ECG

re
Sylvain Rondy
Pierre Berlandi
Gianfranco Niffoi

1 année
Nicolas Pierson
Anne-Sophie Pierson-Fertel

P R É P A S S C I E N C E S
COLLECTION DIRIGÉE PAR BERTR AND HAUCHECORNE

MATHÉMATIQUES
APPLIQUÉES
INFORMATIQUE
Objectifs
O
Cours résumé 4e édition
Méthodes
Vrai/faux, erreurs classiques
Exercices de base et d’approfondissement
Sujets de concours (écrits, oraux)
Corrigés détaillés et commentés
Éléments d’informatique et d’algorithmique avec Python
 PRÉPAS SCIENCES
collection dirigée par Bertrand Hauchecorne

Mathématiques
appliquées
Informatique
re
ECG - 1 année
4e édition
ouvrage coordonné par
Sylvain RONDY
Professeur au lycée Saint Jean (Douai)

Pierre BERLANDI Anne-Sophie PIERSON-FERTEL

Professeur au lycée Saint Jean (Douai) Professeur au lycée Saint Jean (Douai)

Gianfranco NIFFOI Nicolas PIERSON

Professeur au lycée Saint Michel de Picpus (Paris) Professeur au lycée Saint Jean (Douai)
 COLL EC TION
PRÉPAS SCIENCES

Retrouvez tous les titres de la collection et des extraits sur www.editions-ellipses.fr

ISBN 9782340-048614
© Ellipses Édition Marketing S.A., 2021
8/10 rue la Quintinie 75015 Paris
 Avant-propos

Réussir en classes préparatoires nécessite d’assimiler rapidement un

grand nombre de connaissances, mais surtout de savoir les utiliser, à bon escient, et
les rendre opérationnelles au moment opportun. Bien sûr, l’apprentissage du cours
de votre professeur jour après jour est indispensable. Cependant, on constate que
pour beaucoup, c’est loin d’être suffisant. Combien d’entre vous ont bien appris
leur cours et pourtant se trouvent démunis lors d’un devoir surveillé, et plus grave,
le jour du concours.
Cette collection a été conçue pour répondre à cette difficulté. Suivant scrupu-
leusement le programme, chaque ouvrage est scindé en chapitres, dont chacun
correspond, en gros, à une semaine de cours.
Le résumé de cours est là pour vous remettre en mémoire toutes les notions
à connaître. Sa relecture est indispensable avant un devoir surveillé ou le passage
d’une colle relative au thème traité. Les résultats sont énoncés sans démonstration.
La partie « méthode » vous initie aux techniques utiles pour résoudre les
exercices classiques. Compléments indispensables du cours, elles l’éclairent et
l’illustrent.
La partie « vrai/faux » vous permet de tester votre recul par rapport au
programme, vous révéler les mauvais réflexes à corriger. Son corrigé est l’occasion
de mettre en garde contre des erreurs classiques.
Les exercices sont incontournables pour assimiler le programme et pour
répondre aux exigences du concours. Des indications, que les meilleurs pourront
ignorer, permettront de répondre aux besoins de chacun, selon son niveau. Les
corrigés sont rédigés avec soin et de manière exhaustive.
Ainsi cet ouvrage vous accompagnera tout au long de l’année et vous guidera
dans votre cheminement vers le passage en deuxième année et la réus-
site aux concours.

Bertrand Hauchecorne
 Sommaire

■ Premier semestre
1. Raisonnements mathématiques ............................................. 1
2. Sommes et produits ............................................................. 21
3. Ensembles .......................................................................... 43
4. Applications......................................................................... 61
5. Matrices ............................................................................. 81
6. Systèmes linéaires ............................................................... 103
7. Graphes .............................................................................. 123
8. Fonctions usuelles ................................................................ 151
9. Généralités sur les fonctions ................................................. 173
10. Limites ............................................................................... 191
11. Continuité ........................................................................... 213
12. Suites ................................................................................. 231
13. Suites usuelles..................................................................... 253
14. Statistiques univariées .......................................................... 267
15. Coefficients binomiaux .......................................................... 291
16. Probabilité sur un univers fini ................................................. 305
17. Conditionnement et indépendance .......................................... 325

■ Deuxième semestre
18. L’espace vectoriel IRn – Applications linéaires ........................... 349
19. Dérivabilité .......................................................................... 379
20. Équations différentielles ........................................................ 409
21. Intégration sur un segment ................................................... 431
22. Séries................................................................................. 457
23. Espaces probabilisés ............................................................ 475
24. Variables aléatoires discrètes ................................................ 497
25. Lois discrètes usuelles .......................................................... 527
26. Initiation à Python ................................................................ 547
27. Les librairies de Python ......................................................... 581
28. Applications de Python à quelques algorithmes ........................ 625

Index .................................................................................. 655

 Chapitre 1
Raisonnements
mathématiques
Né dans une famille de commerçants, George Boole
UN MATHÉMATICIEN

est un parfait autodidacte. Il apprend seul

le latin et le grec et lit avec passion les textes
de grands mathématiciens tels Joseph Lagrange
et Pierre-Simon Laplace. Dans sa principale publication,
An investigation into the Laws of Thought, publié en 1854,
il innove en fondant sur des bases mathématiques
le raisonnement logique, jusque-là considéré
comme une branche de la philosophie.

■ Un peu d'histoire
On considère les Grecs anciens comme les fondateurs des mathématiques car les
                       -
                   
e
Au milieu du XIX , les mathématiciens anglais George Boole et Augustus De Morgan
     !   !   "       
logiques telles la négation d’une proposition, la conjonction ou la disjonction de deux
    "             !  
e
Au tournant du XX siècle, des mathématiciens comme Giuseppe Peano ou
Bertrand Russell utilisent le langage de la théorie des ensembles pour fonder le
raisonnement mathématique sur des bases solides.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUHIIHFWXHUXQUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFH
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUXQUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHG RUGUH

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUHIIHFWXHUXQUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHG RUGUHVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
Z 6DYRLUPHWWUHHQ°XYUHXQUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUO DEVXUGH
Z 6DYRLUPDQLSXOHUOHVFRQQHFWHXUVORJLTXHVHWOHVTXDQWLILFDWHXUV

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Les éléments du raisonnement

‰ Proposition
2QDSSHOOHSURSRVLWLRQWRXWHSKUDVH3GRQWRQSHXWGLUHVLHOOHHVWYUDLHRX
'pILQLWLRQ
IDXVVH/RUVTXHO pQRQFpG XQHSURSRVLWLRQSRUWHVXUXQHYDULDEOH[QRXVSRXUURQVODQRWHU 3 [ 


5HPDUTXH
2QpFULUDLQGLIIpUHPPHQW3RX3HVWYUDLH


([HPSOH 3RXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI OQ [   HVWXQHSURSRVLWLRQGpSHQGDQWH

GHODYDULDEOH[(OOHHVWYUDLHVL [   HWIDXVVHVLQRQ


([HPSOH   /D VXLWH XQ Q `

 HVW FURLVVDQWH HVW XQH SURSRVLWLRQ 1RWRQV TX HOOH QH
GpSHQGSDVGHO HQWLHUQ


([HPSOH3RXUXQGpODQFpOHQXPpURVRUWLHVWSDLUHVWXQHSURSRVLWLRQ


([HPSOH3RXUWRXWUpHO[  [   H [ Q HVWSDVXQHSURSRVLWLRQ

‰ Quantificateurs
1RWDWLRQ/HVLJQH  SODFpGHYDQWXQHYDULDEOH[VLJQLILHTXHOTXHVRLW[
/HVLJQH  SODFpGHYDQWXQHYDULDEOH[VLJQLILHLOH[LVWH DXPRLQV XQ[
/HVLJQH  SODFpGHYDQWXQHYDULDEOH[VLJQLILHLOH[LVWHXQXQLTXH[
 [ \ [      VHOLWTXHOTXHVRLWOHUpHO[ [    HVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRXSRXUWRXW
UpHO[ [    HVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI
 [ @  > [    [     VH OLW  LO H[LVWH DX PRLQV XQ UpHO [ VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLI WHO TXH
[    [   HVWpJDOj LO\DG DLOOHXUVGHX[WHOV[     HW     
Q Q  Q Q 
 Q `   VHOLWLOH[LVWHXQXQLTXHHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOWHOTXH HVW
 
pJDOj LOV DJLWGXQRPEUH 


5HPDUTXH1RWRQVTXHGDQVXQpQRQFpO H[SUHVVLRQLOH[LVWHXQ[VLJQLILHUDWRXMRXUV
LPSOLFLWHPHQWTX LOHQH[LVWHDXPRLQVXQ6LXQLFLWpLO\DHOOHVHUDH[SOLFLWHPHQWPHQWLRQQpH

3URSULpWp(QJpQpUDOODSURSRVLWLRQ [ \ 3 [ \ HVWGLIIpUHQWHGH \ [ 3 [ \  

([HPSOH   /D SURSRVLWLRQ  [ \  Q ]  Q  [  Q    pQRQFH TXH TXHO TXH VRLW OH
UpHO [LOH[LVWHXQ HQWLHU Q WHO TXH[ VRLWFRPSULV HQWUH Q HW Q    FHWWH GHUQLqUH YDOHXU pWDQW
H[FOXH& HVWXQHSURSRVLWLRQYUDLH TXLGpILQLWG DLOOHXUVFHTXHO¶RQDSSHOOHODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGX
UpHO [  (OOH HVW GLIIpUHQWH GH OD VXLYDQWH   Q ] [ \ Q  [  Q    TXL DIILUPH TXDQW j
HOOHTXHWRXVOHVUpHOVVRQWFRPSULVHQWUHGHX[HQWLHUVIL[pV(OOHHVWpYLGHPPHQWIDXVVH

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 3 „„
 ‰ Connecteurs logiques
'pILQLWLRQ /DSURSRVLWLRQFRQWUDLUHGH 3QRWpHQRQ 3 HWDSSHOpHQpJDWLRQGH 3 HVWOD
SURSRVLWLRQTXLHVWYUDLHORUVTXH3HVWIDXVVHHWTXLHVWIDXVVHORUVTXH3HVWYUDLH

3URSULpWp/DQpJDWLRQGH [ 3 [ HVWODSURSRVLWLRQ [ QRQ 3 [  
/DQpJDWLRQGH [ 3 [ HVWODSURSRVLWLRQ [ QRQ 3 [  


([HPSOHV 3RXUXQGpODQFpWURLVIRLVOHFRQWUDLUHGHOHVWURLVQXPpURVREWHQXVVRQW
SDLUVHVWDXPRLQVXQGHVQXPpURVREWHQXVHVWLPSDLU
      /DQpJDWLRQGH [ \ Q ] Q  [  Q   HVW
 [ \ Q ] [  Q RX[  Q   
/DSUHPLqUHSURSRVLWLRQHVWYUDLHSXLVTX¶HOOHGpILQLWO¶HQWLHUQTXLHVWODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGH[ YRLU
H[HPSOH HWODGHX[LqPHHVWIDXVVHFDULOQ¶H[LVWHSDVGHUpHO[WHOTX¶DXFXQHQWLHUQHVRLW
GDQVO¶LQWHUYDOOH  [   [  

'pILQLWLRQ6RLW3HW4GHX[SURSRVLWLRQV2QDSSHOOHGLVMRQFWLRQGH3HW4ODSURSRVLWLRQ

3RX4 OHRXpWDQWHQWHQGXLFLLQFOXVLYHPHQW VRLW3VRLW4VRLWOHVGHX[ 
([HPSOH3RXUXQGpODQFpRQFRQVLGqUH3OHQXPpURVRUWLHVWSDLUHW4OHQXPpUR
VRUWLHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOj$ORUV 3RX4 HVWOHQXPpURVRUWLHVWRX

'pILQLWLRQ6RLW3HW4GHX[SURSRVLWLRQV2QDSSHOOHFRQMRQFWLRQGH3HW4ODSURSRVLWLRQ

3HW4  OHVGHX[VLPXOWDQpPHQW 
([HPSOH(QUHSUHQDQWO H[HPSOH 3HW4 HVWOHQXPpURVRUWLHVWRX

'pILQLWLRQ 6RLW 3HW 4GHX[SURSRVLWLRQV2QGLWTXH 3LPSOLTXH 4HWRQQRWH 3  4 
ORUVTXHVL3HVWYUDLHDORUV4HVWYUDLH O LPSOLFDWLRQ 4  3 HVWDSSHOpHUpFLSURTXHGH 3  4 


9RFDEXODLUH /RUVTXH3LPSOLTXH4RQGLWTXH3HVWXQHFRQGLWLRQVXIILVDQWHGH4HWTXH4
HVWXQHFRQGLWLRQQpFHVVDLUHGH3
D Méthode 1.1. Comment établir que f (x)  f (y) ?
D Méthode 1.2. Comment établir une inégalité quelconque ?
D Méthode 1.3. Comment montrer une proposition par implication ?


([HPSOH3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD [ [   [    O LPSOLFDWLRQUpFLSURTXHHVWIDXVVH 

'pILQLWLRQ 6RLW 3HW 4GHX[SURSRVLWLRQV2QGLWTXH 3pTXLYDXWj 4 RXTXH 3HW 4VRQW
pTXLYDOHQWHV HWRQQRWH 3  4 ORUVTX RQDjODIRLV 3  4 HW 4  3 


9RFDEXODLUH/RUVTXH3HW4VRQWpTXLYDOHQWHVRQGLWTXH3HVWYUDLHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL4HVW
YUDLH2QGLWDXVVLTXH3HVWXQHFRQGLWLRQQpFHVVDLUHHWVXIILVDQWHGH4



([HPSOH  D E \  OQ D  OQ E  D  E 


([HPSOH  3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQQHVWPXOWLSOHGHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLQHVWPXOWLSOHjOD
IRLVGHHWGH

„„ 4 CHAPITRE 1
„Différents types de raisonnements
‰ Démonstration par l'absurde
7KpRUqPH4XHOOHVTXHVRLHQWOHVSURSRVLWLRQV3HW4SRXUPRQWUHUTXH3LPSOLTXH4RQ
VXSSRVHTXH3HVWYUDLHTXH4HVWIDXVVHHWRQPRQWUHTXHF¶HVWLPSRVVLEOH
D Méthode 1.4. Comment montrer une proposition par l'absurde ?

‰ Démonstration par récurrence

Récurrence simple
7KpRUqPH6RLWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHO Q 
&RQVLGpURQVXQHSURSRVLWLRQ 3 Q GpSHQGDQWG¶XQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
6L 3 Q HVWYUDLHHWVLHQVXSSRVDQWODSURSRVLWLRQ 3 Q YUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQDWXUHO Q
VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j Q RQ PRQWUH TXH OD SURSRVLWLRQ 3 Q    O¶HVW DXVVL DORUV OD SURSRVLWLRQ
3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjQ

D Méthode 1.5. Comment montrer une proposition par récurrence ?


9RFDEXODLUH  /D SUHXYH GH 3 Q  V DSSHOOH O LQLWLDOLVDWLRQ GH OD UpFXUUHQFH /D YpULWp GH
O LPSOLFDWLRQ 3 Q HVWYUDLH  3 Q   HVWYUDLH V DSSHOOHO KpUpGLWpGHODSURSRVLWLRQ
$WWHQWLRQ 'DQVO pWXGHGHO KpUpGLWpRQQHVXSSRVHVXUWRXWSDVTXH 3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUWRXW Q
VLQRQLOQ¶\DSOXVULHQjSURXYHU 2QVXSSRVHTXH 3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQHW
RQPRQWUHTX¶DORUV 3 Q   HVWHQFRUHYUDLH

5HPDUTXH/DSOXSDUWGXWHPSVRQDQ RXQ 
Récurrence d'ordre p (avec p  2)
,ODUULYHTXHSRXUpWDEOLUXQHSURSRVLWLRQjXQFHUWDLQUDQJRQDLWEHVRLQGHVDYRLUTX HOOHHVW
YUDLHDX[SUDQJVSUpFpGHQWV VRXYHQWS  2QDDORUV

7KpRUqPH&RQVLGpURQVXQHSURSRVLWLRQ 3 Q GpSHQGDQWG¶XQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
6L OHV S SUHPLqUHV SURSRVLWLRQV 3   3    3 S    VRQW YUDLHV HW VL HQ VXSSRVDQW OHV S
SURSRVLWLRQV 3 Q  3 Q     3 Q  S    YUDLHV SRXU XQ FHUWDLQ HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q GH `  RQ
PRQWUHTXH 3 Q  S HVWYUDLHDORUVODSURSRVLWLRQ 3 Q HVWYUDLHTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHUQGH ` 

D Méthode 1.6. Comment montrer une proposition par récurrence d'ordre 2 ?

‰ La contraposition
7KpRUqPH  0RQWUHUTXH 3LPSOLTXH 4UHYLHQWjPRQWUHUTXHVL 4Q HVWSDVYUDLHDORUV 3
Q HVWSDVYUDLH

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 5 „„
 „„ Méthodes

„Comparaison d'expressions
‰ Méthode 1.1. Comment établir que I [  I \ ?

6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWPRQRWRQHVXUXQHQVHPEOH,HWVL[HW\DSSDUWLHQQHQWj,DORUV
FRPSDUHU[HW\VXIILWSRXUFRPSDUHU I [ HW I \ 
3OXVSUpFLVpPHQW
‡6LIHVWFURLVVDQWHVXU,DORUV [  \  I [  I \ 
‡6LIHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU,DORUV [  \  I [  I \ 
5HPDUTXH  VL O RQ YHXW pWDEOLU GHV pTXLYDOHQFHV DX OLHX G LPSOLFDWLRQV LO IDXW
VLJQDOHUHQSOXVODELMHFWLYLWpGH I FHTXLpWDEOLWO LPSOLFDWLRQUpFLSURTXHJUkFHDX[
YDULDWLRQVGHI±TXLVRQWOHVPrPHVTXHFHOOHVGHI 

D Exercice 1.4

([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHUQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD
 Q  Q
    QRXVQRWHURQVFHWWHLQpJDOLWp , 
Q Q

5HPDUTXHLPSRUWDQWHGHSUpVHQWDWLRQ 1RXVDOORQVFRPPHQFHUSDUXQHDQDO\VHTXLVHIDLW
DXEURXLOORQRXPrPHDYHFXQSHXG KDELWXGHPHQWDOHPHQW1RXVSURSRVHURQVXQHUpGDFWLRQ
DXSURSUHGDQVXQVHFRQGWHPSV

$XEURXLOORQ
Q  Q
   
&RPSWHWHQXGHVUqJOHVVXUOHVH[SRVDQWV , V pFULW      
Q  Q 
3XLVTXHODIRQFWLRQ W 6 W Q HVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  HWSXLVTXHOHVGHX[PHPEUHVGH
O LQpJDOLWpVRQWSRVLWLIV FDU Q   DORUVFHWWHGHUQLqUHLQpJDOLWppTXLYDXWjODVXLYDQWH
  
   
Q Q
0DLVHQGpYHORSSDQWOHPHPEUHGHGURLWHQRXVQRXVUHQGRQVFRPSWHTXHFHWWHLQpJDOLWpHVW
   
pYLGHQWH(QHIIHWHOOHV pFULW        F HVWjGLUH    FHTXLHVWYUDL
Q Q Q Q




„„ 6 CHAPITRE 1
6XUODFRSLH
,OVXIILWGHSDUWLUGHODILQGXUDLVRQQHPHQWDXEURXLOORQ
        
Q              FDU   GRQF      
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
/DIRQFWLRQ W 6 W Q HVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  HWFKDTXHPHPEUHHVWSRVLWLI FDU Q   
Q
 Q
  
GRQF      
Q  Q 
Q Q
 
&HWWHLQpJDOLWpV pFULWELHQ     
Q Q

‰ Méthode 1.2. Comment établir une inégalité quelconque ?

6L O LQpJDOLWp TXH O RQ VH SURSRVH GH SURXYHU QH SHXW SDV VH PHWWUH VRXV OD IRUPH
pWXGLpH j OD PpWKRGH  DORUV HQ SDVVDQW WRXW GDQV XQ PrPH PHPEUH RQ VH
UDPqQHjSURXYHUTX XQHH[SUHVVLRQHVWSRVLWLYH RXQpJDWLYHVHORQOHVFDV ,OVHUD
SDU H[HPSOH SRVVLEOH PDLV QRQ REOLJDWRLUH YRLU FLGHVVRXV  G pWXGLHU OHV

Méthodes
YDULDWLRQVGHODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDUFHWWHH[SUHVVLRQ

D Exercice 1.4

([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXH [ \   [   [   

3RXUWRXWUpHO[SRVLWLIRQDODFKDQFHGHFRQVWDWHUTXH [   [     [   
&RPPHXQFDUUpHVWSRVLWLIRQHQGpGXLWTXH [ \   [   [   
2QDELHQPRQWUpTXH [ \   [   [   

([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXH [       OQ   [  [ 
2QSRVH I [ [  OQ   [ HWRQpWXGLHODIRQFWLRQIVXU      
 [
&HWWHIRQFWLRQHVWELHQV€UGpULYDEOHHWRQD [       I [  
 [  [
&RPPH   [   OHVLJQHGH I  [ HVWFHOXLGH[FHTXLSURXYHTXHIGpFURvWVXU      HW
FURvWVXU     (OOHDWWHLQWGRQFVRQPLQLPXPSRXU [  
2QDDORUV [       I [  I  &RPPH I   RQREWLHQW [  OQ   [   
&RQFOXVLRQ
[       OQ   [  [ 

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 7 „„
„Différents types de raisonnement
‰ Méthode 1.3. Comment montrer une proposition par implication ?

/D SOXSDUW GX WHPSV SRXU SURXYHU XQH SURSRVLWLRQ RQ SURFqGH SDU LPSOLFDWLRQ
VDQV VH VHQWLU REOLJp G XWLOLVHU OH V\PEROH   HQ FRQVWUXLVDQW XQ UDLVRQQHPHQW
GLUHFW

D Exercice 1.5

([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHVL[DORUV_[±_!
6L[DORUV[±±3DUGpFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHVXU  ±RQHQGpGXLW
TXH_[±_!_±_&HFLYHXWELHQGLUHTXH_[±_!
$YHFGHVQRWDWLRQVSOXVV\PEROLTXHVRQYLHQWGHPRQWUHUTXH [  _[±_! 

‰ Méthode 1.4. Comment montrer une proposition par l'absurde ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTX XQHLPSOLFDWLRQHVWYUDLHLOVXIILWGHVXSSRVHUO K\SRWKqVHYUDLHHW

ODFRQFOXVLRQIDXVVHSXLVG HQGpGXLUHDORUVXQHFRQWUDGLFWLRQ

D Exercice 1.6

[ 
([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWQRPEUHUpHO[GLIIpUHQWGH±RQD   
[
[ 
3DUO¶DEVXUGHVLO¶RQDYDLW  DORUVRQHQGpGXLUDLW [   [   FHTXLpTXLYDXWj  
[
[ 
&HFLpWDQWPDQLIHVWHPHQWIDX[RQHQGpGXLWTXH [     
[

„Récurrences
‰ Méthode 1.5. Comment montrer une proposition par récurrence ?

Q HVWLFLXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOIL[p
2QYHXWPRQWUHUTXH 3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQjSDUWLUGH Q  
‡ ,QLWLDOLVDWLRQRQYpULILHTXH 3 Q HVWYUDLH
‡ +pUpGLWpRQFRQVLGqUHTXH 3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHU Q VXSpULHXURX
pJDOj Q (QXWLOLVDQW 3 Q RQPRQWUHTX DORUV 3 Q   HVWHQFRUHYUDLH
‡ &RQFOXVLRQ 3 Q HVWDORUVYUDLHSRXUWRXWQVXSpULHXURXpJDOj Q  

D Exercices 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.11

„„ 8 CHAPITRE 1
 X 
([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ GpILQLHSDU ! XQ   
Q ` Q ` XQ 
" XQ
0RQWUHUTXH XQ Q `
HVWFRQVWDQWHpJDOHj
2QFRPPHQFHSDUQRWHUSRXUQHQWLHUQDWXUHO 3 Q XQ  
,QLWLDOLVDWLRQ 3  HVWYUDLHSDUFKRL[GH X 
+pUpGLWpRQVXSSRVH 3 Q YUDLH F HVWjGLUH XQ  SRXUXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQIL[p
 #  
2QDDORUV XQ      

&HFLPRQWUHTXH 3 Q   HVWYUDLH
(QFRQFOXVLRQRQDELHQPRQWUpSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXH Q ` XQ  

‰ Méthode 1.6. Comment montrer une proposition par récurrence

d'ordre 2 sur l'entier naturel n ?

Méthodes
2QYHXWPRQWUHUTXH 3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQjSDUWLUGH Q  
‡ ,QLWLDOLVDWLRQRQYpULILHTXH 3 Q HW 3 Q   VRQWYUDLHV
‡ +pUpGLWpRQFRQVLGqUHXQHQWLHU Q IL[pVXSpULHXURXpJDOj Q  WHOTXH 3 Q HW
3 Q   VRQWYUDLHV*UkFHj 3 Q HW 3 Q    RQPRQWUHTXH 3 Q   HVWYUDLH
‡ &RQFOXVLRQ 3 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOj Q  

D Exercice 1.10

5HPDUTXH2QJpQpUDOLVHVDQVSUREOqPHDXFDVG XQHUpFXUUHQFHG RUGUHRXSOXV
X X 
([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q ` GpILQLHSDU ! 
"Q ` XQ   XQ   XQ
0RQWUHUTXH Q ` XQ Q  Q  
2QFRPPHQFHSDUQRWHUSRXUQDSSDUWHQDQWj ` 3 Q  XQ Q  Q   
,QLWLDOLVDWLRQ SRXU Q  
        XHW         XGRQF 3  HW 3  VRQWYUDLHV
+pUpGLWp
2QVXSSRVH 3 Q HW 3 Q   YUDLHVSRXUXQHQWLHUQQDWXUHOIL[pHWRQYDPRQWUHUTXH 3 Q   
HVWYUDLH F HVWjGLUHTXHO RQD XQ   Q    Q   
XQ   XQ   XQ  Q   Q     Q  Q  FDU3 Q   HW3 Q VRQWYUDLHV 
&RPPHQ #QHWQ #QRQD
XQ  #    Q   #    Q   # Q   # Q  Q    Q   
&HFLPRQWUHTXH 3 Q   HVWYUDLH
&RQFOXVLRQ Q ` XQ Q  Q  

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 9 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. [ \ \  [    Q ` [  Q  \   

2.  \ \  [ \ [  \   
3. /DIRQFWLRQIQ HVWSDVODIRQFWLRQQXOOHVLJQLILH [ \ I [     
4. 8QHVXLWHHVWVRLWFURLVVDQWHVRLWGpFURLVVDQWH
 
5. 6LIGpILQLHVXU \ Q HVWSDVSDLUHDORUV [ \ I [  I  [   

6. 2QGpVLJQHSDUDHWEGHX[UpHOVDORUV DE    D  RXE     

7. ,OHVWVXIILVDQWTX XQHIRQFWLRQVRLWGpULYDEOHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,GH 
SRXUTX HOOHVRLWFRQWLQXHVXU,
 

8. 8QHVXLWH XQ HVWERUQpHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLODVXLWH XQ HVW

PDMRUpH
Q ` Q `
 

9. 2QSHXWSURXYHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHVXUQODSURSRVLWLRQ QOLP
$
XQ  
 

10. 6L 3 Q HVW X Q   Q DORUV 3 Q   HVW X Q    Q    

„„ 10 CHAPITRE 1
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 1.1.2QFRQVLGqUHOHSRO\Q{PH3GpILQLSDU Fait le 17/07


      
[ \ 3 [ [  [  [  [   
   

&DOFXOHU 3   3   3   3  HW3  3HXWRQHQGpGXLUHTXHOTXHFKRVHSRXU 3  "

‰ Exercice 1.2.  2QGLWTX¶XQHIRQFWLRQIGH \ GDQV \ HVWSDLUHVLO¶RQDSRXUWRXWUpHO
[ I  [ I [ 2QGLWTXHIHVWLPSDLUHVLO¶RQDSRXUWRXWUpHO[ I  [  I [ 
  H [
6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU [ \ I [ 
  H[
0RQWUHUTXHIQ HVWQLSDLUHQLLPSDLUH Fait le 17/07

 Q
‰ Exercice 1.3.2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ 
Q 
0RQWUHUTXH XQ Q `
Q HVWSDVPRQRWRQH Fait le 17/07

‰ Exercice 1.4.*8QHLQpJDOLWpFRQFHUQDQWODIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOH Fait le 17/07
1. 0RQWUHUO LQpJDOLWpVXLYDQWH [ \ H [  [   
2.(QGpGXLUHTXH
Q
W
Q ` W   Q   H W  

 
Q
' DSUqV(0/

‰ Exercice 1.5.6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSRXUWRXWUpHO[SDU I [  H [ OQ H [ 
Fait le 17/07
H[
1.3RXUWRXWUpHO[FDOFXOHU I  [ HWYpULILHUTXH[  I [  I  [  
 H[
2.(QGpGXLUHXQHIRQFWLRQJWHOOHTXH[  J  [ I [ 
' DSUqV('+(&

‰ Exercice 1.6.**  /HEXWGHFHWH[HUFLFHHVWGHPRQWUHUTXH  Q DSSDUWLHQWSDVj _ 
RO RQGpVLJQHSDU _ O HQVHPEOHGHVQRPEUHVUDWLRQQHOVF HVWjGLUHGHVIUDFWLRQVG HQWLHUV 

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 11 „„
11
2Q UDLVRQQH SDU O¶DEVXUGH HQ VXSSRVDQW TX LO H[LVWH GHX[ HQWLHUV Q HW S DYHF S    WHOV TXH
Q
  2Q OHV VXSSRVH GH SOXV FKRLVLV GH WHOOH VRUWH TXH OD IUDFWLRQ VRLW LUUpGXFWLEOH QRQ
S
VLPSOLILDEOH  Fait le 17/07 À refaire
1.-XVWLILHUTXH Q  HVWSDLUSXLVPRQWUHUTXHQHVWSDLU
2.(QpFULYDQWQVRXVODIRUPH Q DYHFQ pOpPHQWGHPRQWUHUTXHSOXLPrPHHVWSDLU
3. &RQFOXUH

‰ Exercice 1.7.  2Q FRQVLGqUH OD VXLWH XQ Q `
 GpILQLH SDU X   HW SRXU WRXW HQWLHU
QDWXUHOQ XQ  XQ   0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ XQ H[LVWHHW   XQ    Fait le 17/07

‰ Exercice 1.8.6RLWXQUpHODSRVLWLI0RQWUHUTXH Fait le 17/07
Q
Q    D    QD 

‰ Exercice 1.9.0RQWUHUTXHODSURSRVLWLRQ Q ` Q  Q  HVWIDXVVH
3URXYHUHQUHYDQFKHTXH Fait le 17/07
Q   Q  Q  

‰ Exercice 1.10.2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHFRPPHVXLW X X  HWSRXU
WRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ XQ   XQ   XQ 0RQWUHUTXH Fait le 17/07
Q ` XQ  Q 


‰ Exercice 1.11.* 2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHSDU X HWSRXUWRXWHQWLHU

XQ
QDWXUHOQ XQ 0RQWUHUTXH Fait le 17/07
XQ  

Q ` X Q HW X Q   


„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH,OVXIILWGHWURXYHUXQFRQWUHH[HPSOHjFKDTXHIRLVF¶HVWjGLUHXQ
UpHO[WHOTXH I  [  I [ HWXQDXWUHWHOTXH I  [   I [ 
([HUFLFH3RXUUpSRQGUHOHVYDOHXUVGH X  X HWX VXIILVHQW
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQpWXGLHUODIRQFWLRQTXLj[DVVRFLH H [  [   

„„ 12 CHAPITRE 1
 3RXUODTXHVWLRQ DSSOLTXHUO LQpJDOLWpGHODTXHVWLRQ HQUHPSODoDQW [SDU±W Q
SXLVXWLOLVHUODFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQ X 6 X Q VXU \  
X
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQXQHSULPLWLYHGH HVW OQ X 
X
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQD\DQWREWHQXTXH Q  HVWSDLUSRXUPRQWUHUTXHQ
HVWSDLUVXSSRVHUTXH Q HVWLPSDLUHWPRQWUHUTX¶DORUV Q  VHUDLWLPSDLU
([HUFLFHVjIDLUHXQHUpFXUUHQFH

([HUFLFH  (Q QRWDQW 5 Q  OD SURSRVLWLRQ  X Q  HW XQ  ± IDLUH


DWWHQWLRQTXH 5 Q   HVWODSURSRVLWLRQ X Q   HWXQ ±


RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 13 „„
13
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) 9 ) ) ) ) 9 9 ) )

1. ,OVXIILWGHFKRLVLU [  HW \  

2. 3RVRQV3 \    [ \  [  \  &HWWHSURSRVLWLRQQ HVWYUDLHTXHSRXU \  
(QHIIHWO pTXDWLRQ [  \ SRVVqGHGHX[VROXWLRQVUpHOOHVVL \   HWDXFXQHVROXWLRQUpHOOHVL
\   $LQVLRQDELHQ  \ \  3 \ HWFH\HVW

3. IHVWODIRQFWLRQQXOOHVLJQLILH [ \  I [  
IQ HVWSDVODIRQFWLRQQXOOHVLJQLILHGRQF [ \  I [   
3DU H[HPSOH OD IRQFWLRQ TXL YDXW  VXU @±  > % @  > HW WHOOH TXH I     Q HVW SDV OD
IRQFWLRQQXOOH

Q
4. /DVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHSDU Q `  XQ  SUHQGDOWHUQDWLYHPHQWOHVYDOHXUVHW±HW
Q HVWGRQFQLFURLVVDQWHQLGpFURLVVDQWH

5. & HVWOHPrPHSUREOqPHTX¶DX9)/DIRQFWLRQIQ HVWSDVSDLUHV LOH[LVWHXQUpHO[WHOTXH
I ±[ I [ 

6. /HV GHX[ IDFWHXUV GX SURGXLW GRLYHQW rWUH GLIIpUHQWV GH  VL O RQ YHXW TXH OH SURGXLW VRLW
GLIIpUHQWGH VLQRQGqVTX¶XQIDFWHXUHVWQXORQVDLWTXHOHSURGXLWHVWQXO 

7. (QHIIHWVLXQHIRQFWLRQHVWGpULYDEOHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH ,DORUVHOOH\HVWFRQWLQXH F¶HVWDX
SURJUDPPHGHWHUPLQDOH 

8.6LODVXLWH XQ HVWERUQpHDORUV  P 0 \   Q ` P  XQ  0 
2QHQGpGXLW  P 0 \   Q `  PD[ 0  P  XQ  PD[ 0  P 
(QSRVDQW$ PD[ _0__P_ RQDELHQ  $  XQ  $ 3DUSURSULpWpGHODYDOHXUDEVROXHFHFL
GRQQH Q `  XQ  $ /DVXLWH XQ HVWELHQPDMRUpH SDU$ 
 5pFLSURTXHPHQWVLSRXUWRXW QGH  XQ  $ DORUV RQD Q `   $  XQ  $ &HFL
SURXYHELHQTXHODVXLWH XQ HVWERUQpH


„„ 14 CHAPITRE 1
9. /D SURSULpWp  OLP XQ   QH GpSHQGDQW SDV GH Q XQH GpPRQVWUDWLRQ SDU UpFXUUHQFH HVW
Q $
DEVXUGH

10. 3 Q  HVW OD SURSRVLWLRQ  X Q   Q  DORUV 3 Q    HVW OD SURSRVLWLRQ  X Q   Q  
F HVWjGLUH X Q    Q  

‰ Les erreurs classiques

,OIDXWELHQSHQVHUTXHODQpJDWLRQGHSRXUWRXW[GH$[YpULILH3HVWLOH[LVWH[
GDQV$QHYpULILDQWSDV3HWQRQSDVSRXUWRXW[GH$[QHYpULILHSDV3
& HVWHQIDLWODWHFKQLTXHGXFRQWUHH[HPSOHTXLHVWDLQVLPLVHHQYDOHXU
 ,O IDXW pYLWHU GH SHQVHU TXH OHV IRQFWLRQV FRQWLQXHV VRQW GpULYDEOHV F HVW OD
UpFLSURTXHTXLHVWYUDLHDWWHQWLRQGRQFjO XWLOLVDWLRQDEXVLYHGXV\PEROH  
,OQHIDXWSDVFURLUHTX LOVXIILVHG DMRXWHUDXKDVDUGSRXUSDVVHUGHODSURSULpWp
3 Q jODSURSULpWp 3 Q   LOIDXWUHPSODFHUQSDUQ
6LO RQ DSDUH[HPSOH P XQ 0LO QHIDXWSDVFRQFOXUHWURSKkWLYHPHQW TXH
_XQ_02QSHXWV HQFRQYDLQFUHDYHFOHVH[HPSOHVVXLYDQWV
±XQRO RQD_XQ_

Corrigé
±XQRO RQD_XQ_
XQRO RQD_XQ_
±XQ±RO RQD_XQ_

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 15 „„
15
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 1.1_______________________________

 3    3    3    3   HW 3   
2QUHPDUTXHTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUNGH a  b RQD 3 N N 2QHVWDORUVWHQWpG HQGpGXLUH
TXH 3    0DLVHQFDOFXODQWRQWURXYH 3     
2QHQFRQFOXWTX LOIDXWDEVROXPHQWSURXYHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHWRXWHVOHVFRQMHFWXUHVIDLWHVPrPH
VLFHOOHVFLVRQWYpULILpHVSDUOHVSUHPLHUVHQWLHUV

_________ Exercice 1.2_______________________________

  H  H    H  H  H   
2QD I  H HW I  H   
  H  H  H   H    H   H H
2QD I   I  HW I    I  FHTXLSURXYH FRQWUHH[HPSOH TXHIQ HVWQLSDLUHQL
LPSDLUH

_________ Exercice 1.3_______________________________

 
2QD X   X   X F HVWjGLUHX!XHW X  X /DVXLWH XQ Q `
Q HVWGRQFSDV
 
PRQRWRQH

_________ Exercice 1.4_______________________________

1. 2QGpILQLWODIRQFWLRQISDU [ \ I [ H [  [   
I HVW VDQV SUREOqPH GpULYDEOH VXU \ HW RQ D [ \ I  [ H [    /D IRQFWLRQ H[SRQHQWLHOOH
[ \   I  [  
pWDQWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ HWYDODQWHQRQHQGpGXLW ! I    
"[ \   I  [  
$LQVLIHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \  HWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  HOOHDGPHWGRQFXQPLQLPXPHQ2QHQ
GpGXLW [ \ I [  I  F HVWjGLUH [ \ H [  [     
2QDELHQPRQWUpTXH [ \ H [  [   
D0pWKRGH

2. 6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOHWWXQpOpPHQWGH  Q  

W
[ W  W
eFULYRQVO LQpJDOLWp H  [   SRXU [  2QREWLHQW H Q    
Q Q

„„ 16 CHAPITRE 1
 
W
&RPPHWDSSDUWLHQWj  Q  DORUV     'HSOXVODIRQFWLRQ X 6 X Q HVWFURLVVDQWHVXU
Q
\  RQSHXWO DSSOLTXHUjO LQpJDOLWppFULWHjODGHX[LqPHOLJQHGHFHWWHTXHVWLRQFHTXLGRQQH
Q
W  W
H   
Q
Q
W W W
2QSHXWPXOWLSOLHUSDU H   FHTXLSHUPHWG DYRLU   H  
Q
 Q
W
2QDELHQQ  ` W   Q   HW  

  
Q
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 1.5_______________________________

1. /DIRQFWLRQIHVWGpULYDEOHVXUFRPPHSURGXLWGHIRQFWLRQVGpILQLHVHWGpULYDEOHVVXU
H[ 
'HSOXVRQD[ I  [  ±H  [ # OQ  H [  H  [ # [
  ±I [ 
 H  H[
   H[  H[ H[ H[

Corrigé

&RPPH    ± RQWURXYHI  [  ± ±I [ 
  H[   H[   H[   H[
H[
2QDELHQPRQWUpTXH[ I [  ±I  [ ± 
  H[

2. 8QHIRQFWLRQJWHOOHTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQDJ  [  I [ YpULILHGRQF
 H[
[ J  [  ±I  [ ± 
  H[
/HV IRQFWLRQV HQ SUpVHQFH GDQV OH PHPEUH GH GURLWH GH O pJDOLWp FLGHVVXV VRQW WRXWHV GHV
GpULYpHVFRQQXHVGRQFRQSHXWHQGpGXLUHXQHIRQFWLRQJVROXWLRQHQODGpILQLVVDQWSDUH[HPSOH
SDU[ J [   [  I [  OQ   H [ [  I [  OQ   H [ 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 1.6_______________________________

Q Q
3RVRQV  DYHFQHWSHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXHSHVWQRQQXOHW QRQVLPSOLILDEOH
S S
1. 2QDDORUV Q S  HWGRQF Q   S  FHTXLVLJQLILHTXH Q  HVWSDLU
3RXUPRQWUHUTXHQHVWSDLUUDLVRQQRQVSDUO¶DEVXUGHHQVXSSRVDQWTXHQHVWLPSDLU'qVORUVLO
H[LVWHUDLWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHONWHOTXH Q N   2QDXUDLWDORUV
Q  N    N   N    N   N   
(QSRVDQWM  N   N MHVWELHQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOHWRQDQ MGRQF Q  VHUDLWLPSDLU
(QFRQFOXVLRQRQDPRQWUpTXHVLQpWDLWLPSDLUDORUV Q  VHUDLWLPSDLUFHTXLHVWIDX[G¶DSUqV
ODTXHVWLRQ3DUFRQVpTXHQWQHVWSDLU

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 17 „„
17
2. Q HVW SDLU VLJQLILH TX LO H[LVWH Q  pOpPHQW GH  WHO TXH Q Q  (Q UppFULYDQW O pJDOLWp
 
Q   S  DYHFQ RQREWLHQW  Q  S  VRLW S   Q FHTXLSURXYHTXH S  HVWSDLU
(QUDLVRQQDQWHQFRUHXQHIRLVFRPPHFLGHVVXVRQREWLHQWTXHSHVWSDLU

3.)LQDOHPHQWSHWQVRQWWRXVOHVGHX[GHVHQWLHUVSDLUVLOVVRQWGRQFWRXVOHVGHX[GLYLVLEOHV
Q
SDUFHTXLFRQWUHGLWOHIDLWTXH HVWQRQVLPSOLILDEOH
S
 QHSHXWSDVV pFULUHFRPPHTXRWLHQWGHGHX[HQWLHUVGRQF  & _ 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 1.7_______________________________

3URFpGRQVSDUUpFXUUHQFHHQSRVDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ 3 Q  XQ H[LVWHHW  XQ   
3  HVWYUDLHFDU X  GRQF X H[LVWHHW  X   
6XSSRVRQV3 Q YUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
3DU K\SRWKqVH GH UpFXUUHQFH RQ D   XQ    GRQF   XQ      &RPPH XQ        RQ
SHXW SUHQGUH OD UDFLQH FDUUpH FH TXL SURXYH TXH XQ  H[LVWH HW SDU FURLVVDQFH GH OD IRQFWLRQ
UDFLQHFDUUpHVXU \  RQREWLHQW   XQ    FHTXLLPSOLTXH   XQ   
2QDPRQWUpTXH 3 Q   HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWRQDPRQWUpSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXH XQ H[LVWHHWTXH
Q    XQ   
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 1.8_______________________________

Q
3URFpGRQVSDUUpFXUUHQFHHQSRVDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ 5 Q     D    QD  
 
5  HVWYUDLHFDU   D     # D GRQF   D     D 
6XSSRVRQV5 Q YUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
Q  Q
2QD   D  D   D 
Q 
&RPPH   D   O K\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFHGRQQH   D    QD   D 
2U   QD   D   Q   D  QD   HW GH SOXV FRPPH Q HVW XQ HQWLHU QDWXUHO RQ D QD    
GRQF   QD   D    Q   D $LQVL 5 Q   HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWJUkFHDXSULQFLSHGHUpFXUUHQFH
Q
Q    D    QD 
D0pWKRGH

„„ 18 CHAPITRE 1
_________ Exercice 1.9_______________________________
/DSURSRVLWLRQ Q ` Q  Q  HVWIDXVVHSXLVTXH   DORUVTXH   
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjSRVRQV 3 Q Q  Q   
3  HVWYUDLH(QHIIHW   HW   
6XSSRVRQV3 Q YUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
2QDDORUV Q   # Q  Q  SDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFH
2QGRLWGRQFPRQWUHUTXHQ Q 
(QIDLVDQWODGLIIpUHQFHRQDQ± Q   Q   Q   Q    Q±Q±  Q± ±
&RPPHQ±LOHVWFHUWDLQTXH Q   ±HVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjGRQFSRVLWLI
2QDGRQFELHQQ Q $LQVL 3 Q   HVWYUDLH
3DUUpFXUUHQFH
Q Q  Q  
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 1.10 _____________________________

3URFpGRQVSDUUpFXUUHQFHGRXEOHHQSRVDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ 5 Q  XQ  Q  

Corrigé
5  HW5  VRQWYUDLHVSXLVTXH X   HW X    
6XSSRVRQV 5 Q HW 5 Q   YUDLHVSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
(QDSSOLTXDQWO K\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFHRQDDORUV XQ    Q  Q 
2QHQGpGXLW XQ    Q     Q #  $SUqVVLPSOLILFDWLRQRQDELHQ XQ   Q   
&HFLVLJQLILHTXH 5 Q   HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHGRXEOHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD
XQ   Q 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 1.11 _____________________________


3URFpGRQVSDUUpFXUUHQFHHQSRVDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ 5 Q  X Q HWX Q   

 
 X  
5  HVWYUDLHFDU X HW X  
 X       
 
6XSSRVRQV 5 Q YUDLHSRXUXQFHUWDLQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
X Q 
2Q D G XQH SDUW X Q    HW FRPPH X Q    SDU K\SRWKqVH GH UpFXUUHQFH  RQ
X Q   
WURXYH
 
X Q   
   

RAISONNEMENTS MATHÉMATIQUES
MATHÉMATIQUES 19 „„
19
 
X Q      FH TXL GRQQH DSUqV
' DXWUH SDUW X Q    HW FRPPH X Q    RQ D X Q  
XQ      


VLPSOLILFDWLRQV X Q    $LQVL 5 Q   HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHRQDSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ

X Q HW X Q   

D0pWKRGH

„„ 20 CHAPITRE 1
 Chapitre 2
Sommes et produits

Le mathématicien et astronome indien Brahmagupta

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

a développé des méthodes très sophistiquées

en arithmétique. C’est dans ses écrits que l’on rencontre
pour la première fois l’usage du zéro et de nombres
négatifs et il manie les racines carrées avec habileté.
Il résout des équations du premier et même
du second degré. C’est à son époque que l’on voit
apparaitre la numération de position en base 10
mais il ne semble pas en être l’initiateur.

■ Un peu d'histoire
Les Sumériens et les Babyloniens avaient déjà élaboré des méthodes de calcul, surpre-
nantes pour l’époque.
La numération de position, inventée par les Indiens vers le VIe siècle puis généralisée
  #       $     % & '()*   
d’élaborer des algorithmes pour les opérations simples. L’introduction des logarithmes
au tout début du XVIIe +    /        +  
nombres, ce qui a entrainé de spectaculaires progrès en astronomie.
L’émergence de l’informatique, en particulier des tableurs, mais aussi l’arrivée des
                      
un bon maniement du calcul mental reste un garde-fou salutaire pour éviter des erreurs.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUpFULUHXQHVRPPHRXXQSURGXLWV\PEROLTXH DYHF™RXš 
Z 6DYRLUHIIHFWXHUXQFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFH
Z &RQQDvWUHODWHFKQLTXHGXWpOHVFRSDJH
Z &RQQDvWUHOHVVRPPHVFODVVLTXHV

■„etEt plus
plus si si affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUPDQLSXOHUGHVVRPPHVGRXEOHV
Z 6DYRLUFDOFXOHUOHVVRPPHVJpRPpWULTXHVGpULYpHV

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Sommes de nombres réels

‰ Présentation du symbole ∑
1RWDWLRQ/HVVRPPHVVRQWV\PEROLVpHVSDUODOHWWUHJUHFTXHVLJPDPDMXVFXOH
3RXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q QRQ QXO VL [  [   [Q  GpVLJQHQW GHV UpHOV OD VRPPH
Q
[  [    [Q VHQRWHV\PEROLTXHPHQW ' [N RX ' [N RXHQFRUH ' [N 
N   N  Q N a Q b

'DQVODVRPPHFLGHVVXVNV DSSHOOHO LQGLFHHWQVRQWOHVERUQHVGHODVRPPH

3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQWTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVSHWQWHOVTXH S  Q RQD


Q
[ S  [ S     [Q   ' [N 
N S
Q Q
   
([HPSOHV Q  ' N         ' N 
N    Q N 
Q
      TTTQ  ' T N RTGpVLJQHXQQRPEUHUpHO
N 
5HPDUTXH/ LQGLFHG XQHVRPPHHVWGLWPXHWFHTXLVLJQLILHTXHO RQSHXWpFULUH
Q Q Q
[    [Q ' [N ' [L ' [ M  
N  L  M 

‰ Premières propriétés
Q
3URSULpWp6L S  Q DORUVODVRPPH ' [N FRQWLHQW Q  S   WHUPHV
N S

3URSULpWp6RPPHGHTXHOTXHVWHUPHVG XQHVXLWHFRQVWDQWH
Q
D  ' D Q  S   D 
N S

Q
3URSULpWp Q `  ' [N [Q  FDVG XQHVRPPHUpGXLWHjXQVHXOWHUPH 
N Q

Q P Q
3URSULpWp P `  Q  P    ' [N ' [N  ' [N 
N  N  N P 

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 23 „„
 Q Q
3URSULpWpȜ  ' Ȝ[N Ȝ ' [N  IDFWRULVDWLRQSDU Ȝ TXLQHGpSHQGSDVGHO LQGLFH 
N  N 

Q Q Q
3URSULpWp  ' [N  \N ' [N  ' \N  GpFRXSDJHG XQHVRPPH 
N  N  N 

‰ Changement d'indice
3URSULpWp&DVG XQFKDQJHPHQWG¶LQGLFHFURLVVDQW
6RLWGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVQHWSWHOVTXH S  Q HWPXQHQWLHU SRVLWLIRXQpJDWLI DORUVRQD
Q QP
' [N  P ' [L 
N S L SP

2QGLWTXHO RQDHIIHFWXpOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFH L N  P 

D Méthode 2.1. Comment passer de ' [N  P RX ' [N  P à ' [L ?

N N L
Q  Q 
HL H M 
([HPSOH Q `  '  '  RQDSRVp M L   
L  L  M  M

3URSULpWp&DVG XQFKDQJHPHQWG¶LQGLFHGpFURLVVDQW
6RLWGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVQHWSWHOVTXH S  Q HWPXQHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOjQDORUVRQD
Q P S

' [PN ' [L 

N S L PQ

2QGLWTXHO RQDHIIHFWXpOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFH L P  N 

D Méthode 2.2. Comment passer de ' [P  N à ' [L ?

N L
Q Q 
([HPSOH Q `   ' N   Q  N ' Q  L  L  RQDSRVp L Q  N 
N  L 

5HPDUTXH7RXWDXWUHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHTXHFHX[LQGLTXpVGDQVOHVSURSULpWpVHW
 F HVWjGLUH L N ( FVWH RX L  N ( FVWH FRQGXLWjXQHFDWDVWURSKHFDULOPRGLILHOHQRPEUH
GHWHUPHVGHODVRPPHHWPRGLILHGRQFODVRPPH

‰ "Télescopage" de sommes


3URSULpWp3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQHWTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOV [  [Q  RQD

Q
Q `  ' [N   [N [Q   [ 
N 

D Méthode 2.3. Comment utiliser la technique du télescopage ?



