gSaA
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk dks ,d vdknfed vuq'kklu ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gS tks fctusl Ldwy ds çfrHkkfx;ksa vkSj O;kolkf;d vf/kdkfj;ksa dks uSfrd
;k vuSfrd ds :i esa fu.kZ;ksa ls lacfa /kr fof'k"V ç'uksa ds mÙkj [kkstus esa l{ke
cukrk gSA ;g le>uk vko';d gS fd dkuwu vkSj uSfrdrk ds chp ,d ewyHkwr
varj gSA tcfd dkuwuksa dks lafgrkc) fd;k tkrk gS] uSfrd vo/kkj.kkvksa vkSj <kaps
dks fdlh fufnZ"V iqLrd ;k dkuwu esa fpf=r ugha fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok]
uSfrdrk Hkh çklafxd gSA O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dh vko';drk vkSj çca/ku
f'k{kk esa bldh çklafxdrk ,d xgu cgl dk fo’k; jgk gSA çfrf"Br çR;k;u
,tsafl;ksa dh vksj ls c<+rs vkxzg us çca/ku ikBîØe esa O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk funsZ'k
dh çklafxdrk dks c<+k fn;k gSA oS'ohdj.k vkSj fuxe ds c<+rs infpà us uSfrd
fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, u, vk;ke izLrqr fd, gSaA fiNys rhu n'kdksa esa gky ds
?kVukØe] tSls vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k] i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk] çkS|ksfxdh dh c<+rh Hkwfedk
us 'ks;j/kkjd cuke fgr/kkjd cgl esa u;k thou Mkyk gSA bu cglksa us gesa ewy
ç'u ij fQj ls fopkj djus ds fy, etcwj fd;k gS% dkSu lk {ks= fuxe vkSj
bldk mís';\ O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk dks ,d fojks/kkHkkl ds :i esa Bqdjk nsuk
lEHko ugha gSA gesa çca/kdh; fu.kZ; ysus ds uSfrd vk;keksa ls ifjfpr djkrs gq,]
O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk f'k{kk fctusl Ldwy ds çfrHkkfx;ksa dks çca/kdh; fu.kZ; ysus esa
fofHkUu uSfrd –f"Vdks.kksa vkSj :ijs[kkvksa ls ifjfpr djkrh gSA

O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk O;olk;ksa ds fy, fu/kkZfjr vkpkj

lafgrk gSA ;g uSfrd :i ls fofHkUu çfØ;kvksa ls
24 fuiVus ds fy, fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dk ,d lewg gSA
 dkuwu ,d fuf'pr {ks= esa ljdkj ;k lekt }kjk
fodflr vkpj.k dk fu;e gSA
fgr/kkjd çca/ku og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk vki vius
fgr/kkjdksa ds lkFk vius laca/kksa dks O;ofLFkr] fuxjkuh
vkSj lq/kkjrs gSaA
;g nqfu;k dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa] laL—fr;ksa vkSj vkcknh
dh c<+rh vU;ksU;kJ;rk dk o.kZu djus ds fy,
bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk 'kCn gS] tks oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa] çkS|ksfxdh] vkSj fuos'k ds çokg] yksxksa vkSj
lwpukvksa esa lhek ikj O;kikj }kjk yk;k x;k gSA
lLVsufs cfyVh dk vFkZ gS viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus
ds fy, vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dh {kerk ls le>kSrk fd,
fcuk viuh t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk
;g bl ckr ls la c a f /kr gS fd la x Buks a ds Hkhrj
laxBuksa vkSj çca/kdksa ds lewgksa esa igy dSls cny
ldrh gS] lkekftd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; :i ls ftEesnkj
rjhdksa ls lh[k ldrh gS vkSj cny ldrh gSA

1- QeZ ds dkuwuh vkSj uSfrd nkf;Ro leku gSaA bldks U;k;ksfpr Bgjkb,A
2- fuxeksa ds ikl fdlh Hkh dher ij equkQk dekus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ mís';
ugha gSA U;k;ksfpr Bgjkb,A
3- O;kolkf;d uSfrdrk ,d fojks/kkHkkl gSA U;k;ksfpr Bgjkb,A
4- oS'ohdj.k vkSj fLFkjrk us çca/kdh; fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, ubZ tfVyrkvksa dks
is'k fd;k gSA U;k;ksfpr Bgjkb,A
5- vkt dh nqfu;k esa] fuxeksa dks çca/ku ds fy, 'ks;j/kkjd cuke fgr/kkjd –
f"Vdks.k dh iqu% tkap djus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk gSA U;k;ksfpr
Bgjkb,A

Crane, A., Matten, D., Glozer, S., & Spence, L. (2019). Business ethics:
Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of
globalization. Oxford University Press, USA.
Andriof, J., & McIntosh, M. (Eds.). (2017). Perspectives on corporate
citizenship. Routledge.
Wood, D. J., Logsdon, J. M., Lewellyn, P. G., & Davenport, K. S.
(2015). Global Business Citizenship: A Transformative Framework for
Ethics and Sustainable Capitalism: A Transformative Framework for Ethics
and Sustainable Capitalism. Routledge.
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