„„ 24 CHAPITRE 2
,O IDXW VDYRLU SURXYHU FHWWH SURSULpWp HW QH SDV VH FRQWHQWHU GH O DSSUHQGUH SDU F°XU FDU HOOH
Q
SUHQGSOXVLHXUVDXWUHVIRUPHVFRPPHSDUH[HPSOH Q `  ' [N   [N [  [Q 2QHQ
N 
WURXYHUDODGpPRQVWUDWLRQjODPpWKRGH

„Sommes usuelles
‰ Sommes des puissances des n premiers entiers naturels non nuls
Q Q
Q Q  Q Q   Q  
3URSULpWpQ    ' N      'N 
N   N  


5HPDUTXH8QERQHQWUDvQHPHQWFRQVLVWHjSURXYHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHOHUpVXOWDWVXLYDQW
Q
Q Q   
' N 

 YRLUOH9)SRXUFHWWHGHUQLqUH 
N 

‰ Somme géométrique
3URSULpWp2QGpVLJQHSDUTXQUpHO
Q
 Q  VLT 
Q  ' T N
!  T Q  
N  VLT  
"  T

5HPDUTXH3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQWORUVTXHTRQD
Q
  T Q  S 
QS ' T N T S 
N S  T
2QSHXWUHWHQLUFHWWHIRUPXOHHQQRWDQWTXHTSHVWOHSUHPLHUWHUPHGHODVRPPHHW Q±S HVW
OHQRPEUHGHWHUPHVGHODVRPPH

„Sommes doubles
‰ Somme double à indices indépendants
1RWDWLRQ  /D VRPPH GHV QP QRPEUHV [L  M  R L SDUFRXUW O HQVHPEOH ^   Q` HW M
SDUFRXUWO HQVHPEOH^P`HVWQRWpH ' [L  M 
L  Q
 M  P

5HPDUTXH6LP QODVRPPH ' [L  M HVWVRXYHQWQRWpH ' [L  M 

L  Q L  M  Q
 M  Q

([HPSOH
$YHFQ RQD ' [L  M  [[[[[[[[[
 L  M  

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 25 „„
 Q P P Q
3URSULpWp,QWHUYHUVLRQGHVRPPHV ' [L  M ' ' [L M ' ' [L M 
 L  Q L  M  M  L 
 M  P

D Méthode 2.4. Comment intervertir les ∑ dans une somme double à indices indépendants ?
Q P P Q
5HPDUTXH/HVSDUHQWKqVHVVRQWLQXWLOHV ' [L  M '' [L  M '' [L M 
 L  Q L  M  M L 
 M  P

‰ Exemples de sommes doubles à indices dépendants

([HPSOHVHWQRWDWLRQV/DVRPPH[[[[[[VHQRWH ' [L  M 
 L  M  

/DVRPPH[[[[[[[[[[VHQRWH ' [L  M 
 L  M  

3URSULpWp,QWHUYHUVLRQGHVRPPHVjLQGLFHVGpSHQGDQWV
Q Q Q M

' [L  M '' [L M '' [L M 

 L  M  Q L  M L M L 
Q  Q Q M 

' [L  M '' [L  M '' [L M 

 L  M  Q L  M L  M L 

D Méthode 2.5. Comment intervertir les ∑ dans une somme double à indices dépendants ?

3URSULpWp4XHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVQUpHOV [  [Q DYHFQpOpPHQWGH ` RQD
Q  Q
' [N ' [N   ' [L [ M 
N  N  L  M  Q

„Produit de nombres réels

‰ Présentation du signe )
1RWDWLRQ6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOHWQUpHOV [  [Q 
Q
/HSURGXLW [ # " # [Q VHQRWHV\PEROLTXHPHQW ) [N 
N 

‰ Propriétés
Q
3URSULpWp Ȝ \ Q `   ) Ȝ ȜQ 
N 


„„ 26 CHAPITRE 2
 Q P Q
3URSULpWp P `  Q  P    ) [N ) [N # ) [N 
N  N  N P 

Q Q Q
3URSULpWp Q `  ) [N \N ) [N # ) \N 
N  N  N 

Q

[ Q ) [N
3URSULpWp6LDXFXQGHV \N Q HVWQXODORUV Q `  ) N  N 
Q

N  \N
) \N
N 

3URSULpWp7pOHVFRSDJH
Q
[ [Q 
Q  ) N  jODFRQGLWLRQTXH [  [Q VRLHQWQRQQXOV
N  [N [

‰ Factorielle
'pILQLWLRQ  3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO QRQDSSHOOH IDFWRULHOOHGH QHWRQQRWH Q  O HQWLHU
QDWXUHOGpILQLSDU
VLQ 
Q ! Q 
) N #  # " # QVLQ  
"N 

'pILQLWLRQ'pILQLWLRQUpFXUVLYHGHQ
 HWSRXUWRXWQGH ` Q Q# Q± 

5HPDUTXH   /HV IDFWRULHOOHV VHURQW UHYXHV DX FKDSLWUH  FRQVDFUp DX[ FRHIILFLHQWV
ELQRPLDX[


SOMMES ET PRODUITS 27 „„
 „„ Méthodes

„Changement d'indice

‰ Méthode 2.1. Comment passer de ' [N  P RX ' [N  P à ' [L ?

N N L

Ŷ 2QGpVLJQHSDUPQHWSGHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXHPSQ
Q Q P
3RXUSDVVHUGH ' [N  P j ' [L RQSRVH L N  P F HVWjGLUH N L  P 
N S L S P

‡ 'DQVOHWHUPHJpQpULTXHGHODVRPPHRQUHPSODFHFKDTXHNSDU L  P 
 ERUQHVXSpULHXUHORUVTXHN QDORUV L Q  P
‡ 3RXUOHVERUQHV ! 
" ERUQHLQIpULHXUHORUVTXHN SDORUV L S  P
Q Q P
‡ 2QREWLHQWDORUV ' [N  P ' [L 
N S L S P

Ŷ 2QGpVLJQHSDUPQHWSGHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXHSQ
Q QP
3RXUSDVVHUGH ' [N  P j ' [L RQSRVH L N  P F HVWjGLUH N L  P 
N S L SP
Q QP
2QREWLHQWGHPrPH ' [N  P   ' [L 
N S L SP

D Exercices 2.3, 2.4, 2.6


5HPDUTXH/ LQGLFHpWDQWPXHWDYHFXQSHXG KDELWXGHRQSRXUUDQHSDVFKDQJHUGHOHWWUH
Q Q P Q Q P
' [N P ' [N HW ' [N  P   ' [N 
N S N S P N S N SP
Q 
([HPSOH&DOFXOHUODVRPPH6Q  ' N   N   VDQVODVFLQGHUHQVRPPHV
N 
Q 
2QUHPDUTXHTXH6Q  ' N    HWRQHIIHFWXHOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHL N±
N 
6L N  DORUVL ODQRXYHOOHERUQHLQIpULHXUHGHODVRPPHHVW
6L N Q   DORUV L Q ODQRXYHOOHERUQHVXSpULHXUHGHODVRPPHHVW Q 
,OUHVWHjUHPSODFHUNSDU L    RXN±SDUL GDQVOHWHUPHJpQpULTXHGHODVRPPH
Q  Q
Q Q   Q  
6 Q  ' N      ' L    
N  L  

„„ 28 CHAPITRE 2
 ‰ Méthode 2.2. Comment passer de ' [P  N à ' [L ?
N L

Q P S
3RXUSDVVHUGH ' [P  N j ' [L RQSRVH L P  N  F HVWjGLUH N P  L 
N S L PQ

‡ 'DQVOHWHUPHJpQpULTXHRQUHPSODFHFKDTXHNSDU P  L 
 ERUQHVXSpULHXUHORUVTXHN QDORUV L P  Q
‡ 3RXUOHVERUQHV ! 
" ERUQHLQIpULHXUHORUVTXHN SDORUV L P  S
Q P S
‡ 2QREWLHQWGRQF ' [P  N   ' [L  RQLQYHUVHOHVERUQHVFDUXVXHOOHPHQWRQ
N S L PQ

SODFHODSOXVSHWLWHERUQHHQGHVVRXVGXV\PEROHȈHWODSOXVJUDQGHDXGHVVXV 

D Exercice 2.3
Q
([HPSOH&DOFXOHUODVRPPH6Q  ' Q  N   VDQVODVFLQGHUHQRXVRPPHV

Méthodes
N 
2QHIIHFWXHOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHL Q±N
6L N  DORUVL QODQRXYHOOHERUQHVXSpULHXUH HWQRQLQIpULHXUH GHODVRPPHHVWQ
6LN QDORUVL ODQRXYHOOHERUQHLQIpULHXUH HWQRQVXSpULHXUH GHODVRPPHHVW
,OUHVWHjUHPSODFHUQ±NSDULGDQVOHWHUPHJpQpULTXHGHODVRPPH
Q Q
Q Q 
6 Q  ' Q  N     ' L   
N  L  

‰ Méthode 2.3. Comment utiliser la technique du télescopage ?

Q Q Q
' [N   [N ' [N   ' [N  RQDVFLQGpODVRPPHHQGHX[VRPPHV 
N  N  N 
Q  Q
 ' [L  ' [N RQDIDLWOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHL N  GDQV
L  N  ODSUHPLqUHVRPPH

Q Q
 ' [L  [Q  ' [N  [  RQDPLVHQpYLGHQFHOHVWHUPHV
L  N  FRPPXQVDX[GHX[VRPPHV 

Q Q
 ' [L  [Q  ' [N  [ [Q   [ 
L  N 
Q
2QSHXWUHWHQLUTXH ' [N   [N [Q   [ HWDGDSWHUFHUpVXOWDWVHORQOHVERUQHV
N 

D Exercices 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 29 „„
 Q

([HPSOH3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOH[SULPHU 6Q ' N N  HQIRQFWLRQGHQ
N 
  
2QUHPDUTXHTXHTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHUQDWXUHONQRQQXORQD  2QDGRQF
N N  N N 
Q Q
      Q
6Q ' N N  ' 
N N 
3DUWpOHVFRSDJHRQWURXYH 6Q 
 Q 

Q  Q 

N  N 

5HPDUTXH2QSHXWELHQV€UVXLYUHODPpWKRGHGHO¶HQFDGUpSDVjSDVVLO¶RQQHVHVHQWSDVHQ
VpFXULWp LOQ¶HVWSDVTXHVWLRQGHSUHQGUHOHPRLQGUHULVTXH 

„Interversion de ∑ dans une somme double

‰ Méthode 2.4. Comment intervertir les ∑ dans une somme double à
indices indépendants ?

'DQV OD GRXEOH VRPPH  ''   VL O LQGLFH L Q DSSDUDvW SDVGDQV OD VRPPH VXU M
L , M -

DORUVRQLQWHUYHUWLWWRXWERQQHPHQWOHVGHX[VLJQHV™ '' [L  M '' [L M 

L , M - M - L ,

Q S S Q
([HPSOH2QDVDQVMDPDLVDXFXQSUREOqPH '' [L  M   '' [L  M 
L  M  M L 

‰ Méthode 2.5. Comment intervertir les ∑ dans une somme double à

indices dépendants ?
Q Q
3RXULQWHUYHUWLUOHVVLJQHV™GDQVODVRPPH '' [L  M RQSHXWSURFpGHUDLQVL
L  M L

  L  Q
‡ /HV\VWqPHG LQGLFHVTXLODGpFULWHVW ! 
"L  M  Q
‡ 2QV\QWKpWLVHFHVFRQGLWLRQVDLQVL  L  M  Q 
  M  Q
‡ 2QOHVUpRUJDQLVHHQILQHQSDUWDQWGHM ! 
"  L  M
Q M
‡ 2QHQGpGXLWTXHODGRXEOHVRPPHV pFULW '' [L  M 
M L 

D Exercice 2.9


„„ 30 CHAPITRE 2
5HPDUTXH  /D QRXYHOOH VRPPH GH JDXFKH VRPPH H[WpULHXUH TXL HVW FDOFXOpH HQ GHUQLHU 
GRQQH OH UpVXOWDW ILQDO SDU FRQVpTXHQW VHV ERUQHV QH GRLYHQW SDV GpSHQGUH GH O LQGLFH L GH OD
QRXYHOOHVRPPHGHGURLWH VRPPHLQWpULHXUHTXLHVWFDOFXOpHHQSUHPLHU 
Q  Q
5HPDUTXH  2Q DJLW GH OD PrPH IDoRQ DYHF OD GRXEOH VRPPH ' ' [L M   TXL HVW pJDOH j
L  M L 
Q M 

'' [L M 
M L 
Q Q
L
([HPSOH([SULPHUSRXUWRXWQGH `  '' HQIRQFWLRQGHQ
L  M L M
Q Q Q M Q M Q
L L   M M 
'' M '' M 'M 'L 'M 
 RQDUHFRQQXXQHVRPPHXVXHOOH 
L  M L M L  M  L  M 
Q Q
L  Q  Q 
'' M ' M 
M
' M  FKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFH 
M 
L  M L

Méthodes
Q Q
L
'' M
L  M L
Q 


' M    RQDDMRXWpjODVRPPHOHWHUPH FRUUHVSRQGDQWjM SXLVRQO DUHWUDQFKp 
M 
Q Q
L  Q  Q   Q   Q Q Q
'' M  


 


L  M L

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 31 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 4XHO TXH VRLW O¶HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q QRQ QXO HW TXHOV TXH VRLHQW OHV UpHOV
Q
[  [Q RQD ' N [N N ' [N 
Q
 
N  N 

Q Q
2. 4XHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOV [  [ Q RQD Q ` ' [ N
N 
' [L 
L 
 

Q Q 
3. Q `   ' N
N 

'N
N 
  

Q  Q Q  Q
4. Q `   ' N  ' N HW '
N  N  N 
' 
N 
 

5. 4XHOTXHVRLWO¶HQWLHUQDWXUHOQHWTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOV [  [Q   
Q
RQD ' [N    [N [Q    [Q   [  [ .  
N 

6. 6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXURXpJDOj4XHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOV

[  [Q  \  \Q RQD ' [N \N

Q Q
' [N
Q
' \N   
N  N  N 

Q Q 
7. /DVRPPH '
 L  M  Q
[L  M FRQWLHQW

WHUPHV  

8. 2QFRQVLGqUHXQHVXLWH XN N HWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQSRVH

Q
6Q  ' XN 2QDDORUV6Q  ' X N 
Q
 
N  N 

9. 4XHO TXH VRLW O¶HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q QRQ QXO HW TXHOV TXH VRLHQW OHV UpHOV

VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV [  [Q RQD OQ

Q

) [N
Q
' OQ [N   
N  N 

10. 4XHO TXH VRLW O¶HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q QRQ QXO HW TXHOV TXH VRLHQW OHV UpHOV

Q  Q

[  [Q RQD ) [N ) [N 
N  N 

„„ 32 CHAPITRE 2
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 2.1. eFULUHOHVVRPPHVVXLYDQWHVGHIDoRQV\PEROLTXH jO DLGHGXVLJQHȈ 

1. $           Fait le 17/07


2. %          


3. &                    

‰ Exercice 2.2.2QGpVLJQHSDUQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXURXpJDOj Fait le 17/07
0RQWUHUTXHODVRPPHGHVQSUHPLHUVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVLPSDLUVHVWpJDOHj Q  

‰ Exercice 2.3.&DOFXOHUOHVVRPPHVVXLYDQWHV Fait le 17/07
P
1. 6P ' L DYHFPpOpPHQWGH
L 

Q  Q
Q Q   
2.* 7Q ' N   N   N   DYHFQpOpPHQWGH   RQDGPHWTXH  ' N 


N  N 

Q
3.* 8 Q ' N # N  DYHFQpOpPHQWGH ` 
N 

Q 
4. 9Q ' Q  N DYHFQpOpPHQWGH ` 
N 

‰ Exercice 2.4.* )RUPXOHGH%HUQRXOOL0RQWUHUTXHTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOV DHW EHW
O HQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOQRQD Fait le 17/07
Q 
DQ  EQ D E ' D N EQN
N 

‰ Exercice 2.5.* Fait le 17/07
1.'pWHUPLQHUXQHVXLWH XN N `
WHOOHTXH
N  N  
N `   OQ XN   XN 
N N 

Q

2.(QGpGXLUHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGH ' OQ   HQIRQFWLRQGHO HQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOQ
N  N N 



SOMMES ET PRODUITS 33 „„
‰ Exercice 2.6.* 2QGpVLJQHSDUQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO
N   D E F
1. 7URXYHUWURLVUpHOVDEHWFWHOVTXH N `     
N N  N   N N  N  
Q
N  
2. (QGpGXLUHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGHODVRPPH ' HQIRQFWLRQGHQ
N  N N  N  

‰ Exercice 2.7.*6RLWODVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHSDU
X 
! Q

" Q `   X Q  X Q  Q Q   
XQ
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQSRVH YQ 
Q
1.eFULUHODUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHYpULILpHSDUODVXLWH YQ Q ` 
2.(QXWLOLVDQWODPpWKRGHGRQQHUXQHH[SUHVVLRQGH YQ HQIRQFWLRQGHQ(QGpGXLUHXQ

‰ Exercice 2.8.*
2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH DQ Q ` GpILQLHSDUODGRQQpHGHVRQSUHPLHUWHUPH D HWSDUODUHODWLRQ
Q
DQ  ' DN YDODEOHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
N 

0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD DQ Q  D 

‰ Exercice 2.9.*&DOFXOHUOHVVRPPHVVXLYDQWHV
1. . Q '  DYHFQGDQV ` 
 L  M  Q
Q  Q
L
2. /Q  ' ' DYHFQGDQVHWQ
L  M L  M

Q

‰ Exercice 2.10.*&DOFXOHUOHSURGXLW 3Q )  N DYHF Q   
N 

Q
Q   
‰ Exercice 2.11.*-XVWLILHUTXHSRXUWRXWQGH ` RQD ) N   
N  Q Q


„„ 34 CHAPITRE 2
„Pour vous aider à démarrer

Q 
([HUFLFH/DVRPPHGHVQSUHPLHUVHQWLHUVLPSDLUVHVW ' N   
N 
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  OH FDOFXO GH 7Q  VHUD SOXV FRXUW HW SOXV V€U HQ
UHPDUTXDQWTXH N   N   N   N      
2QSRXUUDGRQFHQVXLWHSRVHU L N   
3RXUODTXHVWLRQpFULUH N N     IDFLOLWHOHFDOFXOGH 8 Q 
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUOHVSURSULpWpVGXORJDULWKPHQpSpULHQ

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQFKDQJHUG LQGLFHSRXUREWHQLUWURLVVRPPHVGH 
N
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  RQ SHXW GLYLVHU OD UHODWLRQ GpILQLVVDQW OD VXLWH
XQ SDU Q  
([HUFLFH)DLUHXQHUpFXUUHQFHHWUHPDUTXHUTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQVXSpULHXU
Q 
RXpJDOjRQDODUHODWLRQ DQ 'D
N 
N $WWHQWLRQjO¶LQLWLDOLVDWLRQ

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQLQWHUYHUWLUOHVV\PEROHVȈ
([HUFLFHeFULUH
 N   N  N  
N a  Q b    
N N N
 #  #  # " # Q
([HUFLFH,OIDXWPXOWLSOLHUOHSURGXLWGRQQpSDU 
 #  #  # " # Q

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 35 „„
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) ) 9 9 9 ) 9 ) 9 9

1. / HQWLHUNHVWO LQGLFHGHODVRPPHLOQHSHXWGRQFSDVVRUWLUGHODVRPPH

2. /DVRPPHGXPHPEUHGHJDXFKHFRQWLHQWWRXVOHVWHUPHV [L GRQWOHVLQGLFHVLVRQWFRPSULV
HQWUHHWQHWVRQWSDLUVDORUVTXHODVRPPHGXPHPEUHGHGURLWHFRQWLHQWWRXVOHVWHUPHV [L 
GRQWOHVLQGLFHVVRQWFRPSULVHQWUHHWQ
Q Q
2QDHQIDLW ' [ N [  [  [ Q    [ Q HW ' [L [  [  [    [ Q   [ Q 
N  L 


     # 
3. 3URFpGRQVSDUUpFXUUHQFH  3RXU Q  RQD    ' N  
  N 

           6L O¶RQ VXSSRVH SRXU XQ FHUWDLQ Q GDQV `  TXH

Q Q  Q
Q Q    Q Q    Q
'N DORUV ' N  ' N   Q  
 
 Q  Q    Q   
N   N  N   
Q   
Q   Q   Q  Q
'N 
Q  #
 

N 
Q  Q 
Q Q    Q Q 
2QDPRQWUpSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXH Q `   ' N 
'N 
N    N 

Q  Q  Q  Q   Q Q Q Q Q 
4. Q `  ' N ' N   HW ' N GRQF
N  N    N  
Q  Q Q  Q
' N  ' N (QUHYDQFKH ' ' SXLVTXHGDQVFKDFXQHGHFHVVRPPHVRQVRPPHQIRLV
N  N  N  N 

Q Q Q Q Q
5. ' [N    [N ' [N   ' [N ' [ M  ' [N [Q    [Q   [  [ .
N  N  N  M  N 
2QYLHQWGHIDLUHXQGRXEOHWpOHVFRSDJH

6.3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQFRQVLGqUH [   \  HWSRXUWRXWLpOpPHQWGH
a Qb [L  \L  

„„ 36 CHAPITRE 2
 Q Q Q
2QDG XQHSDUW ' [N \N  HWG DXWUHSDUW ' [N ' \N # Q   Q   TXLHVWGLIIpUHQW
N  N  N 
GHFDU Q   

7. ,O \DDXWDQWGHWHUPHVGDQVXQHVRPPHTXHGHFKRL[GHVYDOHXUVTXHSHXYHQWSUHQGUHOHV
LQGLFHV FKDTXHWHUPHFRUUHVSRQGjO XQGHFHVFKRL[ 
2ULO\D Q  FRXSOHVG HQWLHUVGH a Q b HWQFRXSOHVG HQWLHUV L  M WHOVTXH L M FHTXLODLVVH
Q   Q FRXSOHVG HQWLHUV L  M WHOVTXH L  M HWSXLVTX LO\DDXWDQWGHFRXSOHV L  M DYHF L  M 
Q Q 
TXHGHFRXSOHV L  M DYHF L  M RQDELHQ WHUPHVGDQVFHWWHVRPPH


Q
8. $\DQW 6Q  ' XN  VLO RQ YHXW 6Q LO IDXWUHPSODFHUQ SDUQ HW ULHQ G DXWUH ODVXLWH6 HVW
N 
IRQFWLRQGHQVHXOHPHQWODOHWWUHNQ HVWTXHO LQGLFHGHODVRPPH 
Q Q
2QDDORUV6Q  ' XN FHTXLHVWGLIIpUHQWGH ' X N  YRLUOH9) 
N  N 

Corrigé

9.,OV DJLWGHODJpQpUDOLVDWLRQGHODSURSULpWpELHQFRQQXH OQ DE OQ D  OQ E YDODEOHSRXU
WRXVUpHOVDHWEVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV,OVXIILWGHIDLUHXQHUpFXUUHQFHSRXUV HQFRQYDLQFUH


10. ,OV DJLWGHODJpQpUDOLVDWLRQGHODSURSULpWpELHQFRQQXH DE D E  YDODEOHSRXUWRXV
UpHOVDHWE,FLDXVVLRQSHXWIDLUHXQHGpPRQVWUDWLRQSDUUpFXUUHQFH

‰ Les erreurs classiques

'DQVXQHVRPPHLOIDXWELHQUHSpUHUO LQGLFHHWQHSDVOHVRUWLUGHODVRPPH
 / LQGLFH G XQH VRPPH HVW PXHW HW Q D SDV G H[LVWHQFH OpJDOH OD SUHXYH F HVW
Q Q
TX RQSHXWOHUHPSODFHUSDUQ LPSRUWHTXHOOHDXWUHOHWWUH ' XL   ' X M 
L  M 
$XFXQUpVXOWDWG XQHVRPPHQHSHXWGRQFGpSHQGUHGHO LQGLFHGHODVRPPH
'DQVXQWpOHVFRSDJHLOIDXWELHQUHSpUHUTXHOVVRQWOHVWHUPHVQRQFRPPXQVDX[
GHX[VRPPHV
,OHVWLPSRUWDQWGHFRQQDvWUHOHQRPEUHGHWHUPHVG XQHVRPPHVLPSOHRXG XQH
VRPPHGRXEOH
5DSSHORQVTXHOHVVHXOVFKDQJHPHQWVG LQGLFHDXWRULVpVVRQWOHVVXLYDQWV
L NFRQVWDQWHHWL ±NFRQVWDQWH ODFRQVWDQWHSRXYDQWELHQV€UrWUHQpJDWLYH 
Q Q
,OQHIDXWSDVFRQIRQGUHHWFHFLQ HVWTX XQH[HPSOH ' N   DYHF ' N   
N  N 

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 37 „„
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 2.1_______________________________

  
' N  ' 'N
N 
1. $     2. % N       3. &  
N  N  N 

_________ Exercice 2.2_______________________________

7RXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOLPSDLUHVWGHODIRUPHNRNHVWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHO
Q  Q  Q 
2QD ' N   ' N  ' G DSUqVOHVSURSULpWpVHW
N  N  N 
Q  Q  Q
2QWURXYHDORUV ' N    Q Q   Q  Q Q  
N  
(QFRQFOXVLRQODVRPPHGHVQSUHPLHUVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVLPSDLUVYDXW Q  

_________ Exercice 2.3_______________________________

P

P P L 
    
1. 6P ' L '   
  P FDU   
 
L  L  


2.2QUHPDUTXHTXH N a Q  b N   N   N   
N   3DUFRQVpTXHQWRQD
Q  Q Q Q
' ' ' L '  

7Q N     (QSRVDQW L N   RQWURXYH 7Q L  
N  L  L  L 

Q Q   Q Q  Q   Q  
2QDDORUV 7Q  Q 
 
D0pWKRGH

Q Q Q
3. 2QD 8 Q 'N N ' N   N  ' N   N  N  
N  N  N 
Q Q
2QHQGpGXLW 8 Q ' N   ' N Q      SDUWpOHVFRSDJH 
N  N 
D0pWKRGH



„„ 38 CHAPITRE 2
 Q  Q Q Q 
4.(QIDLVDQWOHFKDQJHPHQWG¶LQGLFH L Q  N RQREWLHQW 9Q ' QN 'L 

N  L 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 2.4_______________________________

3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQWURXYHHQGpYHORSSDQW
Q  Q  Q  Q Q 
DE ' D N EQN ' D N EQN  ' D N EQN ' D M EQ M  ' D N EQN  RQ D SRVp M N 
N  N  N  M  N 
GDQVODSUHPLqUHVRPPH 
Q 
3DUWpOHVFRSDJHRQFRQFOXW D  E ' D N EQN D Q  E Q 
N 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 2.5_______________________________

N  N   N  N
1. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONQRQQXORQD OQ OQ  OQ 
N N  N  N

Corrigé
N N  N  
(QSRVDQW XN OQ RQREWLHQWGRQF OQ XN   XN 
N N N 

2. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQD
Q Q Q
 N   N   N  N  
' OQ  
N N 
' OQ
N N 
 ' OQ
N N 

N  N  N 
Q Q

' DSUqVODTXHVWLRQRQD ' OQ   ' XN   XN XQ   X  SDUWpOHVFRSDJH 
N  N N  N 
Q
 Q   Q  
)LQDOHPHQWRQREWLHQW ' OQ   OQ  OQ OQ 
N  N N  Q  Q
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 2.6_______________________________

1.3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONQRQQXORQD
D E F D N   N    EN N    FN N  
  (QRUGRQQDQWFHFLV pFULW
N N  N   N N  N  
D E F N  D  E  F  N D  E  F  D
  2QDGRQF
N N  N   N N  N  
N   D E F N   N  D  E  F  N D  E  F  D
   
N N  N   N N  N   N N  N   N N  N  

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 39 „„
 D  E  F 
$LQVLSDULGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVFRHIILFLHQWV GHVGHX[QXPpUDWHXUV RQWURXYH !D  E  F  
" D 
 
EF   
 F 


&HTXLpTXLYDXWj ! E  F RXHQFRUHj !E  


 D
D " 
" 
N     
)LQDOHPHQWN `    
N N  N   N N    N  

Q
N  
2.3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQSRVH 6Q 'N N  N  

N 
Q
  
' DSUqVODTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHRQD 6Q '  
N N    N  

N 
Q Q Q
    Q  Q 
  Q  
2QHQGpGXLW 6Q ' N  ' N    '  N   '  ' M   ' O DSUqVDYRLUSRVp
N N
N  N  N  M  O 

M N   GDQVODGHX[LqPHVRPPHHW O N   GDQVODWURLVLqPH
  Q   Q    Q
  
$LQVL 6Q   '    '   ' O  Q   Q   
  N N  M  M Q   O 
Q
          
' R 6Q   
 Q   Q  Q  
 
 
'N  
  Q   Q  

N 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 2.7_______________________________

Q Q 
1. (QGLYLVDQWSDU Q ODUHODWLRQGpILQLVVDQWODVXLWH XQ RQWURXYH YQ  YQ  


N N 
2. 2QREWLHQWDLQVL N 
`  YN   YN

2QVRPPHFHWWHUHODWLRQSRXUNDOODQWGHj Q   DYHFQ HWRQREWLHQW
Q  Q  N N  
' N  N '  
Y  Y
N  N 
Q 
 Q    Q 
2QDGRQF ' YN   YN ' N   ' N 
N  N  N 

„„ 40 CHAPITRE 2
(Q XWLOLVDQW XQ WpOHVFRSDJH GDQV OD VRPPH GX PHPEUH GH JDXFKH DLQVL TXH OHV VRPPHV GH
Q   Q  Q
UpIpUHQFHGDQVOHPHPEUHGHGURLWHRQREWLHQW YQ  Y 

X Q  Q   Q  
3XLVTXH Y  RQD YQ 
 
Q  Q   Q   Q
2QHQGpGXLWTXH XQ #   FHTXLHVWHQFRUHYDODEOHSRXUQ  

D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 2.8_______________________________


3RXU Q  RQDELHQSDUGpILQLWLRQGHODVXLWH DQ  D 'D
N 
N D  # D  D 

6LO¶RQVXSSRVHSRXUXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQIL[pVXSpULHXURXpJDOjTXH DQ Q  D DORUVSDU
GpILQLWLRQGHODVXLWH DQ RQSHXWpFULUH
Q Q 
DQ  ' DN
N 
DQ  ' DN
N 
DQ  DQ  DQ 2QDDORUVSDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFH

Corrigé
DQ   # Q  D Q D 
2QDELHQPRQWUpODSURSULpWpDXUDQJ Q   
&RQFOXVLRQ Q `  DQ Q  D 

_________ Exercice 2.9_______________________________

1.3RXUGpWHUPLQHUODYDOHXUGHFHWWHVRPPHLOVXIILWGHFRQQDvWUHOHQRPEUHGHWHUPHVGHOD
VRPPHF HVWjGLUHOHQRPEUHGHFRXSOHVG HQWLHUVQDWXUHOV L  M GH aQ b WHOVTXH L  M 


Q Q 
2QDGpMjGpQRPEUp GDQVODTXHVWLRQGX9UDL)DX[  WHOVFRXSOHV

Q Q 
,OHQUpVXOWHTXH . Q 

Q M  Q Q 
Q Q 
5HPDUTXH2QSRXYDLWDXVVLpFULUH.Q  '    ''   ' M     ' N  


 L  M  Q M L  M  N 
Q  Q
L
2. /Q '' M
'DQVODVRPPHLQWpULHXUHRQDLMQHWGDQVODVRPPHH[WpULHXUHRQ
L  M L 

DLQ±RQDGRQFMQ MQHSHXWSDVSUHQGUHODYDOHXU HWLM± FDUL

M 
Q M 
L Q
 M  Q
 M  M
/Q  '' ' ' L ' # RQDUHFRQQXXQHVRPPHXVXHOOH 
M L  M M  M L  M  M 
 Q  Q 
/Q ' M 
M 
' N  FKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFH N
N 
M   

SOMMES ET PRODUITS 41 „„
  Q Q  Q Q 
/ Q #   
  
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 2.10 _____________________________

Q Q
N   N  N 
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD 3Q ) N ) N
#
N

N  N 
Q Q
N  N  Q 
' R 3Q ) N
#)
N
HWSDUWpOHVFRSDJHGDQVFKDTXHSURGXLWRQREWLHQW 3Q
Q

N  N 

_________ Exercice 2.11 _____________________________

Q Q

Q Q )  N   # ) N
(QPXOWLSOLDQWHQKDXWHWHQEDVSDU ) N RQD ) N   N 
Q
N 

N  N 
) N
N 
/HQXPpUDWHXUGHFHWWHH[SUHVVLRQHVWFRQVWLWXpGXSURGXLWGHWRXVOHVHQWLHUVSDLUVFRPSULVHQWUH
HWQPXOWLSOLpSDUOHSURGXLWGHWRXVOHVHQWLHUVLPSDLUVFRPSULVHQWUHHW Q   F HVWjGLUH
 Q 

Q )N Q   
WRXVOHVHQWLHUVFRPSULVHQWUHHW Q   2QREWLHQWDLQVL ) N   Q
N 
Q

N 
) N ) N
N  N 
Q Q
'HSOXV ) N Q ) N Q Q  RQHQGpGXLWGRQF
N  N 
Q Q   
) N  
Q Q 

N 

„„ 42 CHAPITRE 2
 Chapitre 3
Ensembles

« L’essence même des mathématiques, c’est leur liberté »

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

disait Georg Cantor, mathématicien allemand

né à Saint Pétersbourg, connu pour avoir été le père
de la théorie des ensembles. C’est dans les années
2367 ! 9  :     ;
     < =   !  
         #    
Ses théories révolutionnaires furent mal accueillies
par certains mais sont désormais acceptées par tous.

■ Un peu d'histoire
La théorie des ensembles est un cadre dans lequel s’inscrivent toutes les branches des
mathématiques. Au tout début des années 1870, Georg Cantor s’intéresse aux points
où certaines fonctions ont des comportements atypiques. Cela l’amène à étendre la
    ? #   @    #     K   ! 
 #     ; ;                   
!  Q  /   Q   
Le mathématicien Giuseppe Peano rédige en 1895 un formulaire mathématique qui
   :     !       &#  !    -
sons encore.
Le logicien anglais Bertrand Russell énonce un paradoxe qui montre que l’on ne peut
  #     !  W      # + Z  [  
des axiomes sur lesquels doit s’appuyer la théorie des ensembles.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUGpPRQWUHUTX¶XQHQVHPEOHHVWLQFOXVGDQVXQDXWUH
Z 6DYRLUGpPRQWUHUTXHGHX[HQVHPEOHVVRQWpJDX[
Z 6DYRLUPDQLSXOHUOHVRSpUDWLRQVVXUOHVHQVHPEOHV

■„etEt plus
plus si si affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUPDQLSXOHUOHVLQWHUVHFWLRQVHWUpXQLRQVGHSOXVGHHQVHPEOHV

 „„ Résumé de cours

&HFKDSLWUHHVWWUqVXWLOHSRXUOHVSUREDELOLWpVHWGHYUDrWUHUHYXjFHWWHRFFDVLRQ

„Ensembles et éléments
‰ Définitions, exemples et notations
'pILQLWLRQ2QGpILQLWXQHQVHPEOHVLO¶RQHVWFDSDEOHG¶DIILUPHUVDQVDPELJXwWpTX¶XQ
REMHWDSSDUWLHQWRXQRQjFHWHQVHPEOHRQGLWDORUVTXHFHWREMHWHVWXQpOpPHQWGHO¶HQVHPEOH
(QSULQFLSHRQUHJURXSHGDQVXQHQVHPEOHGHVpOpPHQWVD\DQWXQHSURSULpWpHQFRPPXQ

2QSHXWGpFULUHXQHQVHPEOHHQH[WHQVLRQHQGRQQDQWHQWUHDFFRODGHVODOLVWHGHVHVpOpPHQWV
FRPPH (  ^    «` RX HQ FRPSUpKHQVLRQ F¶HVWjGLUH HQWUH DFFRODGHV WRXMRXUV HQ
QRPPDQWOHVpOpPHQWVSXLVDSUqVXQHYLUJXOHHQOHVGpFULYDQWFHTXLDYHFO¶H[HPSOHSUpFpGHQW
GRQQH( ^Q ` QHVWSDLU`

([HPSOH3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOO¶HQVHPEOHGHVHQWLHUVFRPSULVHQWUHHWQ
HVWQRWp a Q b HWHVWGpILQLHQFRPSUpKHQVLRQSDU a Q b  ^L ` LQ`

1RWDWLRQV2QGpVLJQHOHVHQVHPEOHVSDUGHVPDMXVFXOHVHWOHVpOpPHQWVSDUGHVPLQXVFXOHV
2QpFULW[ (SRXUWUDGXLUHTXH[DSSDUWLHQWj(RXHQFRUHTXH[HVWpOpPHQWGH(
2QpFULW[&(SRXUWUDGXLUHTXH[Q¶DSSDUWLHQWSDVjO¶HQVHPEOH(
/HVHXOHQVHPEOHD\DQW]pURpOpPHQWHVWO¶HQVHPEOHYLGHQRWp*

‰ Produit cartésien de deux ensembles

'pILQLWLRQ /HSURGXLWFDUWpVLHQGHVHQVHPEOHV$HW%HVWO¶HQVHPEOHQRWp $ # % RQOLW
$ FURL[ % FRQVWLWXp GH WRXV OHV FRXSOHV GRQW OD SUHPLqUH FRPSRVDQWH DSSDUWLHQW j $ HW OD
GHX[LqPHj%2QDGRQF
$ # %  ^ [\ [ $HW\ %`


5HPDUTXH $ # $ HVWQRWp$

'pILQLWLRQ   'H OD PrPH IDoRQ RQ GpILQLW SRXU WRXW HQWLHU Q VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j 
O¶HQVHPEOH$#$#«#$QGHVQXSOHWV [[«[Q DYHF[ $[ $«[Q $Q
2QDGRQF
$#$#«#$Q ^ [[«[Q L  a Q b [L $L`

5HPDUTXH 
$ # $ #  $ HVWQRWp $ Q 
Q IRLV

([HPSOH  \ Q HVWO¶HQVHPEOHGHV QXSOHWVGHUpHOVHW \  HVWO¶HQVHPEOHGHVFRXSOHVGH
UpHOV

ENSEMBLES 45 „„
„Comparaison des ensembles
‰ Inclusion
'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTXHO¶HQVHPEOH$HVWLQFOXVGDQVO¶HQVHPEOH%RQQRWH$+%ORUVTXH
WRXWpOpPHQWGH$HVWpOpPHQWGH%
D Méthode 3.1. Comment montrer qu’un ensemble est inclus
dans un autre grâce à la définition ?


5HPDUTXH3DUFRQYHQWLRQO¶HQVHPEOHYLGHHVWLQFOXVGDQVWRXWDXWUHHQVHPEOH

‰ Égalité
'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTXHGHX[HQVHPEOHV$HW%VRQWpJDX[RQQRWH$ %ORUVTXHO RQD
$+%HW%+$
D Méthode 3.4. Comment montrer que deux ensembles sont égaux grâce à la définition ?

‰ Ensemble des parties d’un ensemble

'pILQLWLRQV  2QGLWTXHO¶HQVHPEOH $HVWXQH SDUWLHGHO¶HQVHPEOH ( RXHQFRUHXQVRXV
HQVHPEOHGH( ORUVTXH$HVWLQFOXVGDQV(
/¶HQVHPEOHGHWRXWHVOHVSDUWLHVGH(HVWQRWp3 ( 

5HPDUTXH/HVSKUDVHV$+(HW$ 3 ( RQWODPrPHVLJQLILFDWLRQ

„Opérations
'DQV FH SDUDJUDSKH RQ FRQVLGqUH GHV HQVHPEOHV TXL VRQW WRXV GHV SDUWLHV G¶XQ HQVHPEOH GH
UpIpUHQFHQRWpȍ FHWWHOHWWUHHVWODOHWWUHJUHFTXHRPHJDPDMXVFXOH 

‰ Intersection
'pILQLWLRQ   /¶LQWHUVHFWLRQ GHV HQVHPEOHV $ HW % HVWO¶HQVHPEOH QRWp $,% RQ OLW $
LQWHU% FRQVWLWXpGHVpOpPHQWVTXLVRQWjODIRLVGDQV$HWGDQV%2QDGRQF
[ $,%[ $HW[ %

'pILQLWLRQ  'HODPrPHIDoRQRQGpILQLWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO QQRQQXOO¶HQVHPEOH
Q
$,$,«,$QQRWp  $N  O LQWHUVHFWLRQVHUpGXLWj$VLQ  2QDDORUV
N 
Q
[   $N N a Qb [
    $N 
N 

 
'pILQLWLRQ2QGpILQLWDXVVLO¶HQVHPEOH  $N HWRQD[   $N N  ` [ $N
N  N 


„„ 46 CHAPITRE 3
3URSULpWp/¶LQWHUVHFWLRQHVWFRPPXWDWLYH$,% %,$

3URSULpWp/¶LQWHUVHFWLRQHVWDVVRFLDWLYH $,% ,& $, %,&  $,%,&

3URSULpWp$,$ $

3URSULpWp$+%$,% $

3URSULpWpȍHVWpOpPHQWQHXWUHSRXUO¶LQWHUVHFWLRQ$,ȍ $

‰ Réunion
'pILQLWLRQ   /D UpXQLRQ GHV HQVHPEOHV $ HW % HVW O¶HQVHPEOH QRWp $ % % RQ OLW
$XQLRQ % FRQVWLWXpGHVpOpPHQWVTXLVRQWGDQVO¶XQDXPRLQVGHVHQVHPEOHV $RX %2QD
GRQF
[ $%%[ $RX[ %

5HPDUTXH/HRXXWLOLVpFLGHVVXVHVWGLWLQFOXVLIRQSHXWDYRLU[ $,%

'pILQLWLRQ'HODPrPHIDoRQRQGpILQLWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOO¶HQVHPEOH
Q
$%$%«%$QQRWp * $N  ODUpXQLRQVHUpGXLWj$VLQ  2QDDORUV
N 
Q
[  * $N N a Qb [
    $N 
N 

 
'pILQLWLRQ2QGpILQLWDXVVLO¶HQVHPEOH * $N HWRQD[  * $N N   ` [ $N
N  N 

3URSULpWp/DUpXQLRQHVWFRPPXWDWLYH$%% %%$

3URSULpWp/DUpXQLRQHVWDVVRFLDWLYH $%% %& $% %%&  $%%%&

3URSULpWp$%$ $

3URSULpWp$+%$%% %

3URSULpWp*HVWpOpPHQWQHXWUHSRXUODUpXQLRQ$%* $

3URSULpWp/¶LQWHUVHFWLRQHWODUpXQLRQVRQWGLVWULEXWLYHVO¶XQHVXUO¶DXWUH
$, %%&   $,% % $,& 
$% %,&   $%% , $%& 

ENSEMBLES 47 „„
3URSULpWp8QRUGUHjFRQQDvWUH
$,%+$   $+$%%
D Méthode 3.2. Comment montrer que E est inclus dans F en écrivant E = F , G ?
D Méthode 3.3. Comment montrer que E est inclus dans F en écrivant F = E % G ?

‰ Complémentaire
'pILQLWLRQ   /H FRPSOpPHQWDLUH GH $ HVW O¶HQVHPEOH QRWp $  RQ OLW $ EDUUH 
FRQWHQDQWOHVpOpPHQWVGHȍTXLQHVRQWSDVGDQV$2QDGRQF[  $ [&$

3URSULpWp4XHOTXHVpYLGHQFHV $  $ *  ȍ ȍ  *

3URSULpWp $ HVWODVHXOHSDUWLHGHȍYpULILDQW$, $  *HW$% $  ȍ

3URSULpWp/RLVGH0RUJDQ $ , %   $ % % HW $ % %   $ , % 

3URSULpWp$+%   % + $ 
D Méthode 3.5. Comment montrer que deux ensembles sont égaux
en utilisant les propriétés des opérations ?

„Ensembles dénombrables, ensembles finis

‰ Ensemble dénombrable
'pILQLWLRQ  8QHQVHPEOH (HVWGLWGpQRPEUDEOHVLjFKDTXHpOpPHQWGH (RQSHXWIDLUH
FRUUHVSRQGUHXQXQLTXHHQWLHUQDWXUHOHWVLjFKDTXHHQWLHUQDWXUHORQSHXWIDLUHFRUUHVSRQGUH
XQXQLTXHpOpPHQWGH(


5HPDUTXH   2Q GLW TX¶LO H[LVWH XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH ( VXU  YRLU OD GpILQLWLRQ G¶XQH
ELMHFWLRQDXFKDSLWUH 

5HPDUTXH  8QHQVHPEOH (HVWGpQRPEUDEOHVLRQSHXWQXPpURWHUVHVpOpPHQWVDYHF
WRXVOHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOV RQGLWTXHOHVpOpPHQWVGHO HQVHPEOHVRQWLQGH[pVSDU 


([HPSOH/HVHQVHPEOHV ` 'HW _ VRQWGpQRPEUDEOHVPDLVQHO¶HVWSDV

‰ Ensemble fini
'pILQLWLRQV8QHQVHPEOH(HVWGLWILQLV¶LOSRVVqGHXQQRPEUHILQLQG¶pOpPHQWV
/HQRPEUHQHVWDSSHOpFDUGLQDOGH(HWHVWQRWpFDUG ( 2QDFDUG *  

'pILQLWLRQV2QDSSHOOHVLQJOHWRQWRXWHQVHPEOHSRVVpGDQWXQVHXOpOpPHQW
2QDSSHOOHSDLUHWRXWHQVHPEOHSRVVpGDQWGHX[pOpPHQWV

„„ 48 CHAPITRE 3
 „„ Méthodes

„Inclusion
‰ Méthode 3.1. Comment montrer qu’un ensemble est inclus
dans un autre grâce à la définition ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTXH$HVWLQFOXVGDQV%RQSUHQGXQpOpPHQW[TXHOFRQTXHGH$HWRQ
SURXYHTXH[DSSDUWLHQWj%

D Exercices 3.1, 3.7


([HPSOH 6RLW $ O¶HQVHPEOH GHV HQWLHUV QDWXUHOV PXOWLSOHV GH  HW % O¶HQVHPEOH GHV HQWLHUV
QDWXUHOVSDLUV0RQWUHUTXH$+%

Méthodes
6RLW QXQpOpPHQWGH $DORUVLOH[LVWHXQHQWLHUQDWXUHO SWHOTXH Q S #SFHTXLSURXYH
TXHQHVWPXOWLSOHGHHWDSSDUWLHQWGRQFj%$LQVL$+%

‰ Méthode 3.2. Comment montrer que E est inclus dans F en écrivant

E=F,G?
3RXUPRQWUHUTXH(HVWLQFOXVGDQV)RQSHXWpFULUH(FRPPHO¶LQWHUVHFWLRQGH)HW
G¶XQDXWUHHQVHPEOH*HWXWLOLVHUOHIDLWTXH),*+)

D Exercice 3.2

([HPSOH6RLW( ^[ \ _[±_`HW) ^[ \ [`0RQWUHUTXH(+)
( ^[ \ _ [±_ `  ^[ \ ±  [± ` ^[ \ ±  [ `  ) , *DYHF
* ^[ \ ±[`2QDGRQFELHQ(+)

‰ Méthode 3.3. Comment montrer que E est inclus dans F en écrivant

F=E%G?
3RXUPRQWUHUTXH (HVWLQFOXVGDQV )RQSHXWpFULUH )FRPPHODUpXQLRQGH (HW
G¶XQDXWUHHQVHPEOH*HWXWLOLVHUOHIDLWTXH(+(%*

D Exercice 3.2

([HPSOH6RLW( ^[  \ [`HW) ^[  \ _[±_!`0RQWUHUTXH(+)
) ^[  \ _[±_!` ^[  \ [±!RX[±±` ^[  \ [!RX[`
2QDGRQFELHQ) (%*DYHF* ^[  \ [!`3DUFRQVpTXHQW(+)

ENSEMBLES 49 „„
„Égalité d'ensembles
‰ Méthode 3.4. Comment montrer que deux ensembles sont égaux
grâce à la définition ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTXH$ %RQSHXWSURFpGHUSDUGRXEOHLQFOXVLRQ

D Exercices 3.5, 3.7

([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHVL$%% $,%DORUV$ %
0RQWURQVGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVTXH$+%
6RLW [XQpOpPHQWGH $DORUVFRPPH $ + $%% [  $%%PDLV $%%  $,%RQHQGpGXLW
GRQFTXH[ $,%FHTXLPRQWUHTXHHQSDUWLFXOLHU[ %$LQVL$+%
'HODPrPHIDoRQRQPRQWUHTXH%+$HWRQFRQFOXWSDUGRXEOHLQFOXVLRQTXH$ %

‰ Méthode 3.5. Comment montrer que deux ensembles sont égaux

en utilisant les propriétés des opérations ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTXH $  %RQSHXWSURFpGHUSDUpJDOLWpVVXFFHVVLYHVHQWUDQVIRUPDQW
$MXVTX¶jREWHQLU%

D Exercices 3.3, 3.4, 3.8


([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHSDUWLHV(HW)GHȍ2QSRVH$  (,) % (, ) % ( ,) 
0RQWUHUTXH$ (%)
3DUDVVRFLDWLYLWpGHODUpXQLRQRQD$ > (,) % (, ) @% ( ,) 
3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQVXUODUpXQLRQ$ >(, )% ) @% ( ,) 
$ >(,ȍ@% ( ,)  (% ( ,) FDU(+ȍFHTXLLPSOLTXH(,ȍ (
3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHODUpXQLRQVXUO LQWHUVHFWLRQRQREWLHQW$  (% ( , (%) 
$ ȍ, (%) HWSRXUILQLU$ (%)FDU(%)+ȍ


„„ 50 CHAPITRE 3
 „„ Vrai/Faux

/HVDVVHUWLRQVVXLYDQWHVVRQWHOOHVYpULILpHVSDUWRXWHVSDUWLHV$%HW&G XQHQVHPEOHȍ
  Vrai Faux
1. $,%+%
 
2. $%%+%
 
3. $,% , $,&  $,%,&
 
4. %, $ % %, $  ȍ  
5. $,% , $ ,%  *  
6. $% %,&   $%% , $%& 
 
7. $, %%&   $%% , $%& 
 
8. $, % +$%%  
9. $% % ,& $ , % , & .  
10. $, % %% $%%  

ENSEMBLES 51 „„
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 3.1. $XWRXUGHO¶LQFOXVLRQ

1. 6RLWOHVHQVHPEOHV $ -    .  % -      . HW & -          . 
&RPSOpWHUOHVSURSRVLWLRQVVXLYDQWHVDYHF  &  + RX / 
$  &     $     %   -  .  & 
*  &   -.  %   -.  & 
  %  
2. 7URXYHUWRXVOHVHQVHPEOHV;WHOVTXH -  . + ; + -      . 

‰ Exercice 3.2.  2QFRQVLGqUHXQHVXLWHG¶HQVHPEOHV $ M M `
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO Q
VXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQSRVH
Q Q
,Q   $N HW8Q  * $N 
N  N 
0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWQGH ` RQD,Q+,QHW8Q+8Q

‰ Exercice 3.3. )RUPXOHVGH0RUJDQJpQpUDOLVpHV
2QFRQVLGqUHXQHVXLWHG¶HQVHPEOHV $ M M ` 
1. 0RQWUHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHODSUHPLqUHIRUPXOHGH0RUJDQJpQpUDOLVpH
Q Q
Q `   $N   * $N 
N  N 
2. (QGpGXLUHVDQVUpFXUUHQFHODGHX[LqPHIRUPXOHGH0RUJDQJpQpUDOLVpH
Q Q
Q `  * $N    $N 
N  N 

‰ Exercice 3.4.  6RLW QXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXURXpJDOj2QFRQVLGqUH QHQVHPEOHV
% % « %Q  j  GLVMRLQWV HW GRQW OD UpXQLRQ HVW ȍ DLQVL TX¶XQH SDUWLH $ QRQ YLGH GH ȍ
Q
0RQWUHUTXH $  * $ , %N HWYpULILHUTXHFHWWHUpXQLRQHVWIRUPpHG¶HQVHPEOHVGHX[jGHX[
N 
GLVMRLQWV

‰ Exercice 3.5.* 0RQWUHUTXHVLO RQD$%% $,&%%& %,$HW&%$ &,%
DORUV$ % &

‰ Exercice 3.6.([KLEHUGHVH[HPSOHVSRXULOOXVWUHUOHVGHX[DIILUPDWLRQVVXLYDQWHV
1.6RXVO¶K\SRWKqVH$%% $%&RQQHSHXWSDVFRQFOXUHTXH% &

„„ 52 CHAPITRE 3
2.6RXVO¶K\SRWKqVH$,% $,&RQQHSHXWSDVFRQFOXUHTXH% &
‰ Exercice 3.7.*2QGpILQLWO RSpUDWLRQQRWpH?SDU$?% $, % 
1. 'pWHUPLQHU$?$HW$?*
2.0RQWUHUTXH$?% $%?$ %

‰ Exercice 3.8.**  / RSpUDWLRQ ? D\DQW pWp GpILQLH GDQV O H[HUFLFH  RQ GpILQLW
PDLQWHQDQWO RSpUDWLRQQRWpH0SDU$0%  $?% % %?$ 
1. 'pWHUPLQHU$0$HW$0*
2.0RQWUHUTXH$0%  $%% ? $,% 

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH0RQWUHUG DERUGTXH,Q ,Q,$QHW8Q 8Q%$Q

([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  DSSOLTXHU OD SUHPLqUH TXHVWLRQ j OD VXLWH
G¶HQVHPEOHV $ M 
M `

([HUFLFH&RPPHQFHUHQpFULYDQW$ $,ȍ
([HUFLFH0RQWUHUG¶DERUGTXH $ % % + & 
([HUFLFH  7URXYHU GHV H[HPSOHV DYHF GHV HQVHPEOHV VLPSOHV D\DQW DX SOXV
WURLVpOpPHQWV
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQ RQSHXWPRQWUHUXQHLPSOLFDWLRQSXLVFRQVWDWHU
TXHODGHX[LqPHLPSOLFDWLRQV REWLHQWHQpFKDQJHDQWOHVU{OHVGH$HW%/HFRUULJp
SURSRVH XQH GHX[LqPH PpWKRGH SOXV GLUHFWH PDLV QpFHVVLWDQW XQH LGpH IRUWH DX
GpSDUW
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  DSUqV DYRLU pFULW $ǻ% $ , % % % , $ 
XWLOLVHUODGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHODUpXQLRQVXUO LQWHUVHFWLRQ


ENSEMBLES 53 „„
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 ) 9 ) 9 9 ) 9 ) 9

1. & HVWGXFRXUVWRXWpOpPHQWGH $ , % HVWjODIRLVGDQV$HWGDQV%LOHVWGRQFHQWUHDXWUHV
pOpPHQWGH% SURSULpWp 

2. 9RLFLXQH[HPSOHDYHF $ - . HW % - . 
2QDDORUV $ % % -   . HWLOHVWpYLGHQWTXH$%%Q HVWSDVLQFOXVGDQV%

3. 3DUDVVRFLDWLYLWpHWFRPPXWDWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQRQD
$ , % , $ , & $ , % , $ , &  $ , $ , % , & 
&RPPH $ , $ $ RQREWLHQWELHQ $ , % , % , & $ , % , & 

4. 3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHO¶LQWHUVHFWLRQVXUODUpXQLRQRQD % , $ % % , $ % , $ % $ FH
TXLGRQQH % , $ % % , $ % , ȍ 
&RPPH% +  ȍ RQWURXYH % , $ % % , $ % TXLHVWHQJpQpUDOGLIIpUHQWGH ȍ 

5. 3DUDVVRFLDWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQRQD $ , % , $ , % $ , % , $ , % 
2U O LQWHUVHFWLRQ HVW FRPPXWDWLYH GRQF $ , % , $ , % $ , $ , % , %  SXLV HQFRUH SDU
DVVRFLDWLYLWp  $ , % , $ , % $ , $ , % , %  &RPPH $ , $ *  HW % , %  % RQ
WURXYH $ , % , $ , % * , % * 

6. 3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHODUpXQLRQVXUO LQWHUVHFWLRQRQD $ % % , & $ % % , $ % & 

7./ pJDOLWpSURSRVpHUHVVHPEOHjODGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQVXUODUpXQLRQPDLV
6LO RQSUHQG ȍ -   .  $ - .  % - . HW & - . 
 % %& -  . GRQF $ , % % & -. 
 $ % % -  . HW $ % & -  . GRQF
$ % % , $ % & - . 
2QDGRQF $ , % % &  $ % % , $ % & 

8. 2QVDLWTXH $ , % + $  SURSULpWp HWTXH $ + $ % %  SURSULpWp 



„„ 54 CHAPITRE 3
9. 2QSHXWVHGRXWHUTXHF HVWIDX[SXLVTXHO RQVDLW JUkFHDX[ORLVGH0RUJDQ TXH


$, % ,& $% % %& .
9RLFLXQFRQWUHH[HPSOH
$YHF ȍ -   . FRQVLGpURQVOHVHQVHPEOHV $ - .  % - . HW & - . 
 $ORUV % , & -. GRQF $ % % , & - . HW $ % % , & - . 
 'HSOXV $ - .  % - . HW & - . GRQF $ , % , & * 

10. 3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHODUpXQLRQVXUO LQWHUVHFWLRQRQD $ , % % % $ % % , % % % 
&RPPH % % % ȍ  RQ REWLHQW $, % % % $ % % , ȍ  HW FRPPH $ % % + ȍ  OD
SURSULpWpSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUH $ , % % % $ % % 

‰ Les erreurs classiques

,OQHIDXWVXUWRXWSDVFRQIRQGUHUpXQLRQHWLQWHUVHFWLRQQRWDPPHQWTXDQGLOIDXW
pWDEOLUGHVLQFOXVLRQV FHTXLVHUDOHFDVHQSUREDELOLWpV 
,OQHIDXWSDVXWLOLVHUXQHSURSULpWpGHGLVWULEXWLYLWpORUVTXHO RQHVWHQSUpVHQFH

Corrigé
G XQHVHXOHRSpUDWLRQ ,RX% 
 /H QRQ UHVSHFW GHV ORLV GH 0RUJDQ HQWUDvQH GH JUDYHV HUUHXUV VLPLODLUHV DX[
HUUHXUVGHORJLTXH UHYRLUjFHVXMHWOHFKDSLWUH 
,OYDXWPLHX[QHSDVWURSVHILHUjVRQLQWXLWLRQORUVTX LOV DJLWGHPHWWUHHQSODFH
GHV LQFOXVLRQV FH TXH O RQ DSSHOOH OH ERQ VHQV Q HVW SDUIRLV SDV VXIILVDQW YRLUH
WURPSHXU 

ENSEMBLES 55 „„
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 3.1_______________________________

1. 2QD
$+&   $   %  -. + & 
* + &    & %  -. + %   -. / & 

2. /HVHQVHPEOHV;WHOVTXH -. + ; + -. VRQW
-.  -.  - . HW -. 
D0pWKRGH


_________ Exercice 3.2_______________________________

6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO
 3DUGpILQLWLRQRQD
Q 
, Q   $N $ , $ ,  , $Q , $Q  $ , $ ,  , $Q , $Q  , Q , $Q  
N 
2U , Q , $Q  + , Q  SURSULpWp DLQVL , Q  + , Q 
 'HPrPHRQD
Q 
8 Q  * $N $ % $ %  % $Q % $Q  $ % $ %  % $Q % $Q  8 Q % $Q  
N 
2U 8 Q + 8 Q % $Q   SURSULpWp DLQVL 8 Q + 8 Q  
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWQGH ` RQDELHQ,Q+,QHW8Q+8Q
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 3.3_______________________________

Q Q
1.6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO3RVRQV5 Q   $N   * $N 
N  N 
0RQWURQVSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXHODSURSULpWp5 Q HVWYUDLHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO
 
 5  HVWYUDLH(QHIIHWG XQHSDUW  $N   $ HWG DXWUHSDUW * $N   $ 
N  N 
 
2QDGRQF  $N   * $N 
N  N 
 6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOSRXUOHTXHO5 Q HVWYUDLH0RQWURQVTX DORUV5 Q HVW
YUDLH

„„ 56 CHAPITRE 3
2QD
Q  Q Q

 $N    $N , $Q   $N % $Q  SDUODSUHPLqUHORLGH0RUJDQ
N  N  N 
Q  Q

 $N   * $N % $Q  SDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFH5 Q 
N  N 
Q  Q 
2QHQGpGXLW  $N   * $N &HFLVLJQLILHTXH5 Q HVWYUDLH
N  N 
$LQVLSDUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQDELHQ
Q Q

 $N   * $N 
N  N 

2. $SSOLTXRQVODSUHPLqUHIRUPXOHGH0RUJDQJpQpUDOLVpHjODVXLWHG HQVHPEOHV $ M 
M `
1RXVREWHQRQV
Q Q
Q `   $N   * $N 

Corrigé
N  N 
&HFLVLJQLILH
Q Q
Q ` ,  $N   * $N 
N  N 
(QSDVVDQWDXFRPSOpPHQWDLUHQRXVREWHQRQVELHQ
Q Q
Q `   $N 
* $N 
N  N 
D0pWKRGH

,OIDXWFRQQDvWUHFHVJpQpUDOLVDWLRQVGHVORLVGH0RUJDQ

_________ Exercice 3.4_______________________________

Q
 0RQWURQVWRXWG DERUGTXH $ * $ , %N 
N 
/DSURSULpWpSHUPHWG pFULUH $ $ , ȍ 
Q Q
'HSOXVRQD ȍ * %N GRQF $ $, * %N 
N  N 
Q Q
0RQWURQVDORUVSDUUpFXUUHQFHODSURSULpWp5 Q  $ , * %N * $ , %N 
N  N 
$5  HVWYUDLH
 
(QHIIHW $ , * %N $ , % % % $ , % % $ , % * $ , %N 
N  N 

ENSEMBLES 57 „„
 $6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXURXpJDOjWHOTXH5 Q HVWYUDLH
Q  Q
2QDDORUV $ , * %N $, * %N % %Q  
N  N 
Q  Q
$, * %N $, * %N % $ , %Q  SDUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQVXUODUpXQLRQ
N  N 
Q  Q
$, * %N * $ , %N % $ , %Q  SDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFH5 Q 
N  N 
Q  Q 
' R $ , * %N * $ , %N F HVWjGLUH5 Q HVWYUDLH
N  N 
$LQVLSDUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD
Q Q
$, * %N * $ , %N 
N  N 
)LQDOHPHQWRQDELHQ
Q
$ * $ , %N 
N 

 0RQWURQVPDLQWHQDQWTXHFHWWHUpXQLRQHVWIRUPpHG HQVHPEOHVGHX[jGHX[GLVMRLQWV
&HFLUHYLHQWjPRQWUHUTXH  L M a Q b  L  M  $ , %L , $ , % M

* 
6RLWLHWMGHX[HQWLHUVFRPSULVHQWUHHWQWHOVTXH L  M 
$ORUV $ , %L , $ , % M $ , %L , % M   $ , %L , %M SDUDVVRFLDWLYLWpHWFRPPXWDWLYLWpGH
O LQWHUVHFWLRQHWJUkFHjOD SURSULpWp
'HSOXVSDUK\SRWKqVH %L , % M * RQHQGpGXLW
$ , %L , $ , % M *
D0pWKRGH

 /D SURSULpWp 5 Q  GpPRQWUpH SDU UpFXUUHQFH DX FRXUV GH FHW H[HUFLFH HVW OD
JpQpUDOLVDWLRQGHODSURSULpWpGHGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQVXUODUpXQLRQ/D
JpQpUDOLVDWLRQ GH OD GLVWULEXWLYLWp GH OD UpXQLRQ VXUO LQWHUVHFWLRQ VH GpPRQWUH GH
PDQLqUHDQDORJXH,OIDXWFRQQDvWUHFHVJpQpUDOLVDWLRQV

_________ Exercice 3.5_______________________________

8WLOLVRQVODPpWKRGHSRXUREWHQLUGHVLQFOXVLRQVHQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWVHQVHPEOHV
 3XLVTXH $ , & + & ODUHODWLRQ $ % % $ , & GRQQHDORUV $ % % + & FHTXLLPSOLTXH
% + &
!  SURSULpWp 
"$ + &
 3XLVTXH % , $ + $ ODUHODWLRQ % % & % , $ GRQQHDORUV % % & + $ FHTXLLPSOLTXH
% + $
!  SURSULpWp 
"& + $

„„ 58 CHAPITRE 3
  (QILQSXLVTXH & , % + % ODUHODWLRQ & % $ & , % GRQQHDORUV & % $ + % FHTXL
& + %
LPSOLTXH !  SURSULpWp 
"$ + %
&HVVL[UHODWLRQVQRXVSHUPHWWHQWGHFRQFOXUHSDUGRXEOHLQFOXVLRQTXH $ % & 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 3.6_______________________________

1. &RQVLGpURQV $ -.  % - . HW & - . 2QD $ % % $%& - . PDLV %  & 

2. &RQVLGpURQV $ -.  % - . HW & - . 2QD $ , % $,& -. PDLV %  & 
_________ Exercice 3.7_______________________________
1. 2QDIDFLOHPHQW $ ? $ $ , $ * HW $ ? * $ , * $ , ȍ $ 

2. $ ? % $  $ , % $  $ + %  % + $  % , $ %  % ? $ % 
2QSRXYDLWpJDOHPHQWIDLUHPRLQVGLUHFWSDUGRXEOHLPSOLFDWLRQ
 0RQWURQVG DERUGTXH $ , % $  % , $ % 

Corrigé

3UHPLqUHPpWKRGH 2QSURFqGHSDUGRXEOHLQFOXVLRQ
/ LQFOXVLRQ % , $ + % HVWWRXMRXUVYUDLH SURSULpWp 
0RQWURQVPDLQWHQDQWTXH%+ % , $ &RQVLGpURQVXQpOpPHQWTXHOFRQTXH[GH%HWUDLVRQQRQV
SDU O DEVXUGH  VL [ pWDLW pOpPHQW GH $ DORUV [ VHUDLW pOpPHQW GH $ , %  SDU K\SRWKqVH 3DU
FRQVpTXHQW [VHUDLWpOpPHQWGH % FHTXLHVWDEVXUGH$LQVL [HVWpOpPHQWGH $ HW [HVWGRQF
pOpPHQWGH % , $ FHTXLSURXYHTXH % + % , $ 
)LQDOHPHQWRQDELHQ
%, $ %
D0pWKRGHV
'HX[LqPHPpWKRGH
&RPPHSDU K\SRWKqVH $ , % $  HQSUHQDQW OHVFRPSOpPHQWDLUHV RQ WURXYH $ % % $  HW
RQDHQUHPSODoDQW % , $ % , $ % % 
&RPPH%HVWLQFOXVGDQV $ % % LOUHVWH % , $ % 

  3RXUPRQWUHUTXH % , $ %  $ , % $ LOVXIILWG pFKDQJHUOHVU{OHVGH$HW%
2QSHXWFRQFOXUH $ , % $  % , $ % F¶HVWjGLUH

$? % $ %? $ %

ENSEMBLES 59 „„
 _________ Exercice 3.8_______________________________
1. (QXWLOLVDQWOHVUpVXOWDWVGHO H[HUFLFHSUpFpGHQWRQREWLHQW
 $ǻ$ $ ? $ % $ ? $  $ ? $ * 
 $ǻ* $?* % *? $  $%* $ 

2. 3DUGpILQLWLRQRQD $ǻ% $ , % % % , $ 
3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpRQREWLHQW$ǻ%  $%% , % %% , $% $ , % % $ 
&RPPH % %%   $% $  ȍLOUHVWH$ǻ%  $%% , % % $ 
*UkFHDX[ORLVGH0RUJDQRQD % % $   % , $   $ , % FHTXLGRQQH


$ǻ%  $%% , $ , % 



&HFLWUDGXLWH[DFWHPHQWOHIDLWTXH


$ǻ% $% % ? $, % 
D0pWKRGH



„„ 60 CHAPITRE 3
 Chapitre 4
Applications

Suivant les traces de son père Élie, Henri Cartan

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

devient un brillant universitaire et se spécialise

dans l’étude des fonctions de variables complexes.
Il est l’un des piliers du groupe Bourbaki fondé en 1935
pour renouveler l’enseignement des mathématiques.
Partisan convaincu de l’Union européenne,
il milite au parti fédéraliste. Il anime le Comité
         9 #   !
emprisonnés dans leur pays comme en URSS.

■ Un peu d'histoire
ZQ ' '   /       9         )^ _   )`
Dans les années 1930, un groupe de mathématiciens, parmi lesquels Henri Cartan,
tous sortis de l’École nationale supérieure de la rue d’Ulm, comprennent le besoin
essentiel de faire entrer dans l’enseignement des mathématiques les nouveaux concepts
apparus au tournant du XXe siècle. Ils font le projet d’élaborer un traité présentant
les structures fondamentales des mathématiques. Souhaitant produire un ouvrage
collectif, ils prennent le pseudonyme de Nicolas Bourbaki. Pour préciser les concepts
de base, ils introduisent parfois un vocabulaire nouveau. Ils délaissent le mot de
fonction      ; {     !     application. Poussant
plus loin leur étude, ils introduisent aussi les termes injection, surjection et bijection.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUPRQWUHUTX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQHVWXQHELMHFWLRQ
Z 6DYRLUGpPRQWUHUTX¶XQHpTXDWLRQSRVVqGHXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQ
Z 6DYRLUGpWHUPLQHUODFRPSRVpHGHGHX[DSSOLFDWLRQV

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUGpWHUPLQHUORUVTXHF¶HVWSRVVLEOHODELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXHG¶XQHELMHFWLRQ
Z 6DYRLUPRQWUHUTX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQHVW RXQ¶HVWSDV XQHLQMHFWLRQXQHVXUMHFWLRQ

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Fonctions
'pILQLWLRQ8QHIRQFWLRQIG¶XQHQVHPEOH(GDQV RXYHUV XQHQVHPEOH)HVWXQSURFpGp
TXLSHUPHWG¶DVVRFLHUFHUWDLQVpOpPHQWVGH(DYHFGHVpOpPHQWVGH)DSSHOpVOHXUVLPDJHVGH
WHOOHIDoRQTXHFKDTXHpOpPHQW[GH(SRVVqGHDXPD[LPXPXQHLPDJH\GDQV)

1RWDWLRQHWYRFDEXODLUH3RXUOHVpOpPHQWV[GH(D\DQWXQHLPDJH\GDQV)RQQRWH\ I [ 
HWRQGLWTXH[HVWXQDQWpFpGHQWGH\SDUI

'pILQLWLRQ/¶HQVHPEOH(HVWDSSHOpHQVHPEOHGHGpSDUWGHIHWO¶HQVHPEOH)HVWDSSHOp
HQVHPEOHG¶DUULYpHGHI

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHJUDSKHGHIO¶HQVHPEOHGHVFRXSOHV [I [ GH(#)

([HPSOH[ 6 HVWXQHIRQFWLRQGH \ YHUV \ 
[

„Applications
'pILQLWLRQ8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIG¶XQHQVHPEOH(GDQVXQHQVHPEOH)HVWXQHIRQFWLRQGH(
GDQV)WHOOHTXHFKDTXHpOpPHQWGH(SRVVqGHH[DFWHPHQWXQHLPDJHSDUIGDQV)
/¶HQVHPEOHGHVDSSOLFDWLRQVGH(GDQV)HVWQRWp$ () 

([HPSOH[ 6 HVWXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH \ YHUV \  HWPrPHGH \ YHUV \ 
[
5HPDUTXH(QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVDSSOLFDWLRQVGHGDQVRQUHPSODFHVRXYHQWOHPRW
DSSOLFDWLRQSDUOHPRWIRQFWLRQ

'pILQLWLRQ   'HX[ DSSOLFDWLRQV I HW J VRQW pJDOHV VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL HOOHV RQW PrPH
HQVHPEOHGHGpSDUW(PrPHHQVHPEOHG¶DUULYpH)HWVLSRXUWRXW[GH(RQDI [  J [ 
D Méthode 4.1. Comment montrer que deux applications sont égales ?

'pILQLWLRQ  6RLW(XQHQVHPEOH2QDSSHOOHLGHQWLWpGH( RXDSSOLFDWLRQLGHQWLWpGH( 
O¶DSSOLFDWLRQGH(GDQV(QRWpH,G(HWGpILQLHSDU[ (,G( [  [

'pILQLWLRQ5HVWULFWLRQG¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQ
6RLWIXQHDSSOLFDWLRQG¶XQHQVHPEOH(GDQVXQHQVHPEOH)HW(¶XQHSDUWLHGH(2QDSSHOOH
UHVWULFWLRQGHIj(¶O¶DSSOLFDWLRQQRWpHI_(¶GpILQLHSDU[ (¶I_(¶ [  I [ 

APPLICATIONS 63 „„
 ‰ Opérations sur les fonctions (ou applications) de IR dans IR
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWIHWJGHX[IRQFWLRQVGH \ GDQV \ 
/DIRQFWLRQ I  J HVWGpILQLHSDU [ \  I  J [ I [  J [ 
3RXUWRXWUpHO Į ODIRQFWLRQ Į I HVWGpILQLHSDU [ \  Į I [ Į I [ 
/DIRQFWLRQ I J HVWGpILQLHSDU [ \  I J [ I [ J [ 

‰ Composition des applications

'pILQLWLRQ   6RLW ( ) HW * WURLV HQVHPEOHV I XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ GH ( GDQV ) HW J XQH
DSSOLFDWLRQGH )GDQV *2QQRWH J D I HWRQOLWJURQG I  O¶DSSOLFDWLRQGH (GDQV *TXLjWRXW
pOpPHQW[GH(DVVRFLH J D I  [  J I [  
D Méthode 4.2. Comment composer deux applications ?

3URSULpWp   /D FRPSRVLWLRQ GHV DSSOLFDWLRQV HVW DVVRFLDWLYH /RUVTXH OHV FRPSRVpHV
pFULWHVFLDSUqVH[LVWHQWRQD I D J D K I D J D K  I D J D K

3URSULpWp6LIHVWXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH(GDQV)RQD
I D ,G( ,G) D I I

„Applications particulières
‰ Injection
'pILQLWLRQ 8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIG¶XQHQVHPEOH (GDQVXQHQVHPEOH )HVWLQMHFWLYH RXHVW
XQHLQMHFWLRQ VLFKDTXHpOpPHQWGH)DGPHWDXSOXVXQDQWpFpGHQWGDQV(SDUI

([HPSOH[ 6 [ HVWXQHLQMHFWLRQGH \  YHUV \ PDLVFHQ¶HVWSDVXQHLQMHFWLRQGH \ 


YHUV \ 

7KpRUqPH8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIGH(GDQV)HVWLQMHFWLYHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL
 [[  (I [  I [ [ [
D Méthode 4.3. Comment montrer qu’une application est (ou n'est pas) injective ?

‰ Surjection
'pILQLWLRQ8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIG¶XQHQVHPEOH(GDQVXQHQVHPEOH)HVWVXUMHFWLYH RXHVW
XQHVXUMHFWLRQ VLFKDTXHpOpPHQWGH)DGPHWDXPRLQVXQDQWpFpGHQWGDQV(SDUI

([HPSOH[ 6 [ HVWXQHVXUMHFWLRQGH \ YHUV \  PDLVSDVGH \ YHUV \ 



7KpRUqPH8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIGH(GDQV)HVWVXUMHFWLYHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL
\ )[ (\ I [ 
D Méthode 4.4. Comment montrer qu’une application est (ou n'est pas) surjective ?

„„ 64 CHAPITRE 4
 ‰ Bijection
'pILQLWLRQ  8QHDSSOLFDWLRQ IG¶XQHQVHPEOH (GDQVXQHQVHPEOH )HVWXQHDSSOLFDWLRQ
ELMHFWLYH RQGLWDXVVLXQHELMHFWLRQ VLHOOHHVWLQMHFWLYHHWVXUMHFWLYH

([HPSOH[ 6 [HVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH \  YHUV \  

7KpRUqPH8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIGH(GDQV)HVWELMHFWLYHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL
\ )[ (\ I [ 
D Méthode 4.5. Comment montrer qu’une application est bijective en résolvant une équation ?

5HPDUTXH   (Q G¶DXWUHV WHUPHV I HVW ELMHFWLYH VL O¶pTXDWLRQ \ I [  G¶LQFRQQXH [
SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ

7KpRUqPH8QHDSSOLFDWLRQIG¶XQHQVHPEOH(GDQVXQHQVHPEOH)HVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH(
GDQV)VLHWVHXOHPHQWVLLOH[LVWHXQHDSSOLFDWLRQJGH)GDQV(WHOOHTXH


J D I ,G(HWI D J ,G)


D Méthode 4.7. Comment montrer qu’une application f est bijective

en cherchant f –1 par composition ?

3URSULpWp/DIRQFWLRQJGpILQLHDXWKpRUqPHHVWXQLTXH

'pILQLWLRQ  /DIRQFWLRQ JGpILQLHDX WKpRUqPHHVWDSSHOpHELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXHGH I
HWHVWQRWpHI±2QDDORUVO¶pTXLYDOHQFH [pWDQWpOpPHQWGH(HW\pOpPHQWGH) 
\ I [  [ J \ 


D Méthode 4.6. Comment déterminer l’application réciproque d’une bijection ?


7KpRUqPH   &RPSRVpH GH ELMHFWLRQV 6L I HVW XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH ( GDQV ) HW VL J HVW XQH
ELMHFWLRQGH)GDQV*DORUVJ D IHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH(GDQV*HWO¶RQD J D I  I  D J  

‰ Théorème de la bijection
7KpRUqPH   6L I HVW XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ GpILQLH FRQWLQXH HW VWULFWHPHQW PRQRWRQH VXU XQ
LQWHUYDOOH,GH \ DORUVIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH,VXUO¶LQWHUYDOOHLPDJHGH,SDUI
D Méthode 4.8. Comment montrer qu’une application numérique est bijective ?

5HPDUTXH /DFRQWLQXLWpHVWDERUGpHGDQVOH FKDSLWUH&¶HVWODSURSULpWpTXLJDUDQWLW
TXHO¶LPDJHG¶XQLQWHUYDOOHSDUXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHHVWXQLQWHUYDOOH/HVIRQFWLRQVXVXHOOHV
OQH[SIRQFWLRQVSRO\QRPLDOHVRXUDWLRQQHOOHVHWF VRQWFRQWLQXHVOjRHOOHVVRQWGpILQLHV

7KpRUqPH  6LXQHDSSOLFDWLRQIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHG XQLQWHUYDOOH,
GHYHUVXQLQWHUYDOOH-GHDORUVIHWI±RQWOHVPrPHVYDULDWLRQV

APPLICATIONS 65 „„
 „„ Méthodes

„Applications, composition des applications

‰ Méthode 4.1. Comment montrer que deux applications sont égales ?

3RXU PRQWUHU TXH GHX[ DSSOLFDWLRQV VRQW pJDOHV RQ YpULILH TX¶HOOHV RQW PrPH
HQVHPEOHGHGpSDUWPrPHHQVHPEOHG¶DUULYpHHWTXHSRXUWRXW[GHO¶HQVHPEOHGH
GpSDUWRQDI [  J [ 

D Exercice 4.3

([HPSOH6RLWIHWJOHVDSSOLFDWLRQVGH \ GDQV \ GpILQLHVSDU
I [  OQ   H [ HWJ [  [OQ   H  [ 
0RQWUHUTXHIHWJVRQWpJDOHV
3RXUFRPPHQFHUSXLVTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD  H [   HW  H  [   OHVDSSOLFDWLRQVIHWJ
VRQWWRXWHVGHX[GpILQLHVVXU \ HWjYDOHXUVGDQV \ 'HSOXVSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD
I [  OQ H [ H  [    OQ H [ OQ H  [    [OQ H  [    J [ 

5HPDUTXH2QSRXYDLWDXVVLFRPPHQFHUOHFDOFXODYHFJ [ HQpFULYDQW[ OQ H[ 

‰ Méthode 4.2. Comment composer deux applications ?

3RXU GpWHUPLQHU J D ILOIDXWFDOFXOHU SRXUWRXW [ GHO¶HQVHPEOH GHGpSDUW GH IOD

TXDQWLWp J D I  [  J I [ 

D Exercices 4.3, 4.4


([HPSOH6RLWIHWJOHVDSSOLFDWLRQVGpILQLHVSDU [ \ I [  [HWJ [  [
'pWHUPLQHUJ D IHWI D J

3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD
J D I  [  J I [  J [  [

5HPDUTXH2QFDOFXOHUD I D J GDQVOHFRUULJpGX9)



„„ 66 CHAPITRE 4
„Injections, surjections et bijections
‰ Méthode 4.3. Comment montrer qu’une application est (ou n'est pas)
injective ?

3RXU PRQWUHU TX¶XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ I GH ( GDQV ) HVW LQMHFWLYH RQ VH GRQQH GHX[
pOpPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHV[HW[GH(WHOVTXHI [  I [ HWRQPRQWUHTXH[ [
3RXUPRQWUHUTX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQIGH (GDQV )Q¶HVWSDVLQMHFWLYHRQFKHUFKHGHX[
pOpPHQWVGLVWLQFWVGH(D\DQWODPrPHLPDJH

D Exercices 4.9, 4.11


([HPSOH6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHGDQVWHOOHTXHSRXUWRXWQGHRQDI Q  Q0RQWUHU
TXHIHVWLQMHFWLYH
6RLW QHW Q¶GHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXH I Q   I Q¶ RQDDORUVQ Q¶G¶R Q  Q¶2QHQ
FRQFOXWTXHIHVWLQMHFWLYH

Méthodes

([HPSOH6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHGDQVWHOOHTXHSRXUWRXW[GHRQDI [  [0RQWUHU

Corrigé
TXHIQ¶HVWSDVLQMHFWLYH
2QDI   HWI ±  GRQFIQ¶HVWSDVLQMHFWLYH

‰ Méthode 4.4. Comment montrer qu’une application est (ou n'est pas)
surjective ?

3RXU PRQWUHU TX¶XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ I GH ( GDQV ) HVW VXUMHFWLYH RQ VH GRQQH XQ
pOpPHQWTXHOFRQTXHGH)HWRQPRQWUHTX¶LODDXPRLQVXQDQWpFpGHQWGDQV(
3RXUPRQWUHUTX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQ IGH (GDQV )Q¶HVWSDVVXUMHFWLYHRQFKHUFKHXQ
pOpPHQWGH)Q¶D\DQWSDVG¶DQWpFpGHQWGDQV(

D Exercices 4.9, 4.11


([HPSOH6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHGDQVWHOOHTXHSRXUWRXW[GHRQDI [  [
0RQWUHUTXHIHVWVXUMHFWLYH
3RXUWRXW \GH  O¶pTXDWLRQ I [   \SRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQHVROXWLRQ [ 
 \ RX [ ± \ 
GRQFIHVWVXUMHFWLYH

([HPSOH6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHGDQVWHOOHTXHSRXUWRXWQGHRQDI Q  Q
0RQWUHUTXHIQ¶HVWSDVVXUMHFWLYH
2QFRQVWDWHTXHQ¶DSDVG¶DQWpFpGHQWGDQV FDULOQ¶\DSDVG¶HQWLHUQDWXUHOQWHOTXHQ  
GRQFIQ¶HVWSDVVXUMHFWLYH


APPLICATIONS 67 „„
 ‰ Méthode 4.5. Comment montrer qu’une application est bijective
en résolvant une équation ?

3RXU PRQWUHU TX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQ IGH ( GDQV ) HVWELMHFWLYH RQ SHXW PRQWUHU TXH
O¶pTXDWLRQI [  \ G¶LQFRQQXH[ SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ

D Exercice 4.10

([HPSOH6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGHGDQVWHOOHTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQDI [  [
0RQWUHUTXHIHVWELMHFWLYH
\ 
6RLW \XQUpHOWHOTXH \  I [ 2QDDORUV \ [G¶R [  /¶pTXDWLRQ \  I [ DXQH

VHXOHVROXWLRQGRQFIHVWELMHFWLYH

‰ Méthode 4.6. Comment déterminer l’application réciproque

d’une bijection ?

3RXUGpWHUPLQHUI±RQUpVRXWO¶pTXDWLRQI [  \ G¶LQFRQQXH[pOpPHQWGH(DYHF

\IL[pGDQV) GRQWO¶XQLTXHVROXWLRQHVW[ I± \ 

D Exercices 4.5, 4.6


([HPSOH2QUHSUHQGO¶DSSOLFDWLRQIFLGHVVXVGpILQLHSDU [ \ I [  [
\ 
/¶pTXDWLRQ\ [DSRXUVHXOHVROXWLRQ[  FHTXLSURXYHTXHI±HVWGpILQLHSDU

\ 
\ I± \   

5HPDUTXH /HV GHX[ PpWKRGHV SUpFpGHQWHV VRQW WUqV VRXYHQW FRXSOpHV SXLVTXH DSUqV DYRLU
PRQWUp TXH O pTXDWLRQ \  I [  SRVVqGH XQH VHXOH VROXWLRQ RQ VDLW SDU GpILQLWLRQ TXH FHWWH
VROXWLRQHVW[ I± \ FHTXLGpILQLWGHIDLWODIRQFWLRQI±

‰ Méthode 4.7. Comment montrer qu’une application f est bijective

en cherchant f –1 par composition ?

3RXU PRQWUHU TX¶XQH DSSOLFDWLRQ I GH ( GDQV ) HVW ELMHFWLYH RQ SHXW WHQWHU GH
WURXYHUXQHDSSOLFDWLRQJGH)GDQV(WHOOHTXHJ D I ,G(HWI D J ,G)

D Exercice 4.4

([HPSOH2QSRVH(  a Q b HWRQQRWHIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQTXLjWRXWHOLVWH/  DDDQ±DQ GH
(QDVVRFLHODOLVWHI /   DQDQ±DD 
0RQWUHUTXHIHVWELMHFWLYHHWGRQQHUI±
2QV DSHUoRLWTXHIPHWOHVOLVWHVjO HQYHUVFHTXLGRQQHO LGpHGHFRQVLGpUHUI D I

„„ 68 CHAPITRE 4
3RXUWRXWHOLVWH/  DDDQ±DQ RQDI D I /  I DQDQ±DD HWSDUGpILQLWLRQGH
IFHFLGRQQHI D I /   DDDQ±DQ  /
2QDPRQWUpTXHI D I ,G ( Q FHTXLSURXYHTXHIHVWELMHFWLYHHWTXHI± I

‰ Méthode 4.8. Comment montrer qu’une application numérique

est bijective ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTX¶XQHDSSOLFDWLRQIGpILQLHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,GH \ HVWXQHELMHFWLRQ
GH , VXU O¶LQWHUYDOOH -  I  ,  RQ SHXW PRQWUHU TX¶HOOH HVW FRQWLQXH HW VWULFWHPHQW
PRQRWRQHVXU, F¶HVWXQHFRQGLWLRQVXIILVDQWH 
,O IDXW VDYRLU YRLU OH FKDSLWUH   TXH OHV VRPPHV GLIIpUHQFHV SURGXLWV HW
TXRWLHQWVELHQGpILQLVGHIRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHVVRQWHQFRUHGHVIRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHV

D Exercices 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8


([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHODIRQFWLRQJGpILQLHSDU[   J [  OQ[[
eWXGLHUOHVYDULDWLRQVGHJHWGRQQHUOHVOLPLWHVGHJHQHWHQ 

Méthodes
(QGpGXLUHTXHJHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH  VXUXQLQWHUYDOOHTXHO¶RQGpWHUPLQHUD

Corrigé

/DIRQFWLRQJHVWFRQWLQXHVXU  FRPPHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHV
'HSOXVJHVWGpULYDEOHVXU  FRPPHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVGpULYDEOHVHWSRXUWRXW[GH  RQ

DJ¶ [   !&HFLPRQWUHTXHJHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU  
[
3RXUILQLU OLP

J [  ± HW OLP J [   O¶LPDJHGH  SDUIHVWpJDOHj
[$ 
[$

&RQFOXVLRQODIRQFWLRQJHVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU  HWJ    GRQFJHVW

XQHELMHFWLRQGH  YHUV


APPLICATIONS 69 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux


1. /DIRQFWLRQ[ 6
[
HVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH \ VXU \   

2. /DIRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHHVWLQMHFWLYH
 
3. /DUHVWULFWLRQG¶XQHLQMHFWLRQHVWHQFRUHXQHLQMHFWLRQ
 
4. /DUHVWULFWLRQG¶XQHVXUMHFWLRQHVWHQFRUHXQHVXUMHFWLRQ
 

5. 6RLWWURLVDSSOLFDWLRQVIJHWKGHGDQV2QDWRXMRXUV
D K I D KJ D KPDLVHQJpQpUDOK D IJ K D IK D J
 
IJ

6. 6LIHWJVRQWGHX[DSSOLFDWLRQVGH(GDQV(RQDWRXMRXUVJ D I I D J
 

7. 6L IHVWXQHELMHFWLRQG¶XQLQWHUYDOOH ,GH VXUXQLQWHUYDOOH -DORUV I

HVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXU,
 

8. /DVRPPHGHGHX[ELMHFWLRQVHVWXQHELMHFWLRQ
 
9. 2QFRQVLGqUHXQHDSSOLFDWLRQIGH(GDQV)6¶LOH[LVWHXQHDSSOLFDWLRQ
JGH)GDQV(WHOOHTXHJ D I ,G(DORUVIHVWELMHFWLYH  

10. 6LXQHDSSOLFDWLRQ IGH (GDQV )HVWLQMHFWLYHDORUV IHVWXQHELMHFWLRQ

GH(GDQVI (   

„„ 70 CHAPITRE 4
 „„ Énoncé des exercices


‰ Exercice 4.1. 6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGpILQLHSDU[ \ ?^`I [   
 [
'pWHUPLQHUO¶LQWHUYDOOHLPDJHGH@ >SDUI

[
‰ Exercice 4.2.*6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGpILQLHSDU[ \ ?^±`I [   
[
'pWHUPLQHUGHTXHOLQWHUYDOOH,O¶LQWHUYDOOH@ >HVWO¶LPDJHSDUI

‰ Exercice 4.3.6RLWIHWJOHVDSSOLFDWLRQVGpILQLHVSDU


[ \ I [  OQ  H [ HWJ [  ±[



'pWHUPLQHUI D JSXLVYpULILHUTXH[ I [ ± I D J [  [



Corrigé
 [
‰ Exercice 4.4.6RLWIO¶DSSOLFDWLRQGpILQLHSDU[ \ ?^±`I [   
 [
'pWHUPLQHUI D IHWHQGpGXLUHTXHIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH \ ?^±`YHUV \ ?^±`

[
‰ Exercice 4.5.*6RLWKODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU[ >@ K [   
 [
0RQWUHUTXHIUpDOLVHXQHELMHFWLRQGH>@ GDQV>@ HWGpWHUPLQHUVDELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXH
' DSUqV(0/

H [  H [
‰ Exercice 4.6.**6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU[  \ I [   

0RQWUHUTXHIUpDOLVHXQHELMHFWLRQGH \  GDQV> >HWGpWHUPLQHUVDELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXH

‰ Exercice 4.7.*2QQRWHJODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU [ \ J [  [ ±[

 0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWQGHO¶pTXDWLRQJ [  QG¶LQFRQQXH[SRVVqGHGHX[VROXWLRQV

2QQRWHXQODSOXVJUDQGHGHFHVGHX[VROXWLRQV
 2QQRWHKODUHVWULFWLRQGHJjO¶LQWHUYDOOH> >
 D  0RQWUHU TXH K UpDOLVH XQH ELMHFWLRQ VWULFWHPHQW FURLVVDQWH GH >   > GDQV >±   >
4X¶HQGpGXLUHSRXUK ±"


 E  'pWHUPLQHU OLP XQ

Q$




APPLICATIONS 71 „„
‰ Exercice 4.8.3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQQRWHIQODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU



[ @ >IQ [  [±QOQ[
1. eWXGLHUFHWWHIRQFWLRQHWGUHVVHUVRQWDEOHDXGHYDULDWLRQV
2. (QGpGXLUHORUVTXHQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjO H[LVWHQFHGHGHX[UpHOVXQHWYQVROXWLRQVGH
O pTXDWLRQIQ [  HWYpULILDQWXQQYQ
' DSUqV('+(&

‰ Exercice 4.9.**6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGHGDQV \  GpILQLHSDUI [  _[_
0RQWUHUTXHIHVWVXUMHFWLYHPDLVSDVLQMHFWLYH

‰ Exercice 4.10.*6RLWIO DSSOLFDWLRQGH ` GDQV ` GpILQLHSDU


Q ` I Q  Q
0RQWUHUTXHIHVWELMHFWLYH

‰ Exercice 4.11.**  6RLW ( )HW *WURLVHQVHPEOHV IXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH (GDQV )HW J
XQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH)GDQV*
 0RQWUHUTXHVLJ D IHVWLQMHFWLYHDORUVIHVWLQMHFWLYH
 0RQWUHUTXHVLJ D IHVWVXUMHFWLYHDORUVJHVWVXUMHFWLYH
 'pPRQWUHUOHWKpRUqPH

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFHVHW2QSHXWpWXGLHUODIRQFWLRQI
([HUFLFH  'pWHUPLQHU I D J  F HVW FDOFXOHU SRXU WRXW UpHO [ OD TXDQWLWp
I D J [ GpILQLHSDU I D J [  I J [ 
([HUFLFH0rPHFKRVHDYHFI D I
([HUFLFHV  HW  3RXU GpWHUPLQHU I ± LO IDXW UpVRXGUH O¶pTXDWLRQ I [   \


G¶LQFRQQXH[HWLOVHUDMXGLFLHX[GHSRVHU; H[SRXUO¶H[HUFLFH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQD QRWHUTXHK±DOHVPrPHVYDULDWLRQVTXHK
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQLOIDXWPRQWUHUTXHQ ±OQQ 
([HUFLFH3RXUODQRQLQMHFWLYLWpFKHUFKHUXQFRQWUHH[HPSOH
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUODPpWKRGH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQVHGRQQHU[HW[GH(WHOVTXHI [  I [ SXLV
FRPSRVHUSDUJ
3RXUODTXHVWLRQXWLOLVHUODGpILQLWLRQ
3RXUODTXHVWLRQFRQVLGpUHUXQHDSSOLFDWLRQIGH(GDQV)HWXQHDSSOLFDWLRQJGH
)GDQV(WHOOHVTXH J D I ,G ( HW I D J ,G ) 

„„ 72 CHAPITRE 4
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 ) 9 ) 9 ) ) ) ) 9

1. 7RXWpOpPHQW \GH \ SRVVqGHXQXQLTXHDQWpFpGHQW [GDQV \ SDUODIRQFWLRQLQYHUVH LO

V DJLWGH [ 
\

2. (QXWLOLVDQWOD PpWKRGH±HWVRQWGLIIpUHQWVHWSRXUWDQWRQD_± _ _ _ /D
IRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHQ HVWGRQFSDVLQMHFWLYH

3. 6L I  ( $ ) HVWLQMHFWLYHDORUV  [ \ (   I [ I \  [ \ &HFLpWDQWYUDLSRXU
WRXWFRXSOH [\ G pOpPHQWVGH(F HVWGRQFYUDLSRXUWRXWFRXSOH [\ G pOpPHQWVG XQHSDUWLH

Corrigé
( GH( SXLVTXH(HVWLQFOXVGDQV( 
2QDGRQF  [ \ (  I [ I \ [ \ F HVWjGLUHTXH I_ ( HVWLQMHFWLYH

\ $ \
4. &RQVLGpURQVODIRQFWLRQ I  ! TXLHVWELMHFWLYHGRQFVXUMHFWLYH
"[ 6 [
\  $ \
0DLVODIRQFWLRQ J  ! TXLHVWODUHVWULFWLRQGHIj \  Q HVWSDVVXUMHFWLYH(QHIIHW±
" [  6 [
QHSRVVqGHSDVG DQWpFpGHQWSDUJ

5. 6RXOLJQRQVGpMjTXHOHVIRQFWLRQVH[LVWHQWELHQSXLVTXHG XQHSDUWKHVWjYDOHXUVGDQV \ 
HW I  J HVWGpILQLHVXUHWTXHG DXWUHSDUW I  J HVWjYDOHXUVGDQVHWKHVWGpILQLHVXU
 'HSOXV I  J D K I D K  J D K 
(QHIIHWSRXUWRXWUpHO[ I  J DK [ I  J K [ 
3DUGpILQLWLRQGHO DGGLWLRQGHVIRQFWLRQVRQD [ \ I  J DK [ I K [  J K [ 
2XHQFRUH [ \ I  J DK [ I D K [  J D K [ 
I [ 
 (QILQFRQVLGpURQVOHVIRQFWLRQVIJHWKGH \ GDQV \ WHOOHVTXH ! J [ [ 
"K [ [

$ORUVSRXUWRXWUpHO[ K D I  J [ [   HW K D I [  KD J [   [  

APPLICATIONS 73 „„
6. ,O VXIILW SRXU VH FRQYDLQFUH TXH F HVW IDX[ G H[DPLQHU FRPPH GDQV OD PpWKRGH  OHV
IRQFWLRQVIHWJGH \ GDQV \ GpILQLHVSDU I [ [  HW J [ [   2QDDORUVVDQVGLIILFXOWp

O H[LVWHQFH GHV GHX[ FRPSRVpHV HW SRXU WRXW UpHO [ I D J [ I [  [    HW
JD I [ J [ [    2QDGRQF I D J  J D I 

7. /DUpFLSURTXHGHODSURSRVLWLRQpWXGLpHHVWYUDLHPDLVSDVODSURSRVLWLRQHOOHPrPH
(QHIIHWLOVXIILWGHFRQVLGpUHUO LQWHUYDOOH , > @ HWODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDU
 I [  [   VL [ >   >
! 
" I [ [  VL [ > @
IHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH,VXU>@(QHIIHW
 7RXWpOpPHQW\GH>@SRVVqGHXQXQLTXHDQWpFpGHQWSDUIOXLPrPH
 7RXWpOpPHQW\GH@@SRVVqGHXQXQLTXHDQWpFpGHQWSDUI  \ 
3RXUWDQW I Q HVW QL FRQWLQXH SUREOqPH HQ   QLVWULFWHPHQW PRQRWRQH SXLVTXH I   I  HW
I   I  8QGHVVLQSHUPHWGHELHQYRLUODVLWXDWLRQ

8. /HVDSSOLFDWLRQV I LG \ HW J LG \ VRQWWRXWHVGHX[ELMHFWLYHV FKDFXQHHVWG¶DLOOHXUVVD
SURSUHELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXH HWSRXUWDQW I  J HVWO¶DSSOLFDWLRQQXOOHTXLQ HVWSDVELMHFWLYH

9. ,OVXIILWGHFRQVLGpUHUODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHGH \  GDQV \ SDUI [   [ 
/D IRQFWLRQ J GpILQLH GH \  GDQV \   SDU J [   [   YpULILH SRXU WRXW UpHO [ SRVLWLI RX QXO
JD I [ [  VRLW J D I ,G \   PDLV I Q HVW SDV XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH \   GDQV  HOOH Q HVW SDV
VXUMHFWLYH 
5HPDUTXH 'DQVFHWH[HPSOHRQQ DSDV I D J [ [ PDLV I D J [ _ [ _ 7RXWV DUUDQJHUDLW
VLO RQFRQVLGpUDLWFHVGHX[IRQFWLRQVGH \  GDQV \  

10. /¶DSSOLFDWLRQ I HVWGRQQpHLQMHFWLYHGRQFJUkFHjOD GpILQLWLRQLOVXIILWG H[DPLQHU
VD VXUMHFWLYLWp 2U SDU GpILQLWLRQ GH O HQVHPEOH I (  RQ D  \ I (  [ (  \ I [ 
$XWUHPHQWGLWWRXWpOpPHQWGH I ( SRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQDQWpFpGHQWSDUIGDQV(GRQFIHVW
XQHVXUMHFWLRQGH(VXU I ( 

‰ Les erreurs classiques

 ,O QH IDXW SDV FURLUH TXH OD ELMHFWLYLWp GH I QH GpSHQGH TXH GH O H[SUHVVLRQ GH
I [ OHVHQVHPEOHVGHGpSDUWHWG DUULYpHRQWOHXUU{OHjMRXHU
,OQHIDXWSDVFRQIRQGUHO HQVHPEOHG DUULYpHG XQHIRQFWLRQIHWVRQLPDJHI ( 
R(GpVLJQHO HQVHPEOHGHGpSDUWGHI
/DORLGHFRPSRVLWLRQGHVDSSOLFDWLRQVHVWDVVRFLDWLYHPDLVSDVFRPPXWDWLYH
/DORLGHFRPSRVLWLRQGHVDSSOLFDWLRQVHVWGLVWULEXWLYHjGURLWHVXUO DGGLWLRQPDLV
SDVjJDXFKH

„„ 74 CHAPITRE 4
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 4.1_______________________________


/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGpULYDEOHVXU     HW [   I [ 
  
 [

[  
I  [  
 
I 

 

/¶LPDJHGHO¶LQWHUYDOOH @  > SDUIHVWO¶LQWHUYDOOH @   > 

Corrigé
 & HVW OD FRQWLQXLWp GH I FKDSLWUH   TXL JDUDQWLW TXH O LPDJH GH O LQWHUYDOOH
    HVWXQLQWHUYDOOH
_________ Exercice 4.2_______________________________

/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGpULYDEOHVXU    HWVXU    HW [ \ ? -.  I [ 
  
[


[ ± ±  

I  [  ± ±
   
I  
 
±  

&¶HVWO¶LQWHUYDOOH      TXLDSRXULPDJH @  > SDUI

_________ Exercice 4.3_______________________________

 /DIRQFWLRQJHVWjYDOHXUVGDQV \ HWIHVWGpILQLHVXU \ GRQF I D J HVWELHQGpILQLH
 H[  
 'HSOXVRQD [ \ I D J [ OQ   H J [
OQ   H  [ OQ   OQ 
H[ H[
3DUSURSULpWpDOJpEULTXHGHOQRQREWLHQW
[ \ I D J [ OQ   H [  OQ H [ OQ   H [  [ 


APPLICATIONS 75 „„
2QDGRQF [ \ I [  I D J [ OQ   H [  OQ   H [  [ 
)LQDOHPHQW [ \ I [  I D J [ [ 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 4.4_______________________________

 0RQWURQVWRXWG DERUGTXH I D I HVWELHQGpILQLH
3RXUFHODLO VXIILW GH SURXYHU TXH  [ \ ? -.  I [    (Q HIIHWVL O RQ DYDLW I [  
DORUVRQDXUDLW±[ ± [ VRLW ±FHTXLQ HVWSDVDFFHSWDEOH
7RXWFHFLVLJQLILHTXHO pTXDWLRQ I [  Q DSDVGHVROXWLRQGDQV \ ? -. 
 I [
 3RXUWRXWUpHO[GLIIpUHQWGH  RQD I D I [ 
 I [
 [ [

 I [   [   [ [ 2QREWLHQWILQDOHPHQW [ \ ? -.  I D I
2U [ [ 
 I [   [ 
 [  [
&HFLYHXWGLUHTXH I D I LG \ ?-. 
/HWKpRUqPHSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUHTXHIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH \ ? -. GDQV \ ? -. 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 4.5_______________________________

0RQWURQVGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVTXHKHVWELMHFWLYH
 KHVWFRQWLQXHVXU>@ TXRWLHQWELHQGpILQLGHIRQFWLRQVSRO\QRPLDOHV 
 KHVWGpULYDEOHVXU>@ TXRWLHQWELHQGpILQLGHIRQFWLRQVSRO\QRPLDOHV HWRQD

[ >@ K [ 
 [ 
3DUFRQVpTXHQWKHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU>@
*UkFH DX WKpRUqPH  QRXV SRXYRQV FRQFOXUH TXH K HVW XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH >@ GDQV
K >@ > K   K  @ >@ 

'pWHUPLQRQVPDLQWHQDQWODELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXHGHK
,OV DJLWGHUpVRXGUHO pTXDWLRQ \ K [ G LQFRQQXH [ >@ SRXUXQ\TXHOFRQTXHGDQV>@
[
\ K [ \ 
 [
&RPPH [   RQDOHVpTXLYDOHQFHVVXLYDQWHV
[
\    [ \ [   \  [\ [   \ [\  [   \   \ [ 
 [



„„ 76 CHAPITRE 4
 \
&RPPH  \   ODGHUQLqUHpJDOLWppTXLYDXWj [ HWRQSHXWILQDOHPHQWFRQFOXUH
 \
\
\ >@ K  \ 
 \
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 4.6_______________________________

0RQWURQVGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVTXHIHVWELMHFWLYH
 I HVW FRQWLQXH VXU \  VRPPH GH IRQFWLRQV XVXHOOHV FRQWLQXHV VXU OHXU HQVHPEOH GH
GpILQLWLRQLFL \ 
 I HVW GpULYDEOH VXU \  VRPPH GH IRQFWLRQV XVXHOOHV GpULYDEOHV VXU OHXU HQVHPEOH GH
H [  H [
GpILQLWLRQLFL \ HWRQD [ \ I [   GRQFIHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 

*UkFHDX WKpRUqPHQRXVSRXYRQVFRQFOXUHFRPPH OLP I [    HW OLP I [    
[ $ [ $
TXHIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH \ GDQV I \ \ 
'pWHUPLQRQVPDLQWHQDQWODELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXHGHI
,OV DJLWGHUpVRXGUHO pTXDWLRQ \ I [ SRXUXQUpHO\TXHOFRQTXHHWR[HVWO LQFRQQXH

Corrigé
H [  H [ 
\ I [ \  H [  H [   \   H[   \   H [     \ H [  
 H[
[
 ; H[
HQPXOWLSOLDQWO DYDQWGHUQLqUHpJDOLWpSDU H   2QDGRQF \ I [ ! 

" ;   \;   
5pVROYRQVDORUVO pTXDWLRQGXVHFRQGGHJUp ;    \;    
&HWWHpTXDWLRQSRVVqGHGHX[UDFLQHVUpHOOHVGLVWLQFWHV ;  \    \  HW ;  \    \  
$LQVL \ I [  H[ ;   RX H [ ;  
 
2USRXUWRXW\GDQV \ RQD\ \ HWSDUVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpHVXU
\  RQHQGpGXLW \   \    VRLW \  \    
1RXVREWHQRQVGRQF \ \  \     \  \    &HFLGRQQH ;   HW;    
&RPPH;  H [RQGRLWGRQFUHMHWHU;SXLVTX XQHH[SRQHQWLHOOHHVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYH
/ pTXDWLRQ \ I [ DGRQFXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQGRQFIHVWELMHFWLYHHWGHSOXVRQWURXYH
\ I [  H[ \  \     [ OQ \  \    

1RXVHQFRQFOXRQVTXH \ \ I  \ OQ \  \    
D0pWKRGHV




APPLICATIONS 77 „„
 _________ Exercice 4.7_______________________________
1./DIRQFWLRQJHVWGpULYDEOHVXU \ HQWDQWTXHIRQFWLRQSRO\QRPLDOHHWRQD


[ \ J [  [    [   [  [   


&RPPH[[!RQHQGpGXLWOHWDEOHDXGHYDULDWLRQVVXLYDQW

[   
J  [    
    
J [  
  

/DIRQFWLRQJHVWGRQFVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHHWFRQWLQXHVXU , @   > GRQFHOOHUpDOLVHXQH
ELMHFWLRQGH , VXUJ ,  @    > 
3XLVTXHWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQHVWGDQV @    > RQHQGpGXLWTXHO pTXDWLRQ J [ Q SRVVqGH
XQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQGDQV @   > 
2QSURXYHGHPrPHTXHO pTXDWLRQ J [ Q SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQGDQV ,     
D0pWKRGH

2. a) &RPPHKHVWODUHVWULFWLRQGHJjO LQWHUYDOOH ,  KSRVVqGHOHVPrPHVSURSULpWpVTXHJVXU
,  2QHQGpGXLWTXHKHVWXQHELMHFWLRQVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHGH> >VXU>    > 
2QVDLWDORUV WKpRUqPH TXH K  HVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU >    > HWjYDOHXUVGDQV
,     2QHQGpGXLWHQWUHDXWUHV
 K   
! 
OLP K  [ 
" [ $

b)2Q D YX TXH  Q ` J XQ Q  0DLV FRPPH XQ  HVW GDQV ,   RQ HQ GpGXLW TXH 
Q ` K XQ Q &HTXLVHWUDGXLWHQFRUHSDU Q ` XQ K  Q 
/DTXHVWLRQD QRXVSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUH
OLP XQ  
Q $

_________ Exercice 4.8_______________________________

1.6RLWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOQ
I Q HVWGpULYDEOHVXU @  > HQWDQWTXHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVXVXHOOHVGpULYDEOHVVXU @  > 
HWRQD
[Q
[ @  > I Q [ 
[


„„ 78 CHAPITRE 4
2QHQGpGXLWOHWDEOHDXGHYDULDWLRQVGH I Q 


[ Q 
I Q  [  ±
   
I Q [  
Q  ±OQQ 



OQ [ OQ [
/LPLWHHQ   [ @  >  I Q [ [  Q HW OLP   FURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV 
[ [ $ [
OQ [
2QDGRQF OLP   Q  HWRQHQGpGXLW
[ $ [
OLP I Q [  
[ $
/D OLPLWH HQ  Q HVW SDV LQGpWHUPLQpH  OLP [   HW OLP OQ [   HW FRPPH Q   RQ D
[ $ [ $
OLP Q OQ [  
[ $ 
2QHQGpGXLW
OLP [  Q OQ [  

Corrigé
[ $ 

2./D IRQFWLRQ I Q  HVW FRQWLQXH HW VWULFWHPHQW GpFURLVVDQWH VXU @ Q >  GRQF HOOH UpDOLVH XQH
ELMHFWLRQGH @ Q > VXU @ Q   OQ Q   > 2UQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjGRQFRQD OQ Q   HW
RQHQGpGXLWTXH Q   OQ Q   3DUFRQVpTXHQWHVWGDQV @ Q   OQ Q   > GRQFO pTXDWLRQ
I Q [  SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ XQ GDQV @ Q > 
'HPrPHO pTXDWLRQ I Q [  SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ YQ GDQV @ Q  > 
2QDGRQFELHQ
  XQ  Q  YQ 
 D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 4.9_______________________________

6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXUHWjYDOHXUVGDQV \  SDUI [  _[_
6RLW\XQpOpPHQWGH \  2QSHXWFRQVWDWHUTXHI \±  _\_PDLVFRPPH\HVWSRVLWLIRQD
I \±  \FHTXLSURXYHTXHIHVWVXUMHFWLYH SXLVTXH\SRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQDQWpFpGHQW\± 
3DUDLOOHXUVRQD I ±  _±_ HW I   FHTXLPRQWUHTXHSRVVqGHDXPRLQVGHX[
DQWpFpGHQWV ±HW GRQFIQ HVWSDVLQMHFWLYH
 D0pWKRGHV

APPLICATIONS 79 „„
 _________ Exercice 4.10 _____________________________ 
3RXUWRXW PGH ` O pTXDWLRQ I Q   PDXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQGDQV  Q  P ± GRQF IHVWXQH
ELMHFWLRQGHGDQV ` 
 D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 4.11 _____________________________ 

1.6XSSRVRQV J D I LQMHFWLYHHWPRQWURQVTX DORUVIHVWLQMHFWLYHHQXWLOLVDQWOHWKpRUqPH
3RXUFHODFRQVLGpURQVGHX[pOpPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHV [ HW [ GH(WHOVTXH I [ I [ 
0RQWURQVTXH [ [ 
&RPPH I [ I [  HQ DSSOLTXDQW J RQ REWLHQW J I [ J I [  F HVWjGLUH 
J D I [   J D I [ 2USDUK\SRWKqVH J D I HVWLQMHFWLYHGRQFRQSHXWFRQFOXUH [ [ 
/ DSSOLFDWLRQIHVWLQMHFWLYH
 D0pWKRGH
2.6XSSRVRQV J D I VXUMHFWLYHHWPRQWURQVTX DORUVJHVWVXUMHFWLYHHQXWLOLVDQWOHWKpRUqPH
&RQVLGpURQVDORUVXQpOpPHQWTXHOFRQTXH]GH*
/DVXUMHFWLYLWpGH J D I DVVXUHO H[LVWHQFHG XQpOpPHQW[GH(WHOTXH ] J D I [ 
(QSRVDQW \ I [ TXLHVWXQpOpPHQWGH)RQWURXYH ] J \ 
2QREWLHQWDLQVL ] *  \ )  ] J \ 
/ DSSOLFDWLRQJHVWVXUMHFWLYH
 D0pWKRGH

3.6RLWIXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH(GDQV)HWJXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH)GDQV(
 6L J D I ,G (  DORUV G¶DSUqV OD TXHVWLRQ   FRPPH ,G (  HVW LQMHFWLYH pYLGHQW  RQ HQ
GpGXLWTXHIHVWLQMHFWLYH
 6L I D J ,G ) DORUVG¶DSUqVODTXHVWLRQ  FRPPH ,G ) HVWVXUMHFWLYH pYLGHQWDXVVL RQ
HQGpGXLWTXHIHVWVXUMHFWLYH
&RQFOXVLRQ6L J D I ,G ( HW I D J ,G ) DORUVIHVWELMHFWLYH

5pFLSURTXHPHQW VL I HVW ELMHFWLYH DORUV SRXU WRXW \ GH ) LO H[LVWH XQ XQLTXH [ GH ( WHO TXH
\ I [  $LQVL j WRXW \ GH ) FRUUHVSRQG XQ VHXO [ GH ( FH TXL GpILQLW XQH IRQFWLRQ JGH )
GDQV(SDU [ J \ 'qVORUVRQD
3RXUWRXW[GH( J D I [ J I [ J \ [ $LQVLRQWURXYH J D I ,G ( 
3RXUWRXW\GH) I D J \ I J \ I [ \ $LQVLRQWURXYH I D J ,G ) 
&RQFOXVLRQLOH[LVWHXQHIRQFWLRQJGH)GDQV(WHOOHTXH J D I ,G ( HW I D J ,G ) 


„„ 80 CHAPITRE 4
 Chapitre 5
Matrices

Le mathématicien anglais James Sylvester

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

a passé une partie de sa carrière aux États-Unis.

Suite à sa rencontre avec Arthur Cayley, il se tourne
;  +#  )*  Q       
de la notion de matrice. Sylvester est connu
pour ses travaux sur les formes quadratiques
qui sont des expressions numériques de degré deux
des coordonnées. Ses travaux sont souvent incomplets
et peu rigoureux mais plein d’idées originales.

■ Un peu d'histoire
Au IIe siècle avant notre ère, on trouve en Chine, dans Les neuf chapitres sur l’art mathé-
matique, des tableaux de nombres utilisés pour résoudre des systèmes d’équations
linéaires. C’est le même problème qui amène Bézout et Vandermonde à fournir des
            |  "    ;   
présenter sous forme de tableau.
Au milieu du siècle suivant les mathématiciens anglais Arthur Cayley et James Sylvester
comprennent l’importance de l’utilisation de tels tableaux. Le second leur donne le
nom de matrice     !      ;       
opérations et en les associant à des applications linéaires. Cayley présente ces notions
dans un mémoire publié en 1858 et dans lequel sont démontrés d’importants théorèmes.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z &RQQDvWUHOHVGpILQLWLRQVGHVPDWULFHVSDUWLFXOLqUHV PDWULFHVGLDJRQDOHVWULDQJXODLUHV
V\PpWULTXHV 
Z 0DvWULVHUOHVRSpUDWLRQVPDWULFLHOOHVHQSDUWLFXOLHUOHSURGXLW
Z &RQQDvWUHOHVSURSULpWpVGHVRSpUDWLRQVPDWULFLHOOHV
Z &RQQDvWUHODGpILQLWLRQG XQHPDWULFHLQYHUVLEOHHWOHVSURSULpWpVGHO LQYHUVH

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUWUDYDLOOHUVXUGHVPDWULFHVGHWDLOOHQ

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Généralités

'pILQLWLRQ6RLW Q S ` 2QDSSHOOHPDWULFHjQOLJQHVHWSFRORQQHVOHWDEOHDXGH
1 DD  ! D S 2
3 4
D  ! D S 4
D
UpHOVVXLYDQW $ 3 
3 # # # 4
33 4
DQ   ! DQ  S 46
5 DQ
/¶HQVHPEOHGHVPDWULFHVjQOLJQHVHWSFRORQQHVHVWQRWp 0 Q S \ 
6L S Q ODPDWULFH$HVWGLWHFDUUpHG RUGUHQHWRQQRWH 0 Q \ O¶HQVHPEOHGHFHVPDWULFHV

5HPDUTXH2QLGHQWLILHOHVpOpPHQWVGH 0  \ jGHVUpHOV
1RWDWLRQHWYRFDEXODLUH/DPDWULFH$V¶pFULW $ DL  M L  Q  M  S RXVLPSOHPHQWV¶LOQ¶\D

SDVG DPELJXwWpVXUOHQRPEUHGHOLJQHVHWGHFRORQQHV $ DL  M 
6LWRXVOHVpOpPHQWVGHODPDWULFH$VRQWQXOVRQGLWTXH$HVWODPDWULFHQXOOHHWRQQRWH $  
2QDSSHOOHPDWULFHVOLJQHVOHVpOpPHQWVGH 0 S \ HWPDWULFHVFRORQQHVFHX[GH 0 Q \ 

'pILQLWLRQ'HX[PDWULFHVVRQWpJDOHVVLHOOHVRQWPrPHQRPEUHGHOLJQHVPrPHQRPEUH
GHFRORQQHVHWVLHOOHVRQWOHVPrPHVFRHIILFLHQWV

„Opérations matricielles
‰ Addition de deux matrices
'pILQLWLRQ 6RLWGHX[PDWULFHV $ DL  M HW % EL  M GH 0 Q S \ 2QDSSHOOHVRPPH
GH $ HW GH % OD PDWULFH GH 0 Q S \  QRWpH $  %  GpILQLH SDU $  % FL  M  R 
 L M a Qb # a S b  FL M DL  M  EL  M 

‰ Multiplication d'une matrice par un réel

'pILQLWLRQ6RLWXQHPDWULFH $ DL  M GH 0 Q S \ HW Ȝ XQUpHO
2QDSSHOOHSURGXLWGH $SDUOHUpHO Ȝ ODPDWULFHGH 0 Q S \ QRWpH Ȝ$ GpILQLHSDU Ȝ$ DL M 
R  L M a Qb # a S b  DL M Ȝ DL  M 

MATRICES 83 „„
 1    2 1    2 1    2
([HPSOH6L $ 3 4 HW % 3 4 RQD  $  % 3 4 
5    6 5    6 5    6

‰ Produit de deux matrices


'pILQLWLRQ 6RLW Q S T `  $ DL  M XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q S \ HW % EL  M XQH
PDWULFHGH 0 S  T \ 2QDSSHOOHSURGXLWGH$SDU%ODPDWULFHGH 0 Q T \ QRWpH $% GpILQLH
S
SDU $% FL  M
L  Q   M  T
R  L M a Qb # a T b  FL M ' DL N EN  M 
N 

D Méthode 5.1. Comment multiplier deux matrices ?


5HPDUTXH/HSURGXLWPDWULFLHOQ¶HVWSDVFRPPXWDWLI(QUHYDQFKHLOVHSHXWTXHGHX[
PDWULFHV$HW%FRPPXWHQW F HVWjGLUHTXHO RQDLW$% %$ 

5HPDUTXH/HSURGXLWGHPDWULFHVSHXWrWUHQXOVDQVTX¶DXFXQHGHVGHX[PDWULFHVQH
     
VRLWQXOOHSDUH[HPSOHVL $ HW % DORUV $% 
     


‰ Propriétés des opérations matricielles
3URSULpWpV   3RXU WRXWHV PDWULFHV $ % & WHOOHV TXH OHV RSpUDWLRQV FLGHVVRXV VRLHQW
SRVVLEOHVRQD
  $ %& $% & 
 $ %  & $%  $& HW $  % & $&  %& 
  Ȝ \  $ Ȝ% Ȝ$ % Ȝ$% 

‰ Transposée d'une matrice

'pILQLWLRQ6RLWXQHPDWULFH $ DL  M GH 0 Q S \ 
2QDSSHOOHWUDQVSRVpHGH$ODPDWULFHGH 0 S  Q \ QRWp W $ GpILQLHSDU W $ DL M R
 L M a S b # a Qb  DL M D M L 
1  2
   W 3 4
([HPSOH6L $ DORUV $ 3   4 
   3   4
5 6
1 [ 2 1 \ 2 Q
5HPDUTXH6L ; 3 # 4 HW < 3 # 4  W ;< HVWOHUpHOpJDOj ' [L \L 
3[ 4 3\ 4 L 
5 Q6 5 Q6




„„ 84 CHAPITRE 5
3URSULpWpV3RXUWRXWHVPDWULFHV$HW%WHOOHVTXH $  % HW $ % H[LVWHQWHWSRXUWRXWUpHO
ȜRQD
W W W W W W
 $ $     $ % $  W %    Ȝ$ Ȝ W $    $% W
% W $ 

„Matrices carrées


‰ Définitions
'pILQLWLRQV6RLW $ DL  M XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q \ 
 3RXUWRXWLpOpPHQWGH a Q b OHVUpHOV DL  L VRQWDSSHOpVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[
 $HVWXQHPDWULFHWULDQJXODLUHLQIpULHXUHVLSRXUWRXW L M GH a Q b WHOTXH L  M  DL  M

 
 $HVWXQHPDWULFHWULDQJXODLUHVXSpULHXUHVLSRXUWRXW L M GH a Q b WHOTXH L  M  DL  M

 
 $HVWXQHPDWULFHGLDJRQDOHVLSRXUWRXW L  M GH a Q b WHOTXH L  M  DL  M  


 $HVWXQHPDWULFHVFDODLUHVLHOOHHVWGLDJRQDOHHWVLWRXVVHVpOpPHQWVGLDJRQDX[VRQWpJDX[
 $HVWXQHPDWULFHV\PpWULTXHVL W $ $ 

5HPDUTXH2QGLWTXH$HVWDQWLV\PpWULTXHVL W $  $ 

'pILQLWLRQ   /D PDWULFH LGHQWLWp RX PDWULFH XQLWp  GH 0 Q \  HVW OD PDWULFH GLDJRQDOH
GRQWWRXVOHVpOpPHQWVGLDJRQDX[VRQWpJDX[j(OOHHVWQRWpH , Q RXSOXVVLPSOHPHQW,

5HPDUTXH/HVPDWULFHVVFDODLUHVVRQWGRQFOHVPDWULFHVGHODIRUPHĮ , Q DYHFĮUpHO

3URSULpWp $ 0 Q \  $, Q , Q $ $ 


‰ Puissance d'une matrice carrée


'pILQLWLRQ6RLW$XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q \ 
3DUFRQYHQWLRQRQSRVH $ , Q HWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOSQRQQXORQSRVH $ S $ S  $ 
(QIDLWSRXUWRXWSGH `  $ S HVWOHSURGXLWGHSPDWULFHVWRXWHVpJDOHVj$
D Méthode 5.2. Comment calculer une puissance d'une matrice par conjecture ?

‰ Matrices carrées inversibles



'pILQLWLRQ 2QGLWTX XQHPDWULFH$GH 0 Q \ HVWLQYHUVLEOHV¶LOH[LVWHXQHPDWULFH%

GH 0 Q \ WHOOHTXH $% %$ , Q /DPDWULFH%HVWO LQYHUVHGH$HWRQQRWH % $ 


MATRICES 85 „„
7KpRUqPH6L$HW%VRQWGHX[PDWULFHVGH 0 Q \ WHOOHVTXH $% , DORUV$HW%VRQW
LQYHUVLEOHVHWRQD $ % HW %  $ 
D Méthode 5.3. Comment calculer l'inverse d'une matrice carrée par produit ?

         
([HPSOH6RLW $ HW % 2QD $% 
         

&RPPH $% , DORUV$HW%VRQWLQYHUVLEOHVHWRQD % $  RXVLO¶RQYHXW $ %  

D E
7KpRUqPH   6L $  HVW XQH PDWULFH GH 0  \  DORUV $ HVW LQYHUVLEOH VL HW
F G
VHXOHPHQWVL DG  EF    DG  EF HVWDSSHOpOHGpWHUPLQDQWGH$ 

3URSULpWpV6L$HVWLQYHUVLEOHDORUV

 $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW $ $ 
 S
 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOS $ S HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW $ S $ PDWULFHTXHO¶RQQRWH $ S 

 6L$HW%VRQWLQYHUVLEOHVDORUV$%HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWRQD $% %  $ 

‰ Propriétés des matrices diagonales



3URSULpWp  /HSURGXLWGHGHX[PDWULFHVGLDJRQDOHVHVWODPDWULFHGLDJRQDOHREWHQXHHQ
PXOWLSOLDQWHQWUHHX[OHVWHUPHVGLDJRQDX[GHPrPHSODFH
D  D  DD 
3DUH[HPSOHVL'  HW'   DORUV''   
 E  E  EE

3URSULpWp/DSXLVVDQFHQqPHG XQHPDWULFHGLDJRQDOHHVWODPDWULFHGLDJRQDOHREWHQXHHQ
pOHYDQWOHVWHUPHVGLDJRQDX[jODSXLVVDQFHQ
D  DQ 
3DUH[HPSOHVL'  DORUV'Q  
 E  EQ

3URSULpWp   8QH PDWULFH GLDJRQDOH ' HVW LQYHUVLEOH ORUVTXH WRXV VHV FRHIILFLHQWV GLDJR
QDX[VRQWQRQQXOV'±HVWDORUVREWHQXHHQLQYHUVDQWOHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[GH'
D   D 
3DUH[HPSOHVL'  DYHFDHWEDORUV'±  
 E   E



„„ 86 CHAPITRE 5
 „„ Méthodes

„Le produit matriciel

‰ Méthode 5.1. Comment multiplier deux matrices ?

6RLW $ DL  M XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q  S \ HW % EL  M XQHPDWULFHGH 0 S  T \ 2Q

FKHUFKHjFDOFXOHU$%
2QV DVVXUHGHODYDOLGLWpGXSURGXLWHQYpULILDQWTXHOHQRPEUHGHFRORQQHVGH$
HVW pJDO DX QRPEUH GH OLJQHV GH % 2Q VDLW DORUV TXH $% FL  M 0 Q  T \  HW
G DSUqVODGpILQLWLRQSRXUWRXWFRXSOH L M pOpPHQWGH a Q b # a T b RQD
S
FL  M ' DLN EN  M DL E M  DL E M !  DL  S ES  M  $LQVL OH FRHIILFLHQW FL  M  VLWXp j OD

Méthodes
N 
FURLVpH GH OD LqPH OLJQH HW GH OD MqPH FRORQQH GH $% V REWLHQW HQ FRQVLGpUDQW OHV
FRHIILFLHQWVGHODLqPHOLJQHGH$HWGHODMqPHFRORQQHGH%

D Exercices 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9


1     2
  3  4
([HPSOH6RLW $ HW % 3     4 &DOFXOHU $% 
   3   
5 64
$ 0  \ HW % 0 \ GRQFOHSURGXLW$%HVWSRVVLEOHHW$%DSSDUWLHQWj 0  \ 
1     2
  3 4    
$% 3    4 
   3    
5    46
3DU H[HPSOH OH FRHIILFLHQW F  GX SURGXLW $% V REWLHQW HQ FRQVLGpUDQW OHV FRHIILFLHQWV GH OD
HOLJQHGH$HWFHX[GHODHFRORQQHGH% F  #    #    #   
5HPDUTXH 2Q SHXW DXVVL SUpVHQWHU OH SURGXLW PDWULFLHO VRXV OD IRUPH VXLYDQWH &HWWH
SUpVHQWDWLRQHVWSUDWLTXHSRXUYLVXDOLVHUOHVFDOFXOVPDLVSUHQGGHODSODFH


1     2
3 4
      3    4 
3    64
5
      
 
      

MATRICES 87 „„
„Puissance d'une matrice
‰ Méthode 5.2. Comment calculer une puissance de matrice
par conjecture ?

$ pWDQW XQH PDWULFH FDUUpH SRXU FDOFXOHU $Q  Q `  RQ SHXW FDOFXOHU OHV
SUHPLqUHVSXLVVDQFHV $  $ 3XLVRQSURSRVHXQHIRUPXOHGRQQDQW $Q TXHO RQ
GpPRQWUHVRXYHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFH

D Exercices 5.4, 5.5

1   2
3 4
([HPSOH6RLW $ 3   4 &DOFXOHUSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQODPDWULFH $Q 
3   4
5 6
1   2 1  2 1    2
 3 43 4 3 4
$ 3   4 3  4 3    4  $ 
3   4 3  4 3    4
5 65 6 5 6
2QSURSRVHGHPRQWUHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXO $Q Q  $ 
/DSURSRVLWLRQHVWYUDLHSRXU Q  HQHIIHWRQDELHQ $  $ 
6XSSRVRQVSRXUQIL[pGDQV ` TXH $Q Q  $ 0RQWURQVTXH $Q  Q $ 
$Q   $Q # $ Q  $ # $ SDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFH2QHQGpGXLW
$Q   Q  $ Q  #  $ FDU $  $ HWRQDHQILQ $Q  Q $ 
&RQFOXVLRQ3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXO $Q Q  $  HWELHQV€U $ , 

 
([HPSOH6RLW $ 'pWHUPLQHUSRXUWRXWQHQWLHUQDWXUHOODPDWULFH $Q 
 
     
$  , 2QHQGpGXLWLPPpGLDWHPHQWTXH
     
N N N N N
N `  $ N $ ,  , HW $ N  $ N # $  , # $  $ 
N N
(QFRQFOXVLRQSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONRQD $ N  , HW $ N   $ 
5HPDUTXH'DQVFHFDVLOHVWLQXWLOHGHUDLVRQQHUSDUUpFXUUHQFH

„„ 88 CHAPITRE 5
„Matrices carrées inversibles
‰ Méthode 5.3. Comment calculer l'inverse d'une matrice carrée
par produit ?

6RLW $ XQH PDWULFH FDUUpH 6L O RQ SURXYH TX LO H[LVWH XQH PDWULFH % WHOOH TXH
$% ,  RX%$ , DORUVRQSHXWFRQFOXUH$HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW $ % 

D Exercices 5.2, 5.8

1   2
3 4
([HPSOH6RLWODPDWULFH 0 3    4 &DOFXOHU 0  , 0  , (QGpGXLUHTXH0HVW
3    64
5
LQYHUVLEOHHWH[SULPHUVRQLQYHUVH
1   2 1   2 1   2
3 43 43 4
0  , 0  , 3    4 3   4 3    4 
3   4 3    64 3   4

Méthodes
5 65 5 6
2QHQGpGXLWHQGpYHORSSDQWTXH 0   0  0  ,  2QDGRQF 0   0 , F HVWj
 
GLUH 0 0   , , FHTXLV pFULWHQFRUH 0 0   ,  , 
 

&HWWHGHUQLqUHpJDOLWpSURXYHTXH0HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWTXH 0  0   , 




MATRICES 89 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

$%HW&GpVLJQHQWGHVPDWULFHVGpILQLHVGHWHOOHVRUWHTXHOHVSURSRVLWLRQVFLGHVVRXVDLHQWXQ
VHQV
  Vrai Faux
1. 6L $% $& DYHF $   DORUVRQD % & 
 
2. 6LXQHPDWULFHFDUUpH$YpULILH W $  $ DORUVOHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJR
QDX[GH$VRQWQXOV  
3. 6L ; HW < VRQW GHV PDWULFHV FRORQQHV j Q OLJQHV DYHF Q    DORUV
; W< HVWXQUpHO  
4. 6LRQD $  $ , RQSHXWpFULUH $ $   , GRQF $ $   
 
5. 6L$YpULILH $  , HW $ $ DORUV$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH
 
6. $   $  
 
7. 6L $  , DORUV$HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW $  $ 
 
 
8. /DPDWULFH$ 
 
FRPPXWHDYHFWRXWHPDWULFHFDUUpHG RUGUH  

9. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOSRQD , S , 
 

1  2
10. 6L $ 3    4 DORUVSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
3
3  4
5
4
6
 
N
RQD $  

„„ 90 CHAPITRE 5
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 5.1.8QHQWUDvQHPHQWDX[FDOFXOVPDWULFLHOV2QGRQQH
1   2 1     2
   3 4 3 4   
$  % 3   4  & 3    4 HW ' 
   3    4 3    
5 6 5    64
1. a) &DOFXOHU  $  ' 
 b) 9pULILHUSDUOHFDOFXOTXH $  ' & $&  '& 
2.9pULILHUVXUFHWH[HPSOHO¶DVVRFLDWLYLWpGXSURGXLWPDWULFLHOF HVWjGLUH $% & $ %& 
W
3.&DOFXOHU W & W $ HWYpULILHUTXH $& W W
& $ 

‰ Exercice 5.2.6RLW 0 \ O¶HQVHPEOHGHVPDWULFHVFDUUpHVUpHOOHVG¶RUGUH2QQRWH
1  2 1  2
3 4 3 4
, 3    4 ODPDWULFHXQLWpGH 0 \ HWRQGRQQH $ 3    4 
3  4 3  4
5 6 5 6
 
1.&DOFXOHU $ HWPRQWUHUTX LOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOV Į HW ȕ WHOVTXH $ Į$  ȕ, 
2.(QGpGXLUHTXHODPDWULFH$HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWH[SULPHU $ 

‰ Exercice 5.3.6RLW$HW%GHX[PDWULFHVGH 0 Q \ YpULILDQW $%   HW %$  
1. a) 0RQWUHUTXHQL$QL%QHVRQWLQYHUVLEOHV
 b) 'RQQHUXQH[HPSOHGHPDWULFHVYpULILDQWFHVFRQGLWLRQVGDQVOHFDV Q  

2.'DQVOHFDVJpQpUDOFDOFXOHU $% 

‰ Exercice 5.4.'DQVFKDFXQGHVFDVVXLYDQWVFDOFXOHU $Q SRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
1  2
  3 4
1. $      2. $ 3    4 
  3  4
5 6

1    2
‰ Exercice 5.5.2QGRQQH $ 33    44 
3    4
5 6
  Q
1.&DOFXOHU $  $ SXLV $ SRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
2./DPDWULFH$HVWHOOHLQYHUVLEOH"


MATRICES 91 „„
 1   2
‰ Exercice 5.6.*2QFRQVLGqUHODPDWULFH $ 33   44 
3   4
5 6
1 Q Q  2
3 Q 4
3  4
0RQWUHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD $Q 3  Q 4 
3 4
3   4
3 4
5 6

‰ Exercice 5.7.*2QFRQVLGqUHO¶HQVHPEOH(GHVPDWULFHV0YpULILDQW
0    0   0   , 
1. 0RQWUHUTXH(Q¶HVWSDVYLGH
2. 0RQWUHUTX¶XQHWHOOHPDWULFH0HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWGRQQHUVRQLQYHUVHHQIRQFWLRQGH0
3. 7URXYHUWRXWHVOHVPDWULFHVGLDJRQDOHV0G RUGUHYpULILDQWODUHODWLRQSUpFpGHQWH

1    2
‰ Exercice 5.8.*2QGRQQH $ 33    44 
3    4
5 6
1. a) &DOFXOHU $ SXLV $ 
 b) (QGpGXLUHTXH$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH
2. a) &DOFXOHU ,  $ ,  $  $ 
 b) (QGpGXLUHTXH ,  $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWGRQQHUVRQLQYHUVH
3. 0RQWUHUpJDOHPHQWTXH ,  $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWGRQQHUVRQLQYHUVH
4. 2QVRXKDLWHJpQpUDOLVHUOHVUpVXOWDWVSUpFpGHQWV6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
HW$XQHPDWULFHFDUUpHG RUGUHQ
 2QVXSSRVHTX¶LOH[LVWHXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOSQRQQXOWHOTXH $ S    HW $ S  
 a) 0RQWUHUTXH$Q¶HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH
 b) 0RQWUHUTXH ,  $ HW ,  $ VRQWLQYHUVLEOHVHWFDOFXOHUOHXULQYHUVH

1 [ 2
‰ Exercice 5.9.*2QQRWH ; 3 # 4 XQYHFWHXUGH 0 Q \ HWRQSRVH
3[ 4
5 Q6
$ ; W ; HW Į W
;; 


1. a) ¬TXHOVHVSDFHVDSSDUWLHQQHQW$HW Į "

 b) 0RQWUHUTXH$HVWV\PpWULTXH
 c) ([SOLFLWHU$HW Į jO¶DLGHGHVUpHOV[[«[Q
2. a) 9pULILHUTXH $; Į; 
 b) eFULUH $ HQIRQFWLRQGH$
' DSUqV+(&

„„ 92 CHAPITRE 5
„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQD RQSRXUUDUDLVRQQHUSDUO DEVXUGH

([HUFLFH&DOFXOHUOHVSUHPLqUHVSXLVVDQFHVGH$SRXUVHIDLUHXQHLGpH
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  OH FDOFXO GH $Q  QpFHVVLWH GH GLVWLQJXHU OHV FDV
$ S HW $ S  SXLVGHSURFpGHUSDUUpFXUUHQFH
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  VL D HVW XQ GHV FRHIILFLHQWV GLDJRQDX[ GH 0 LO
YpULILH O pTXDWLRQ [   [    [     &RPPH  HVW XQH VROXWLRQ pYLGHQWH RQ
SHXWIDFWRULVHUSDU [   
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQFDOFXOHU ,  $ ,  $  $ 
3RXUODTXHVWLRQE GpYHORSSHUHWVLPSOLILHU
S  S 

' $N HW ,  $ '

N
,$  $N 
N  N 
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQE XWLOLVHUODUqJOHVXUODWUDQVSRVpHG¶XQSURGXLW

MATRICES 93 „„
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) 9 ) ) 9 ) ) ) 9 9

     
1. &RQVLGpURQVOHVPDWULFHV $  % HW & 
     
2QD $% $&   $   HWSRXUWDQW %  & 

2. 6LXQHPDWULFHFDUUpH$YpULILHODUHODWLRQ W $  $ DORUVRQD  L  M a Q b  DL  M D M  L 
(QSDUWLFXOLHU L a Q b DL  L DL  L &HODVLJQLILHTXHOHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[GH $VRQW
QXOV

3. 6RLW Q XQ HQWLHU QDWXUHO QRQ QXO ; HW < GHX[ PDWULFHV GH 0 Q \  /D PDWULFH W<  HVWXQ
pOpPHQWGH 0 Q \ OHSURGXLW ; W< HVWGRQFELHQGpILQLHWHVWpOpPHQWGH 0 Q \ 

4. 2QQHSHXWSDVDGGLWLRQQHUGHVUpHOVHWGHVPDWULFHVDLQVLO pFULWXUH $   Q DSDVGHVHQV
3OXVFRUUHFWHPHQWGHO pJDOLWp $  $ , RQSHXWGpGXLUH $ $  , , HW$ $  , 

5. &RQVLGpURQVXQHPDWULFH$WHOOHTXH $  , HW $ $ 
0RQWURQVSDUO DEVXUGHTX HOOHQ HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH
6XSSRVRQVTXHODPDWULFH$HVWLQYHUVLEOH$ORUV $ H[LVWHHWHQPXOWLSOLDQWODUHODWLRQ $ $ 
SDU $ RQREWLHQW $ , FHTXLHVWDEVXUGHSDUK\SRWKqVH
)LQDOHPHQWVL$HVWXQHPDWULFHWHOOHTXH $  , HW $ $ DORUV$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH

6. / LPSOLFDWLRQ $   $  HVWWRXMRXUVYUDLH LOVXIILWG HIIHFWXHUOHSURGXLW$$ 
 
(QUHYDQFKHODUpFLSURTXHHVWIDXVVHHQJpQpUDO,OVXIILWGHFRQVLGpUHUODPDWULFH $ 
 
2QD $  HWSRXUWDQW $   


7. /DUHODWLRQ $  , HVWpTXLYDOHQWHj $ $ , /DPDWULFH$HVWGRQFLQYHUVLEOHG LQYHUVH


$ $ TXLHVWGLIIpUHQWHGH  $ 



„„ 94 CHAPITRE 5
 D F  
8. 6RLW0  XQHPDWULFHTXHOFRQTXHG RUGUH&RPPHRQD$  RQREWLHQW
E G  
  D F D F D F   D F
$0 HW 0$ 
  E G E G E G   E G


5HPDUTXH/HVPDWULFHV$HW0FRPPXWHUDLHQWVLO RQDYDLWE EHWF FF HVWjGLUH

E F 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH$FRPPXWHDYHFWRXWHVOHVPDWULFHVGLDJRQDOHVGH 0  \ 

9. /D PDWULFH LGHQWLWp , HVW QHXWUH SRXU OD PXOWLSOLFDWLRQ PDWULFLHOOH $LQVL SRXU WRXW HQWLHU
QDWXUHOQRQQXOS , S , #  # , , HWOHUpVXOWDWHVWHQFRUHYUDLSRXU S  
S IRLV

1  2 1  2
 3 4  3 4
10. 2QSHXWYpULILHUTXH $ 3    4 SXLV $ 3    4  $LQVLSRXUWRXWHQWLHUN
3  4 3  4
5 6 5 6
WHOTXH N    $N $N  $  

Corrigé


‰ Les erreurs classiques

/DQRWLRQGHSXLVVDQFHHWG LQYHUVHG XQHPDWULFHQ H[LVWHTXHSRXUOHVPDWULFHV

FDUUpHV
/HVUqJOHVGXSURGXLWPDWULFLHOQHVRQWDEVROXPHQWSDVOHVPrPHVTXHFHOOHVGHOD
PXOWLSOLFDWLRQGHVQRPEUHV
 /DUHODWLRQ$% Q LPSOLTXHSDV$ RX% 
 /HVpJDOLWpV $ $ HW$ ,VRQWUDUHPHQWpTXLYDOHQWHV YRLU9) 
)DLUHDWWHQWLRQGHQHMDPDLVDMRXWHUXQHPDWULFHHWXQUpHO YRLU9) 

MATRICES 95 „„
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 5.1_______________________________

  
1. a) 2QWURXYH  $  ' 
  

  
b) 2QD $  ' 
  
   
2QHQGpGXLWTXH $  ' & 
   
       
(QVXLWH $& HW '& 
       
)LQDOHPHQWRQDELHQ $  ' & $&  '& 

      
2. 2QD $% G R $% & 
      
1     2
3 4    
2QDDXVVL %& 3     4 G R $ %& 
3       
5  46
2QUHWURXYHELHQO DVVRFLDWLYLWpGXSURGXLWPDWULFLHO $% & $ %& 

1    2
1  2 3 4
W 3 4 W 3   4
3. 2QD $ 3   4 HW & RQHQGpGXLW
3    4
3   4 3 4
5 6
5    6
1    2 1   2 1  2
3 4 1  2 3 4 3 4
3    43 4 3  4   4
2U $& 3
W W W W W W
& $ 3  4 GRQF $& & $ 
3    4 3  4 3  4
3 4 53   64 3 4 3 4
5    6 5  6 5 6
D0pWKRGH

„„ 96 CHAPITRE 5
_________ Exercice 5.2_______________________________
1    2
 3 4
1. 2QWURXYH $ 3    4 
3    4
5 6
D0pWKRGH

2QFKHUFKHHQVXLWHGHX[UpHOV Į HW ȕ WHOVTXH $ Į$  ȕ, 
1   2 1 Į Į Į 2 1 ȕ   2
3 4 3 4 3 4
&HFLV pFULW 3    4 3 Į Į Į 4  3  ȕ  4 
3    4 3 Į Į Į 4 3   ȕ 4
5 6 5 6 5 6
1   2 1 Į  ȕ Į Į 2
3 4 3 4
$SUqVDGGLWLRQRQD 3    4 3 Į Į  ȕ Į 4 3DULGHQWLILFDWLRQRQREWLHQW
3    4 3 Į Į Į  ȕ 46
5 6 5
Į  ȕ 
OHV\VWqPHVXLYDQW ! )LQDOHPHQWRQD $  $   , 
" Į 


Corrigé
2. / pJDOLWpREWHQXHjODTXHVWLRQHVWpTXLYDOHQWHj $   $  , 

(QIDFWRULVDQWRQREWLHQW $ $   ,  , SXLV $ $  , , 2QHQGpGXLWTXH$HVW


LQYHUVLEOHHWTXHVRQLQYHUVHHVW $ $   , 

D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 5.3_______________________________

6RLW$HW%GHX[pOpPHQWVGH 0 Q \ WHOVTXH $%   HW%$ 
1. a) 3URFpGRQVjXQHGpPRQVWUDWLRQSDUO DEVXUGH
6L$pWDLWLQYHUVLEOHDORUV $ H[LVWHUDLWHWODUHODWLRQ%$ GRQQHUDLWHQPXOWLSOLDQWFKDTXH
PHPEUH SDU $  j GURLWH  %  # $   PDLVDORUV %VHUDLW QXOOH HW OH SURGXLW $% OH VHUDLW
DXVVL& HVWDEVXUGH
6L%pWDLWLQYHUVLEOHDORUV %  H[LVWHUDLWHWODUHODWLRQ%$ GRQQHUDLWHQPXOWLSOLDQWFKDTXH
PHPEUHSDU %  jJDXFKH $ %  #   PDLVDORUV$VHUDLWQXOOHHWOHSURGXLW$%DXVVL& HVW
DEVXUGH
2QHQGpGXLWTXHQL$QL%Q HVWLQYHUVLEOH

     
b) 3RXUOHVPDWULFHV $ HW % RQDELHQ %$  HW $% 
     
D0pWKRGH




MATRICES 97 „„
 
2. 3DUGpILQLWLRQG XQHSXLVVDQFHRQD $% $% $% 
/ DVVRFLDWLYLWpGXSURGXLWPDWULFLHOGRQQHDORUV $% $% $ %$ % 

/HSURGXLW%$pWDQWQXORQHQGpGXLWTXH $%  

_________ Exercice 5.4_______________________________

1. 2QUHJDUGHOHVSUHPLqUHVSXLVVDQFHVGH$
  
$  ,  $  $ HW $ $ ,  $ $ $ $ 
 
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQDDORUV
Q
 $ Q $ ,Q , 
 $ Q  $ Q # $ , # $ $ 
 $ Q   $ Q # $ , #  ,  , 
 $ Q   $ Q # $ , # $  $ 
D0pWKRGHV

2. 5HJDUGRQVOHVSUHPLqUHVSXLVVDQFHVGH$
1   2 1   2 1  2
3 4 3 4 3 4
$ 3    4  $  $ $ $ 3    4  $ HW $ $ $ 3    4  $ 
3   4 3   4 3  4
5 6 5 6 5 6
D0pWKRGH
2QFRQMHFWXUHTXH Q `  $Q Q  $ 
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOSRVRQV5 Q  $Q Q  $ 
2QDGpMjYXTXH5  HVWYUDLH
6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOWHOTXH5 Q HVWYUDLH
$ORUV $Q  $Q $ Q  $ # $ Q  $ Q   $ Q $ 5 Q HVWGRQFYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXO $Q Q  $ 

1 Q   Q  2
3 4
'HIDoRQSOXVH[SOLFLWH Q `  $Q 3    4 %LHQV€U $

, 
3 Q   Q  4
5 6
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 5.5_______________________________

1    2 1    2
 3 4  3 4
1. 2QREWLHQWVXFFHVVLYHPHQW $ 3    4 HW $ 3    4 $ 
3    4 3    4
5 6 5 6
D0pWKRGH

„„ 98 CHAPITRE 5
3RVRQVSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXO5 Q  $ Q $ HW $ Q  $ 
/HVFDOFXOVSUpOLPLQDLUHVSURXYHQWTXH5  HVWYUDLH
6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOWHOTXH5 Q HVWYUDLH
&RPPH $ Q   $ Q  $ HWSDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFH $ Q  $ RQHQGpGXLW $ Q   $ 
2QDDORUV $ Q   $ Q  $ $ $ $ $ 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH5 Q HVWYUDLH
3DUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQD $ Q $ HW $ Q  $ 

,FLHQFRUHRQD $ , 
D0pWKRGH

2. 8WLOLVRQVXQUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUO DEVXUGH
6L$pWDLWLQYHUVLEOHHQPXOWLSOLDQWODUHODWLRQ $ $ jJDXFKHSDU $ RQREWLHQGUDLW
$ , &HFLFRQWUHGLWOHUpVXOWDWGHODTXHVWLRQ
/DPDWULFH$Q HVWGRQFSDVLQYHUVLEOH

_________ Exercice 5.6_______________________________

1    2
3 

Corrigé
4 1  2
3  4
3 4
3RXU Q  RQDG¶XQHSDUW $ , HWG¶DXWUHSDUW 3    4 3   4 , FHTXL
3 4 3  4
3   4 5 6
3 4
5 6
pWDEOLWO¶LQLWLDOLVDWLRQ
1 Q Q  2
3 Q 4
3  4
2QVXSSRVHSRXUXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQIL[pTXH $Q 3  Q 4 
3 4
3   4
3 4
5 6
1 Q Q  2 1 Q Q  2
3 Q 41  2 3  Q  Q  4
3  43 3  4
4
2QDDORUV $Q  $Q $ 3   Q 43   4 3   Q 4 
3 43 3 4
3   45   64 3   4
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6
$SUqVTXHOTXHVVLPSOLILFDWLRQVRQREWLHQW
1 1 Q 22 1 Q  Q   2
3  Q   Q   3  4 3 Q 
3 5  46 4 
4
3 4
$ Q  3  Q  4 3  Q  4
3 4 3 4
3   4 3   4
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6

MATRICES 99 „„
 1 Q Q  2
3 Q 4
3  4
2QDPRQWUpSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD $Q 3  Q 4 
3 4
3   4
3 4
5 6
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 5.7_______________________________

1. /¶HQVHPEOH(Q¶HVWSDVYLGHFDUODPDWULFHLGHQWLWpYpULILHODUHODWLRQSURSRVpH(QHIIHWRQD
,    ,   ,   , ,   ,   ,   ,  

2. /DUHODWLRQSURSRVpHV¶pFULW  0    0   0  , VRLWHQFRUH
0  0   0  ,  , 

(QPXOWLSOLDQWSDU RQREWLHQW


0#  0   0  , ,

&HFLSURXYHTXH0HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWTXH

0  0   0  , 


1 D  2
3 4
3. /DPDWULFH 0 3  E  4 HVWVROXWLRQGH 0    0   0   ,  VLHWVHXOHPHQWVL
3  F4
5 6
1 D   2 1 D   2 1 D  2 1  2 1  2
3  4 3  4 3 4 3 4 3 4
3 E  4 ± 3  E  4 ± 3  E  4  3    4   3    4 
3   F 4 3   F 4 3  F4 3  4 3  4
5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6
 D    D   D   
3DU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RQ WURXYH  !E  E   E     /HV FRHIILFLHQWV GLDJRQDX[ GH 0 VRQW
 
"F  F  F   
GRQFVROXWLRQVGHO pTXDWLRQ [   [    [    2QUHPDUTXHTXHHVWXQHVROXWLRQpYLGHQWH
RQSHXWGRQFIDFWRULVHUO H[SUHVVLRQSDU [    [   [    [   [   Į[   ȕ[  Ȗ 
(QGpYHORSSDQWHWHQLGHQWLILDQWOHVGHX[PHPEUHVRQREWLHQW Į   ȕ  HW Ȗ  
2QDDORUV [   [    [   [   [   [   
/ pTXDWLRQ [   [    DGHX[VROXWLRQV  HW)LQDOHPHQWRQD
[   [    [     [  RX [  RX [  

„„ 100 CHAPITRE 5
 1 D  2
3 4
2Q HQ GpGXLW TXH OHV VROXWLRQV GX SUREOqPH VRQW OHV PDWULFHV 0 3  E  4  DYHF
3  F4
5 6
D  E F -  . ,O\DGRQFPDWULFHVVROXWLRQV
_________ Exercice 5.8_______________________________
1   2
 3 4 
1. a) 2QD $ 3      4 HW $  
3    64
5
D0pWKRGH

b) 6L $ pWDLW LQYHUVLEOH DORUV HQ PXOWLSOLDQW O pJDOLWp $   SDU $  RQ REWLHQGUDLW 
$ # $ $ #  F HVWjGLUH $  &HFLHVWDEVXUGHGRQF$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH

2. a) 2QD ,  $ ,  $  $ ,  $  $  $  $  $ , FDU $  


Corrigé
b) 2QGpGXLWGLUHFWHPHQWGHODTXHVWLRQ D TXH ,  $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWTXHVRQLQYHUVHHVW
,  $  $ 
D0pWKRGH

3. 2Q UHPDUTXH TXH  ,  $ ,  $  $ ,  $  $  $  $  $ ,  2Q HQ GpGXLW TXH
,  $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWTXHVRQLQYHUVHHVW ,  $  $ 
D0pWKRGH

4. a) 6L$pWDLWLQYHUVLEOHHQPXOWLSOLDQWODUHODWLRQ $ S  SDU $ RQREWLHQGUDLW $ S   
FHTXLHVWDEVXUGH/DPDWULFH$Q HVWGRQFSDVLQYHUVLEOH

S  S  S  S  S
b) 2QD ,  $ ,  $    $ S  ,$ ' $N ' $N  ' $N  ' $N  ' $K  RQ
N  N  N  N  K 
DSRVpK NGDQVODGHX[LqPHVRPPH 
3DUWpOHVFRSDJHRQREWLHQW ,  $ ,  $    $ S  ,  $ S  , SXLVTXH $ S   
S 

' $N 

&RQFOXVLRQ ,  $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW ,  $
N 
  2QWURXYHDYHFOHPrPHSURFpGpTXHFLGHVVXV
S  S  S  S  S

' '  $N  '  $N  '  $N  ' 

N N N N K 
,$  $N $K 
N  N  N  N  K 



MATRICES 101 „„
 K  K
(QpFULYDQW    RQREWLHQW
S  S  S

' '  $N  '  $K

N N K S
,$  $N ,   $S ,  FDU $ S  
N  N  K 
S 

'
 N
&RQFOXVLRQ ,  $ HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW ,  $  $N 
N 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 5.9_______________________________

1. a) 3XLVTXH ; 0 Q  \ DORUV W ; 0 Q \ 2QDGRQF ; W ; 0 Q \ HW W ;; 0 \ 
2U 0 \ Q¶HVWDXWUHTXH \ GRQF $ 0 Q \ HW Į \ 

b) '¶DSUqV OD UqJOH VXU OD WUDQVSRVpH G¶XQ SURGXLW W $ W ; W ; W W
; W ; ; W ; $ 
&HFLPRQWUHTXH$HVWV\PpWULTXH

1 [ 2 1 [ [ [ " [ [Q 2 1 [ 2
3 4 3 4 3 4 Q
3 [ 4 [ [ [ 
" [ [ [
c) 2QD $ [ [ " [Q 3     Q 4 HW Į [ [ " [Q 3  4 ' [L  
3# 4 3 # # % # 4 3# 4 L
33 44 3 [ [ [ [ " [ 4 33 44
5 [Q 6 5 Q  Q  Q 6 5 [Q 6
D0pWKRGH

2. a) 2QMRXHVXUOHVSDUHQWKqVHV $; ; W; ; ; W ;; ; Į Į; 

b) 'HPrPH $ ; W; ; W; ; W ;; W ; ; Į W; Į; W ; Į$ 

„„ 102 CHAPITRE 5
 Chapitre 6
Systèmes linéaires

Gabriel Cramer étudie la philosophie

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

et les mathématiques avant d’obtenir une chaire

de mathématiques à l’académie de Genève.
Dans les années qui suivent, il rencontre les grands
mathématiciens de son époque tels Jean Bernoulli,
Alexis Clairaut et Abraham de Moivre. Il publie en 1750
un traité intitulé Introduction à l’analyse des courbes
algébriques dans lequel on retrouve la méthode
de résolution des systèmes qui porte son nom.

■ Un peu d'histoire
L’introduction des coordonnées par Descartes a permis d’étudier une courbe en
    !    ''      ! ;     
( )
tous ses points, et seulement eux, en général de la forme   = }~
Plusieurs mathématiciens parmi lesquels Colin Maclaurin, Gabriel Cramer et
Étienne Bézout ont étudié les intersections de telles courbes. Ceci les a conduits à
des systèmes linéaires que ces savants ont tenté de résoudre. Maclaurin a élaboré
une méthode de résolution des systèmes ayant deux ou trois inconnues et autant
d’équations que reprend Cramer dans le cas général. Alexandre Vandermonde
poursuit ces recherches et introduit la notion de déterminant. L’étude des systèmes
linéaires s’inscrit désormais dans le cadre de l’algèbre linéaire qui s’est élaboré tout
au long du XIXe siècle.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 5HFRQQDvWUHXQV\VWqPHOLQpDLUHHWVDYRLUOHUpVRXGUH
Z 6DYRLUIDLUHOHOLHQHQWUHPDWULFHHWV\VWqPH
Z &RQQDvWUHODPpWKRGHGH*DXVV-RUGDQ

■„etEt plus
plus si si affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUWUDYDLOOHUVXUGHVV\VWqPHVGHWDLOOHQ

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Généralités
‰ Définitions
'pILQLWLRQV6RLWQHWSGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVQRQQXOV2QDSSHOOHV\VWqPHOLQpDLUHGHQ
 D [  D  [    D S [ S \
D [  D  [    D S [ S \
pTXDWLRQVjSLQFRQQXHVUpHOOHV [  [  [ S OHV\VWqPH 6  ! 
#
"DQ [  DQ   [    DQ S [ S \Q
RSRXUWRXWFRXSOH L M GH a Q b # a S b RQVXSSRVHFRQQXVOHVUpHOV DL  M HW \L 
/DLqPHpTXDWLRQGXV\VWqPHHVWQRWpH /L HWHVWDSSHOpHLqPHOLJQHGH 6 
5pVRXGUH 6 F¶HVWFKHUFKHUWRXVOHVSXSOHWV [  [  [ S YpULILDQWOHVQpTXDWLRQVGH 6 
6LSRXUWRXWLGH aQ b  \L  OHV\VWqPH 6 HVWGLWKRPRJqQH

'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTXHGHX[V\VWqPHVVRQWpTXLYDOHQWVV¶LOVRQWOHVPrPHVVROXWLRQV

5HPDUTXH8QV\VWqPHKRPRJqQHSRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQHVROXWLRQOHSXSOHW !  

'pILQLWLRQ 6RLW 6 XQV\VWqPHOLQpDLUHGH QpTXDWLRQVj QLQFRQQXHV2QGLWTXH 6 
HVWXQV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUVL 6 DGPHWXQXQLTXHQXSOHWVROXWLRQ

‰ Opérations élémentaires
'pILQLWLRQ/HVRSpUDWLRQVVXLYDQWHVVXUOHVOLJQHVG¶XQV\VWqPHVRQWDSSHOpHVRSpUDWLRQV
pOpPHQWDLUHV RQVXSSRVHLM 
  /L 9 / M pFKDQJHGHGHX[OLJQHV
  /L : D/L  DYHF D   UHPSODFHPHQWG¶XQHOLJQHSDUVRQSURGXLWSDUXQUpHOQRQQXO
  /L : /L  E/ M UHPSODFHPHQWG¶XQHOLJQHSDUVDVRPPHDYHFXQPXOWLSOHG XQHDXWUHOLJQH
 /HVGHX[GHUQLqUHVRSpUDWLRQVSHXYHQWVHUHJURXSHUHQ /L : D/L  E/ M  DYHF D   

3URSULpWp   /HV RSpUDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV WUDQVIRUPHQW WRXW V\VWqPH HQ XQ V\VWqPH pTXL
YDOHQW



SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 105 „„
 ‰ Méthode du pivot de Gauss


7KpRUqPH *UkFHjGHVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVRQSHXWWUDQVIRUPHUWRXWV\VWqPH 6 
HQXQV\VWqPH 6  GRQWFKDTXHOLJQHFRQWLHQWGDYDQWDJHGHFRHIILFLHQWVQXOVTXHODSUpFpGHQWH
FRPSUHQGUHGHVFRHIILFLHQWVQXOV DYDQWOHSUHPLHUFRHIILFLHQWQRQQXOVLFHGHUQLHUH[LVWH FH
GHUQLHUpWDQWDSSHOpSLYRW
'DQVOHFDVR 6 HVWXQV\VWqPHjQpTXDWLRQVHWQLQFRQQXHV 6 HVWXQV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUVL
HWVHXOHPHQWVL 6  SRVVqGHQSLYRWVQRQQXOV

D Méthode 6.1. Comment résoudre un système par la méthode du pivot de Gauss ?

„Matrices et systèmes
‰ Écriture matricielle d'un système
 D [  "  D S [ S \
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWOHV\VWqPHOLQpDLUH 6  !# 
" DQ  [  !  DQ  S [ S \Q
1 D ! D S 2
3 4
/DPDWULFH $ 3 # # 4 GH 0 Q  S \ HVWDSSHOpHPDWULFHDVVRFLpHDXV\VWqPH 6 
3 DQ  ! DQ S 4
5 6
1 [ 2 1 \ 2 D [  "  D S [ S \
3 4 3 4
1RWDWLRQ$YHF ; 3 # 4 HW < 3 # 4  6  !# V pFULW $; < 
3 [S 4 3\ 4
5 6 5 Q6 "DQ  [  !  DQ  S [ S \Q

‰ Interprétation matricielle des systèmes de Cramer

3URSULpWp6RLW$XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q \ 
/DPDWULFH $HVWLQYHUVLEOHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL $HVWODPDWULFHG¶XQV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUF¶HVWj
GLUH VL SRXU WRXW < GH 0 Q \  OH V\VWqPH $; <  G¶LQFRQQXH ; pOpPHQW GH 0 Q \ 
SRVVqGHXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQFHWWHVROXWLRQpWDQW ; $< 
D Méthode 6.3. Comment calculer l'inverse d'une matrice carrée par résolution de système ?

3URSULpWp6RLW$XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q \ 2QDO pTXLYDOHQFHVXLYDQWH
$HVWLQYHUVLEOHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLSRXUWRXWHPDWULFH ; GH 0 Q \  $;  ;  

7KpRUqPH6RLW$XQHPDWULFHWULDQJXODLUH
$HVWLQYHUVLEOHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLOHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[GH$VRQWWRXVQRQQXOV


„„ 106 CHAPITRE 6
 ‰ Réduite de Gauss
'pILQLWLRQ6RLW$XQHPDWULFHFDUUpHGH 0 Q \ 2QDSSHOOHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$WRXWH
PDWULFHWULDQJXODLUHREWHQXHSDUGHVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVHIIHFWXpHVVXUOHVOLJQHVGH$

5HPDUTXH/HVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVVXUOHVOLJQHVG¶XQHPDWULFHVRQWOHVPrPHVTXH
FHOOHVGpFULWHVVXUOHVV\VWqPHV

7KpRUqPH6RLW$XQHPDWULFHFDUUpHGH 0 Q \ 
 6LXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$HVWLQYHUVLEOHDORUV$HVWLQYHUVLEOH
 6L$HVWLQYHUVLEOHDORUVWRXWHVVHVUpGXLWHVGH*DXVVVRQWLQYHUVLEOHV
D Méthode 6.2. Comment montrer qu'une matrice est (ou n'est pas) inversible ?

‰ Méthode de Gauss-Jordan
7KpRUqPH/DPpWKRGHGH*DXVV-RUGDQ
7RXWH PDWULFH LQYHUVLEOH SHXW VH WUDQVIRUPHU HQ OD PDWULFH LGHQWLWp j O¶DLGH G¶RSpUDWLRQV
pOpPHQWDLUHVVXUOHVOLJQHVGHFHWWHPDWULFHHWVRQLQYHUVHV¶REWLHQWHQHIIHFWXDQWGDQVOHPrPH
RUGUHOHVPrPHVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVVXUOHVOLJQHVGHODPDWULFHLGHQWLWp
D Méthode 6.4. Comment calculer l'inverse d'une matrice carrée
par la méthode de Gauss-Jordan ?

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 107 „„
 „„ Méthodes

„Le pivot de Gauss

‰ Méthode 6.1. Comment résoudre un système par la méthode
du pivot de Gauss ?

'pFULYRQVODPpWKRGHGDQVOHFDVG XQV\VWqPHGHWURLVpTXDWLRQVjWURLVLQFRQQXHV
/HOHFWHXUSRXUUDDLVpPHQWJpQpUDOLVHUjGHVV\VWqPHVSOXVJURV
D[  E\  F] Į
6RLWOHV\VWqPH 6  !D[  E\  F] Į G LQFRQQXHV [ \ ]2QVXSSRVH D   
"D[  E\  F] Į
6LFHQ HVWSDVOHFDVRQSHUPXWHOHVOLJQHVGXV\VWqPHSRXUTXHO LQFRQQXH [VRLW
SUpVHQWH GDQV OD SUHPLqUH pTXDWLRQ /D UH pWDSH FRQVLVWH j pOLPLQHU O LQFRQQXH [
GDQVWRXWHVOHVOLJQHVGXV\VWqPHjSDUWLUGHODGHX[LqPH LFLFHODQHFRQFHUQHTXH
OHV GHX[ GHUQLqUHV OLJQHV  2Q HIIHFWXH GDQV FH EXW OHV RSpUDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV
VXLYDQWHV  / : D/  D/  HW / : D/  D/  2Q REWLHQW DORUV XQ V\VWqPH
D[  E\  F] Į
pTXLYDOHQWj 6 GHODIRUPH ! G\  H] ȕ 
" G \  H] ȕ
2Q UHQRXYHOOH FHSULQFLSHVXU OH V\VWqPH JULVp 6L G   ODH pWDSHFRQVLVWH j
pOLPLQHUO LQFRQQXH \GDQVWRXWHVOHVpTXDWLRQVjSDUWLUGHODWURLVLqPH LFLVHXOHOD
GHUQLqUH OLJQH HVW FRQFHUQpH  2Q HIIHFWXH GDQV FH EXW O RSpUDWLRQ pOpPHQWDLUH 
/ : G/  G / 2QREWLHQWDORUVXQV\VWqPHWULDQJXODLUHpTXLYDOHQWj 6 
D[  E\  F] Į
! G\  H] ȕ TXHO RQUpVRXWHQUHPRQWDQWHQSDUWDQWGHODGHUQLqUHOLJQH
" I] Ȗ
VLIGHWDVRQWGLIIpUHQWVGH 

D Exercices 6.1, 6.2.


[   \  ] 
([HPSOH5pVRXGUHOHV\VWqPH 6  ! [   \   ]  
" [  \   ] 

„„ 108 CHAPITRE 6
[   \  ]  [   \  ]  [   \  ] 
! [   \  ]    !   \   ]    !   \   ]  
/ : /  / / : /   /
" [  \   ]  "   \   ] 
/ : /   /
"   ] 
  
FHTXLFRQGXLWHQUHPRQWDQWj ]   \  HW [ 
  
  
/HV\VWqPH 6 DGPHWGRQFXQXQLTXHWULSOHWVROXWLRQ     
  
5HPDUTXH /D GHUQLqUH RSpUDWLRQ pOpPHQWDLUH UpDOLVpH SHXW rWUH UHPSODFpH VDQV GDQJHU SDU
/ :  /  / VLO RQSUpIqUHREWHQLU] ±SOXW{WTXH±] 

‰ Méthode 6.2. Comment montrer qu'une matrice carrée est

(ou n'est pas) inversible ?

$ pWDQW XQH PDWULFH FDUUpH GRQQpH SRXU VDYRLU VL $ HVW LQYHUVLEOH RQ SHXW
GpWHUPLQHUO XQHGHVHVUpGXLWHVGH*DXVV
2QFRQFOXWHQVXLWHHQXWLOLVDQWOHWKpRUqPH

Méthodes
D Exercice 6.5.

1   2
3 4
([HPSOH/DPDWULFH $ 3    4 HVWHOOHLQYHUVLEOH"
3   46
5
&KHUFKRQVXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$
1   2 / 1   2 / 1   2
3 4 3 4 3 4
3    4  / : /  /   3    4  /  3    4 
3   46 / : /   / 3    4 / :  /  / 3  4
5 5 6    5 6
&HWWHGHUQLqUHPDWULFHHVWXQHPDWULFHWULDQJXODLUHHWWRXVVHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[VRQWQRQ
QXOV&RQFOXVLRQ$HVWLQYHUVLEOH

5HPDUTXH$HVWODPDWULFHDVVRFLpHDXV\VWqPHSURSRVpGDQVO H[HPSOHGHODPpWKRGH2Q
QRWHUDODVLPLOLWXGHHQWUHOHVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVSRXUREWHQLUFHWWHUpGXLWHHWFHOOHVXWLOLVpHV
SRXUUpVRXGUHOHV\VWqPH

1    2
3 4
([HPSOH/DPDWULFH $ 3    4 HVWHOOHLQYHUVLEOH"
3    4
5 6
&KHUFKRQVXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$
1    2 / 1    2 / 1    2
3 4 3 4 3 4
3    4  / :  /  /   3    4  / 3    4 
3    4 / :  /  / 3    4 / : /  / 3    4
5 6    5 6    5 6

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 109 „„
&HWWHGHUQLqUHPDWULFHHVWXQHPDWULFHWULDQJXODLUHHWO XQGHVHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[HVWQXO
&RQFOXVLRQ$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH

„Inverse d'une matrice carrée

‰ Méthode 6.3. Comment calculer l'inverse d'une matrice carrée
par résolution de système ?

6RLW$XQHPDWULFHFDUUpH2QSRVHOHV\VWqPH $; < /DPDWULFH$HVWLQYHUVLEOH

VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL OH V\VWqPH HVW GH &UDPHU 'DQV OH FDV R $ HVW LQYHUVLEOH
$; < pTXLYDXWj ; $< FHTXLSHUPHWGHGRQQHU $ 

D Exercice 6.3.
1   2
3 4
([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHODPDWULFH $ 3    4 HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWGRQQHUVRQLQYHUVH
3   4
5 6
1[2 1D2
3 4 3 4
2QQRWH ; 3 \ 4 HW < 3 E 4 
3]4 3F 4
5 6 5 6
  [   \  ] D
/HV\VWqPH $; < V pFULW ! [  \ E 2QOHUpVRXW
" [   \  ] F
  [   \  ] D   [   \  ] D  [   \  ] D
! [ \ E 
/ :  /  /
!   \   ]  D  E  !   \   ]  D  E 
/ :  /   /
" [   \  ] F / :  /  /
"  \   ] D  F " ]  D  E  F

/H V\VWqPH HVW GH &UDPHU OHV FRHIILFLHQWV GLDJRQDX[ GX V\VWqPH WULDQJXODLUH VRQW WRXV QRQ
QXOV GRQFODPDWULFH$HVWLQYHUVLEOH$LQVL $; < pTXLYDXWj ; $< 
3RXUGpWHUPLQHU $ LOUHVWHjDFKHYHUODUpVROXWLRQWRXMRXUVHQUHPRQWDQWHWDSUqVTXHOTXHV
 [ D  E  F 1    2
 3 4
FDOFXOVRQREWLHQW ! \ D  E  F FHTXLGRQQH $ 3    4 
3    4
" ]  D  E  F 5 6

5HPDUTXH/DGHUQLqUHRSpUDWLRQpOpPHQWDLUH / :  /  / HIIHFWXpHFLGHVVXVHVWpTXLYD
OHQWH j FHOOH LQGLTXpH GDQV OD PpWKRGH  j VDYRLU  / :  /   /  PDLV HOOH SHUPHW
G pYLWHUGHQRPEUHX[VLJQHV±HWGHIDFLOLWHUDLQVLOHVFDOFXOV


„„ 110
110 CHAPITRE 6
 ‰ Méthode 6.4. Comment calculer l'inverse d'une matrice carrée
par la méthode de Gauss-Jordan ?

6RLW$XQHPDWULFHFDUUpH6L$HVWLQYHUVLEOHRQWUDQVIRUPH$HQODPDWULFHLGHQWLWp
SDU GHV RSpUDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV &HV RSpUDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV DSSOLTXpHV GDQV OH
PrPH RUGUH j OD PDWULFH LGHQWLWp GRQQHQW $  /HV FDOFXOV VRQW PHQpV GH IURQW
FRPPHGDQVO H[HPSOHFLGHVVRXVTXLUHSUHQGODPDWULFHGHODPpWKRGH

D Exercice 6.4
1   2
3 4
([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHODPDWULFH $ 3    4 HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWGRQQHUVRQLQYHUVH
3   4
5 6
2Q SUpVHQWH F{WH j F{WH OHV PDWULFHV $ HW , 2Q pFULW j GURLWH OHV RSpUDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV TXL
SHUPHWWHQWGHWUDQVIRUPHU$HQ,HWRQOHVDSSOLTXHVLPXOWDQpPHQWDX[GHX[PDWULFHV

1   2 1    2 / 1    2 1    2 /

Méthodes
3 4 3 4 3 4 3 4
3    4  3    4  / :  /  / $ 3     4  3    4  / 
3    4 3   4 / :  /  / 3   4 3 4
 6 5    6 / :  /  /
5 6 5 6    5
1   2 1    2
3 4 3 4
3     4  3    4 
3   46 35    64
5

¬FHVWDGHODPDWULFHGHJDXFKHHVWXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$WULDQJXODLUHGRQWOHVFRHIILFLHQWV
GLDJRQDX[VRQWWRXVQRQQXOVHOOHHVWLQYHUVLEOHHW$DXVVL

3RXUGpWHUPLQHU $ RQSRXUVXLWOHSURFHVVXVFRPPHVXLW

1    2 1    2 / : /  / 1    2 1    2 / :  /  /
3 43 4 3 43 4
3     4 3    4  / : /  / $ 3    4 3    4  / 
3   46 35    64 / 3   4 3    64 /
5 5 65

1    2 1    2 / :    / 1    2 1    2
3 43 4 3 43 4
3    4 3    4  / :     / $ 3    4 3    4 
3   4 3    64 / 3   4 3    4
5 65 5 65 6

1    2
 3 4
$LQVL $ 3    4 
3    4
5 6

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 111 „„
111
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 2QQHPRGLILHSDVOHVVROXWLRQVG XQV\VWqPHGHGHX[pTXDWLRQVjGHX[
LQFRQQXHVVLO RQHIIHFWXHO RSpUDWLRQ / : /   
2. 2QQHPRGLILHSDVOHVVROXWLRQVG XQV\VWqPHGHWURLVpTXDWLRQVjWURLV
LQFRQQXHVVLO RQHIIHFWXHO RSpUDWLRQ / : /  /  /   

 [  \ D
3. 4XHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOVDHWEOHV\VWqPH ! Q HVWMDPDLV
"  [   \ E  
GH&UDPHU
4. 8QV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUKRPRJqQHQHSRVVqGHTX XQHVHXOHVROXWLRQOD
OLVWHQXOOH  
5. 8Q V\VWqPH GH  pTXDWLRQV j  LQFRQQXHV SHXW DYRLU XQH LQILQLWp GH
VROXWLRQV  

1  2
6. /DPDWULFH $ 33    44 HVWLQYHUVLEOH  
3  4
5 6
1    2
7. /D PDWULFH $ 33   44  HVW LQYHUVLEOH FDU VHV FRHIILFLHQWV
3   4
5 6
 

GLDJRQDX[VRQWWRXVQRQQXOV
8. 6RLW$XQHPDWULFHGH 0 Q \ 6 LOH[LVWHXQHPDWULFHFRORQQH;QRQ
QXOOHGH 0 Q \ WHOOHTXH $;  DORUV$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH  

 D[  E\ F
9. 6L OH V\VWqPH !  DGPHW XQH LQILQLWp GH VROXWLRQV DORUV
" D[  E\ F  
D  E F D E F 

[  \  ] 
10. / HQVHPEOHVROXWLRQGXV\VWqPH ! [   \   ]  HVW -   .   
" [   \  ] 

„„ 112
112 CHAPITRE 6
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 6.1.5pVRXGUHGDQV \  OHVV\VWqPHVVXLYDQWV

  [   \  ]   [  \  ]   [  \  ] D
1. ! [   \   ]   2. ! [  \  ]   3. !  [   \   ] E  DEHWFUpHOVGRQQpV 
"  [   \   ]  " [ \]  " [  \  ] F

   Ȝ [  ] 
‰ Exercice 6.2.*2QGRQQHOHV\VWqPH 6 ! [    Ȝ \   ]  
" [  \    Ȝ ] 
1. 3RXUTXHOOH V YDOHXU V GXSDUDPqWUHUpHO Ȝ OHV\VWqPH 6 HVWLOGH&UDPHU"
2. 5pVRXGUHOHV\VWqPH 6 

1  "  Ȝ 2
3 4
3 # $ Ȝ  4
‰ Exercice 6.3.**6RLWQXQHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOjHW $ R
3 $ $ #4
3 4
5 ȜQ  !  6
1 [ 2 1 E 2
3 4 3 4
Ȝ  Ȝ  !  Ȝ Q VRQWGHVUpHOVQRQQXOV2QSRVH ; 3 # 4 HW % 3 # 4 
3[ 4 3E 4
5 Q6 5 Q6
1. eFULUHOHV\VWqPH $; % SXLVOHUpVRXGUH
2. (QGpGXLUHTXH$HVWLQYHUVLEOHHWFDOFXOHUO¶LQYHUVHGH$

‰ Exercice 6.4.  0RQWUHU TXH OHV PDWULFHV VXLYDQWHV VRQW LQYHUVLEOHV HW GRQQHU OHXU
LQYHUVH
1  D  2
1   2 1   2 3 4
3 4 3 4 3   D 4
1. $ 3   4  2. % 3    4   3. & DYHFDUpHO
3    D 4
3   4
6 3 4
5 5    6 3 4
5    6

1 D  2
‰ Exercice 6.5.6RLWDXQUpHOGRQQp2QGRQQH $ 33  D 44 
3   D4
5 6
3RXUTXHOOH V YDOHXU V GHDODPDWULFH$HVWHOOHLQYHUVLEOH"

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 113 „„
113
„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQGLVFXWHUVHORQTXH D  E  F HVWQXORXQRQ
([HUFLFH  3HUPXWHU HQ WRXW SUHPLHU OD OLJQH  DYHF OD OLJQH  DILQ G DYRLU XQ
SLYRWQRQQXO LQGpSHQGDQWGHȜ jODSUHPLqUHOLJQH
([HUFLFH&KHUFKHUXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$VDQVRXEOLHUGHSHUPXWHUODOLJQH
DYHFODOLJQH FDURQQHVDLWSDVVLDHVWGLIIpUHQWGHRXSDV 

„„ 114
114 CHAPITRE 6
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) 9 9 9 9 9 ) 9 ) )

1. / RSpUDWLRQ / : / SHXWIDLUHSHUGUHXQHLQIRUPDWLRQGDQVOHV\VWqPHHWGRQFHQFKDQJHU
[  \ 
OHVVROXWLRQV&RQVLGpURQVOHV\VWqPHVXLYDQW ! 2QWURXYHUDSLGHPHQWTX LOSRVVqGH
"[   \ 
XQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQOHFRXSOH  
$YHFO RSpUDWLRQ / : / FHV\VWqPHVHUpGXLWjO pTXDWLRQ [  \  TXLSRVVqGHXQHLQILQLWp
GHVROXWLRQVOHVFRXSOHV [ [ DYHF[UpHORQDHQIDLWSHUGXODGHX[LqPHpTXDWLRQ

2. / RSpUDWLRQ / : /  /  / HVWpTXLYDOHQWHjODVXFFHVVLRQGHVGHX[RSpUDWLRQVVXLYDQWHV

Corrigé
/ : /  / VXLYLHGH / : /  / TXLVRQWGHX[RSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHVQHPRGLILDQWSDV
OHVVROXWLRQVGXV\VWqPH

 
3. /DPDWULFHDVVRFLpHDXV\VWqPHHVW $ /HGpWHUPLQDQWGH$HVWpJDOjGRQF$
 
Q HVW SDV LQYHUVLEOH 3DU FRQVpTXHQW OH V\VWqPH SURSRVp Q HVW SDV GH &UDPHU HW FH TXHOV TXH
VRLHQWOHVUpHOVDHWE
(QIDLWOHV\VWqPHVHUpVRXWDLQVL
[   \ D
/ RSpUDWLRQ / : /   / WUDQVIRUPHOHV\VWqPHLQLWLDOHQ ! 
"  E  D
'HX[FDVGHILJXUHDSSDUDLVVHQWDORUV
6L E  D HVWQXOOHV\VWqPHVHUpGXLWjODSUHPLqUHpTXDWLRQHWSRVVqGHDLQVLXQHLQILQLWpGH
VROXWLRQVTXLVRQW D   \ \ DYHF \ \ 
6L E  D Q HVWSDVQXOOHV\VWqPHQ DSDVGHVROXWLRQ

4. 3DUGpILQLWLRQXQV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUQHSRVVqGHTX XQHVHXOHVROXWLRQ
8QV\VWqPHKRPRJqQHSRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQHVROXWLRQODOLVWHQXOOH
2QHQGpGXLWTXHWRXWV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUKRPRJqQHSRVVqGHXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQODOLVWHQXOOH

[  \  ] 
5. &RQVLGpURQVOHV\VWqPHVXLYDQW 6 ! [  \  ]  
"[  ] 

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 115 „„
115
/HV RSpUDWLRQV pOpPHQWDLUHV / : /  /  HW / : /  /  GRQQHQW OH V\VWqPH pTXLYDOHQW
[  \  ] 
[ ]
VXLYDQW ! \  2QDDORUV 6  ! 
"\ 
" \ 
/ HQVHPEOHGHVVROXWLRQVGHFHV\VWqPHHVW -  ]  ]  ] \ . 
,O H[LVWH GRQF GHV V\VWqPHV GH WURLV pTXDWLRQV j WURLV LQFRQQXHV SRVVpGDQW XQH LQILQLWp GH
VROXWLRQV

1[2 1 \ 2 1 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
6. 6RLW ; 3 \ 4 0 \ WHOTXH $;  2QD $;   3 ] 4 3  4    ;  
3] 4 3 [ 4 3 4
5 6 5 6 5 6
3DUODSURSULpWpODPDWULFH$HVWLQYHUVLEOH
2QSHXWDXVVLUHPDUTXHUTX HQHIIHFWXDQWVXFFHVVLYHPHQWOHVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHV / 9 / 
SXLV / 9 / RQREWLHQWODPDWULFHLGHQWLWpTXLHVWLQYHUVLEOH'RQF$HVWDXVVLLQYHUVLEOH

7. &KHUFKRQVXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$
1    2 1    2 1    2
3 4 3 4 3 4
$ 3   4 / : /   / $ 3    4 / :  /  / $ 3    4 
3   4 3   4 3   4
5 6 5 6 5 6
&HWWH GHUQLqUH PDWULFH Q HVW SDV LQYHUVLEOH PDWULFH WULDQJXODLUH GRQW O XQ GHV FRHIILFLHQWV
GLDJRQDX[HVWQXO /DPDWULFH$Q HVWGRQFSDVLQYHUVLEOH

8. /D SURSULpWp  LQGLTXH TXH $ HVW XQH PDWULFH GH 0 Q \  LQYHUVLEOH VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL
SRXUWRXWHPDWULFH ; GH 0 Q \ WHOOHTXH $;  RQD ;   FHTXLVLJQLILHTXHOHV\VWq
PH $;  HVWXQV\VWqPHGH&UDPHU
,FL FH V\VWqPH D DX PRLQV GHX[ VROXWLRQVOD VROXWLRQ QXOOH FRPPH WRXMRXUV HW XQH VROXWLRQ
QRQQXOOHG DSUqVO pQRQFp3DUFRQVpTXHQWOHV\VWqPH $;  Q HVWSDVXQV\VWqPHGH&UDPHUHW
ODPDWULFH$Q HVWSDVLQYHUVLEOH

 [  \ 
9. /H V\VWqPH !  D XQH LQILQLWp GH VROXWLRQV YRLU 9)   HW SRXUWDQW
" [   \ 
D E F  D E F .

10. /HWULSOHW  HVWELHQVROXWLRQGXV\VWqPH LOVXIILWGHFRQVWDWHUTXHOHVWURLVpTXD
WLRQVVRQWVDWLVIDLWHVORUVTX RQUHPSODFH[\]UHVSHFWLYHPHQWSDU PDLVFHQ HVWSDVOH
VHXO/HV\VWqPHpWDQWKRPRJqQHLOSRVVqGHDXVVLODVROXWLRQ  /HV\VWqPHSRVVqGHHQ
IDLWXQHLQILQLWpGHWULSOHWVVROXWLRQVTXLVRQWDSUqVUpVROXWLRQGRQQpVSDU ĮĮĮ DYHF Į 
UpHO

„„ 116
116 CHAPITRE 6
 ‰ Les erreurs classiques

 /HV VROXWLRQV G XQ V\VWqPH OLQpDLUH VRQW GHV QXSOHWV $LQVL O pFULWXUH
6 -   .  QH VLJQLILH SDV TX LO \ D WURLV VROXWLRQV PDLV VLJQLILH TX LO \ D XQ
XQLTXHWULSOHWVROXWLRQ
 4XDQG RQ pFULW TX XQ V\VWqPH D SRXU HQVHPEOH VROXWLRQ 6 -   .  FHOD
VLJQLILHTXHOHWULSOHW  HVWVROXWLRQGXV\VWqPHHWTXHF HVWOHVHXO
 1H SDV RXEOLHU TX XQ V\VWqPH KRPRJqQH SRVVqGH WRXMRXUV DX PRLQV OD VROXWLRQ
QXOOH
/DQRQQXOOLWpGHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[G XQHPDWULFHQ HVWXWLOHSRXUMXVWLILHU
VRQLQYHUVLELOLWpTXHORUVTXHFHWWHPDWULFHHVWWULDQJXODLUH9RLUOH9)
4XDQGRQYHXWUHPSODFHUXQHOLJQH G XQV\VWqPHRXG XQHPDWULFH jO DLGHG XQH
RSpUDWLRQ pOpPHQWDLUH GH *DXVV LO HVW LPSpUDWLI TXH FHWWH OLJQH LQWHUYLHQQH GDQV
O H[SUHVVLRQGHFHWWHRSpUDWLRQ9RLUOH9)

Corrigé

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 117 „„
117
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 6.1_______________________________

8WLOLVRQVODPpWKRGHGXSLYRWGH*DXVV
  [   \  ]    [   \  ]   [   \  ] 
1. ! [   \   ]   !  \  ]   !   \  ]  
/ : /  / / : /  /
" [   \   ]  / : /   / "   \   ]  " ] 
[ 
(QUHPRQWDQWRQREWLHQW ! \  
"] 
&HV\VWqPHSRVVqGHGRQFXQXQLTXHWULSOHWVROXWLRQ   

 [  \  ] 
 [  \  ] 
2. 2QUHPDUTXHTXH /  / OHV\VWqPH ! [  \  ]  pTXLYDXWDORUVj ! 
" [ \] 
" [ \] 
 [  \  ]  [ 
(QHIIHFWXDQW / : /  / RQREWLHQW ! ! 
"  \  ]  "\ ]
&HV\VWqPHSRVVqGHGRQFXQHLQILQLWpGHVROXWLRQV -  \ \  \ \. 

3. 6RLWDEHWFGHVUpHOV
 [  \  ] D [   \  ] D [   \  ] D
 ! [   \   ] E  ! \  ] E  D  ! \  ] E  D 
/ : /   / / : /  /
" [  \  ] F "  \ ] FD
/ : /  /
"  EFD
2QHQGpGXLWTXH
6L D  E  F   OHV\VWqPHQ DSDVGHVROXWLRQ
 [ ]  D  E
6LQRQRQREWLHQW ! 
" \ E   D  ]
&HV\VWqPHSRVVqGHDORUVXQHLQILQLWpGHVROXWLRQV - ]  D  E  D  E  ]  ]  ] \ . 


D0pWKRGH

„„ 118
118 CHAPITRE 6
_________ Exercice 6.2_______________________________
1. 8WLOLVRQVODPpWKRGHSRXUpFKHORQQHUOHV\VWqPHOLQpDLUH
 Ȝ [  ]   [  \    Ȝ ] 
6  ! [    Ȝ \   ]   ! [    Ȝ \   ] 
/ 9 /

" [  \  Ȝ ]  " Ȝ [  ] 

[  \  Ȝ ]  [  \  Ȝ ] 
6  ! Ȝ \   Ȝ  ]   !   Ȝ \   Ȝ  ] 
/ : /  / / : /   /
/ : /    Ȝ /
   Ȝ \  Ȝ  Ȝ   ]  "  Ȝ Ȝ  ] 
"
/HV\VWqPHHVWGRQFGH&UDPHUVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLOHVFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[VRQWWRXVQRQQXOV
F HVWjGLUHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL Ȝ HVWGLIIpUHQWGHHW

 [  \  Ȝ ] 
2. 2QDYXTXH 6  !   Ȝ \  Ȝ  ]  

"  Ȝ Ȝ  ] 

Corrigé
6L Ȝ & - . OHV\VWqPHHVWGH&UDPHUHWKRPRJqQHLOSRVVqGHODVHXOHVROXWLRQ  
 [  ]
 [   \  ] 
 6L Ȝ   6  ! !   /H V\VWqPH SRVVqGH DORUV XQH LQILQLWp GH
"  \  ]  \ ]
" 

- .
] ]  ] \ RXHQFRUH - Į Į Į Į \. 
VROXWLRQV  ] 

 [   \  ]   [  ]
 6L Ȝ   6  ! !  /H V\VWqPH SRVVqGH DORUV XQH LQILQLWp GH
" \  "\ 
VROXWLRQV -  ]   ]  ] \. 
 [   \  ] 
[  \
 6L Ȝ   6  ! ]   !  /H V\VWqPH SRVVqGH DORUV XQH LQILQLWp GH
" ] 
"  ] 
VROXWLRQV -  \  \   \ \. 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 6.3_______________________________

6RLWQXQHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
Ȝ [Q E
Ȝ  [Q  E
1. /HV\VWqPH$; %V¶pFULW ! 
#
"Ȝ Q [ EQ

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 119 „„
119
/HV FRHIILFLHQWV Ȝ L  L  Q
 pWDQW WRXV QRQ QXOV RQ HQ GpGXLW TXH OH V\VWqPH SUpFpGHQW SRVVqGH
EQ EQ  E E
XQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQOHQXSOHW      
Ȝ Q Ȝ Q  Ȝ  Ȝ

2. /DTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHSURXYHTXHO pTXDWLRQ$; %SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQHWRQSHXW
 
[ E  E    EQ   EQ
ȜQ

[ E  E    EQ   EQ
Ȝ Q 

pFULUH ! [ E    EQ    EQ   EQ 
Ȝ Q 
#

[Q E  E    EQ
Ȝ
"
1  "    ȜQ 2
3 4
/DPpWKRGHDVVXUHDORUVTXH$HVWLQYHUVLEOHHW $ 3 # $   Ȝ Q   4

3  $ $ # 4
3 4
5   Ȝ  "  6
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 6.4_______________________________

1   2 1  2 /
3 4 3 4
1. 3    4    3    4   / : /  / 
3    4 3  4 / : /   /
5 6 5 6
1   2 1   2 /
3 4 3 4
 3    4    3    4  / 
3   4 3   4 / : /   /
5 6 5 6
1   2 1   2
3 4 3 4
 3    4   3    4 
3    4 3    4
5 6 5 6
&HWWHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$DWRXVVHVSLYRWVQRQQXOV ±HW± GRQF$HVWLQYHUVLEOH
2QSRXUVXLW
1   2 1   2 / : /   /
3 4 3 4
 3    4   3    4  / : /   / 
3    4 3    4 /
5 6 5 6

„„ 120
120 CHAPITRE 6
 1   2 1   2
3 4 3 4
 3    4   3    4 
3   46 3    4
5 5 6
  
(QILQOHVRSpUDWLRQVpOpPHQWDLUHV / : /  / :  / HW / :  / GRQQHQW
  
1    2 1     2 1   2
3 4 3 4  3 4
 3  4    3    4 $LQVL $ 3    4 
3  4  3 4  3 4
5 6 5   6 5   6

1   2 1    2 /
3 4 3 4
2. 3    4   3    4  / : /  / 
3    4 3   4 / :  /  /
5 6 5 6   

1   2 1    2 /
3 4 3 4
 3   4   3    4  / 
3   4 3    4 / : /  /
5 6 5 6   

Corrigé
1   2 1   2
3 4 3 4
 3   4   3    4 
3   4 3    4
5 6 5 6
&HWWHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH%DWRXVVHVSLYRWVQRQQXOV ±HW GRQF%HVWLQYHUVLEOH
2QSRXUVXLW
1   2 1    2 / : /  /
3 4 3 4
 3   4   3    4  / : /  / 
3   4 3    4 /
5 6 5 6 

1    2 1    2 / : /   /
3 4 3 4
 3    4   3    4  / 
3   4 3    4 /
5 6 5 6 

1   2 1    2 / :    /
3 4 3 4
 3    4   3    4  / :     / 
3   4 3    4 / :    /
5 6 5 6  

1   2 1   2
3 4 3 4
 3   4   3    4 
3   4 3 4
5 6 5    6
1   2
 3 4
$LQVL % 3    4 
3 4
5    6

SYSTÈMES LINÉAIRES
LINÉAIRES 121 „„
121
3. /DPDWULFH&HVWWULDQJXODLUHjFRHIILFLHQWVGLDJRQDX[WRXVQRQQXOVGRQFHOOHHVWLQYHUVLEOH
1  D   2 1   2 /
3 4 3 4
  D  4    4 /
 3   3  
3   D 4 3   4 / : /  D/
3 4 3 4
5    6 5   6 /
1  D  2 1   2 /
3 4 3 4
 3   D 4
  3   4

/ : /  D/

3   4 3   D4 /
3 4 3 4
5   6 5   6 /
1  D  2 1    2 / : /  D/
3 4 3 4
3   4 3  D D  4 /
     
3   4 3   D 4 /
3 4 3 4
5   6 5    6 /
1   2 1 D D  D 2 1 D D D 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
 3   4
   3  D D 4
2QREWLHQWDLQVL &  3  D D 4

3   4 3   D4 3   D4
3 4 33 4 33 4
5   6 5    46 5    46


D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 6.5_______________________________

2QFKHUFKHXQHUpGXLWHGH*DXVVGH$
1 D  2 1   D2
3 4 3 4
$ 3  D 4  / 9 /  3  D 4 
3   D4 3 D  4
5 6 5 6
1   D 2 / 1  D 2 / 1  D 2
3 4 3 4 3 4
3  D 4  / : /  /  3  D     D 4  /  3  D   D 4 
3 D  4 / : /  D/ 3    D   D 4 / : /  / 3   D   D 4
5 6    5 6    5 6


&HWWHGHUQLqUHPDWULFHHVWXQHPDWULFHWULDQJXODLUHLQYHUVLEOHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLDHVWGLIIpUHQWGH
HWGH  &RQFOXVLRQ$HVWLQYHUVLEOHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLDHVWGLIIpUHQWGHHWGH  


D0pWKRGH


„„ 122
122 CHAPITRE 6
 Chapitre 7
Graphes

Le mathématicien français Claude Berge s’intéresse

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

à la théorie des jeux. Après un séjour à l’université

 W    :  #       
des graphes. En 1960, il travaille au CNRS à la mise
au point de programmes sur les jeux d’échecs.
Il participe à la création de l’Oulipo avec entre autres
Raymond Queneau et Georges Perec. Les membres
    :     
:  :        

■ Un peu d'histoire
Le mathématicien suisse Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) montre, en 1735, l’impossibilité
de passer une fois et une seule par chacun des sept ponts de la ville de Königsberg
en revenant à son point de départ. Ce problème est souvent considéré comme la
naissance de la théorie des graphes mais fut longtemps considéré comme une simple
curiosité mathématique.
Le développement de l’informatique et de l’algorithmique depuis les années 1950
     +     :    !     
      „   $  ;       :  
dans d’innombrables domaines comme les réseaux informatiques mais aussi la ratio-
nalisation des services de distribution.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Les incontournables
Z &RQQDvWUHOHYRFDEXODLUHGHEDVHDVVRFLpDX[JUDSKHV
Z 6DYRLUFRQVWUXLUHHWXWLOLVHUODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFH
Z 6DYRLUVLXQJUDSKHSRVVqGHXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHXQF\FOHHXOpULHQ

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUDQDO\VHUGHVUpVHDX[VRFLDX[
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUO¶DOJRULWKPHGH'LMNVWUD

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Vocabulaire de base
‰ Arêtes et sommets
'pILQLWLRQ8QJUDSKHHVWXQHQVHPEOHFRQVWLWXpGHSRLQWVHWGHVHJPHQWVUHOLDQWFHUWDLQV
GHFHVSRLQWV
/HVSRLQWVVRQWDSSHOpVVRPPHWVGXJUDSKHHWOHVVHJPHQWVVRQWDSSHOpHVDUrWHVGXJUDSKH

'pILQLWLRQ8QHDUrWHUHOLDQWXQVRPPHWjOXLPrPHHVWDSSHOpHERXFOH
8QVRPPHWHVWGLWLVROpVLDXFXQHDUrWHQHOHUHOLHjXQDXWUHVRPPHW
'HX[VRPPHWVUHOLpVSDUXQHDUrWHVRQWGLWVDGMDFHQWV

‰ Ordre et degré d’un graphe

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHRUGUHG¶XQJUDSKHOHQRPEUHGHVRPPHWVOHFRQVWLWXDQW
2QDSSHOOHGHJUpG¶XQVRPPHWOHQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVGRQWFHVRPPHWHVWXQHH[WUpPLWp

5HPDUTXH'XSRLQWGHYXHGXGHJUpOHVERXFOHV©FRPSWHQWGRXEOHªFDUXQHERXFOH
SDUWG¶XQVRPPHWSRXU\UHYHQLU

([HPSOH9RLFLXQSUHPLHUJUDSKHTXHO¶RQQRWHUD * 


&H JUDSKH HVW G¶RUGUH  SXLVTX¶LO \ D  VRPPHWV  /H VRPPHW % HVW UHOLp XQLTXHPHQW DX[
VRPPHWV$HW&GRQF%HVWGHGHJUp$LQVL%HVWDGMDFHQWj$HWj&
/HVRPPHW(Q¶HVWDGMDFHQWTX¶DXVRPPHW'HWjOXLPrPH SDUXQHERXFOH VRQGHJUpHVWpJDO
j/HVRPPHW)HVWLVROp


5HPDUTXH/HVERXFOHVLQWHUYLHQQHQWVXUWRXWGDQVOHVJUDSKHVSUREDELOLVWHV

7KpRUqPH)RUPXOHG¶(XOHU RXIRUPXOHGHVSRLJQpHVGHPDLQ 
6RLWQHWSGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVQRQQXOV
2QFRQVLGqUHXQJUDSKHFRQVWLWXpGHQVRPPHWVQRWpV $  $Q HWGHSDUrWHV
Q
(QGpVLJQDQWSRXUWRXWLGH aQ b SDU G L OHGHJUpGXVRPPHW $ L DORUVRQD ' GL  S 
L 

D Méthode 7.1. Comment utiliser la formule d’Euler ?



GRAPHES 125 „„
125
5HPDUTXH/DVRPPHGHVGHJUpVGHVVRPPHWVHVWOHGRXEOHGXQRPEUHG¶DUrWHV
([HPSOH'DQVOHJUDSKH * RQDYXTX¶LO\DYDLWVRPPHWV
8QHVWGHGHJUp ) XQHVWGHGHJUp & WURLVVRQWGHGHJUp $%' HWXQGHGHJUp ( 
2QHQGpGXLWTXHODVRPPHGHVGHJUpVHVWTXLHVWELHQOHGRXEOHGXQRPEUHG¶DUrWHV

'pILQLWLRQ8QJUDSKHHVWGLWFRPSOHWVLFKDTXHVRPPHWHVWDGMDFHQWjWRXVOHVDXWUHV

([HPSOH/HJUDSKHVXLYDQWQRWp * HVWXQJUDSKHFRPSOHWSXLVTXHFKDTXHVRPPHWHVW
UHOLpjWRXVOHVDXWUHVVRPPHWVGXJUDSKH

‰ Graphe pondéré
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHJUDSKHSRQGpUpWRXWJUDSKHGDQVOHTXHOFKDTXHDUrWHHVWSRQGpUpH
SDUXQUpHOSRVLWLI

([HPSOH/HJUDSKHVXLYDQWHVWSRQGpUp


5HPDUTXH   /HV JUDSKHV SRQGpUpV VRQW XWLOLVpV SRXU PRGpOLVHU GHV LWLQpUDLUHV HW GHV
VLWXDWLRQVSUREDELOLVWHV
D Méthode 7.2. Comment mettre en place l’algorithme de Dijkstra ?

‰ Graphe orienté
'pILQLWLRQ 2QDSSHOOHJUDSKHRULHQWpWRXWJUDSKHGDQVOHTXHOFKDTXHDUrWHHVWRULHQWpH
F¶HVWjGLUHTXHFKDTXHDUrWHHVWGLULJpHG¶XQVRPPHWjO¶DXWUHjO¶DLGHG¶XQHIOqFKH

([HPSOH9RLFLXQJUDSKHRULHQWpQRWp * 





„„ 126
126 CHAPITRE 7
5HPDUTXH/DIRUPXOHG¶(XOHUQHV¶DSSOLTXHSDVDX[JUDSKHVRULHQWpV

„Graphe eulérien, graphe connexe.

‰ Chaîne
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH FKDvQH RX FKHPLQ  WRXWH OLVWH GH VRPPHWV GDQV ODTXHOOH GHX[
VRPPHWVFRQVpFXWLIVVRQWUHOLpVSDUXQHDUrWH&HWWHFKDvQHHVWGLWHIHUPpHORUVTXHOHVRPPHW
LQLWLDOFRwQFLGHDYHFOHVRPPHWILQDO
2QDSSHOOHF\FOHWRXWHFKDvQHIHUPpHGDQVODTXHOOHFKDTXHDUrWHHVWSDUFRXUXHXQHVHXOHIRLV

5HPDUTXH /DFKDvQHHVWGLWHRULHQWpHVLOHVDUrWHVUHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVVXFFHVVLIVGHOD
FKDvQHVRQWRULHQWpHV2QSHXWDORUVSDUOHUGHFKHPLQ

([HPSOH&%$'HVWXQHFKDvQHGH * $%&'($HVWXQF\FOHGH * 

‰ Graphe eulérien
'pILQLWLRQ 8QHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHHVWXQHFKDvQHFRQWHQDQWWRXWHVOHVDUrWHVGXJUDSKH
FKDFXQHpWDQWSDUFRXUXHXQHVHXOHIRLV
8QF\FOHHXOpULHQGpVLJQHXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHIHUPpH

([HPSOH'DQVOHJUDSKH * FLGHVVRXVODFKDvQH('$%&HVWXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQH


([HPSOH'DQVOHJUDSKH * FLGHVVRXV$%&'$HVWXQF\FOHHXOpULHQ



'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWG¶XQJUDSKHTX¶LOHVWHXOpULHQV¶LOFRQWLHQWDXPRLQVXQF\FOHHXOpULHQ


GRAPHES 127 „„
127
([HPSOH/HJUDSKH * HVWHXOpULHQ

‰ Graphe connexe
'pILQLWLRQ 2QGLWTX¶XQJUDSKHHVWFRQQH[HVLFKDTXHVRPPHWGHFHJUDSKHSHXWrWUH
UHOLpSDUDXPRLQVXQHFKDvQHjQ¶LPSRUWHTXHODXWUHVRPPHW

7KpRUqPH6RLW*XQJUDSKHFRQQH[H
 *SRVVqGHXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHHQWUHGHX[VRPPHWVVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLFHVGHX[VRPPHWV
VRQWOHVVHXOVGHODFKDvQHjDYRLUXQGHJUpLPSDLU
 *HVWXQJUDSKHHXOpULHQVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLWRXVOHVVRPPHWVVRQWGHGHJUpSDLU

([HPSOH  'DQVOHJUDSKH * OHVVRPPHWV(HW&VRQWOHVVHXOVDYHFXQGHJUpLPSDLU
 FHODFRQILUPHODFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHREWHQXHGDQVO¶H[HPSOH
'DQV OH JUDSKH *  WRXV OHV VRPPHWV VRQW GH GHJUp SDLU   FH TXL FRQILUPH O¶H[LVWHQFH GX
F\FOHHXOpULHQREWHQXGDQVO¶H[HPSOH

„Matrice d’adjacence
‰ Longueur d’une chaîne
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHORQJXHXUG¶XQHFKDvQHOHQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVTXLODFRPSRVHQW
2Q DSSHOOH GLVWDQFH HQWUH GHX[ VRPPHWV G¶XQ JUDSKH OD ORQJXHXU PLQLPDOH REWHQXH HQ
FRQVLGpUDQWWRXWHVOHVFKDvQHVUHOLDQWFHVGHX[VRPPHWV
2Q DSSHOOH DORUV GLDPqWUH G¶XQ JUDSKH OD SOXV JUDQGH GLVWDQFH SDUPL WRXWHV OHV GLVWDQFHV
VpSDUDQWFKDTXHSDLUHGHVRPPHWV

([HPSOH'DQVOHJUDSKH * ODFKDvQH('$%&DSRXUORQJXHXU
/DGLVWDQFHHQWUH(HW%HVWHWOHGLDPqWUHGHFHJUDSKHHVW

‰ Matrice d’adjacence
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO
6RLW*XQJUDSKHQRQRULHQWpGRQWOHVVRPPHWVVRQWOHVpOpPHQWVGH aQ b 
2Q DSSHOOH PDWULFH G¶DGMDFHQFH GX JUDSKH * OD PDWULFH 0 GH 0 Q \  WHOOH TXH SRXU WRXW
L M GH aQ b  PL  M GpVLJQHOHQRPEUHGHFKDvQHVGHORQJXHXUUHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVLHWM



5HPDUTXHV/HFRHIILFLHQW PL  M YDXWVLOHVVRPPHWVLHWMVRQWDGMDFHQWVHWVLQRQ
/RUVTXH OHV VRPPHWV VRQW GHV OHWWUHV RQ IDLW FRUUHVSRQGUH O¶RUGUH DOSKDEpWLTXH DYHF O¶RUGUH
QXPpULTXHSRXU$SRXU%HWF

„„ 128
128 CHAPITRE 7
 1 2
3    4
3    4
3 4
([HPSOH/DPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHGXJUDSKH * HVW 0 3     4 
3     44
3
3     64
5
5HPDUTXH   'DQV OH FDV G¶XQ JUDSKH QRQ RULHQWp XQH DUrWH OLDQW GHX[ VRPPHWV L HW M
LQWHUYLHQWGHX[IRLVGDQVODPDWULFHHQOLJQHLFRORQQHMHWHQOLJQHMFRORQQHL

3URSULpWp/DPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHG¶XQJUDSKHQRQRULHQWpHVWV\PpWULTXH

‰ Nombre de chaînes reliant deux sommets

5HPDUTXH 6LOHJUDSKHHVWRULHQWpOHFRHIILFLHQW PL  M GpVLJQHOHQRPEUHGHFKDvQHVGH
ORQJXHXUSDUWDQWGXVRPPHWLSRXUDUULYHUDXVRPPHWM

3URSULpWp  6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOHW*XQJUDSKHQRQRULHQWpGRQWOHVVRPPHWV
VRQWQXPpURWpVGHjQ1RWRQV 0 ODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHGXJUDSKH*
6RLWGXQpOpPHQWGH aQ b 3RXUWRXW L M GH aQ b OHFRHIILFLHQWVLWXpHQOLJQHLHWFRORQQHM


GHODPDWULFH 0 G HVWpJDODXQRPEUHGHFKDvQHVGHORQJXHXUGUHOLDQWOHVRPPHWLDXVRPPHWM

([HPSOH$YHFODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHGXJUDSKH * RQREVHUYHTXH
1 2
3    4
3    4
3 4
0 3    4 
3     44
3
3     64
5


&HVUpVXOWDWVDVVXUHQWTXHSDUH[HPSOHLOH[LVWHXQHXQLTXHFKDvQHGHORQJXHXUUHOLDQW $j (
SDUOHFWXUHGXFRHIILFLHQWVLWXpHQOLJQHHWFRORQQH (QHIIHWLOV¶DJLWGHODFKDvQH$'(
'HPrPHLOH[LVWHDXVVLFKDvQHVGHORQJXHXUUHOLDQW$j$FHVRQW$%$HW$'$

5HPDUTXH   6L OH JUDSKH HVW RULHQWp OH FRHIILFLHQW VLWXp HQ OLJQH L HW FRORQQH M GH OD
PDWULFH 0 G HVWpJDODXQRPEUHGHFKDvQHVGHORQJXHXU GSDUWDQWGXVRPPHW LSRXUDUULYHUDX
VRPPHWM
1    2
3 4
 3    4
([HPSOH$YHFODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHGXJUDSKHRULHQWp * RQD 0 3     4 
3 4
3    4
5 6
&HFLPRQWUHTX¶LOH[LVWHFKHPLQVGHORQJXHXUXQGH$j&XQGH'j%HWXQGH'j&

GRAPHES 129 „„
129
 ‰ Condition nécessaire et suffisante de connexité
7KpRUqPH  6L *HVWXQJUDSKHRULHQWpGRQWOHVVRPPHWVVRQWOHVpOpPHQWVGH a Q b HW
GRQW OD PDWULFH G¶DGMDFHQFH HVW QRWpH 0 DORUV * HVW FRQQH[H VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL OD PDWULFH
, Q  0    0 Q  DWRXVVHVFRHIILFLHQWVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV

D Méthode 7.3. Comment utiliser une matrice d’adjacence ?


([HPSOH2QPRGLILHXQSHXOHJUDSKHRULHQWp * 



1    2
3 4
3   4
/DPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHHVW 0 3 
  4
3 4
3   4
5 6
1 2
3   4
3   4
$SUqVFDOFXOVRQWURXYH ,   0  0   0  3 4 
3   4
3   4
5 6
&HWWHPDWULFHSRVVqGHGHVFRHIILFLHQWVQXOVOHJUDSKHDVVRFLpQ¶HVWGRQFSDVFRQQH[H
3DUH[HPSOHRQQHSHXWpWDEOLUGHFKDvQHGXVRPPHW%YHUVOHVRPPHW'

5HPDUTXH/HWKpRUqPHUHVWHYDODEOHVLOHJUDSKHQ¶HVWSDVRULHQWp
(QUHSUHQDQWOHJUDSKH * RQD
1    2
3 4
3    4
3    4
,  0  0   0   0  3 TXLDWRXVVHVFRHIILFLHQWVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV
3     44
5    6
/HJUDSKH * HVWGRQFELHQFRQQH[H




„„ 130 CHAPITRE 7
„Graphes et réseaux sociaux
/HVUpVHDX[VRFLDX[SHXYHQWrWUHPRGpOLVpVjO¶DLGHGHVJUDSKHV

([HPSOH   6L RQ FRQVLGqUH XQ UpVHDX VRFLDO DSSHORQVOH 7HWHELN SRXU OHTXHO OHV
PHPEUHVSHXYHQWrWUHUHSUpVHQWpVSDUGHVVRPPHWVHWOHVOLHQVG¶DPLWLpHQWUHHX[SDUGHVDUrWHV
OH JUDSKH DVVRFLp HVW DORUV QRQ RULHQWp SXLVTXH OH OLHQ G¶DPLWLp Q¶HVW YDOLGp TXH SDU
FRQVHQWHPHQWPXWXHO$LQVLVLRQFRQVLGqUHXQJURXSHGHSHUVRQQHV
$GqOHTXLHVWDPLHDYHF)UDQFN%HUQDUG'LDQHHW1RDK
)UDQFNHVWDPLDYHF9LQFHQW
'LDQHHVWDPLHDYHF9LQFHQWHW1RDK
&HVOLHQVSHXYHQWrWUHUHSUpVHQWpVSDUOHJUDSKHVXLYDQW


([HPSOH   6L RQ FRQVLGqUH PDLQWHQDQW XQ UpVHDX VRFLDO DSSHORQVOH 7ZLVWHU R XQ
PHPEUHSHXWVXLYUHO¶DFWXDOLWpG¶XQDXWUHVDQVTX¶LO\DLWUpFLSURFLWpDORUVOHJUDSKHDVVRFLpHVW
FHWWHIRLVFLRULHQWp

5HPDUTXH   'DQV XQ UpVHDX VRFLDO WRXV OHV LQGLYLGXV Q¶RQW SDV OHV PrPHV SRVLWLRQV
FHUWDLQV RQW SOXV G¶LQIOXHQFH TXH G¶DXWUHV 3RXU TXDQWLILHU FHWWH LQIOXHQFH F¶HVWjGLUH SRXU
UHFKHUFKHUGHVLQIOXHQFHXUVRQLQWURGXLWOHVQRWLRQVGHFHQWUDOLWpHWG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWp


‰ Centralité


'pILQLWLRQ   2Q FRQVLGqUH XQ JUDSKH * QRQ RULHQWp FRQVWLWXp GH Q VRPPHWV QRWpV
V  V  VQ  Q   HWRQQRWHSRXUWRXWLGH a Q b  G L OHGHJUpGXVRPPHW VL 
GL
2QDSSHOOHGHJUpGHFHQWUDOLWpGXVRPPHW VL OHUpHO 
Q 

5HPDUTXH /HGHJUpGHFHQWUDOLWpGXVRPPHW VL HVWGRQFpJDODXQRPEUHGHVRPPHWV
DGMDFHQWVj VL GLYLVpSDUOHQRPEUHGHVRPPHWVGXJUDSKHDXWUHVTXH VL &HWWHTXDQWLWpHVWGRQF
FRPSULVHHQWUHHW8QGHJUpSURFKHGHVLJQLILHXQHIRUWHFHQWUDOLWp
/DPHVXUHGXGHJUpUHQVHLJQHVXUO¶LPSRUWDQFHGXVRPPHW8QVRPPHWD\DQWXQGHJUppOHYpHVW
FRQVLGpUpFRPPHFHQWUDOSXLVTX¶LOHVWUHOLpjEHDXFRXSG¶DXWUHVVRPPHWV,ODXQIRUWSRWHQWLHO
G¶LQWHUDFWLRQV

5HPDUTXH   6L OH JUDSKH * HVW RULHQWp FKDTXH VRPPHW SRVVqGH GHX[ GHJUpV GH
FHQWUDOLWpO¶XQFRPSWDQWOHVOLHQVHQWUDQWVHWO¶DXWUHFRPSWDQWOHVOLHQVVRUWDQWV

GRAPHES 131 „„
131
([HPSOH 6LRQUHSUHQGOHJUDSKHPRGpOLVDQWOHJURXSHG¶DPLVVXU7HWHELN$GqOHSHXW
rWUHTXDOLILpHGHFHQWUDOHSXLVTXHOHGHJUpGXVRPPHWDVVRFLpHVW OHSOXVIRUWGHWRXV 

‰ Intermédiarité


'pILQLWLRQ   2Q FRQVLGqUH XQ JUDSKH * FRQVWLWXp GH Q VRPPHWV QRWpV V  V  VQ 
Q   6RLWNXQpOpPHQWGH aQ b 
1RWRQVSRXUWRXWLHWMGH aQ b  QL  M OHQRPEUHWRWDOGHSOXVFRXUWVFKHPLQVHQWUH VL HW V M HW
QL  M VN OHQRPEUHGHSOXVFRXUWVFKHPLQVHQWUHOHVVRPPHWV VL HW V M SDVVDQWSDU VN 
Q Q QL  M VN
2QDSSHOOHDORUVGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGXVRPPHW VN OHUpHO '' 
L  M  QL  M
LN MN

5HPDUTXH /HGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpG¶XQVRPPHWHVWGRQFODVRPPHGHVIUpTXHQFHV
G¶DSSDULWLRQGXVRPPHWGDQVO¶HQVHPEOHGHVSOXVFRXUWVFKHPLQVHQWUHVRPPHWVTXHOFRQTXHV
GXJUDSKH

([HPSOH 2QUHSUHQGOHJURXSHG¶DPLV7HWHELNHWRQFDOFXOHOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWp
GXVRPPHW$
2Q H[DPLQH WRXV OHV FKHPLQV HQWUH  VRPPHWV TXHOFRQTXHV GX JUDSKH 'DQV FKDTXH FDV RQ
UHJDUGH FRPELHQ LO \ D GHSOXV FRXUWV FKHPLQV OHVVpSDUDQW HW RQ FRPSWH SDUPL FHVFKHPLQV
FRPELHQSDVVHQWSDU$2QREWLHQWVRXVIRUPHGHWDEOHDX ODSUHPLqUHOLJQHV\PEROLVHWRXWHVOHV
SDLUHVSRVVLEOHVVDQVFRPSWHU$HWODVHFRQGHODIUpTXHQFHG¶DSSDULWLRQGH$SDUPLWRXVOHVSOXV
FRXUWVFKHPLQVUHOLDQWFHVSDLUHV 


%' %) %1 %9 1' 19 1) '9 ') 9)
         

(QVRPPDQWRQREWLHQWXQGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGHSRXU$
(QSURFpGDQWGHPrPHRQWURXYHSRXU%HW1SRXU9SRXU)HWSRXU'
2Q SHXW DIILUPHU TXH GDQV FH UpVHDX F¶HVW $GqOH TXL D OH SOXV G¶LQIOXHQFH EHDXFRXS GH
FRPPXQLFDWLRQVYRQWREOLJDWRLUHPHQWSDVVHUSDUHOOH

„„ 132
132 CHAPITRE 7
 „„ Méthodes

‰ Méthode 7.1. Comment utiliser la formule d’Euler?

8WLOLVHUODIRUPXOHG¶(XOHUF¶HVWVXUWRXWWUDGXLUHGDQVXQSUREOqPHGRQQpTXHOOH
QRWLRQ SHXW rWUH UHSUpVHQWpH SDU GHV VRPPHWV HW TXHOOH QRWLRQ SHXW O¶rWUH SDU GHV
DUrWHV,OVXIILWHQVXLWHG¶DSSOLTXHUODIRUPXOHSRXUDYRLUODFRQFOXVLRQ

D Exercices 7.1, 7.3, 7.5


([HPSOH /HV  SURIHVVHXUV G¶XQH SUpSD VH UHQFRQWUHQW SRXU GLVFXWHU GH OD UpIRUPH GHV
SURJUDPPHV ,OV VH VHUUHQW WRXV OD PDLQ HQ DUULYDQW 2Q YRXGUDLW FRQQDvWUH OH QRPEUH S GH
SRLJQpHVGHPDLQVVHUUpHV
2QSHXWPRGpOLVHUFKDTXHSURIHVVHXUSDUXQVRPPHWHWFKDTXHSRLJQpHSDUXQHDUrWH

Méthodes
&KDTXH VRPPHW GRLW rWUH UHOLp j WRXV OHV DXWUHV VRPPHWV RQ VXSSRVH TXH WRXW OH PRQGH HVW
SROL OHJUDSKH TXLHVWGRQFFRPSOHW HVWWHOTXHFKDTXHVRPPHWDXQGHJUp

 # 
/DIRUPXOHG¶(XOHUGRQQHDORUV '   S 2QHQGpGXLWS   
L  
,O\DGRQFHXSRLJQpHVGHPDLQ

‰ Méthode 7.2. Comment déterminer le chemin le plus court à l’aide de

l’algorithme de Dijkstra ?

'DQVXQJUDSKHSRQGpUpRQGpVLUHGpWHUPLQHUOHFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWHQWUHGHX[
VRPPHWVGRQQpV
'DQVXQWDEOHDXjGRXEOHHQWUpHRQOLVWHGDQVODSUHPLqUHOLJQHWRXVOHVVRPPHWVHW
RQDMRXWHXQHFRORQQH©FKRL[ªTXLGpVLJQHUDjFKDTXHpWDSHOHFKRL[GXVRPPHW
jpWXGLHUHQVXLWH&KDTXHOLJQHGXWDEOHDXYDGpFULUHXQHpWDSHGHO¶DOJRULWKPH
(QOLJQHRQDIIHFWHDXSRLQWG¶HQWUpHOHSRLGVHWDX[DXWUHVO¶LQILQL2QFKRLVLW
V\PEROLTXHPHQWOHSRLQWG¶HQWUpHHQGHUQLqUHFRORQQH2QSDVVHHQOLJQH
6L XQ VRPPHW HVW DGMDFHQW DX SRLQW G¶HQWUpH RQ O DIIHFWH GH VD GLVWDQFH DX SRLQW
G¶HQWUpH HQ LQGLTXDQW j GURLWH OD SURYHQDQFH LQGLVSHQVDEOH SRXU OD VXLWH GH
O DOJRULWKPH 
/HVVRPPHWVQRQDGMDFHQWVVRQWjUHMHWHU2QOHVQRWHV\PEROLTXHPHQWjO LQILQL
7DQWTXHOHSRLQWGHVRUWLHQ DSDVpWpDWWHLQWRQLWqUHOLJQHSDUOLJQHGHODIDoRQ
VXLYDQWHRQSDVVHDXVRPPHWVXLYDQWHWRQDMRXWHjVRQSRLGVOHVGLVWDQFHVjVHV
VRPPHWV DGMDFHQWV 6L RQ WURXYH SRXU XQ VRPPHW XQ SRLGV LQIpULHXU DX SRLGV
LQVFULWSUpFpGHPPHQWRQLQVFULWFHQRXYHDXSRLGVVXLYLGHVDSURYHQDQFHHWVLOH
SRLGVHVWLGHQWLTXHRXVXSpULHXURQFRQVHUYHO DQFLHQHWVDSURYHQDQFH

D Exercices 7.5, 7.6

GRAPHES 133 „„
133
([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHOHJUDSKHVXLYDQW


2QFKHUFKHjGpWHUPLQHUOHFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWSRXUDOOHUGXSRLQW$DXSRLQW+


eWDSH2QDIIHFWHDXSRLQWLQLWLDO $ OHSRLGVHWSRXUOHVDXWUHVO¶LQILQL


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  

eWDSH  2Q DMRXWH XQH WURLVLqPH OLJQH DX WDEOHDX GDQV ODTXHOOH RQ DIIHFWH j WRXV OHV SRLQWV
DGMDFHQWVj $OHSRLGVFRUUHVSRQGDQWjO¶DUrWHDVVRFLpH HQPDUTXDQWHQWUHSDUHQWKqVHVOHSRLQW
GH SURYHQDQFH  HW DX[ SRLQWV QRQ DGMDFHQWV O¶LQILQL LOV VRQW QRQ DWWHLJQDEOHV  2Q JULVH OD
FRORQQH$FDURQQ¶\UHYLHQGUDSOXV
8QHIRLVWRXVOHVSRLQWVpWXGLpVRQFKRLVLWGDQVFHWWHOLVWHOHFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUW ODYDOHXUOD
SOXV SHWLWH DVVRFLpH  HW RQ LQVFULW GDQV OD FDVH FKRL[ OH VRPPHW DVVRFLp DYHF OD GLVWDQFH
SDUFRXUXH


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $    $      %  

eWDSH2QUHQRXYHOOHO¶pWDSHHQFXPXODQWODGLVWDQFHGpMjHIIHFWXpHDX[GLVWDQFHVDVVRFLpHV
DX[ DUrWHV SDUWDQW PDLQWHQDQW GH % /H VRPPHW ' Q¶HVW SDV DWWHLJQDEOH j SDUWLU GH % PDLV RQ
UHSRUWHODGLVWDQFHDVVRFLpH FHSRLQWHVWVXUXQDXWUHFKHPLQTX¶LOIDXGUDH[DPLQHU 


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $    $      %  


   $    %   %   %  '  
/H FKRL[ VH SRUWH MXVWHPHQW VXU ' PDLQWHQDQW SXLVTXH j FH VWDGH LO HVW DVVRFLp j OD GLVWDQFH
PLQLPDOH/HGpSODFHPHQWGDQVO¶DOJRULWKPHQHFRUUHVSRQGSDVjXQGpSODFHPHQWVXUOHJUDSKH

eWDSH¬SDUWLUGH'RQQHSHXWDOOHUTX¶HQ(,OIDXWUHSRUWHUOHVGLVWDQFHVGpMjREWHQXHVSRXU
OHVSRLQWV)HW*2QFKRLVLWDORUV)SXLVTXHF¶HVWjFHVWDGHODGLVWDQFHPLQLPDOH


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $    $      %  
    $    %   %   %  '  
     '   %   %   %  )  


„„ 134 CHAPITRE 7
eWDSH¬SDUWLUGH )RQSHXWDOOHUHQ &RXHQ +/HFKHPLQTXLYDj +jSDUWLUGH )SqVH
TXLUHPSODFH GRQF DYDQWDJHXVHPHQWOHFKHPLQ TXL PHQDLWj + SDU % 2QUHSRUWH OHV GLVWDQFHV
DVVRFLpHVDX[SRLQWV(HW*2QFKRLVLWGRQF(
$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[
        $  
  $    $      %  
    $    %   %   %   '  
     '   %   %   %  )  
   )    '    %   )  (  


eWDSH  ¬ SDUWLU GH ( RQ SHXW DOOHU HQ & DYHF XQ SRLGV GH   RX HQ + SRLGV GH   FHV
GHUQLHUVFKHPLQVVRQWWURSORQJVSDUUDSSRUWjFHX[GpMjH[LVWDQWjSDUWLUGH)
2QJDUGHGRQFFHX[HQSURYHQDQFHGH) YRLU 2QUHSRUWHODGLVWDQFHSUpFpGHQWHSRXU*
1RWUHFKRL[VHSRUWHVXU* GLVWDQFHDFWXHOOHODSOXVFRXUWH 


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

         $  


  $    $      %  

    $    %   %   %  '  

Méthodes
     '   %   %   %  )  
   )    '    %   )  (  
   )       %   )   *  


eWDSH¬SDUWLUGH *RQQHSHXWDOOHUTX¶HQ +DYHFXQHGLVWDQFH   TXLHVWGRQF

SOXVIRUWHTXHODGLVWDQFHDPHQDQWj+SDUOHSRLQW)RQUHSRUWHGRQFFHWWHGHUQLqUH2QUHSRUWH
ODGLVWDQFHSUpFpGHQWHSRXU&/DSOXVSHWLWHGLVWDQFHHVWDVVRFLpHj&TXHO¶RQFKRLVLWGRQF


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

         $   
  $    $      %  
    $    %   %   %  '  
     '   %   %   %  )  
   )    '    %   )  (  
   )      %   )  *  
   )       )  &  


eWDSH,OQ¶\DSDVGHFKDvQHHQWUH&HW+RQUHSRUWHGRQFODGLVWDQFHREWHQXHjSDUWLUGH)HW
RQFKRLVLWOHSRLQW+ GHUQLHUSRLQWGHFHJUDSKH 7RXVOHVSRLQWVRQWpWpWUDLWpVRQSHXWIDLUHOH
ELODQHQUHPRQWDQWSRXUWURXYHUODFKDvQHODSOXVFRXUWHHQWUH$HW+


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

          $ 
  $    $      %  
    $    %   %   %  '  
     '   %   %   %  )  
   )    '    %   +  (  
   )      %   )  *  
   )       )  &  
        )  +  

GRAPHES 135 „„
135
/HFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWHVWGRQF$%)+HWLOSqVH

‰ Méthode 7.3. Comment construire et utiliser une matrice

d’adjacence?

(Q UHQXPpURWDQW OHV VRPPHWV GH  j XQ HQWLHU QDWXUHO QRQ QXO Q RQ FRQVWUXLW OD
PDWULFH G¶DGMDFHQFH G¶XQ JUDSKH HQ DIIHFWDQW DX FRHIILFLHQW VLWXp HQ OLJQH L HW
FRORQQHMOHQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVUHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVLHWM
/RUVTXHOHJUDSKHHVWRULHQWpFHFRHIILFLHQWGpVLJQHUDOHQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVSDUWDQWGH
LSRXUDOOHUHQM
8QHPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFH0VHUWVXUWRXWjUpSRQGUHjGHX[W\SHVGHTXHVWLRQV
  7URXYHU OH QRPEUH GH FKHPLQV GH ORQJXHXU G HQWLHU VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j  
UHOLDQWGHX[VRPPHWVLHWMHQH[DPLQDQWOHFRHIILFLHQWVLWXpHQOLJQHLHWFRORQQH
MGH 0 G 
  eWDEOLU OD FRQQH[LWp G¶XQ JUDSKH RULHQWp ORUVTX¶RQ UHJDUGH OH VLJQH GHV
FRHIILFLHQWVGH , Q  0    0 Q  
$YDQW GH FRQVWUXLUH XQH PDWULFH G¶DGMDFHQFH DWWHQWLRQ j ELHQ UHPDUTXHU VL OH
JUDSKHHVWRULHQWpRXQRQ

D Exercices 7.2, 7.5, 7.6

([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHOHJUDSKHRULHQWpVXLYDQW



(QVXSSRVDQWTXHO¶RUGUHDOSKDEpWLTXHFRUUHVSRQGjO¶RUGUHQXPpULTXHODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFH
1 2
3   4
3 4
GHFHJUDSKHRULHQWpHVW 0 3     4 
3   4
3   4
5 6
6LRQUHSUHQGFHJUDSKHVDQVO¶RULHQWDWLRQODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHHVW
1   2
3   4
0 3 4
3    4
3 4
3   4
5 6


„„ 136
136 CHAPITRE 7
([HPSOH2QFRQVLGqUHOHJUDSKH


1 2
3    4
3    4
3 4
/DPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHGHFHJUDSKHHVW 0 3     4 
3     44
3
3     46
5
1 2 1 2
3    4 3    4

Méthodes
3    4 3    4
3 4 3 4
$SUqVFDOFXOVRQD 0  3     4  0  3     4 
3 3     44
3     44 3
3     46 3     46
5 5
/HVFRHIILFLHQWVOLJQHFRORQQHGH0HW 0  VRQWQXOVGRQFLOQ¶\DSDVGHFKDvQHGHORQJXHXU
HWGHORQJXHXUUHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVHWGRQFTX¶LOIDXWDXPRLQVWURLVDUrWHVSRXUOHVUHOLHU
/DQRQQXOOLWpGXFRHIILFLHQWOLJQHFRORQQHGH 0  DVVXUHTXHOHVVRPPHWVHWVRQWUHOLpV
SDUXQXQLTXHFKHPLQGHORQJXHXU
1 2
3     4
3      4
3 4
3RXU ILQLU RQ UHPDUTXH TXH ,   0  0   0   0  3     4  GRQW OHV
3     4
3 4
3     4
5 6
FRHIILFLHQWVVRQWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVFHTXLDVVXUHTXHOHJUDSKHHVWFRQQH[H

GRAPHES 137 „„
137
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
Q Q 
1. 8Q JUDSKH FRPSOHW G¶RUGUH Q HVW QpFHVVDLUHPHQW IRUPp GH


 
DUrWHV
2. 8QJUDSKHQRQFRQQH[HSRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQSRLQWLVROp
 
3. 2QSHXWFRQVWUXLUHXQWULDQJOHHWVRQFHUFOHFLUFRQVFULWDVVRFLpHQXQH
VHXOHIRLVVDQVOHYHUOHFUD\RQGHVDIHXLOOHHWVDQVSDVVHUGHX[IRLVDX  
PrPHHQGURLW
4. 6RLW $ OD PDWULFH G¶DGMDFHQFH G¶XQ JUDSKH * G¶RUGUH Q 6L OH
Q 
FRHIILFLHQWOLJQHLFRORQQHM M  L GHODPDWULFH ' $ N YDXWDORUVLO
N 
 
H[LVWHH[DFWHPHQWGHX[FKDvQHVUHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVLHWM
5. ,O HVW SRVVLEOH GH VDYRLU VL XQ JUDSKH QRQ RULHQWp HVW FRPSOHW ULHQ
TX¶HQH[DPLQDQWVDPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFH  
6. 'DQV XQ JUDSKH FRPSOHW WRXV OHV VRPPHWV RQW PrPH GHJUp GH
FHQWUDOLWpHWPrPHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWp  
7. 'DQV XQ JUDSKH XQ VRPPHW D\DQW XQ GHJUp GH FHQWUDOLWp SOXV pOHYp
TX¶XQDXWUHDQpFHVVDLUHPHQWXQPHLOOHXUGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWp  
8. ,O HVW SRVVLEOH GH WUDQVIRUPHU XQ JUDSKH QRQ HXOpULHQ HQ XQ JUDSKH
HXOpULHQ HQ OXL UDMRXWDQW XQLTXHPHQW XQ VRPPHW SRXYDQW rWUH UHOLp  
pYHQWXHOOHPHQWjG¶DXWUHVVRPPHWV 
9. 1HXI FOXEV GH UXJE\ GpFLGHQW G¶RUJDQLVHU XQ WRXUQRL GDQV OHTXHO OD
SUHPLqUHSKDVHFRQVLVWHjFHTXHFKDTXHFOXEHQUHQFRQWUHWURLVDXWUHV
(VWFHSRVVLEOH"
 

10. ,OH[LVWHGHVJUDSKHVFRQQH[HVGDQVOHVTXHOVWRXVOHVVRPPHWVRQWXQ
GHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpQXO  

„„ 138
138 CHAPITRE 7
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 7.1.  8QHPDLVRQFRQVWUXLWHVXUXQQLYHDXSRVVqGHRXYHUWXUHV SRUWHVRX

IHQrWUHV HWFKDTXHSLqFHDGHX[RXYHUWXUHVVXUO¶H[WpULHXUHWDXWUHVVXUO¶LQWpULHXU
&RPELHQGHSLqFHVFHWWHPDLVRQSRVVqGHWHOOH"

‰ Exercice 7.2.  &LQTpWXGLDQWV KDELWHQW GDQV OD PrPH YLOOH PDLV HQ GHV OLHX[ GLVWLQFWV
TXHO¶RQUHSUpVHQWHUDSDUGHVVRPPHWV$%&'HW(,OVGpFLGHQWGHV¶HQWUDvQHUjODFRXUVHj
SLHG
/DVLWXDWLRQJpRJUDSKLTXHHVWPRGpOLVpHSDUOHJUDSKH*FLGHVVRXV


3RXUIDFLOLWHUOHVFDOFXOVRQVXSSRVHTXHFKDTXHDUrWHPHVXUHNP

1.(FULUHODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHGH*
2.([SOLTXHUFRPPHQWjO¶DLGHFHWWHPDWULFHRQSHXWWURXYHUO¶pWXGLDQWTXLSHXWUHQGUHYLVLWH
DXSOXVJUDQGQRPEUHG¶DPLVHQQHSDUFRXUDQWTXHNP
3.a) $QDWROH TXL KDELWH HQ $ FKHUFKH j FRQQDvWUH FRPELHQ GH ERXFOHV GLIIpUHQWHV GH 
NLORPqWUHVLOSHXWIDLUH3RXYH]YRXVO¶DLGHU"
b) 4XHOpWXGLDQWGLVSRVHGXSOXVIDLEOHQRPEUHGHERXFOHVGHNLORPqWUHV"















GRAPHES 139 „„
139
‰ Exercice 7.3.&DVVHWrWHGHVSRQWVGH.|QLJVEHUJ
'DQVODYLOOHGH.|QLJVEHUJLO\DSRQWVUHOLDQWSDUWLHVGHODYLOOHTXHO¶RQQRWHUD$%&HW
'2QPRGpOLVHODVLWXDWLRQSDUOHJUDSKHVXLYDQW FKDTXHDUrWHGpVLJQDQWXQSRQW 

1. (VWLOSRVVLEOHGHVHSURPHQHUGDQVFHWWHYLOOHHQSDUFRXUDQWWRXVOHVSRQWVXQHHWXQHVHXOH
IRLV"
2. (VWLOSRVVLEOHGHVHSURPHQHUGDQVFHWWHYLOOHHQSDUFRXUDQWWRXVOHVSRQWVH[DFWHPHQWGHX[
IRLVXQHIRLVGDQVXQVHQVHWXQHIRLVGDQVO¶DXWUH"

‰ Exercice 7.4.$OJRULWKPHG¶(XOHU
/¶DOJRULWKPH G¶(XOHU FRQVLVWH j GpWHUPLQHU GDQV Q¶LPSRUWH TXHO JUDSKH FRQQH[H XQH FKDvQH
HXOpULHQQH(OOHV¶DUWLFXOHHQTXDWUHWHPSV
 &UpHUXQHFKDvQHVLPSOHHQWUHGHX[VRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLU
 7DQWTXHWRXWHVOHVDUrWHVGXJUDSKHQ¶RQWSDVpWpXWLOLVpHVFKRLVLUXQVRPPHWTXHOFRQTXH
GH OD FKDvQH SUpFpGHQWH HW WURXYHU XQ F\FOH DVVRFLp QH FRQWHQDQW DXFXQH GHV DUrWHV GpMj
XWLOLVpHV
 ,QVpUHUFHF\FOHHQUHPSODFHPHQWGXVRPPHWFKRLVLjO¶pWDSHSUpFpGHQWH
 5HFRPPHQFHUDLQVLGHVXLWHMXVTX¶jDYRLUXWLOLVpWRXWHVOHVDUrWHV
2QFRQVLGqUHOHJUDSKH*VXLYDQW


1. /HJUDSKH*HVWLOFRQQH[H"
2.a) 0RQWUHUTXH*SRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQH
b) 'RQQHUOHVGHX[VHXOHVH[WUpPLWpVSRVVLEOHVGHFHWWHFKDvQH
3. 0LVHHQSODFHGHO¶DOJRULWKPHG¶(XOHU
a) 0HWWUHHQSODFHO¶DOJRULWKPHG¶(XOHUHQSDUWDQWGHODFKDvQHVLPSOH(±)±'±&
b) 0HWWUHHQSODFHXQHDXWUHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHHQSDUWDQWGH(±%±&


„„ 140 CHAPITRE 7
‰ Exercice 7.5./HJUDSKHFLGHVVRXVUHSUpVHQWHOHVDXWRURXWHVHQWUHOHVSULQFLSDOHVYLOOHV
GX 6XG GH OD )UDQFH  %RUGHDX[ %  &OHUPRQW)HUUDQG &  /\RQ /  0DUVHLOOH 0 
0RQWSHOOLHU 3 %ULYH 5 7RXORXVH 7 9DOHQFH 9 HW%LDUULW] = 


1. a) 'pWHUPLQHUO¶RUGUHGHFHJUDSKH
b) &HJUDSKHHVWLOFRQQH[H"
c) &HJUDSKHHVWLOFRPSOHW"
2. 'pWHUPLQHUOHGHJUpGHFKDTXHVRPPHW&HJUDSKHDGPHWLOXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHXQF\FOH
HXOpULHQ"
3. 8QWRXULVWHDWWHUULWjO¶DpURSRUWGH/\RQHWORXHXQHYRLWXUH
'pWHUPLQHUHQMXVWLILDQWV¶LOSRXUUDYLVLWHUWRXWHVOHVYLOOHVHQHPSUXQWDQWXQHHWXQHVHXOHIRLV
FKDTXHDXWRURXWH'RQQHUXQSDUFRXUVSRVVLEOH

‰ Exercice 7.6.  8QH FRRSpUDWLYH IUXLWLqUH FROOHFWH GX ODLW GDQV  H[SORLWDWLRQV GH
/DJXLROH/DVLWXDWLRQJpRJUDSKLTXHHVWUHSUpVHQWpHSDUOHJUDSKHFLGHVVRXV/DFRRSpUDWLYHHVW
VLWXpH VXUOHVRPPHW $OHV DXWUHVVRPPHWV % & ' ( ) * HW +UHSUpVHQWHQW OHV GLIIpUHQWHV
H[SORLWDWLRQVHWOHVDUrWHVUHSUpVHQWHQWOHUpVHDXURXWLHUUHOLDQWFHVH[SORLWDWLRQV


1RWRQVHQILQ0ODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHDVVRFLpH

1.0RQWUHUTXHFHJUDSKHHVWFRQQH[H
2.&HJUDSKHHVWLOFRPSOHW"
3. 6DQV OD FRQVWUXLUH MXVWLILHU TXH FKDTXH OLJQH HW FKDTXH FRORQQH GH 0 D DX PRLQV GHX[
FRHIILFLHQWVQXOV
4. /DPDWULFH 0  DWHOOHGHVFRHIILFLHQWVQXOV"

GRAPHES 141 „„
141
 1 2
3        4
3         4
3 4
3       4
3        44
2QGRQQHODPDWULFH 0  3 
3        4
3 4
3         4
3       4
33 4
5        64


5.'pWHUPLQHUOHQRPEUHGHFKHPLQVGH$j+GHORQJXHXU
6. 2QUHSUHQGOHJUDSKHHQOHSRQGpUDQW


'pWHUPLQHUjO¶DLGHGHO¶DOJRULWKPHGH'LMNVWUDOHFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWSRXUDOOHUGXSRLQW$DX
SRLQW'

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH,OQHIDXWSDVRXEOLHUGHFRQVLGpUHUO¶H[WpULHXUFRPPHXQHSLqFH«
3RXUODTXHVWLRQVHUDSSHOHUTXH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQLOV¶DJLWGHFKHUFKHUXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQH
3RXUODTXHVWLRQRQSHXWPRGpOLVHUODVLWXDWLRQHQGRXEODQWOHVDUrWHV
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQRQSRXUUDFRPSDUHUOHGHJUpGHFKDTXHVRPPHWj
O¶RUGUHGXJUDSKH


„„ 142 CHAPITRE 7
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 ) 9 9 9 9 ) ) ) 9

1. 6LRQFRQVLGqUHXQJUDSKHFRPSOHWG¶RUGUHQDORUVFKDTXHVRPPHWHVWDGMDFHQWjWRXVOHV
Q
DXWUHVVRPPHWV6LRQQRWHSOHQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVODIRUPXOHG¶(XOHUGRQQH ' Q    S 
N 

Q Q 
&HWWHVRPPHHVWFRQVWLWXpHGHVWHUPHVG¶XQHVXLWHFRQVWDQWHRQREWLHQWELHQ S 


2. /H JUDSKH VXLYDQW Q¶HVW SDV FRQQH[H SXLVTX¶RQ QH SHXW SDV FUpHU XQH FKDvQH UHOLDQW OHV
VRPPHWV$HW'3RXUWDQWDXFXQSRLQWQ¶HVWLVROp

Corrigé


3./HFHUFOHFLUFRQVFULWjXQWULDQJOHHVWOHFHUFOHSDVVDQWSDUOHVVRPPHWVGXWULDQJOHGRQWOH
FHQWUH HVW OH SRLQW G¶LQWHUVHFWLRQ GHV PpGLDWULFHV GHV F{WpV &HWWH ILJXUH HVW DVVLPLODEOH j XQ
JUDSKHFRQQH[HQRQRULHQWpjVRPPHWVGRQWOHVDUrWHVVRQWOHVFRWpVGXWULDQJOHHWOHVDUFVGH
FHUFOHGpOLPLWpVSDUOHVVRPPHWV


/DTXHVWLRQVHUpVXPHDORUVjFHJUDSKHHVWLOHXOpULHQ"
&KDTXHVRPPHWDSRXUGHJUpTXLHVWSDLUODUpSRQVHHVWGRQFRXL

4. 6RLW$ODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHG¶XQJUDSKH*G¶RUGUHQ6RLWGXQHQWLHUGH a Q  b 
3RXUWRXW L M GH a Q b OHFRHIILFLHQWOLJQHLHWFRORQQHMGHODPDWULFH $ G GpVLJQHOHQRPEUH


GHFKDvQHVGHORQJXHXUGUHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVLHWM

GRAPHES 143 „„
 Q 
'qVORUVOHFRHIILFLHQWOLJQHLHWFRORQQHMGHODPDWULFH ' $ N GpVLJQHUDOHQRPEUHGHFKDvQHV
N 
GHORQJXHXUFRPSULVHHQHWQ ± UHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVLHWM6LFHWHUPHYDXWF¶HVWGRQFELHQ
 

TX¶LO\DGHX[FKDvQHV GHORQJXHXULQFRQQXH UHOLDQWOHVVRPPHWVLHWM


5.*UDSKHFRPSOHWVLJQLILHTXHWRXWVRPPHWHVWDGMDFHQWjQ¶LPSRUWHTXHODXWUHVRPPHW6LOD
PDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHQ¶DTXHGHVHQGHKRUVGHODGLDJRQDOHFHVHUDELHQOHFDV

6.'DQVXQJUDSKHFRPSOHWG¶RUGUHQWRXWVRPPHWHVWUHOLpjFKDFXQGHVDXWUHVVRPPHWVHWD
DLQVLSRXUGHJUpQ ± /HGHJUpGHFHQWUDOLWpHVWGRQF
 


3RXUOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpF¶HVWPRLQVpYLGHQW0DLVOHJUDSKHpWDQWFRPSOHWOHFKHPLQOH
SOXVFRXUWHQWUHVRPPHWVDQpFHVVDLUHPHQWXQHORQJXHXUpJDOHjGRQFLOQHSDVVHMDPDLVSDU
XQSRLQWLQWHUPpGLDLUH$XWUHPHQWGLWOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGHQ¶LPSRUWHTXHOVRPPHWG¶XQ
JUDSKHFRPSOHWHVW

7. &HV QRWLRQV PHVXUHQW OD FHQWUDOLWp HW O¶LQWHUPpGLDULWp HOOHV VRQW GRQF GLIIpUHQWHV HW RQ VH
GRXWHTX¶LOQ¶\DSDVIRUFpPHQWGHOLHQ3UHQRQVOHJUDSKHVXLYDQW


&RQVLGpURQVOHVSRLQWV$HW%
2QYRLWIDFLOHPHQWTXHOHGHJUpGH$HVWDORUVTXHFHOXLGH%HVW
 
/HGHJUpGHFHQWUDOLWpGH$HVWpJDOj GRQFLOHVWLQIpULHXUjFHOXLGH%TXLYDXW 
 

5HJDUGRQVOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGH$
 3RXUMRLQGUHQ¶LPSRUWHTXHOSRLQWGH^%&'(`jQ¶LPSRUWHTXHOSRLQWGH^)*+,`LO
Q¶\DTX¶XQFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWHWLOSDVVHIRUFpPHQWSDU$
&HODIDLWGRQFFKHPLQVDYHFXQHIUpTXHQFHG¶DSSDULWLRQGH$pJDOHj
 3RXUWRXWDXWUHSDLUHGHVRPPHWVOHFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWQHSDVVHMDPDLVSDU$ ODIUpTXHQFH
G¶DSSDULWLRQGH$HVWGRQF 
2QHQFRQFOXWTXHOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGH$HVW

5HJDUGRQVPDLQWHQDQWOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGH%
 3RXU MRLQGUH ' j Q¶LPSRUWH TXHO VRPPHW GH ^$ ) * + ,` OHV FKHPLQV OHV SOXV FRXUWV
SDVVHQWXQHIRLVVXUSDU% O¶DXWUHIRLVLOVSDVVHQWSDU& 

„„ 144 CHAPITRE 7
&HODIDLWGRQFFKHPLQVDYHFXQHIUpTXHQFHG¶DSSDULWLRQGH%pJDOHj
 3RXUMRLQGUH(jQ¶LPSRUWHTXHOVRPPHWGH^$&')*+,`LOQ¶\DTX¶XQFKHPLQOH
SOXVFRXUWHWLOSDVVHQpFHVVDLUHPHQWSDU%
&HODIDLWFKHPLQVDYHFXQHIUpTXHQFHG¶DSSDULWLRQGH%pJDOHj
 3RXU WRXWH DXWUH SDLUH GH VRPPHWV OH FKHPLQ OH SOXV FRXUW QH SDVVH MDPDLV SDU % OD
IUpTXHQFHG¶DSSDULWLRQGH%HVWGRQF 
2QHQFRQFOXWTXH%DXQGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGH  #    #  
)LQDOHPHQWOHGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpGH%HVWIDLEOHTXHFHOXLGH$

8. 8QJUDSKHHVWHXOpULHQVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLWRXVVHVVRPPHWVVRQWGHGHJUpSDLU
6RLWQXQHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOj&RQVLGpURQVDORUVXQJUDSKHG¶RUGUHQQRQHXOpULHQ
,OH[LVWHGRQFGHVVRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLU
1RWRQVSOHQRPEUHGHWHOVVRPPHWV SDSSDUWLHQWj a Q  b 
$MRXWRQVXQVRPPHWjFHJUDSKHHWUHOLRQVOHjWRXVOHVVRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLUjO¶RULJLQH HW
XQLTXHPHQWjFHX[Oj 
'qVORUVFHVVRPPHWVGHYLHQQHQWGHGHJUpSDLU/HVDXWUHV\pWDLHQWGpMj
5HVWHOHFDVGXVRPPHWDMRXWp6RQGHJUpHVWGRQFS
$LQVLRQSRXUUDWUDQVIRUPHUOHJUDSKHLQLWLDOHQJUDSKHHXOpULHQVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLOHQRPEUHGH
VRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLU F¶HVWjGLUHS HVWSDLU

Corrigé
5HPDUTXH/HUpVXOWDWHVWGRQFIDX[HQWRXWHJpQpUDOLWp

9.,OV¶DJLWG¶XWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSRLJQpHVGHPDLQ
/HVFOXEVVRQWPRGpOLVpVSDUGHVVRPPHWVHWOHVUHQFRQWUHVSDUOHVDUrWHVOHVOLDQW
/HJUDSKHHVWGRQFFRQVWLWXpGHVRPPHWVGRQWOHVGHJUpVVRQWWRXVpJDX[j
6LRQQRWHSOHQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVODIRUPXOHGHVSRLJQpHVGHPDLQDVVXUHTXH  #   S VRLW
HQFRUH S  FHTXLHVWLPSRVVLEOH

10. &¶HVWWRXWjIDLWSRVVLEOHLOVXIILWGHSUHQGUHXQJUDSKHFRPSOHW&KDTXHVRPPHWHVWUHOLpj
FKDFXQ GHV DXWUHV GRQF OHSOXVFRXUW FKHPLQ LO Q¶\ HQ D TX¶XQ  SRXU DOOHU G¶XQ VRPPHW j XQ
DXWUH HVW OH FKHPLQ G¶DGMDFHQFH TXL QH SDVVH GRQF SDU DXFXQ DXWUH VRPPHW /D IUpTXHQFH
G¶DSSDULWLRQG¶XQVRPPHWLQWHUPpGLDLUHGDQVO¶HQVHPEOHGHVSOXVFRXUWVFKHPLQVHVWGRQFQXOOH
&KDTXHVRPPHWDGRQFXQGHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpQXO
3RXUV¶HQFRQYDLQFUHRQSHXWUpH[DPLQHUOHJUDSKH * 

‰ Les erreurs classiques

,OIDXWELHQPDvWULVHUOHYRFDEXODLUHSRXUQHSDVIDLUHGHFRQIXVLRQV
,OIDXWELHQQRWHUTXHO¶RULHQWDWLRQRXSDVGXJUDSKHFKDQJHIRQGDPHQWDOHPHQWOD
PDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFH
,OIDXWWUDYDLOOHUODPRGpOLVDWLRQG¶XQSUREOqPHHQXQJUDSKH$YHFO¶H[SpULHQFH
FHODGHYLHQGUDQDWXUHO
 ,OQHIDXWSDVFRQIRQGUHOHGHJUpGHFHQWUDOLWpTXLHVWXQHQRWLRQORFDOHDYHFOH
GHJUpG¶LQWHUPpGLDULWpTXLHVWXQHQRWLRQJOREDOH

GRAPHES 145 „„
145
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 7.1_______________________________

1RWRQVQOHQRPEUHGHSLqFHVGHFHWWHPDLVRQ
0RGpOLVRQVXQJUDSKHGDQVOHTXHOFKDTXHSLqFHHWO¶H[WpULHXUVRQWUHSUpVHQWpVSDUXQVRPPHWHW
FKDTXHRXYHUWXUHSDUXQHDUrWH
/HVSLqFHVRQWXQGHJUpSXLVTX¶HOOHVGLVSRVHQWGHRXYHUWXUHVHQWRXW
/¶H[WpULHXUDXQGHJUpQSXLVTXHFKDTXHSLqFHDRXYHUWXUHVYHUVO¶H[WpULHXU
/DVRPPHGHVGHJUpVHVWGRQFLFLQQ Q/HQRPEUHG¶DUrWHVHVW
/DIRUPXOHG¶(XOHUDVVXUHGRQFTXHQ  # 
2QHQGpGXLWTXHQ FHWWHPDLVRQSRVVqGHSLqFHV
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 7.2_______________________________

1     24
3
3    4
1./DPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHHVW $ 3      4 
3    4
5    6

2.3RXUVDYRLUTXHOpWXGLDQWSHXWUHQGUHYLVLWHDXSOXVJUDQGQRPEUHG¶DPLVHQNPLOVXIILW
GHVDYRLUTXHOOHOLJQH RXFRORQQH GHODPDWULFHG¶DGMDFHQFHSRVVqGHOHSOXVGHFRHIILFLHQWVQRQ
QXOV&¶HVWFODLUHPHQWODTXDWULqPH'qVORUVO¶pWXGLDQWKDELWDQWHQ'HVWFHOXLTXLSHXWUHQGUH
YLVLWHDXSOXVJUDQGQRPEUHHQXQWUDMHWGHNP

3.a) 3RXUVDYRLUFRPELHQGHERXFOHVGHNPO¶pWXGLDQWKDELWDQWHQ$SHXWIDLUHLOVXIILWGH
VDYRLUFRPELHQGHFKDvQHVGHORQJXHXUUHOLHQWOHVRPPHW$jOXLPrPH

,OHVWGRQFQpFHVVDLUHGHFDOFXOHUOHVPDWULFHV $ HW $ $ 
1    2 1      2
3 4 3 4
3     4 3      4
2QREWLHQW $ 3      4 HW $ 3      4 
3    4 3      4
5    6 5      6
2QHQFRQFOXWTX¶LOH[LVWHERXFOHVGLIIpUHQWHVGHNPSRXU$QDWROH


5HPDUTXH,OVXIILVDLWGHFRQQDvWUHODUHOLJQHHWODUHFRORQQHGH $ SRXUREWHQLUOHUpVXOWDW

b) 3RXU REWHQLU O¶pWXGLDQW DYHF OH SOXV IDLEOH QRPEUH GH ERXFOHV GH  NP LO VXIILW GH
UHJDUGHUOHFRHIILFLHQWGLDJRQDOGH $ OHSOXVSHWLWF¶HVWFHOXLHQFLQTXLqPHOLJQH
2Q HQ FRQFOXW GRQF TXH O¶pWXGLDQW DYHF OD SOXV IDLEOH TXDQWLWp GH ERXFOHV GH  NP HVW FHOXL
KDELWDQWHQ(
D0pWKRGH

„„ 146 CHAPITRE 7
 _________ Exercice 7.3_______________________________
1.,OV¶DJLWGHVDYRLUV¶LOH[LVWHXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHGDQVFHJUDSKH
3RXUFHODUHPDUTXRQVTXHOHVVRPPHWV$&HW'VRQWGHGHJUpDORUVTXH%HVWGHGHJUp
7RXVOHVVRPPHWVVRQWGHGHJUpLPSDLUGRQFRQQHSHXWWURXYHUGHX[VRPPHWVTXLVHUDLHQWOHV
VHXOVDYHFXQGHJUpLPSDLUOHWKpRUqPHDVVXUHDORUVTX¶LOQ¶H[LVWHSDVGHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQH
GDQVFHJUDSKH$LQVLLOQ¶\DSDVGHSRVVLELOLWpGHSDUFRXULUODYLOOHHQQHSDVVDQWTX¶XQHVHXOH
IRLVSDUFKDTXHSRQW

2.&HWWHIRLVVLO¶RQVRXKDLWHSDUFRXULUFKDTXHSRQWH[DFWHPHQWGHX[IRLVLOIDXWSRXU
PRGpOLVHUODVLWXDWLRQWUDQVIRUPHUOHJUDSKHLQLWLDOHQGRXEODQWFKDTXHDUrWH SRXUVLPXOHUOHV
GHX[SDVVDJHV'DQVFHFDV $ &HW 'VHURQWGHGHJUpHW %GHGHJUpLOVVRQWGRQFWRXV
SDLUV/H WKpRUqPHDVVXUHTX¶LOH[LVWHXQF\FOHHXOpULHQF¶HVWXQHFKDvQHIHUPpHTXLSDVVH
XQHHWXQHVHXOHIRLVSDUFKDTXHDUrWH
,O H[LVWH GRQF XQ PR\HQ GH SDUFRXULU OD YLOOH HQ HPSUXQWDQW FKDTXH SRQW XQH VHXOH IRLV GDQV
FKDTXHVHQV
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 7.4_______________________________

1.2Q SHXW FODLUHPHQW FUpHU XQH FKDvQH HQWUH WRXWHV OHV SDLUHV GH VRPPHWV /H JUDSKH * HVW

Corrigé
GRQFELHQFRQQH[H

2. a) /HVVRPPHWV $HW 'VRQWGHGHJUpOHVVRPPHWV & (VRQWGHGHJUpHWOHVVRPPHWV %
HW )VRQWGHGHJUp'qVORUV &HW( VRQWOHVGHX[VHXOVVRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLULOH[LVWH
GRQFDXPRLQVXQHFKDvQHHXOpULHQQHGDQVFHJUDSKH

b) /HVGHX[VHXOHVH[WUpPLWpVVRQWOHVVRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLU&HW(

3. a) 8WLOLVRQVO¶DOJRULWKPHG¶(XOHUHQSDUWDQWGHODFKDvQH(±)±'±&
3UHQRQVXQSRLQWTXHOFRQTXHGHFHWWHFKDvQH(
¬SDUWLUGH(RQSHXWFRQVWUXLUHXQF\FOH(±%±$±(
2QDDORUVXQHQRXYHOOHFKDvQH(±%±$±(±)±'±&
7RXWHVOHVDUrWHVQHVRQWSDVHQFRUHXWLOLVpHVRQUpLWqUHOHSURFpGp
&KRLVLVVRQVXQDXWUHSRLQW)
¬SDUWLUGH)RQSHXWFRQVWUXLUHXQF\FOH)±&±%±)
(QLQWpJUDQWFHF\FOHRQREWLHQWODFKDvQHHXOpULHQQH (±%±$±(± )±&±%±)±'±&
SRXUODTXHOOHWRXWHVOHVDUrWHVRQWpWpSDUFRXUXHVXQHHWXQHVHXOHIRLV

 b) (QSDUWDQWGH (±%±&RQSHXWFKRLVLU %HWLQVpUHUOHF\FOH %±$±(±)±%FHTXL
GRQQHODFKDvQH(±%±$±(±)±%±&
3XLVRQFKRLVLWOHVRPPHW)DYHFOHF\FOH)±'±&±)
'qVODFKDvQHREWHQXH(±%±$±(±)±'±&±)±%±&HVWELHQHXOpULHQQH
D0pWKRGH

GRAPHES 147 „„
147
 _________ Exercice 7.5_______________________________
1. a)/¶RUGUHG¶XQJUDSKHHVWOHQRPEUHGHVRPPHWVGXJUDSKH/¶RUGUHGHFHJUDSKHHVWGRQF
pJDOj

b)/HJUDSKHHVWFRQQH[HFDULOH[LVWHWRXMRXUVXQFKHPLQ SDVIRUFpPHQWGLUHFW HQWUHGHX[
VRPPHWVTXHOFRQTXHVGXJUDSKH

c)/HJUDSKHQ¶HVWSDVFRPSOHWFDUWRXVOHVVRPPHWVQHVRQWSDVDGMDFHQWV SDUH[HPSOH &
Q¶HVWSDVUHOLpj7 

2. 7DEOHDXUpFDSLWXODWLIGXGHJUpGHVVRPPHWVGXJUDSKH


% & / 0 3 5 7 9 =
        


,O\DVRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLULOQ¶H[LVWHGRQFSDVGHFKDvQHRXGHF\FOHHXOpULHQ UDSSHORQV
TX¶LO \ D XQ F\FOH HXOpULHQ V¶LO Q¶\ D DXFXQ VRPPHW GH GHJUp LPSDLU HW TX¶LO \ D XQH FKDvQH
HXOpULHQQHV¶LO\DGHX[VRPPHWVGHGHJUpLPSDLU 

3./HWRXULVWHQHSRXUUDSDVHPSUXQWHUXQHIRLVHWXQHVHXOHIRLVOHVGLIIpUHQWHVDXWRURXWHVFDULO
Q¶H[LVWHQLFKDvQHQLF\FOHHXOpULHQ
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 7.6_______________________________

1.7RXWHSDLUHGHVRPPHWVSHXWrWUHUHOLpSDUXQHFKDvQHOHJUDSKHHVWGRQFFRQQH[H

2. /HVVRPPHWV$HW+QHVRQWSDVUHOLpVSDUXQHDUrWHFHJUDSKHQ¶HVWGRQFSDVFRPSOHW

3. (QH[DPLQDQWFHJUDSKHRQV¶DSHUoRLWTXHWRXVOHVVRPPHWVRQWXQGHJUpDXPRLQVpJDOj
2Q SHXW GRQF HQ GpGXLUH TXH FKDTXH OLJQH GH VD PDWULFH G¶DGMDFHQFH SRVVqGH DX PRLQV GHX[
FRHIILFLHQWVQRQQXOV&RPPHOHJUDSKHQ¶HVWSDVRULHQWpFHUpVXOWDWHVWDXVVLYDODEOHSRXUOHV
FRORQQHV SDUV\PpWULHGHODPDWULFH 
D0pWKRGH

4. /HVFRHIILFLHQWVGHODPDWULFH 0  UHSUpVHQWHQWOHQRPEUHGHFKHPLQVGHORQJXHXUH[LVWDQW
HQWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWVVRPPHWV2QV¶DSHUoRLWTX¶LOQ¶\DSDVGHFKHPLQVGHORQJXHXUHQWUHOHV
VRPPHWV & HW ) SDU H[HPSOH &HOD VLJQLILH TXH OHV FRHIILFLHQWV GH 0   VLWXpV HQ OLJQH  HW
FRORQQHHWOLJQHHWFRORQQHVRQWQXOV
D0pWKRGH

5. /HQRPEUHGHFKHPLQVGH$j+GHORQJXHXUHVWGRQQpSDUOHFRHIILFLHQWOLJQHFRORQQH
GHODPDWULFH 0  
1RXVSRXYRQVGRQFDIILUPHUTX¶LOH[LVWHFKHPLQVGHORQJXHXUHQWUH$HW+
(QYRLFLODOLVWH$±(±)±+ $±(±%±+  $±%±(±+  $±)±'±+
$±)±(±+  $±%±'±+
D0pWKRGH

„„ 148 CHAPITRE 7
6. $SSOLTXRQVO¶DOJRULWKPHGH'LMNVWUD
eWDSH2QDIIHFWHDXSRLQWLQLWLDO $ OHSRLGVHWSRXUOHVDXWUHVO¶LQILQL


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  

eWDSH  2Q DMRXWH XQH WURLVLqPH OLJQH GX WDEOHDX GDQV ODTXHOOH RQ DIIHFWH j WRXV OHV SRLQWV
DGMDFHQWVj $OHSRLGVFRUUHVSRQGDQWjO¶DUrWHDVVRFLpH WRXWHQPDUTXDQWHQWUHSDUHQWKqVHVOH
SRLQWGHSURYHQDQFH HWDX[SRLQWVQRQDGMDFHQWVO¶LQILQL LOVVRQWQRQDWWHLJQDEOHV 2QJULVHOD
FRORQQH$FDURQQ¶\UHYLHQGUDSOXV
8QHIRLVWRXVOHVSRLQWVpWXGLpVRQFKRLVLWGDQVFHWWHOLVWHOHFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUW ODYDOHXUOD
SOXV SHWLWH DVVRFLpH LFL   HW RQ LQVFULW GDQV OD FDVH FKRL[ OH VRPPHW LFL (  DVVRFLp DYHF OD
GLVWDQFHSDUFRXUXH 


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $     $   $    (  

eWDSH2QUHQRXYHOOHO¶pWDSHHQFXPXODQWODGLVWDQFHGpMjHIIHFWXpHDX[GLVWDQFHVDVVRFLpHV
DX[DUrWHVSDUWDQWPDLQWHQDQWGH(
¬SDUWLUGH(RQSHXWDOOHUHQ%SDUXQFKHPLQSOXVFRXUWTXHFHOXLSURYHQDQWGLUHFWHPHQWGH$

Corrigé
RQ OH FKRLVLW GRQF 2Q SHXW DXVVL DOOHU HQ ) PDLV DYHF XQH GLVWDQFH VXSpULHXUH j FHOOH HQ
SURYHQDQFHGLUHFWHGH $RQJDUGHGRQFFHOOHHQSURYHQDQFHGH $2QSHXWHQILQDOOHUHQ +HQ
DMRXWDQWXQHGLVWDQFHGH


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $     $   $    (  
  (      $    (  )  
/HFKRL[VHSRUWHVXU)PDLQWHQDQWSXLVTXHjFHVWDGHLOHVWDVVRFLpjODGLVWDQFHPLQLPDOH

eWDSH  ¬ SDUWLU GH ) RQ SHXW DOOHU HQ ( GpMj H[DPLQp  HQ + DYHF XQH GLVWDQFH GH 
LQIpULHXUHjODSUpFpGHQWHRXHQ *,OIDXWUHSRUWHUODGLVWDQFHGpMjREWHQXHSRXUOHVRPPHW %
TXHO¶RQFKRLVLWSXLVTXHF¶HVWjFHVWDGHODGLVWDQFHPLQLPDOH


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $     $   $    (  
  (      $    (  )  
  (       )   )  %  

eWDSH¬SDUWLUGH %RQSHXWDOOHUHQ ( GpMjH[DPLQp RXHQ &DYHFXQHGLVWDQFHHQ '
DYHFXQHGLVWDQFHRXHQ +DYHFXQHGLVWDQFHGHVXSpULHXUHjFHOOHGpMjREWHQXH2QQH
SHXW DOOHU HQ * RQ UHSRUWH GRQF OD GLVWDQFH REWHQXHSUpFpGHPPHQW /H FKHPLQ OH SOXV FRXUW
SRXUO¶LQVWDQWHVWDUULYpj+TXHO¶RQFKRLVLWGRQF




GRAPHES 149 „„
 $ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[
        $  
  $     $   $    (  
  (      $    (  )  
  (       )   )  %  
   %   %     )   )  +  

eWDSH¬SDUWLUGH+RQSHXWDOOHUHQ() GpMjH[DPLQpV HWHQ'DYHFXQHGLVWDQFHGH
2QUHSRUWHOHVDXWUHVGLVWDQFHV
/HFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWSRXUO¶LQVWDQWHVWDUULYpj*TXHO¶RQFKRLVLWGRQF


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $     $   $    (  
  (      $    (  )  
  (       )   )  %  
   %   %     )   )  +  
   %   +     )   *  

eWDSH  ¬ SDUWLU GH * RQ QH SHXW DOOHU TX¶HQ ' DYHF XQH GLVWDQFH GH  VXSpULHXUH j FHOOH
SDVVDQWSDU+2QUHSRUWHGRQFWRXWHVOHVGLVWDQFHV
/HFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWSRXUO¶LQVWDQWHVWDUULYpj&TXHO¶RQFKRLVLWGRQF


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $     $   $    (  
  (      $    (  )  
  (       )   )  %  
   %   %     )   )  +  
   %   +     )   *  
   %   +      &  

eWDSH  ¬ SDUWLU GH & RQ QH SHXW DOOHU TX¶HQ ' DYHF XQH GLVWDQFH GH  VXSpULHXUH j FHOOH
SDVVDQWSDU+
/HFKHPLQOHSOXVFRXUWSRXUDUULYHUj'FRPSWHGRQFSRXUHWF¶HVW$±)±+±'


$ % & ' ( ) * + &KRL[

        $  
  $     $   $    (  
  (      $    (  )  
  (       )   )  %  
   %   %     )   )  +  
   %   +     )   *  
   %   +      &  
    +      '  


„„ 150 CHAPITRE 7
 Chapitre 8
Fonctions usuelles

Michael Stifel est un disciple de Martin Luther.

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

Il enseigne les mathématiques et la théologie

à Königsberg puis à Iéna. Il met en parallèle des suites
arithmétiques et géométriques ce qui lui permet
d’entrevoir ce qui deviendra plus tard la fonction
logarithme. Sa vie est très mouvementée car,
9      ;      
mais rien ne se passa le jour dit. Il dut se réfugier
en prison pour échapper à la colère de ses disciples.

■ Un peu d'histoire
Les concepts qui sous-tendent ce que nous nommons les fonctions usuelles comme
les puissances ou les fonctions trigonométriques sont apparus dès l’Antiquité. C’était
à l’époque des procédés de calcul mais en rien des fonctions. À la Renaissance, des
      †  „! ? ‡ˆe siècle) étudient les puissances et
ce savant lyonnais a l’idée de les noter en exposant. Parallèlement, plusieurs mathé-
maticiens allemands comme Regiomontanus (1436-1476) retrouvent les propriétés
trigonométriques et celui-ci en fait un exposé complet.
On appréhende ces notions sous l’aspect de fonctions seulement lorsque le calcul
/          ‡ˆKKe siècle par Newton et Leibniz. On peut en
/ ;  Q  „   !     9   
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUGpWHUPLQHUOHVUDFLQHVG XQSRO\Q{PHGHGHJUpHWVDYRLUOHIDFWRULVHU
Z &RQQDvWUHOHVSURSULpWpVDOJpEULTXHVGHVIRQFWLRQVORJDULWKPHH[SRQHQWLHOOHHW
SXLVVDQFHV

Z 6DYRLUUpVRXGUHGHV LQ pTXDWLRQVHQ H [ RX OQ [ 

Z &RQQDvWUHO DOOXUHGHVFRXUEHVUHSUpVHQWDWLYHVGHVIRQFWLRQVXVXHOOHV
Y [
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUOHVIRQFWLRQVGXW\SH X [ 

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUPDQLSXOHUGHVH[SUHVVLRQVLPSOLTXDQWGHVYDOHXUVDEVROXHV
Z 6DYRLUFRQMHFWXUHUGHVUpVXOWDWVVXUGHVSRO\Q{PHV
Z &RQQDvWUHO DOOXUHGHODFRXUEHUHSUpVHQWDWLYHG XQHIRQFWLRQSURFKHG XQHIRQFWLRQ
XVXHOOH

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Fonction "valeur absolue"

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHODIRQFWLRQITXLjWRXWUpHO[DVVRFLHOH
 [  VL[  
QRPEUH [ GpILQLSDU I [ [ ! 
"  [ VL[  


3URSULpWp/DIRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHHVWSDLUH [ \  [ [ 

3URSULpWp/DIRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHHVWGpULYDEOHVXU    HWVXU     
2QD I  [  VL [   HW I  [  VL [   
/DIRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHGpFURvWVWULFWHPHQWVXU \  HWFURvWVWULFWHPHQWVXU \  

3URSULpWp6RLW[HW\GHVUpHOVTXHOFRQTXHV
[ [
$ORUV [\ [ \ HWVLGHSOXV\HVWQRQQXO 
\ \

3URSULpWp,QpJDOLWpWULDQJXODLUH
 [ \ \    [  \  [  \ 
3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQWTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVQRPEUHVUpHOV [  [Q  DYHF Q ` RQD
Q Q
' [N  ' [N 
N  N 


3URSULpWp6RLW[XQUpHOTXHOFRQTXHHW0XQUpHOSRVLWLI
 [  0   0  [  0 
 [  0  [  0 RX[   0 

&RXUEHGH[ 6 [ 

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 153 „„
„Fonctions puissances entières
‰ La fonction "carré" I  [ 6 [ 
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQFDUUpODIRQFWLRQTXLjWRXWUpHO[DVVRFLH [  
3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \  I  [  [ 
/DIRQFWLRQFDUUpHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \  HWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  

3URSULpWp/DIRQFWLRQFDUUpHVWSDLUH

3URSULpWp6RLW[XQUpHOTXHOFRQTXHHWDXQUpHOSRVLWLI2QD
 [   D    D  [  D    [   D   [   D RX[  D 

&RXUEHGH[ 6 [



5HPDUTXH3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOODIRQFWLRQ [ 6 [  Q 
HVWSDLUHHWHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU   HWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU    

‰ La fonction "cube" I  [ 6 [
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQFXEHODIRQFWLRQTXLjWRXWUpHO[DVVRFLH [ 

3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \ I  [  [  
/DIRQFWLRQFXEHHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 

3URSULpWp/DIRQFWLRQFXEHHVWLPSDLUH

&RXUEHGH[ 6 [


5HPDUTXH   3OXV JpQpUDOHPHQW SRXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q OD IRQFWLRQ [ 6 [  Q   HVW
LPSDLUHHWHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 

„„ 154 CHAPITRE 8
 
‰ La fonction "inverse" I  [ 6
[

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHODIRQFWLRQTXLjWRXWUpHO[GH \ DVVRFLH 
[


3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \  I  [   
[
/DIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU   HWVXU   

3URSULpWp/DIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHHVWLPSDLUH



&RXUEHGH[ 6 
[



5HPDUTXH3RXUWRXWQGHRQGpILQLWODIRQFWLRQ [ 6 [  Q SDU [ \  [  Q 
[Q

„La fonction "logarithme népérien"

'pILQLWLRQ/DIRQFWLRQORJDULWKPHQpSpULHQ QRWpHOQ HVWODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU

OQ   HWSRXUWRXW[GH \    OQ  [ 
[
/DIRQFWLRQOQHVWGRQFO XQLTXHSULPLWLYHVXU \  GHODIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHTXLV DQQXOHHQ


3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \   OQ [ 
[
/DIRQFWLRQOQHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  


5HPDUTXH,OHVWXWLOHGHVDYRLUTXH OQ  HW OQ    



3URSULpWp6RLWDHWEGHX[UpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVHWTXQUDWLRQQHO
 D
 OQ DE OQ D  OQ E    OQ D T T OQ D    OQ  OQ D    OQ OQ D  OQ E 
D E

3URSULpWp6RLWDHWEGHX[UpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV
 OQ D OQ E  D E    OQ D  OQ E  D  E    OQ D  OQ E  D  E 


FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 155 „„
&RXUEHGH[ 6 OQ [ 

„Fonction "exponentielle"
'pILQLWLRQ   /D IRQFWLRQ H[SRQHQWLHOOH HVW OD ELMHFWLRQ UpFLSURTXH GH OD IRQFWLRQ
ORJDULWKPHQpSpULHQ2QODQRWHH[SPDLVRQQRWHVRXYHQW H [ jODSODFHGHH[S [ 
2QDGRQF [ \ \ \   H [ \  [ OQ \ 


3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \ H[S  [ H[S [ 

/DIRQFWLRQH[SHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 


5HPDUTXH,OHVWXWLOHGHVDYRLUTXH H H   HW H  



3URSULpWp3RXUWRXWUpHO[ OQ H [ [ HWSRXUWRXWUpHO\VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI HOQ \ \ 


3URSULpWp6RLWDHWEGHX[UpHOVTXHOFRQTXHVHWTXQUDWLRQQHO2QD
T  HD
 H D  E H D HE    H D H D T    H  D     H D E

HD HE

3URSULpWp6RLWDHWEGHX[UpHOVTXHOFRQTXHV
 H D HE  D E     H D  HE  D  E     H D  HE  D  E 

&RXUEHGH[ 6 H [ 

„Fonctions "puissances" IĮ  [ 6 [ Į (avec Į réel non entier)

‰ Généralités
'pILQLWLRQ6RLW Į XQUpHO2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQSXLVVDQFHĮODIRQFWLRQTXLjWRXWUpHO
[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIDVVRFLH [ Į HĮ OQ [ 
Y [
D Méthode 8.3. Comment étudier les fonctions [6X [ ?

„„ 156
156 CHAPITRE 8
3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \   I Į [ Į[ Į  
6L Į   ODIRQFWLRQSXLVVDQFHĮHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU     
6L Į   ODIRQFWLRQSXLVVDQFHĮHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU     

3URSULpWp6RLW Į XQUpHOTXHOFRQTXH
3RXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI OQ [ Į Į OQ [ 

3URSULpWp6RLW Į HW ȕ GHVUpHOV[HW\GHVUpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV2QD
Į
[Į  Į ȕ [ [Į
 [ Į ȕ [ Į [ȕ  [ Į ȕ  [  Į  [\ [ Į \ Į  [ Į [ Įȕ  
[ȕ [Į \ \Į

„La fonction "racine carrée"

'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH IRQFWLRQ UDFLQH FDUUpH OD IRQFWLRQ TXL j WRXW UpHO SRVLWLI [

DVVRFLHOHUpHOSRVLWLI [ GpILQLSDU [ [ 


3URSULpWp'pULYpH [ \   I  [ 
 [
/DIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpHHVWGRQFVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  

5HPDUTXH,OHVWXWLOHGHVDYRLUTXH          HW    
5HPDUTXH3RXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI [ [ ODIRQFWLRQSXLVVVDQFH
FRwQFLGHDYHFODIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpHVXU \  

3URSULpWp3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD [  [ 

&RXUEHGH[ 6 [

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 157 „„
157
„Fonction "partie entière"
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQSDUWLHHQWLqUHODIRQFWLRQTXLjWRXWUpHO[DVVRFLHOH
VHXOHQWLHUQRWp  [  TXLYpULILH  [   [   [    

5HPDUTXH 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUUHODWLIQHWSRXUWRXWUpHO[GH >Q Q  > RQD  [  Q OD
IRQFWLRQSDUWLHHQWLqUHHVWGRQFFRQVWDQWHVXUFKDTXHLQWHUYDOOHGXW\SH>Q Q  > 

3URSULpWp3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD [     [   [ 


&RXUEHGH[ 6  [  

„Fonctions polynomiales et fonctions rationnelles

‰ Polynômes ou fonctions polynomiales
'pILQLWLRQ   2QDSSHOOH IRQFWLRQ SRO\QRPLDOH RX SRO\Q{PH  WRXWH IRQFWLRQ 3 GpILQLH
Q
SRXU WRXW UpHO [ SDU 3 [ ' SN [ N  R S  S   SQ  Q `  VRQW GHV UpHOV DSSHOpV
N 
FRHIILFLHQWVGH3
'HSOXVVL SQ HVWQRQQXOO¶HQWLHUQHVWDSSHOpGHJUpGH3RQQRWHDORUV GHJ 3 Q HW SQ HVW
DSSHOpFRHIILFLHQWGRPLQDQWGH3

5HPDUTXH3DUFRQYHQWLRQOHSRO\Q{PHQXOHVWGHGHJUp  

1RWDWLRQ/¶HQVHPEOHGHVSRO\Q{PHVjFRHIILFLHQWVUpHOVHVWQRWp \  [  
1RWDWLRQ/¶HQVHPEOHGHVSRO\Q{PHVGHGHJUpLQIpULHXURXpJDOjQHVWQRWp \ Q  [  

3URSULpWp   'HX[ SRO\Q{PHV QRQ QXOV VRQW pJDX[ V¶LOV RQW PrPH GHJUp HW PrPHV
FRHIILFLHQWV

3URSULpWp / DGGLWLRQGHVSRO\Q{PHVODPXOWLSOLFDWLRQG XQSRO\Q{PHSDUXQUpHOHWOH
SURGXLWGHVSRO\Q{PHVVHGpGXLVHQWGHVRSpUDWLRQVHQYLJXHXUVXUOHVIRQFWLRQV



„„ 158
158 CHAPITRE 8
([HPSOH6L 3 [ [    [   HW 4 [  [   DORUVRQDSDUH[HPSOH
 3  4 [  [    [      [    [    [     [    [    [   
34 [ [    [    [    [   [    [    [   [    [  [    [   

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHUDFLQHGXSRO\Q{PH3WRXWUpHODYpULILDQW 3 D  

3URSULpWp   6RLW 3 XQ SRO\Q{PH GH GHJUp Q SRVVpGDQW XQH UDFLQH D $ORUV 3 [  VH
IDFWRULVHSDU [  D 
$XWUHPHQWGLWLOH[LVWHXQSRO\Q{PH4GHGHJUp Q   WHOTXH 3 [ [  D 4 [ 

D Méthode 8.1. Comment factoriser un polynôme par [  D ( D \ ) ?

D Méthode 8.4. Comment résoudre des équations et des inéquations polynomiales ?

3URSULpWp 8QSRO\Q{PHGHGHJUpLQIpULHXURXpJDOjQDGPHWWDQWVWULFWHPHQWSOXVGHQ
UDFLQHVHVWOHSRO\Q{PHQXO


‰ Polynômes de degré 2
7KpRUqPH6RLW3XQSRO\Q{PHGHGHJUpGpILQLSDU
[ \  3 [ D[   E[  F  DYHF D   
(QQRWDQW [ HW [ OHVUDFLQHVGLVWLQFWHVRXQRQGH3RQD
E F
[  [  HW [ [ 
D D


5HPDUTXH 2QHQGpGXLWTXHVLDHWFRQWPrPHVLJQHOHVUDFLQHV [ HW [ VRQWGH

PrPHVLJQH6LGHSOXVDHWERQWPrPHVLJQH [ HW [ VRQWQpJDWLYHVVLQRQ [ HW [ VRQW
SRVLWLYHV
2Q HQ GpGXLW DXVVL TXH VL D HW F Q¶RQW SDV PrPH VLJQH OHV UDFLQHV [  HW [  VRQW GH VLJQHV
FRQWUDLUHV

7KpRUqPH6LJQHGXWULQ{PH GHGHJUp 
6RLW3OHSRO\Q{PHGpILQLSDU [ \  3 [ D[   E[  F  DYHF D   
2QSRVH ǻ E   DF  ǻ HVWOHGLVFULPLQDQWGH3 
 6L ǻ   3SRVVqGHGHX[UDFLQHVGLVWLQFWHV'HSOXVLOHVWGXVLJQHGHDjO¶H[WpULHXUGHV
UDFLQHVHWGXVLJQHFRQWUDLUHGHDHQWUHOHVUDFLQHV
 6L ǻ  3SRVVqGHXQHUDFLQHGRXEOH'HSOXVLOHVWWRXMRXUVGXVLJQHGHD
 6L ǻ   3QHSRVVqGHSDVGHUDFLQH'HSOXVLOHVWWRXMRXUVGXVLJQHGHD

‰ Fonctions rationnelles
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIRQFWLRQUDWLRQQHOOHWRXWTXRWLHQWGHIRQFWLRQVSRO\Q{PHV
D Méthode 8.2. Comment transformer des fonctions rationnelles ?

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 159 „„
 „„ Méthodes

„Transformation d'expressions
‰ Méthode 8.1. Comment factoriser un polynôme par [  D ( D \) ?

2QSHXWIDFWRULVHUXQSRO\Q{PHSDU [  D VLO¶RQDYpULILpDXSDUDYDQWTXHDHVW
UDFLQHGHFHSRO\Q{PH
(QVXLWHVLSDUH[HPSOH3HVWGHGHJUpQRQDGHX[RSWLRQV
6RLWpFULUH 3 [ [  D T  T [    TQ  [ Q  GpYHORSSHUOHVHFRQGPHPEUH
HWLGHQWLILHUOHVFRHIILFLHQWV
6RLWSRVHUFHTXHO¶RQDSSHOOHODGLYLVLRQHXFOLGLHQQHGH 3 [ SDU [  D 
/¶H[HPSOHFLGHVVRXVSURSRVHXQHLOOXVWUDWLRQGHFHVGHX[IDoRQVGHIDLUH

D Exercices 8.1, 8.2, 8.3



([HPSOH)DFWRULVHUOHSRO\Q{PH 3 [ [   [    [   SDU [   
2QUHPDUTXHWRXWG¶DERUGTXHHVWELHQUDFLQHGH [   [    [   SXLVTXH        
3UHPLqUHPpWKRGHHQSRVDQW 4 [ D[   E[  F RQD
[  4 [ [   D[   E[  F D[  E  D [   F  E [  F 
'HX[SRO\Q{PHVGHPrPHGHJUpVRQWpJDX[VLHWVHXOHPHQWVLLOVRQWOHVPrPHVFRHIILFLHQWV
2QREWLHQWGRQF 3 [ [   4 [ VLHWVHXOHPHQWVL D   E  D   F  E  HW F  
2QHQFRQFOXWTXH D  E HWF  $LQVL 3 [ [   [    [   


'HX[LqPHPpWKRGHHQSRVDQWODGLYLVLRQHXFOLGLHQQH
2Q FRPPHQFH SDU HQ [  LO \ YD FRPELHQ GH IRLV [" /D UpSRQVH HVW [   (QVXLWH RQ
GpYHORSSH [  [   TXHO¶RQVRXVWUDLWGH [   [    [   HWRQSRXUVXLWDLQVLMXVTX¶jREWHQLU
XQUHVWHQXO
 [   [    [     [  
 [ [ 
   [   [   
   [   [     
   [    [   
 [    
 [   
   


2QWURXYHGRQF [   [   [   [   [    [   

„„ 160 CHAPITRE 8
 ‰ Méthode 8.2. Comment transformer des fonctions rationnelles ?

3RXUWUDQVIRUPHUXQHIRQFWLRQUDWLRQQHOOHHQXQHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVUDWLRQQHOOHV
SOXV VLPSOHV RQ UpGXLW OD VRPPH DX PrPH GpQRPLQDWHXU SXLV RQ SURFqGH SDU
LGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVFRHIILFLHQWVGHVQXPpUDWHXUV

D Exercices 8.4, 8.5



 D E
([HPSOH0RQWUHUTX LOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOVDHWEWHOVTXH [ \ ? - .   
[ [  [ [ 
2QDSRXUWRXW[GH \ ? - . 
 D E  D DE [ D 
   D  D E [  ! 
[ [  [ [  [ [  [ [  "D  E 
  
2QREWLHQW D  HW E  )LQDOHPHQWRQREWLHQW [ \ ? - .   
[ [  [ [ 
5HPDUTXH/DSUHPLqUHpWDSHGHFHWWHPpWKRGHHVWXQHVLPSOHPLVHDXPrPHGpQRPLQDWHXU

Méthodes
Y [
‰Méthode 8.3. Comment étudier les fonctions [ 6 X [ ?

Y [
/ H[SUHVVLRQ X [ HVWGpILQLHSRXUWRXWUpHO[WHOTXH X [   
4XH O RQ pWXGLH OHV YDULDWLRQV RX OHV OLPLWHV G XQH WHOOH H[SUHVVLRQ LO IDXW O pFULUH
Y [
VRXVIRUPHH[SRQHQWLHOOHjVDYRLU X [ HY [ OQ X [


D Exercice 8.6

([HPSOHeWXGLHUOHVYDULDWLRQVGHODIRQFWLRQ I  [ 6 [ [ VXUVRQHQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ
2QDGpMj ' I \  HWSRXUWRXW[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI [ [ H [ OQ [ 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH [   I  [ OQ [   H [ OQ [ 
I  HVWGRQFGXVLJQHGH OQ [   HWSDUVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHVXU \ 
OQ [      OQ [    [  H  
$LQVLIHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU @H  > HWFURLVVDQWHVXU @H    > 



FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 161 „„
161
„Équations et inéquations
‰ Méthode 8.4. Comment résoudre des équations et des inéquations
polynomiales ?

/DUpVROXWLRQGH3 [  RX3 [ GDQVOHFDVR3HVWGHGHJUpLQIpULHXURXpJDO

jDpWppWXGLpHDXO\FpH
'DQVOHFDVFRQWUDLUHLOIDXWWURXYHUXQHUDFLQHpYLGHQWH QRWpHLFLD GH3
(QVXLWHRQIDFWRULVH3SDU [  D  3 [ [  D 4 [ DYHF GHJ 4 GHJ 3   
6L OH TXRWLHQW 4 HVW GH GHJUp  RQ GpWHUPLQH VHV UDFLQHV VLQRQ RQ FKHUFKH XQH
UDFLQH pYLGHQWH E GH 4 SXLV RQ FRQWLQXH FH SURFpGp MXVTX j REWHQLU DSUqV FHV
IDFWRULVDWLRQVVXFFHVVLYHVXQSRO\Q{PHGHGHJUp

D Exercices 8.1, 8.2, 8.3


([HPSOH5pVRXGUHO pTXDWLRQ [   [    [    
2QFRQVWDWHTXHHVWUDFLQHpYLGHQWHGH 3 [ [   [    [   
(QHIIHW 3          
2QDDORUVXQHIDFWRULVDWLRQGH 3 [ SDU [    3 [ [   [   [   
/HSRO\Q{PH [   [   Q DSDVGHUDFLQH OHGLVFULPLQDQWDVVRFLpYDXW    
/ pTXDWLRQ [   [    [    Q DGRQFTX XQHVROXWLRQ
5HPDUTXH6HXOHVOHVUDFLQHV  SHXYHQWrWUHTXDOLILpHVGHUDFLQHpYLGHQWH

([HPSOH5pVRXGUHO LQpTXDWLRQ [  [    [     
/HSRO\Q{PHGXPHPEUHGHJDXFKHSRVVqGHXQHUDFLQHpYLGHQWHTXLHVW2QSURXYH SDU
LGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVFRHIILFLHQWVVLRQYHXW TXHFHWWHLQpTXDWLRQpTXLYDXWj [   [      
' ROHWDEOHDXGHVLJQHVVXLYDQW


[ ± ±  
[   ±±
[    ±±
[   [    ±±


$LQVLO HQVHPEOHVROXWLRQHVW     %   






„„ 162
162 CHAPITRE 8
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 3RXUWRXVUpHOVDHWERQD H D  E  D  OQ E   

2. / pTXDWLRQ OQ  [  SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ  

3. 3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD [   [   [   [     

4. 3RXUWRXWUpHO[GH     RQD

OQ [   

OQ [    OQ [   
 

5. / H[SUHVVLRQ OQ [ [ H[LVWHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL [     

6. 3RXUWRXWUpHODRQD D    D     

7. / LQpTXDWLRQ H [   Q DSDVGHVROXWLRQ  
OQ [
8. / H[SUHVVLRQ OQ
 [
Q H[LVWHSRXUDXFXQHYDOHXUGH[  

9. 3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD   [    [    

10. 3RXUWRXWUpHO[HWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQD [ Q  [ Q    

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 163 „„
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 8.1. 2QFRQVLGqUHOHSRO\Q{PH3WHOTXH [ \ 3 [  [  [   

1. 0RQWUHUTXHHVWUDFLQHGH3HWGpWHUPLQHUOHSRO\Q{PH4WHOTXH
[ \ 3 [ [  4 [ 
2. eWXGLHUOHVLJQHGH3

‰ Exercice 8.2.6RLWOHSRO\Q{PH3GpILQLSRXUWRXWUpHO[SDU 3 [ [   [   [   
1. 0RQWUHUTXHHVWUDFLQHGH3
2. 'pWHUPLQHUOHVUpHOVDEHWFWHOVTXH [ \ 3 [ [   D[   E[  F 
3. 5pVRXGUHDORUVO¶pTXDWLRQ 3 [  
4. 5pVRXGUHO pTXDWLRQ (  H  [  H [    H [  

‰ Exercice 8.3.2QSRVHSRXUWRXWUpHO[ 3 [ [   [    [  [    [   
1. 3URXYHUTXH  HVWUDFLQHGH3HWGpWHUPLQHU4WHOTXH [ \ 3 [ [   4 [ 
2. 3URXYHUTXH  HVWDXVVLUDFLQHGH4HWGpWHUPLQHU5WHOTXH [ \ 4 [ [   5 [ 
3. 3URXYHUTXH  HVWUDFLQHGH5HQGpGXLUHXQHIDFWRULVDWLRQGH3SXLVUpVRXGUH 3 [   
   
4. 5pVRXGUHO LQpTXDWLRQ ,  OQ [   OQ [   OQ [   OQ [   OQ [     

‰ Exercice 8.4.'pWHUPLQHUOHVUpHOVDEHWFWHOVTXH
 D E F
[ \ ? -  .     
[  [ [  [ [ 

‰ Exercice 8.5.'pWHUPLQHUWURLVUpHOVDEHWFWHOVTXH
[ F
[ \ ? -.  D[  E  
[  [ 

‰ Exercice 8.6.2QSRVH I [ [ OQ [ 
1. 'pWHUPLQHUO HQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ ' I GHI
2. 2QDGPHWTXHIHVWGpULYDEOHVXU ' I 'RQQHUO H[SUHVVLRQGH I  [ SRXUWRXW[GH ' I HWHQ
GpGXLUHOHVYDULDWLRQVGHIVXU ' I 

‰ Exercice 8.7.5pVRXGUHO¶pTXDWLRQ [    [ 


„„ 164 CHAPITRE 8
‰ Exercice 8.8.5pVRXGUHO¶pTXDWLRQ [       

‰ Exercice 8.9.5pVRXGUHOHVpTXDWLRQVVXLYDQWHV
1. [    

2.    [ 


‰ Exercice 8.10.5pVRXGUHOHVLQpTXDWLRQVVXLYDQWHV
1.  [     
2. [     

„ Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH3URFpGHUSDULGHQWLILFDWLRQRXSRVHUODGLYLVLRQHXFOLGLHQQH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQYpULILHUTXH 3   
3RXUODTXHVWLRQXWLOLVHUODPpWKRGHG¶LGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVFRHIILFLHQWV
3RXUODTXHVWLRQPXOWLSOLHUWRXWG¶DERUGOHVGHX[PHPEUHVSDU H [ 
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQYpULILHUTXH 3   
3RXUODTXHVWLRQYpULILHUTXH 4   
3RXUODTXHVWLRQYpULILHUTXH 5   
([HUFLFHV  HW  5pGXLUH OH PHPEUH GH GURLWH DX PrPH GpQRPLQDWHXU HW
LGHQWLILHUDYHFOHPHPEUHGHJDXFKH

([HUFLFH5HPDUTXHUTXH [ OQ [ H OQ [ 
([HUFLFH3RVHU ; [ 
([HUFLFHeFULUH [     SXLVpOHYHUDXFDUUp
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUODGpILQLWLRQGHODYDOHXUDEVROXH
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUODSURSULpWp


FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 165 „„
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) 9 9 ) 9 9 ) 9 ) )

1. /D IRQFWLRQ ORJDULWKPH Q pWDQW GpILQLH TXH VXU \   OD UHODWLRQ Q HVW YDODEOH TXH VL E HVW
VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI

2. 5HPDUTXRQVWRXWG¶DERUGTXH OQ  [ HVWGpILQLVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL [HVWVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLI
(QVXLWHODSURSULpWpGRQQH OQ  [   OQ  [ OQ  [  

3. / H[SUHVVLRQ [   [    HVW SRO\QRPLDOH GHGHJUp  jGLVFULPLQDQWVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLIHOOH
HVWGRQFWRXMRXUVGXVLJQHGXFRHIILFLHQWGRPLQDQWF HVWjGLUHSRVLWLYH
2QHQFRQFOXWTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO [   [   [   [   

4. / H[SUHVVLRQ OQ [     HVW GpILQLH SRXU WRXW [ WHO TXH [    HVW VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLI VRLW

SRXUWRXW[GH     %    
'H SOXV SRXU WRXW [ GH        O H[SUHVVLRQ [     HVW VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLYH OD SURSULpWp
  
GRQQH OQ [   OQ [    OQ [    OQ [   [   
 

¬FHVWDGHRQQHSHXWSDVpFULUH OQ [    OQ [   FDUQL [   QL [   Q HVWVWULFWHPHQW

SRVLWLI

[
5. / H[SUHVVLRQ OQ [ H[S [ OQ OQ [ Q HVWGpILQLHTXHSRXUOHVUpHOV[WHOVTXH OQ [ H[LVWH
HW OQ [   
[
3DUFRQVpTXHQW OQ [ H[LVWHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL [   

6. 6RLWDXQUpHO
3DUO LQpJDOLWpWULDQJXODLUHRQD D   D    D    6RLW D    D   
5HPDUTXH/ LQpJDOLWpWULDQJXODLUHHVWHQFRUHYDODEOHSRXUXQHGLIIpUHQFH
 [ \ \   [  \  [  \ 

7. 8QHH[SRQHQWLHOOHHVWWRXMRXUVSRVLWLYHGRQFWRXWUpHO[HVWVROXWLRQGHO LQpTXDWLRQ H [   

„„ 166
166 CHAPITRE 8
 OQ [
8. / H[SUHVVLRQ OQ H[LVWHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL
 [
 [   SRXUO¶H[LVWHQFHGH OQ [ 
  [   SRXUO¶H[LVWHQFHGXTXRWLHQW
OQ [ OQ [
   SRXUO¶H[LVWHQFHGH OQ 
 [  [
(QV¶LQWpUHVVDQWjFHWWHGHUQLqUHFRQGLWLRQRQUHPDUTXHDORUVTXH OQ [    [      [   
OQ [
/HVH[SUHVVLRQV OQ [ HW  [ VRQWGRQFGHVLJQHVRSSRVpVHW Q¶HVWSDVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI
 [
OQ [
/ H[SUHVVLRQ OQ Q H[LVWHGRQFSRXUDXFXQHYDOHXUGH[
 [

9. 3RXU[  RQD  [   HW   [    
2QHQFRQFOXWTXH   [     [  

10. 6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO
  Q    Q
 Q
&RQVLGpURQV[  2QDDORUV  

Corrigé
    


‰ Les erreurs classiques

,OQ \DSDVGHIRUPXOHSRXUWUDQVIRUPHU OQ [ ( \ 
D
 / H[SUHVVLRQ OQ  H[LVWH SRXU D HW E GH PrPH VLJQH HW E QRQ QXO PDLV OD
E
D
SURSULpWp OQ OQ D  OQ E Q HVWYDODEOHTXHVLDHWEVRQWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV
E
 2Q QH SHXW XWLOLVHU XQ WDEOHDX GH VLJQH TX DYHF XQH H[SUHVVLRQ VRXV IRUPH GH
SURGXLWRXGHTXRWLHQWMDPDLVDYHFXQHVRPPHRXXQHGLIIpUHQFH
2QQ DSDVWRXMRXUV [ Q  VXSpULHXUj [ Q  PrPHVL [HVWSRVLWLI(QIDLWVL [HVW
VXSpULHXUj [ Q  [ Q  HWVL[HVWGDQV    [ Q  [ Q  3RXUOHVYDOHXUVQpJDWLYHV
FHODGpSHQGDXVVLGHODSDULWpGHQ
,OHVWIRQGDPHQWDOSRXUSURJUHVVHUVXUOHVWKqPHVSOXVFRPSOH[HVGHFRQQDvWUH
SDUF°XUWRXWHVOHVSURSULpWpVGHVIRQFWLRQVXVXHOOHV

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 167 „„
167
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 8.1_______________________________

1. 2QD 3        GRQFHVWUDFLQHGH3
,OH[LVWHGRQFXQHIRQFWLRQSRO\QRPLDOH4GHGHJUpWHOOHTXH [ \ 3 [ [   4 [ 
(QSRVDQW 4 [ D[   E[  F RQREWLHQW [  [   [   D[   E[  F 
(QGpYHORSSDQWHWRUGRQQDQWRQWURXYH [  [   D[  E  D [   F  E [  F 
D 
ED 
3DULGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVFRHIILFLHQWVRQDDORUV ! FHTXLGRQQH D  E  F  
F  E 
" F 
2QHQFRQFOXW
3 [ [   [   [   
D0pWKRGH

2. /DIRQFWLRQSRO\Q{PH4QHSRVVqGHSDVGHUDFLQH OHGLVFULPLQDQWDVVRFLpHVW    
2QHQGpGXLWTXHODIRQFWLRQ4HVWWRXMRXUVSRVLWLYH$LQVL 3 [ DOHVLJQHGH [   
2QHQFRQFOXWTXH 3 HVWQpJDWLIVXU   V DQQXOHHQHWHVWSRVLWLIVXU    
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 8.2_______________________________

1. /HUpHOHVWUDFLQHGH3(QHIIHWRQD 3          

2. 3UHPLqUHPpWKRGH$YHFODGLYLVLRQHXFOLGLHQQHRQD



[   [   [     [  
 [  [    [  [   
 [   [   
  [    [   
 [    
 [    



2QWURXYH
[   [   [   [   [  [   


„„ 168
168 CHAPITRE 8
 'HX[LqPHPpWKRGH
3 [ [   D[   E[  F  [   [   [   D[   E  D [   F  E [  F 
D 
D 
ED 
3DULGHQWLILFDWLRQGHVFRHIILFLHQWVRQREWLHQW ! FHTXLGRQQH !E  
FE 
"F 
" F 
)LQDOHPHQWRQWURXYHHQFRUH
[   [   [   [   [    [   
D0pWKRGH

3. /HGLVFULPLQDQWGH [    [   HVW ǻ  HWOHVUDFLQHVGH [    [   VRQW  HW  
2QHQGpGXLWTXHOHVVROXWLRQVGHO¶pTXDWLRQ 3 [  VRQW±±HW

4. /DIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHQHV DQQXODQWSDVRQDHQPXOWLSOLDQWSDU H [ 
 
H  [  H [    H  [   H [  H  [  H [     H [   H[  H[     3 H[  
/DTXHVWLRQQRXVGRQQHDORUV H [  RX H [  RX H [  

Corrigé
&RPPHODIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHHVWjYDOHXUVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHVLOQHUHVWHTXH H [  
/DVHXOHVROXWLRQGH ( HVWGRQF

_________ Exercice 8.3_______________________________

   
1. 2QD 3                             
2QHQGpGXLWTXH  HVWUDFLQHGH3
,OH[LVWHGRQFXQSRO\Q{PH4WHOTXH 3 [ [   4 [ R 4 [ D[   E[  F[   G[  H 
3DULGHQWLILFDWLRQDSUqVDYRLUGpYHORSSpUpGXLWHWRUGRQQp [   4 [ RQREWLHQW
3 [ [   4 [  D  E  D  F  E  G  F  H  G  H  
2QWURXYHDORUV D  E  F  G  H  
2QHQFRQFOXW
3 [ [   [    [   [    [   
5HPDUTXH2QSRXYDLWDXVVLSRVHUODGLYLVLRQHXFOLGLHQQH

2. 2QSURXYHGHODPrPHIDoRQTXH  HVWUDFLQHGH4HWTXH 4 [ [   5 [ 
$YHFODPrPHWHFKQLTXHRQREWLHQW
5 [ [   [    [   

 
3. 2QUHPDUTXHTXH                  
 HVWGRQFUDFLQHGH5HWRQREWLHQW
5 [ [   [  [   

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 169 „„
2QHQGpGXLW

3 [ [  [   [  [   
&RPPH XQ FDUUp HVW WRXMRXUV SRVLWLI PDLV SDV VWULFWHPHQW  HW TXH OH SRO\Q{PH [   [    HVW
WRXMRXUVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI LOQ DSDVGHUDFLQHHWHVWGXVLJQHGXFRHIILFLHQWGH [  TXLYDXW 
3 [   HVWpTXLYDOHQWHj [     
/¶HQVHPEOHVROXWLRQHVWGRQF     
D0pWKRGHV

4. / LQpTXDWLRQ , HVWpTXLYDOHQWHj 3 OQ [   
2Q HQ GpGXLW TXH [ HVW VROXWLRQ GH ,  VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL OQ [      HW OQ [      VRLW
OQ [   HW [    H F¶HVWjGLUH [  H  HW [    H 
)LQDOHPHQWO HQVHPEOHVROXWLRQHVW  H     ? -   H . 

_________ Exercice 8.4_______________________________

D E F D  E  F [  D  F [  E
6RLW[XQpOpPHQWGH \ ? -. 2QD   
[  [ [  [ [  [ 
5HPDUTXRQVHQVXLWHTXH [ [   [   [  [ 

D  E  F  D 
 D E F
$LQVL 
   !D  F   !F  
[ [ [  [ [ 
"E  "E 
2QFRQFOXW
     
[ \ ? -.    
[  [ [  [ [ 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 8.5_______________________________

F D[   E  D [  E  F
6RLW[XQUpHOGLIIpUHQWGH  2QDDORUV D[  E  
[  [ 
D  D 
[ F
$LQVL D[  E   !E  D   !E  
[  [ 
"E  F  "F 
2QFRQFOXW
[ 
[ \ ? -.  [  
[  [ 
D0pWKRGH

„„ 170
170 CHAPITRE 8
 _________ Exercice 8.6_______________________________
1. 2QD [ ' I  [   HW OQ [ H[LVWH2QHQGpGXLWTXH ' I \  


2. 3RXUWRXWUpHO[GH ' I RQD I [ HOQ [ OQ [ H OQ [ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGRQFFRPSRVpHGHODIRQFWLRQORJDULWKPHTXLHVWGpULYDEOHVXU \  HWjYDOHXUV
GDQV \  HW GHV IRQFWLRQV FDUUp HW H[SRQHQWLHOOH GpULYDEOHV VXU \  3DU FRQVpTXHQW I HVW
   OQ [ OQ [ 
GpULYDEOHVXU \  2QDDORUVSRXUWRXW[GH \   I  [  # # OQ [ # H OQ [ H 
[ [
OQ [
/HVLJQHGH I  [ HVWFHOXLGH 
[
2QDOHWDEOHDXGHVLJQHVVXLYDQW


[   
[ 
OQ [  ±
OQ [
 ±
[

Corrigé


2QHQFRQFOXWTXHIHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU  SXLVFURLVVDQWHVXU    

D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 8.7_______________________________

2QUpVRXWELHQV€UO¶pTXDWLRQGDQV \  DILQG¶rWUHFHUWDLQGHO¶H[LVWHQFHGH [ 
(QSRVDQW ; [ O¶pTXDWLRQ [    [ GHYLHQW ;    ;   FDUGHX[QRPEUHVSRVLWLIVVRQW
pJDX[VLHWVHXOHPHQWVLOHXUVFDUUpVVRQWpJDX[ 

&HWWHpTXDWLRQV¶pFULWjVRQWRXU  ;   ;    /HVUDFLQHVVRQWHW  ,OIDXWPDLQWHQDQW

UpVRXGUH ; [ FHTXLQ¶HVWSRVVLEOHTX¶DYHF ;  HWRQDILQDOHPHQW [  FRPPHVHXOH
VROXWLRQGHO¶pTXDWLRQ [    [ 

_________ Exercice 8.8_______________________________

/¶pTXDWLRQ [        V¶pFULW [      (Q pOHYDQW DX FDUUp RQ SHXW FDU [     HW 
VRQWSRVLWLIV RQREWLHQWO¶pTXDWLRQpTXLYDOHQWH [     2QDDORUV [   HWRQWURXYHDLQVL
TXHOHVVROXWLRQVGHO¶pTXDWLRQ [       VRQW   HW   

FONCTIONS USUELLES
USUELLES 171 „„
171
_________ Exercice 8.9_______________________________

[   
1. [     !RX  [  RX [  
" [   

 
  [

  
2.    [  !RX  [  RX [ 
  

  [ 
" 

_________ Exercice 8.10 _____________________________

1.  [         [         [      [    [   

2. [       [     RX [        [   RX [    
3RXUFRQFOXUH
[  [    %   

„„ 172
172 CHAPITRE 8
 Chapitre 9
Généralités
sur les fonctions

Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet est un mathématicien allemand

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

qui vivait dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle.

Il a fourni de nombreux travaux concernant
 9    :      Q 
rigueur dans le choix des hypothèses et la rédaction
des démonstrations. C’est lui qui introduit
         9     
générale et il donne en 1829 le premier exemple
de fonction qui ne soit continue en aucun point.

■ Un peu d'histoire
„  !    ‡ˆKKe siècle que l’on se préoccupe de la notion de fonction. Le
 Š       :   "# {  ‹   )Œ  
          /   "     "  Z  
              267  ! ;    # 
;      !   /    ''    9   
dont on connait seulement une relation entre elle et sa fonction dérivée, voire sa
dérivée seconde.
„   !  ! Ž ;               
9     9       Q      9   
usuelles, ou la juxtaposition de telles expressions.
 „„ Objectifs
„ Les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQG XQHIRQFWLRQ
Z 6DYRLUPRQWUHUTX XQHIRQFWLRQHVWSDLUH RXLPSDLUH 

„ Et plus si affinités
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUjERQHVFLHQWODGpILQLWLRQGXVHQVGHYDULDWLRQG XQHIRQFWLRQ


„„ 174 CHAPITRE 9
 „„ Résumé de cours

'pILQLWLRQ6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQGH \ GDQV \ /¶HQVHPEOHGHVUpHOV[D\DQWXQHLPDJH

SDUIHVWDSSHOpHQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQGHIHWHVWQRWp ' I 

„L'ensemble \


‰ Intervalles
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWGHX[UpHOVDHWEDYHF D  E 
/HVLQWHUYDOOHVVXLYDQWVVRQWRXYHUWV@  D>@E  >@DE>
/HVLQWHUYDOOHVVXLYDQWVVRQWIHUPpV@  D@>E  >>DE@
2QDSSHOOHVHJPHQWWRXWLQWHUYDOOHIHUPpHWERUQpF¶HVWjGLUHGXW\SH>DE@

5HPDUTXH,OH[LVWHGHVLQWHUYDOOHVTXLQHVRQWQLRXYHUWVQLIHUPpVFRPPH>DE>
,OH[LVWHDXVVLGHVLQWHUYDOOHVjODIRLVRXYHUWVHWIHUPpVFRPPHHW * 


‰ Voisinage
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWDXQUpHORX RX± 
2QGLWTX XQHSURSRVLWLRQ 3 [ GpSHQGDQWGXUpHO[HVWYUDLHDXYRLVLQDJHGHDVL 3 [ HVW
YUDLHSRXUWRXW[pOpPHQWG XQLQWHUYDOOHRXYHUWFRQWHQDQWD RXG H[WUpPLWpDVLDHVWXQLQILQL
RXVL 3 [ Q HVWGpILQLHTXHG XQF{WpGHD 

([HPSOHV /DSURSRVLWLRQ [   [   HVWYUDLHDXYRLVLQDJHGH  FDUHOOHO HVWSDU
H[HPSOHSRXUWRXW[pOpPHQWGH @  > 
/DSURSRVLWLRQ OQ [   HVWYUDLHDXYRLVLQDJHGHFDUHOOHO HVWSRXUWRXW[GH @ > 

„Propriétés des fonctions

'pILQLWLRQ   6RLW XQ UHSqUH RUWKRJRQDO [2\  2Q DSSHOOH FRXUEH UHSUpVHQWDWLYH GH I
O HQVHPEOH & I GHVSRLQWVGHFRRUGRQQpHV [ I [ [SDUFRXUDQWO HQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ'I


‰ Parité, imparité
'pILQLWLRQV6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQWHOOHTXH'IVRLWFHQWUpHQ
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGLWHSDLUHORUVTXH [ ' I  I  [ I [ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGLWHLPSDLUHORUVTXH [ ' I  I  [  I [ 


GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 175 „„
175
([HPSOHV/HVIRQFWLRQVVXLYDQWHVVRQWSDLUHV [ 6 [ Q  Q ]  [ 6 [ 
/HVIRQFWLRQVVXLYDQWHVVRQWLPSDLUHV [ 6 [  Q   Q ] 

3URSULpWp6LIHVWSDLUHDORUV & I HVWV\PpWULTXHSDUUDSSRUWjO D[H 2\ 
6LIHVWLPSDLUHDORUV & I HVWV\PpWULTXHSDUUDSSRUWjO RULJLQH2GXUHSqUH

D Méthode 9.1. Comment étudier la parité d'une fonction ?


‰ Majorants, minorants, extremums locaux, extremums globaux
'pILQLWLRQV6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXUXQHSDUWLH$QRQYLGHGH \ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGLWHPDMRUpHVXU$ORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQUpHO0WHOTXH [ $ I [  0 
/HUpHO0HVWDORUVDSSHOpXQPDMRUDQWGHIVXU$ 0Q HVWSDVXQLTXH 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGLWHPLQRUpHVXU$ORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQUpHOPWHOTXH [ $ I [  P 
/HUpHOPHVWDORUVDSSHOpXQPLQRUDQWGHIVXU$ PQ HVWSDVXQLTXH 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGLWHERUQpHVXU$ORUVTX HOOHHVWjODIRLVPDMRUpHHWPLQRUpHVXU$

7KpRUqPH/DIRQFWLRQIHVWERUQpHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL I HVWPDMRUpH

'pILQLWLRQV   6RLW IXQH IRQFWLRQ GpILQLH VXU XQH SDUWLH $ QRQ YLGH GH \  HW [  XQ UpHO
pOpPHQWGH $ 
2QGLWTXHIDGPHWXQPD[LPXPJOREDOVXU$HQ[ORUVTXH [ $ I [  I [ 
2QQRWHDORUV I [ PD[ I [ 
[ $
2QGLWTXHIDGPHWXQPD[LPXPORFDOVXU$HQ[ORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQYRLVLQDJH9GH[WHOTXH
[ $ , 9  I [  I [  I [ HVWOHSOXVJUDQGGHVI [ DXWRXUGH[ 
2QGLWTXHIDGPHWXQPLQLPXPJOREDOVXU$HQ[ORUVTXH [ $ I [  I [ 
2QQRWHDORUV I [ PLQ I [ 
[ $
2QGLWTXHIDGPHWXQPLQLPXPORFDOVXU$HQ[ORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQYRLVLQDJH9GH[WHOTXH
[ $ , 9  I [  I [  I [ HVWOHSOXVSHWLWGHVI [ DXWRXUGH[ 

5HPDUTXH   ,O H[LVWH GHV IRQFWLRQV VDQV H[WUHPXP TXL Q¶RQW GRQF QL PD[LPXP QL
PLQLPXP FRPPHSDUH[HPSOHOHVIRQFWLRQVORJDULWKPHHWH[SRQHQWLHOOH

‰ Sens de variation
'pILQLWLRQV6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,GH \ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWFURLVVDQWHVXU,ORUVTXH [\  , [  \  I [  I \ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU,ORUVTXH [\  , [  \  I [  I \ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU,ORUVTXH [\  , [  \  I [  I \ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU,ORUVTXH [\  , [  \  I [  I \ 

„„ 176
176 CHAPITRE 9
'pILQLWLRQ   8QH IRQFWLRQ I HVW GLWH PRQRWRQH VXU , ORUVTXH I HVW VRLW FURLVVDQWH VRLW
GpFURLVVDQWHVXU ,(OOHHVW VWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXU ,ORUVTX HOOHHVWVRLWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWH
VRLWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU,

5HPDUTXH   1RXV YHUURQV DX FKDSLWUH  XQ RXWLO SUDWLTXH SRXU pWXGLHU OH VHQV GH
YDULDWLRQGHFHUWDLQHVIRQFWLRQV LOV DJLWELHQV€UGHODGpULYpH 
D Méthode 9.2. Comment étudier les variations d'une fonction grâce à la définition ?

3URSULpWp6HQVGHYDULDWLRQG XQHVRPPH
6LSOXVLHXUVIRQFWLRQVRQWOHPrPHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH ,DORUVOHXUVRPPHDFH
PrPHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQVXU,

5HPDUTXH 6LGHSOXVO XQHDXPRLQVGHVIRQFWLRQVHVWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHODVRPPH
O HVWDXVVL

([HPSOH6LIHWJVRQWFURLVVDQWHVVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,DORUVIJHVWFURLVVDQWHVXU,

5HPDUTXH   ,O H[LVWH GHV UqJOHV SRXU OH VHQV GH YDULDWLRQ G XQ SURGXLW GH IRQFWLRQV
PRQRWRQHVPDLVLO\DWURSGHFDVjFRQVLGpUHUSRXUTX LOVRLWXWLOHGHOHVUHWHQLU/DGpULYDWLRQ
GRQQHUDOHVPR\HQVGHV HQVRUWLUVDQVWURSGHPDO

3URSULpWp6HQVGHYDULDWLRQG XQHELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXH
6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,GH \ UpDOLVDQWXQHELMHFWLRQGH,VXUXQLQWHUYDOOH
-GH \ 6LIHVWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXU,DORUV I  DOHPrPHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQTXHIVXU-

‰ Position relative de deux courbes

7KpRUqPH 6LSRXUWRXW [G¶XQLQWHUYDOOH ,RQD I [  J [ ODSRUWLRQFRUUHVSRQGDQWH
GHODFRXUEH & I HVWDXGHVVXVGHFHOOHGHODFRXUEH & J 

‰ Régionnement du plan
7KpRUqPH   /HV SRLQWV GX SODQ GRQW OHV FRRUGRQQpHV [ \  YpULILHQW O¶LQpTXDWLRQ
\  I [ VRQWOHVSRLQWVVLWXpVVWULFWHPHQWDXGHVVXVGHODFRXUEH & I 


5HPDUTXH 2QDGDSWHSRXUOHVLQpTXDWLRQV \  I [  \  I [ HW \  I [ 3RXUOHV

GHX[GHUQLHUVFDVODFRXUEHIDLWSDUWLHGHO¶HQVHPEOHVROXWLRQ

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 177 „„
 „„ Méthodes

„Éléments de symétrie d'une fonction

‰ Méthode 9.1. Comment étudier la parité d'une fonction ?

7RXMRXUVHQGHX[WHPSV
9pULILHUTXH [ ' I    [ ' I F HVWjGLUHTXH ' I HVWFHQWUpHQ SRXUFHOD
LOVXIILWGHOHFRQVWDWHUHQGpWHUPLQDQW ' I 
 ([SULPHU I  [  j O DLGH GH I [  6LSRXU WRXW [ GH ' I  I  [ I [  DORUV I
HVWSDLUHHWVLSRXUWRXW[GH ' I  I  [  I [ DORUVIHVWLPSDLUH
8QHDVWXFH6HVRXYHQLUTXHODVRPPHGHGHX[IRQFWLRQVGHPrPHSDULWpHVWXQH
IRQFWLRQ GH FHWWH SDULWp HW TXH OH SURGXLW GH GHX[ IRQFWLRQV GH PrPH SDULWp HVW
SDLUHDORUVTXHOHSURGXLWGHGHX[IRQFWLRQVGHSDULWpVRSSRVpHVHVWLPSDLUH

D Exercices 9.1, 9.2, 9.3


([HPSOHeWXGLHUODSDULWpGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDU [ 6 H [  H [ 
‡IHVWGpILQLHVXU \ TXLHVWFHQWUpHQ
‡ [ \ I  [ H  [  H [  H [  H  [  I [ 
&RQFOXVLRQIHVWLPSDLUH

„Sens de variation d'une fonction

‰ Méthode 9.2. Comment étudier les variations d'une fonction
grâce à la définition ?

1RXV YHUURQV DX FKDSLWUH  TXH SRXU OHV IRQFWLRQV GpULYDEOHV OH VLJQH GH OD
GpULYpHGRQQHOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQ
/¶XWLOLVDWLRQ GH OD GpILQLWLRQ HVW ELHQ DGDSWpH DX[ IRQFWLRQV TXL QH VRQW SDV
GpULYDEOHVRXSRXUFHOOHVGRQWRQQHVDLWSDVVLHOOHVOHVRQW
8QHUHPDUTXHLPSRUWDQWH6LO HQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQG XQHIRQFWLRQQ HVWSDVXQ
LQWHUYDOOHPDLVODUpXQLRQGHSOXVLHXUVLQWHUYDOOHVLOIDXWPHQHUO pWXGHGXVHQVGH
YDULDWLRQVXUFKDFXQGHFHVLQWHUYDOOHVVpSDUpPHQW

D Exercices 9.7, 9.8




„„ 178
178 CHAPITRE 9
([HPSOH (Q DQWLFLSDQW VXU OH FKDSLWUH  FRQFHUQDQW O¶LQWpJUDWLRQ SDUWLFXOLqUHPHQW OD
SURSULpWp pWXGLHUOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDU

; H W

[
[ \  I [ GW 

5HPDUTXRQV WRXW G¶DERUG TXH O¶RQ QH VDLW SDV FDOFXOHU FHWWH LQWpJUDOH j FDXVH GX W   GDQV
O¶H[SRQHQWLHOOH &RPPH RQ QH VDLW SDV SOXV GpULYHU FH JHQUH GH IRQFWLRQ LQWpJUDOH RQ GRLW
UHYHQLUjODGpILQLWLRQHWFRQVLGpUHUGHX[UpHOV[HW\WHOVTXH [  \ 
3RXU WRXW W GH >@  RQ D GRQF W  [  W  \  SXLVTXH W   HVW SRVLWLI  HW SDU FURLVVDQFH GH OD
 
IRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHVXU \ RQREWLHQW HW [  HW \ 
 
/HV IRQFWLRQV W 6 HW [  HW W 6 HW \  pWDQW FRQWLQXHV VXU >@ HW OHV ERUQHV pWDQW GDQV O¶RUGUH
 
FURLVVDQW    RQSHXWLQWpJUHUHWRQD ; HW [ GW  ; HW \ GW F HVWjGLUH I [  I \ 
 

 

%LODQ  [ \ \   [  \  I [  I \ /DIRQFWLRQIHVWGRQFFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 



Méthodes

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 179 „„
179
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux

1. /DIRQFWLRQ[ 6

[
HVWERUQpHVXU> >  

2. /D VHXOH IRQFWLRQ GpILQLH VXU \  j OD IRLV SDLUH HW LPSDLUH HVW OD
IRQFWLRQQXOOH  

3. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWLPSDLUHDORUV I   
 
4. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWSDLUHDORUV[ 6 [I [ HVWLPSDLUH
 
5. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWLPSDLUHDORUV[ 6 _I [ _HVWSDLUH
 
6. /H SURGXLW GH GHX[ IRQFWLRQV GpILQLHV VXU \  HW LPSDLUHV HVW XQH
IRQFWLRQSDLUH
 


7. /DIRQFWLRQ[ 6
[
HVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \   

8. 6LTXHOTXHVRLWOHUpHO[ I [    I [ DORUVIHVWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 
 
9. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWFURLVVDQWHVXUOHVLQWHUYDOOHV,HW-DORUVHOOHO HVW
VXU , % -   

10. 6LODIRQFWLRQIHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXUXQHQVHPEOH,DORUVTXHOV
TXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOV[HW\GH,RQD I [  I \  [  \   

„„ 180 CHAPITRE 9
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 9.1.eWXGLHUODSDULWpGHFKDFXQHGHVIRQFWLRQVVXLYDQWHVHQQ RXEOLDQWSDVGH

GpWHUPLQHUOHVHQVHPEOHVGHGpILQLWLRQGHVWURLVSUHPLqUHVIRQFWLRQV
H [  
1. I [         2. I [ OQ [  [     
H [  
 [  I [  [ VL[  
3. I [ OQ  4. ! 
 [ [
" I [  VL[  

‰ Exercice 9.2.*  6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ 
1. 2QVXSSRVHGDQVFHWWHTXHVWLRQTXHIHVWSDLUH0RQWUHUTXHIQ HVWSDVELMHFWLYH
2.2QVXSSRVHGDQVFHWWHTXHVWLRQTXHIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQLPSDLUHGH \ GDQV \ 0RQWUHUTXH
VDELMHFWLRQUpFLSURTXHHVWHOOHPrPHLPSDLUH

‰ Exercice 9.3.**  &RQVLGpURQVODVXLWHGHIRQFWLRQV I Q Q ` GpILQLHVXU \ DLQVL
[ \  I  [   I [ [ HWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ
[ \  I Q   [  [ I Q  [  I Q [ 
1.0RQWUHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXHQ  I Q  [  Q I Q [ 
2.(QGpGXLUHTXHTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHUQDWXUHOQODIRQFWLRQ I Q DODPrPHSDULWpTXHQ

‰ Exercice 9.4.  2Q UDSSHOOH TXH  [   GpVLJQH OD SDUWLH HQWLqUH GH [ HW RQ FRQVLGqUH OD
IRQFWLRQITXLjWRXWUpHO[DVVRFLH I [ [   [  
1.0RQWUHUTXHIYpULILHODSURSULpWpVXLYDQWH


[ \  I [   I [ 
2. 0RQWUHUSOXVJpQpUDOHPHQWTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONRQD [ \ I [  N I [ 

‰ Exercice 9.5. 6RLW(O HQVHPEOHGHVIRQFWLRQVIGpILQLHVVXU \ HWYpULILDQW
[ \ I [ I [ 
0RQWUHUTXHO¶HQVHPEOH(Q¶HVWSDVYLGH

‰ Exercice 9.6. eWXGHGHVYDULDWLRQVSDUGpFRPSRVLWLRQ
1.eWXGLHUOHVYDULDWLRQVGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSRXUWRXWUpHO[SDU
I [ [   [   
2. eWXGLHUOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \  SDU

[   I [ [  H [ 

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 181 „„
181
‰ Exercice 9.7.* 6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQ I GpILQLHVXU \  VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHVXU @  > 
HWYpULILDQW [   \   I [\ I [  I \ 
1.6RLW GHX[ UpHOV D HW E WHOVTXH   D  E  'RQQHUOHVLJQH GH I E  I D  HWHQ GpGXLUH OH
VHQVGHYDULDWLRQGH I VXU \  
2. 'RQQHUXQHIRQFWLRQVLPSOHYpULILDQWOHVFRQGLWLRQVLPSRVpHVGDQVFHWH[HUFLFH

‰ Exercice 9.8.**6RLWDXQUpHOVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI2QQRWH 3D ODIRQFWLRQSRO\QRPLDOH
GpILQLH VXU \  SDU 3D [ [  D[    HW RQDGPHW TXH O pTXDWLRQ 3D [   DGPHWXQH XQLTXH
VROXWLRQUpHOOH WKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQ 2QQRWHFHWWHVROXWLRQ X D HWRQFRQVLGqUHDORUVOD
IRQFWLRQXGpILQLHVXU \  TXLjWRXWUpHOVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIDDVVRFLH X D 
1.(QFRPSDUDQW 3D X D HW 3D  PRQWUHUTXH D   X D   
2. a)0RQWUHUTXHTXHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVUpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVDHWERQD


3D X E D E X E 


b)(QGpGXLUHOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQGHODIRQFWLRQX
' DSUqV+(&

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH'RQQHUG DERUGOHVHQVHPEOHVGHGpILQLWLRQ
3RXUODTXHVWLRQPRQWUHUG DERUGTXH[  [     _ [ _ 
3RXUODTXHVWLRQSHQVHUjpFULUHI [ jO DLGHGHODYDOHXUDEVROXH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQPRQWUHUTXHIQ HVWSDVLQMHFWLYH
3RXUODTXHVWLRQ VHGRQQHUXQUpHO\HWSRVHU [ I  \ pFULUH\HQIRQFWLRQGH
IHWGH[SXLVXWLOLVHUO LPSDULWpGHI
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQIDLUHXQHUpFXUUHQFHG RUGUH
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  SDUWLU GH O¶HQFDGUHPHQW TXL GpILQLW OD SDUWLH
HQWLqUH
3RXUODTXHVWLRQSURFpGHUSDUUpFXUUHQFH
([HUFLFH,OQ¶\DSDVjFKHUFKHUELHQORLQ«
([HUFLFH6HVRXYHQLUGHVYDULDWLRQVGHVIRQFWLRQVWULQ{PHV
([HUFLFH 3RXUODTXHVWLRQ IDLUHDWWHQWLRQTXH I Q¶HVWSDVGRQQpHGpULYDEOH
E
SXLVSHQVHUjpFULUHE  # D 
D
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQXWLOLVHUOHUpVXOWDWGX9)
3RXUODTXHVWLRQD XWLOLVHUODGpILQLWLRQGH X E jVDYRLU 3E X E  
3RXUODTXHVWLRQ E FRPSDUHU 3D X D HW 3D X E ,FLDXVVLRQQHVDLWSDVTXH
XHVWGpULYDEOH

„„ 182
182 CHAPITRE 9
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 9 ) 9 9 9 ) ) ) 9


1. 3RXUWRXW[GHO LQWHUYDOOH    RQD     2QHQGpGXLWTXHODIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHHVW
[
ERUQpHVXU    

2.6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU \ TXLHVWjODIRLVSDLUHHWLPSDLUH
&RPPHIHVWSDLUHSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD I  [ I [ 
&RPPHIHVWLPSDLUHSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD I  [  I [ 
2QREWLHQWDLQVLSRXUWRXW[UpHO I [  I [ 

Corrigé
2QHQGpGXLWTXHSRXUWRXW[UpHO  I [  SXLV I [  
IHVWGRQFELHQODIRQFWLRQQXOOH


3. &RQVLGpURQVODIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHF HVWjGLUHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDUI [   
[
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWLPSDLUHPDLVQHV DQQXOHSDVHQ HOOHQ HVWSDVGpILQLHHQ 

4. 6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQSDLUH3RXUWRXW[GH ' I RQD  [ I  [  [ I [  [ I [ SDU
SDULWpGHI/DIRQFWLRQ [ 6 [ I [ HVWGRQFLPSDLUH

5. 6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQLPSDLUH3RXUWRXW[GH ' I RQD I  [ I [ I [ 
/DIRQFWLRQ [ 6 I [ HVWGRQFSDLUH

6. 6RLWIHWJGHX[IRQFWLRQVLPSDLUHVGpILQLHVVXU \ 
3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQDSDUGpILQLWLRQGHODPXOWLSOLFDWLRQGHVIRQFWLRQV
I J [ I [ J [ 
&RPPHIHWJVRQWLPSDLUHVRQREWLHQW
I J [  I [ J [ 
/DUqJOHGHVVLJQHVFRQGXLWj
I J [ I [ J [ 
2QDGRQFELHQ I J  [ I J [ FHTXLSURXYHTXHODIRQFWLRQ I J HVWSDLUH

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 183 „„
7. /D IRQFWLRQ LQYHUVH HVW VWULFWHPHQW GpFURLVVDQWH VXU \   HW VXU \   PDLV HOOH Q¶HVW SDV
VWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 
 
3DUH[HPSOHRQD   HWOHVLQYHUVHVGHFHVGHX[QRPEUHV TXLVRQW±HW VRQWFODVVpV
 
 
GDQVOHPrPHRUGUHTXH  HW 
 

8. &¶HVWWHQWDQWPDLVF¶HVWIDX[&¶HVWYDODEOHSRXUOHVVXLWHV VL XQ   XQ DORUVODVXLWH XQ 
HVWFURLVVDQWH PDLVLFLRQDEHVRLQG XQHIRQFWLRQXQSHXWRUGXH
 [ VL[ \ ? ]
&RQVLGpURQVODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ ! 
" [ VLQRQ
2QDELHQ
[ \ I [    I [ 
(QHIIHW
6L[HVWGDQV ]  [   HVWDXVVLGDQV ] RQDGRQF I [   [   HW I [ [ 
2QHQGpGXLWDORUVIDFLOHPHQW
I [   I [ 

6LQRQ I [   [  [    [   [   I [   [    [   
&RPPH [    [   DXQGLVFULPLQDQWVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLI [    [   HVWWRXMRXUVSRVLWLIHWRQ
REWLHQW I [    I [ 

3RXUWDQW I Q HVW SDV FURLVVDQWH (Q HIIHW     HW SRXUWDQW I    HW I    

$LQVL    Q LPSOLTXHSDV I   I  


9. &RQVLGpURQVODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSRXUWRXW[QRQQXOSDU I [  
[
IHVWELHQFURLVVDQWHVXU \  HWVXU \  HWSRXUWDQWIQ HVWSDVFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 
 
3DUH[HPSOHRQD    HW I   I  (QHIIHW I  HW I   
 

10. 6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXUXQHQVHPEOH,
3DUGpILQLWLRQRQD  [ \ ,   [  \  I [  I \ 
3URXYRQVTXH  [ \ ,   I [  I \  [  \ 
8WLOLVRQVOHUDLVRQQHPHQWSDUO DEVXUGHF HVWjGLUHVXSSRVRQVTXH [  \ 
 6L [ \ DORUVQpFHVVDLUHPHQW I [ I \ FHTXLFRQWUHGLWO LQpJDOLWp I [  I \ 
 6L [  \ DORUVSDUVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGH IVXU ,RQD I [  I \ FHTXLFRQWUHGLWDXVVL
O LQpJDOLWp I [  I \ 

„„ 184 CHAPITRE 9
2QDELHQSURXYpSDUO DEVXUGHTXH  [ \ ,   I [  I \  [  \ 
)LQDOHPHQWVLIHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU,DORUV
 [ \ ,   I [  I \  [  \ 

‰ Les erreurs classiques

/RUVTXHO RQpWXGLHODPRQRWRQLHG XQHIRQFWLRQLOHVWLPSpUDWLIGHSUpFLVHUTXH

O RQWUDYDLOOHVXUGHVLQWHUYDOOHV
3RXUpWXGLHUODSDULWpG XQHIRQFWLRQLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHG H[DPLQHUDXSUpDODEOHVRQ
HQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ(QVXLWHVHXOHPHQWRQFRPSDUHI ±[ DYHFI [ RX±I [ 
1HSDVFRQIRQGUHO pWXGHGHVYDULDWLRQVG XQHVXLWHSRXUODTXHOOHRQFRPSDUHXQ
HWXQDYHFFHOOHGHVIRQFWLRQVSRXUODTXHOOHODFRPSDUDLVRQGH I [   HWI [ 
HVW LQRSpUDQWH /D VHXOH FKRVH TXH O RQ SXLVVH DIILUPHU PDLV HOOH HVW VDQV JUDQG
LQWpUrWF HVWTXHVLIHVWFURLVVDQWHDORUVRQDELHQ I [    I [ 

Corrigé

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 185 „„
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 9.1_______________________________

1. 3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD H  [     GRQF ' I \ HW ' I HVWELHQFHQWUpHQ
H  [  
3RXUWRXWUpHO [ I  [  [
(QPXOWLSOLDQWOHQXPpUDWHXUHWOHGpQRPLQDWHXUSDU H  [ TXL
H 
  H [ H [  
HVWQRQQXORQREWLHQW I  [  
  H [ H [  
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWUpHO[ I  [  I [ HWIHVWGRQFLPSDLUH

2. 3RXUWRXW [UpHORQD [     [    3DUVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpHVXU
\  RQREWLHQW [     [  )LQDOHPHQWSXLVTXH [  [ RQD [     [ 
VL [   FRPPH [     [ RQD [      [ F¶HVWjGLUH [  [      
VL [    [  [      HVWWRXMRXUVYpULILpHSXLVTXH [      HW [   
)LQDOHPHQW ' I \ GRQF ' I HVWFHQWUpHQ
 [    [ [    [ 
3RXUWRXWUpHO[ I  [ OQ  [  [    OQ   
 [    [ 
 

$SUqVVLPSOLILFDWLRQV I  [ OQ  OQ [     [ 

[   [
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWUpHO[ I  [  I [ HWIHVWGRQFLPSDLUH

 [
3. [ ' I    8WLOLVRQVXQWDEOHDXGHVLJQHV
 [

[     
 [    
 [    
 [
   __  
 [

2QHQGpGXLWTXH ' I   TXLHVWELHQFHQWUpHQ

 [  [  [
'HSOXVSRXUWRXWUpHO[GH    I  [ OQ OQ  OQ 
 [  [  [

„„ 186
186 CHAPITRE 9
2QHQGpGXLWTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO[GH    I  [  I [ HWIHVWGRQFLPSDLUH

4. 2QD ' I \ TXLHVWFHQWUpHQHWRQSHXWpFULUH I [  [  F HVWIDFLOHjYpULILHU /D
IRQFWLRQYDOHXUDEVROXHHVWSDLUHGRQF[  I  [   [  [
I [ 
2QFRQFOXWTXHIHVWSDLUH
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 9.2_______________________________

1.6XSSRVRQVISDLUH
&RQVLGpURQVXQUpHO[QRQQXO/DSDULWpGHIDVVXUHDORUVTXH I [ I  [ 
&RPPH[HVWGLIIpUHQWGH  [ ODIRQFWLRQIQ HVWSDVLQMHFWLYHGRQFHOOHQ HVWSDVELMHFWLYH
)LQDOHPHQWVLIHVWSDLUHHOOHQHSHXWSDVrWUHELMHFWLYH

2.6XSSRVRQVILPSDLUHHWELMHFWLYHGH \ GDQV \ 
6RLW \XQUpHOTXHOFRQTXH2QSRVH [ I  \ HWRQDDORUV \ I [ 3DULPSDULWpGH IRQ
REWLHQW \  I  [ VRLW  \ I  [ 

Corrigé
(QDSSOLTXDQWI±FHWWHpJDOLWpV pFULW I   \  [ 
&RPPH [ I  \ RQREWLHQW I   \  I  \ )LQDOHPHQW I  HVWDXVVLLPSDLUH
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 9.3_______________________________

Q
1.3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQSRVRQV5 Q © [ \ I Q  [  I Q [ ª

5  HVWYUDLHFDUSRXUWRXW[UpHORQD I   [   I  [ 

5  HVWYUDLHFDUSRXUWRXW[UpHORQD I  [ [  I [ 
6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOWHOTXH5 Q HW 5 Q   VRQWYUDLHV
Q  Q
3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD I Q    [   [ I Q   [  I Q  [  [  I Q  [   I Q [ 
Q Q 
IQ  [   [ I Q [  I Q [  I Q   [  5 Q   HVWGRQFYUDLH
Q
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD [ \ I Q  [  I Q [ 

2. 2QGpGXLWGHODTXHVWLRQTXH
VLQHVWSDLUDORUV [ \ I Q  [ I Q [ F HVWjGLUH I Q HVWSDLUH
VLQHVWLPSDLUDORUV [ \ I Q  [  I Q [ F HVWjGLUH I Q HVWLPSDLUH
/DIRQFWLRQ I Q DGRQFODPrPHSDULWpTXHQ
D0pWKRGH

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS
FONCTIONS 187 „„
187
_________ Exercice 9.4_______________________________
1. &RQVLGpURQVXQUpHO[TXHOFRQTXH3DUGpILQLWLRQ  [  ] HW  [   [   [    2QHQGpGXLW
HQDMRXWDQWjFKDTXHPHPEUHTXH  [     [     [      &RPPH  [    DSSDUWLHQWj
] RQGpGXLWGHFHWHQFDGUHPHQWTXH  [    HVWODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGH [   
2QDGRQF
 [    [    
2QHQGpGXLW
[ \ I [   [     [   [     [    [     [    [   [  I [ 
&RQFOXVLRQ
[ \  I [   I [ 

2. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONRQSRVH5 N © [ \ I [  N I [ ª
5  HVWYUDLHSXLVTXHO¶RQDELHQ I [   I [ 
6RLWNXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOWHOTXH5 N HVWYUDLH
2QDDORUVSRXUWRXW [GH \  I [  N   I [   N I [  I [ SDUK\SRWKqVH
GHUpFXUUHQFH DSSOLTXpHj[ SXLVSDUODSURSULpWpYXHjODTXHVWLRQ
2QDGRQFPRQWUpTXH5 N HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHRQREWLHQW
N ` [ \ I [  N I [ 

_________ Exercice 9.5_______________________________

/D IRQFWLRQ QXOOHHW SOXVJpQpUDOHPHQW OHVIRQFWLRQV FRQVWDQWHV YpULILHQW SRXU WRXWUpHO [OD
UHODWLRQ I [ I [  GRQF(Q HVWSDVYLGH

_________ Exercice 9.6_______________________________

1. 3RVRQVSRXUWRXWUpHO[ J [ [    [   
/ pTXDWLRQ J [  DSRXUVROXWLRQV [  HW [  RQHQGpGXLWDYHFOHVLJQHGXWULQ{PHTXH
ODIRQFWLRQJHVWSRVLWLYHVXU    HW     HWQpJDWLYHVXU   
2QDDORUV
 J [ VL[    %    
I [ ! 
"  J [ VL [   
 
' DSUqVOHFRXUVGHODFODVVHGHSUHPLqUHRQVDLWTXHODIRQFWLRQJHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU     
 
 
HWFURLVVDQWHVXU     
 


„„ 188
188 CHAPITRE 9

2QHQGpGXLWDORUV
 
/DIRQFWLRQ IHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU    SXLVTXHFHWLQWHUYDOOHHVWLQFOXVGDQV     HW
 
 
FURLVVDQWHVXU     SXLVTXHFHWLQWHUYDOOHHVWLQFOXVGDQV     
 
   
6XU   ODIRQFWLRQJHVWGpFURLVVDQWHPDLV I  J GRQFIHVWFURLVVDQWHVXU   
   
   
6XU     ODIRQFWLRQJHVWFURLVVDQWHPDLV I  J GRQFIHVWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU     
   

2. /DIRQFWLRQ [ 6 [ HVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  
 /DIRQFWLRQ [ 6  [  HVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \  jYDOHXUVGDQV \  HWH[SHVW

VWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  GRQFODIRQFWLRQ [ 6 H [ HVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \  

3DUVXLWHODIRQFWLRQ [ 6 H  [ HVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  
&RQFOXVLRQIHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  FRPPHVRPPHGHGHX[WHOOHVIRQFWLRQV

Corrigé
Corrigé
_________ Exercice 9.7_______________________________
E E
1. 3RXUWRXVUpHOVDHWEVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVRQD I E I #D I  I D 
D D
E
&HFLV pFULWHQFRUH I E  I D I 
D
E
3RXUWRXVUpHOVDHWEWHOVTXH   D  E RQD   3DUGpILQLWLRQODIRQFWLRQ I HVWjYDOHXUV
D
E
VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHVVXU @  > GRQF I   2QREWLHQWDORUV I E  I D   
D
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXVUpHOVDHWEWHOVTXH   D  E RQD I E  I D 
/DIRQFWLRQ I HVWGRQFVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  
D0pWKRGH
2./DIRQFWLRQOQUpSRQGjODTXHVWLRQ
(OOHHVWHQHIIHWGpILQLHVXU \  VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHVXU     
'HSOXVSRXUWRXVUpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV[HW\RQD OQ [\ OQ [  OQ \ 

_________ Exercice 9.8_______________________________

1. 3DUGpILQLWLRQGHX D RQD 3D X D  HWXQVLPSOHFDOFXOPRQWUHTXH 3D   
2QHQGpGXLW 3D X D  3D  
3DUDLOOHXUVSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD 3D [  [   D 

GÉNÉRALITÉS SUR LES FONCTIONS 189 „„

&RPPHDHVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRQHQGpGXLW 3D [   
/D IRQFWLRQ 3D  HVW GRQF VWULFWHPHQW FURLVVDQWH VXU \  HW O LQpJDOLWp 3D X D  3D   pFULWH
WURLVOLJQHVSOXVKDXWLPSOLTXH X D    VHUpIpUHUDX9) 

2. a) 6RLWDHWEGHX[UpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV

3DUGpILQLWLRQGHX E RQD 3E X E  F HVWjGLUH X E  EX E    
'qVORUVRQREWLHQW
 
3D X E X E  DX E   X E  EX E    DX E  EX E 

3E X E 

)LQDOHPHQWRQD
3D X E D E X E 

b) 6RLWDHWEGHX[UpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVWHOVTXH D  E 
3DU GpILQLWLRQ 3D X D   'H SOXV 3D X E D  E X E    FDU D  E    HW X E   
G DSUqVODTXHVWLRQ  $LQVLRQD 3D X E  3D X D HWODVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGH 3D VXU \ 
DVVXUHDORUVTXH X E  X D 
)LQDOHPHQW

 D E \  DE  X E X D 


2QHQGpGXLWTXHODIRQFWLRQXHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \  
D0pWKRGH


„„ 190 CHAPITRE 9
 Chapitre 10
Limites

Souvent surnommé le père de l’analyse moderne,

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

Karl Weierstrass est un mathématicien atypique.

Très soucieux de rigueur en mathématiques,
             
et de celle de continuité, très proches
de celles que nous utilisons de nos jours.
Il publie très peu et ses remarquables
découvertes sont connues grâce à ses élèves
très admiratifs pour leur maître.

■ Un peu d'histoire
La notion de limite est restée très intuitive durant de nombreux siècles. Ceci fut
             /       -
      ‡ˆKKe siècle.
" &   ‹  #    +   ;       
du siècle suivant mais elle était fort imprécise. Au début du XIXe siècle, Augustin-Louis
Cauchy, dans son Cours d’Analyse de l’École royale polytechnique        
satisfaisante. Cependant, il manquait à tous ces savants une construction précise de
l’ensemble des nombres réels. Ceci fut l’œuvre, entre autres, de Karl Weierstrass, ce
!          !            ! 
un mystérieux epsilon est « aussi petit que l’on veut ».
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z &RQQDvWUHOHVOLPLWHVGHUpIpUHQFH
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHVOLPLWHVGHUpIpUHQFH

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHVGpILQLWLRQVGHVOLPLWHV

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Limites
‰ Limite finie en un point
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWXQUpHO A HWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGXUpHO [ 2QGLWTXH
ODOLPLWHGH IHQ [HVWpJDOHj A ORUVTXH I [ SHXWrWUHUHQGXDXVVLSURFKHTXHO RQYHXWGH A 
SRXUYXTXH [ V DSSURFKHVXIILVDPPHQWSUqVGH[
İ   Į   [ ' I  [  [  Į   I [  A  İ 
2QQRWHDORUV OLP I [ A RX OLP I A RXHQFRUH I [ $ A 
[ $ [ [ [ $ [


5HPDUTXH/ XVDJHGHV© İ ªHVWUpVHUYpDX[H[HUFLFHVWKpRULTXHVRXWUqVGLIILFLOHV



3URSULpWp 6LIHVWGpILQLHHQ[HWVLIDGPHWXQHOLPLWH A HQ [ DORUV A I [ HWRQ

GLWTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ [  YRLUFKDSLWUH 


7KpRUqPH6LIDGPHWXQHOLPLWHHQ [ DORUVFHOOHFLHVWXQLTXH

'pILQLWLRQ/LPLWHjJDXFKHHQ [ OLPLWHjGURLWHHQ [ 
‡ 6RLWXQUpHO A HWXQHIRQFWLRQ IGpILQLHVXUXQYRLVLQDJHjJDXFKHGH [ 2QGLWTXHODOLPLWH
GHIjJDXFKHHQ[HVWpJDOHj A ORUVTXH
İ   Į   [ ' I  [  Į  [  [   I [  A  İ 
2QQRWHDORUV OLP I [ A RX OLP I [ A 
[ $ [ [ $ [
[  [
‡6RLWXQUpHO A HWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXUXQYRLVLQDJHjGURLWHGH[2QGLWTXHODOLPLWHGHI
jGURLWHHQ[HVWpJDOHj A ORUVTXH
İ   Į   [ ' I  [  [  [  Į   I [  A  İ 
2QQRWHDORUV OLP I [ A RX OLP I [ A 
[ $ [ [ $ [
[  [


5HPDUTXH/ H[LVWHQFHGHODOLPLWHjJDXFKHHQ [ RXGHODOLPLWHjGURLWHHQ [ QH

GpSHQGQLGHO H[LVWHQFHQLGHODYDOHXUGH I [ 

7KpRUqPH6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGH [ 
6LIQ¶HVWSDVGpILQLHHQ [ DORUVRQD OLP I [ OLP I [ A  OLP I [ A 
[ $ [ [ $ [ [ $ [

6LIHVWGpILQLHHQ [ DORUVRQD OLP I [ OLP I [ I [  OLP I [ I [ 

[ $ [ [ $ [ [ $ [

D Méthode 10.6. Comment utiliser les limites à gauche et à droite ?

LIMITES 193 „„
5HPDUTXH / pWXGHGHODOLPLWHGHIHQXQSRLQWjO DLGHGHVOLPLWHVjGURLWHHWjJDXFKH
HVWSHUWLQHQWHGqVTXH I [ V H[SULPHGLIIpUHPPHQWjGURLWHHWjJDXFKHGXSRLQWHQTXHVWLRQ

([HPSOH/DIRQFWLRQSDUWLHHQWLqUH [ 6  [  DGPHWXQHOLPLWHjJDXFKHHQpJDOHj
HWXQHOLPLWHjGURLWHHQpJDOHjPDLVHOOHQ DGPHWSDVGHOLPLWHHQ

‰ Limite infinie en un point

'pILQLWLRQV6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGXUpHO[2QGLWTXHODOLPLWHGHI
HQ[HVWpJDOHj  ORUVTXH
$ \ Į   [ ' I  [  [  Į  I [  $ 
2QQRWHDORUV OLP I [  RXELHQ OLP I  
[ $ [ [

‡¬JDXFKHHQ[ $ \ Į   [ ' I  [  Į  [  [  I [  $  OLP I [  

[ $ [

‡¬GURLWHHQ[ $ \ Į   [ ' I  [  [  [  Į  I [  $  OLP I [  

[ $ [
2QGpILQLWGHPrPHOHFDVGHODOLPLWHpJDOHj  ORUVTXH[WHQGYHUV[
$ \ Į   [ ' I  [  [  Į  I [  $  RQQRWH OLP I [  
[ $ [

‡¬JDXFKHHQ[ $ \ Į   [ ' I  [  Į  [  [  I [  $  OLP I [  

[ $ [

‡¬GURLWHHQ[ $ \ Į   [ ' I  [  [  [  Į  I [  $  OLP I [  

[ $ [

‰ Limites en l'infini
'pILQLWLRQV /LPLWHILQLHHQO LQILQL6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGH  HW
XQUpHO A 2QGLWTXHODOLPLWHGHIHQ  HVWpJDOHj A ORUVTXH
İ   %    [  %  I [  A  İ 
2QQRWH OLP I [ A RX OLP I A 
[ $ 

'HPrPHRQQRWH OLP I [ A ORUVTXH İ   %   [  %  I [  A  İ 

[ $

'pILQLWLRQV/LPLWHVLQILQLHVHQO LQILQL
6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGH  
‡ OLP I [    $ \ %   [  % I [  $ 
[ $
‡ OLP I [   $ \ %   [  % I [  $ 
[ $
6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGH  
‡ OLP I [   $ \ %   [  % I [  $ 
[ $
‡ OLP I [   $ \ %   [  % I [  $ 
[ $



„„ 194 CHAPITRE 10
„Théorèmes généraux sur les limites
‰ Limites et opérations a désigne un réel, ou  , ou  ).

Limite d'une somme Limite d'un produit
OLP I     A A  OLP I  (  A 
D D
OLP J        OLP J  (  (  ( 
D D
OLP I  J   ),    OLP IJ  (  (  ),
D D
ODUqJOHGHVVLJQHVGRQQHOHVLJQH
),VLJQLILHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpH   GHODOLPLWHGXSURGXLW


D Méthode 10.2. Comment calculer une limite indéterminée avec des racines carrées ?

Limite de l'inverse d'une fonction
OLP I  ( 1 HWI [  DX 2 1 HWI [  DX 2
D  A  3 4  3 4
5 YRLVLQDJHGHD 6 5 YRLVLQDJHGHD 6
 
OLP       
D I A

7KpRUqPH 5qJOHGHFRPSRVLWLRQGHVOLPLWHV6RLW D EHW FUpHOVRX  RX  2Q
FRQVLGqUHXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGHDHWXQHIRQFWLRQJGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHGHE
6L OLP I [ E HW OLP J [ F DORUV OLP J I [ F 
[$D [ $E [$D

D Méthode 10.1. Comment calculer une limite par composition ?


5HPDUTXH 2QDGDSWHOH WKpRUqPHDXFDVROHVOLPLWHVHQMHXVRQWGHVOLPLWHV
ORUVTXH[WHQGYHUV D  YHUV D  YHUV E  RXHQFRUHYHUV E  

‰ Limites usuelles (formes indéterminées)

H[   OQ   [ OQ [
7KpRUqPH/LPLWHVjFRQQDvWUH OLP   OLP   OLP  
[ $ [ [ $ [ [ $ [ 

OQ [ H[
7KpRUqPH&URLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV OLP [ OQ [   OLP   OLP  
[ $ [ $ [ [ $ [
ȕ
Į ȕ Hȕ [ OQ [
3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQW Į ! ȕ ! OLP [ OQ [  OLP
  HW OLP
[ $ [ $ [Į [ $ [ Į
)DFHjXQHLQGpWHUPLQDWLRQGXHjXQSURGXLWRXjXQTXRWLHQWO H[SRQHQWLHOOHO HPSRUWHVXUOD
SXLVVDQFHTXLHOOHPrPHO HPSRUWHVXUOHORJDULWKPH
D Méthode 10.3. Comment utiliser les limites usuelles ?



LIMITES 195 „„

‰ Limite et ordre
7KpRUqPH3URORQJHPHQWGHVLQpJDOLWpV
6LDXYRLVLQDJHGHD I  J RX I  J HWVL OLP I [ A HW OLP J [ A DORUV A  A 
[$D [$D


5HPDUTXH 2QGLWTX RQHVWSDVVpjODOLPLWHGDQVO LQpJDOLWp,OHVWLPSRUWDQWGHQRWHU

TXHO LQpJDOLWpREWHQXHHVWWRXMRXUVODUJH

7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHGHFRPSDUDLVRQGHVOLPLWHV
‡6LDXYRLVLQDJHGHD I [  J [ HWVL OLP I [  DORUV OLP J [  
[$D [$D
‡6LDXYRLVLQDJHGHD I [  J [ HWVL OLP J [  DORUV OLP I [  
[$D [$D

D Méthode 10.4. Comment utiliser le théorème de comparaison ?


7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQW GLWDXVVLGHVJHQGDUPHV 
6RLWWURLVIRQFWLRQVIJHWKGpILQLHVDXYRLVLQDJHGHDHWVRLW A XQUpHO
6LDXYRLVLQDJHGHD I [  J [  K [ VL OLP I [ A HWVL OLP K [ A DORUV OLP J [ A 
[$D [$D [$D

7KpRUqPH&RQVpTXHQFHLPSRUWDQWH
6LDXYRLVLQDJHGHD I [  A  J [ HWVL OLP J [  DORUV OLP I [ A 
[$D [$D

D Méthode 10.5. Comment utiliser le théorème d'encadrement ?

‰ Limite et sens de variation

7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHGHOLPLWHPRQRWRQH
6LIHVWXQHIRQFWLRQPRQRWRQHVXU@DE>DYHFDHWEUpHOVRXLQILQLVDORUV
IDGPHWHQWRXWSRLQWGHO LQWHUYDOOH@DE>XQHOLPLWH ILQLH jGURLWHHWjJDXFKH
ISRVVqGHXQHOLPLWH ILQLHRXLQILQLH jGURLWHHQDHWjJDXFKHHQE

3OXVSUpFLVpPHQW
 IFURLVVDQWH IGpFURLVVDQWH
IPDMRUpH IDGPHWXQHOLPLWHILQLHHQE± IDGPHWXQHOLPLWHILQLHHQD
IQRQPDMRUpH OLP I [   OLP I [  
[ $E [$D
IPLQRUpH IDGPHWXQHOLPLWHILQLHHQD IDGPHWXQHOLPLWHILQLHHQE±
IQRQPLQRUpH OLP I [   OLP I [  
[$D [ $E



„„ 196
196 CHAPITRE 10
 „„ Méthodes

„Calculs de limites
‰ Méthode 10.1. Comment calculer une limite par composition ?

3RXUFDOFXOHU OLP J I [ GDQVOHFDVR OLP I [ E HW OLP J [ F  DYHFDEHW

[$D [$D [ $E
FUpHOVRXLQILQLV RQSURFqGHDLQVL
‡RQFRPPHQFHSDUpFULUH OLP I [ E 
[$D
‡RQSRVH;  I [ HWRQFRQFOXW OLP J I [ OLP J ; F 
[$D ; $E

D Exercices 10.1, 10.2, 10.5, 10.7

Méthodes

([HPSOHeWXGLHUODOLPLWHjGURLWHHQGHODIRQFWLRQ I GpILQLHSDU [   I [ [ [ 
&RPPHQoRQVSDUUHPDUTXHUTXH [   I [ H [ OQ [ 
&RPPH OLP [ OQ [  HQSRVDQW; [ OQ [ RQREWLHQW OLP H [ OQ [ OLP H ;  
[ $ [ $ ; $
&RQFOXVLRQ OLP I [  
[ $

‰ Méthode 10.2. Comment calculer des limites indéterminées

avec racines carrées ?

'DQVOHFDVRODTXDQWLWpGRQWRQYHXWODOLPLWHIDLWDSSDUDvWUHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGHOD
IRUPH X  Y RX X  Y RX X  Y RXHQFRUH X  Y DORUVXQHLGpHHVWGH
PXOWLSOLHU HW GLYLVHU SDU OD TXDQWLWp FRQMXJXpH GH FHWWH H[SUHVVLRQ F HVWjGLUH OD
PrPH H[SUHVVLRQ HQ FKDQJHDQW OH VLJQH ©  ª HQ ©  ª HW YLFH YHUVD  / LGHQWLWp
UHPDUTXDEOH D  E D  E D   E  IDLWGLVSDUDvWUHOHVUDFLQHVFDUUpHVHWSHUPHWGH
FRQFOXUH

D Exercices 10.1, 10.8

[ 
([HPSOH&DOFXOHU OLP 

[ $ [   
OLP [   OLP [      ODSUHPLqUHDQDO\VHFRQGXLWjXQHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpH
[ $ [ $

/DTXDQWLWpFRQMXJXpHGH [      HVW [      (QPXOWLSOLDQWKDXWHWEDVSDUFHWWH

TXDQWLWpSRXUWRXW[GLIIpUHQWGHHWGH±RQREWLHQW

LIMITES 197 „„
 [  [  [     [  [     [  [    

[     [     [     [   
   [  
[  [   [     [    
2QREWLHQWHQILQ 
[     [  [  [ 
[      
2U OLP [       HW OLP [    GRQF OLP  
[ $ [ $ [ $ [  
[ 
3DUVXLWH OLP  

[ $ [   

‰ Méthode 10.3. Comment utiliser les limites usuelles ?

/HVOLPLWHVXVXHOOHV FHOOHVGHVWKpRUqPHVHW VRQWDXWDQWGHIRUPHVLQGp

WHUPLQpHVTXLSHXYHQWVHUYLUjHQOHYHUG DXWUHV

D Exercices 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.9, 10.10

OQ   [
([HPSOH&DOFXOHU OLP 
[ $ [
OQ   [  OQ   [ OQ   [ 
2QD 
  # 2U OLP   OLPLWHXVXHOOH HW OLP  GRQFSDU
[ [ [ [ $ [ [ $ [

OQ   [
SURGXLW OLP  
[ $ [


‰ Méthode 10.4 Comment utiliser le théorème de comparaison ?

2QVXSSRVHTX DXYRLVLQDJHGHD DUpHORXLQILQL RQD I [  J [ 

‡6L OLP I [  DORUV OLP J [  
[$D [$D
‡6L OLP J [  DORUV OLP I [  
[$D [$D

D Exercice 10.6

([HPSOH&DOFXOHU OLP  [   
  [  HVWODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGH[ 
[ $ [
[ \   [   [   [     GpILQLWLRQGHODSDUWLHHQWLqUH G R [     [   [ 
/¶LQpJDOLWpGHJDXFKHGRQQH  [     [ HWHQGLYLVDQWSDU [    [HVWDXYRLVLQDJHGH  
 [   [  [  
RQ REWLHQW     F¶HVWjGLUH    [  &RPPH OLP [   DORUV SDU
[ [ [ [ $

 [  
PLQRUDWLRQRQWURXYH OLP    
[ $ [

„„ 198
198 CHAPITRE 10
 ‰ Méthode 10.5 Comment utiliser le théorème d'encadrement ?

6LDXYRLVLQDJHGHD DUpHORXLQILQL RQD I [  J [  K [ HWVLOHVOLPLWHVGH

IHWKHQDVRQWpJDOHVjXQPrPHUpHO A DORUV OLP J [ A 
[$D

D Exercice 10.4
 [
([HPSOH&DOFXOHU OLP     [  GpVLJQHWRXMRXUVODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGH[ 
[ $ [  

[ \   [   [   [     GpILQLWLRQGHODSDUWLHHQWLqUH G R [     [   [ 

[    [  [
$XYRLVLQDJHGH  RQSHXWGLYLVHUSDU[!FHTXLGRQQH   
[  [  [ 
&RPPHXQTXRWLHQWGHSRO\Q{PHVVHFRPSRUWHDXYRLVLQDJHGHO LQILQLFRPPHOHTXRWLHQWGH
[  [ [ [
VHVWHUPHVGHSOXVKDXWGHJUpRQREWLHQW OLP OLP  HW OLP OLP  
[ $ [   [ $ [ [ $ [   [ $ [

[
' DSUqVOHWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQW OLP    

Méthodes
[ $ [  

‰ Méthode 10.6. Comment utiliser les limites à gauche et à droite ?

&HWWHPpWKRGHHVWLQFRQWRXUQDEOHGDQVOHFDVRO H[SUHVVLRQGHIHVWGLIIpUHQWHj
GURLWHHWjJDXFKHGH[ H[HPSOH PDLVDXVVLGDQVG¶DXWUHVFDV H[HPSOH 
/DIRQFWLRQIDGPHWXQHOLPLWHHQ[GDQVOHVGHX[FDVVXLYDQWV
6LIQ¶HVWSDVGpILQLHHQ [ HWVLODOLPLWHGHIjJDXFKHHQ[HWODOLPLWHGHIj
GURLWHHQ [ H[LVWHQWHWVRQWpJDOHV
6LIHVWGpILQLHHQ [ HWVLODOLPLWHGHIjJDXFKHHQ[HWODOLPLWHGHIjGURLWHHQ
[ H[LVWHQWHWVRQWpJDOHVj I [ RQGLWDORUVTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ [ 

D Exercices 10.1, 10.2, 10.4

-


VL[  
([HPSOHeWXGLHUODOLPLWHHQGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDU I [ 
H [ VL[  
‡ OLP I [ OLP H [ OLP HX   RQDSRVpX [ 2QDGRQF OLP I [ I  
[ $ [ $  X $ [ $
‡ OLP I [ OLP   I  
[ $ [ $ 
&RQFOXVLRQIDXQHOLPLWHHQHW OLP I [  

[ $


([HPSOHeWXGLHUODOLPLWHGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDU I [ H [ HQ

‡ OLP I [ OLP H [ OLP HX   GpMjYXjO H[HPSOH 
[ $ [ $  X $

‡ OLP I [ OLP H [ OLP HX   RQDSRVpX [ 

[ $ [ $ X $
&RQFOXVLRQIQ DSDVGHOLPLWHHQPDLVHOOHDXQHOLPLWHjJDXFKHHQpJDOHj

LIMITES 199 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux

1. 2QD OLP H [
[ $ [
 SDUFURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV  

2. 6L XQH IRQFWLRQ I HVW FURLVVDQWH VXU \  HW VL SRXU WRXW UpHO [ RQ D
I [   DORUV OLP I [  
[ $
 

[
3. 6RLW I OD IRQFWLRQ GpILQLH SDU  [ \  I [
[
 /D IRQFWLRQ I
 
SRVVqGHXQHOLPLWHHQ
[
4. /HTXRWLHQW
OQ [
FRQGXLWjXQHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpHHQjGURLWHGH  

5. 6LIHVWERUQpHVXU \ HWVL OLP J [

[ $
 DORUV OLP I [ J [
[ $
 
 
I [
6. 6L OLP I [
[$D
A HW OLP J [
[$D
A R A HVWXQUpHODORUV OLP
[ $D J [
   

[

7.
[$
OLP   
[
   


8. 6L OLP I [
[ $
 DORUVRQD OLP
[ $ I [
   

9. 6LSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD   I [   DORUV OLP I [

[ $
    

I [
10. 6LIHVWERUQpHVXUHWVL OLP J [
[ $
 DORUV OLP
[ $ J [
   

„„ 200 CHAPITRE 10
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 10.1.  'DQVFKDFXQGHVFDVVXLYDQWVGpWHUPLQHUOHVOLPLWHVGHODIRQFWLRQ I

DX[ERUQHVGHVRQGRPDLQHGHGpILQLWLRQ
[   OQ [
1. I [  2.* I [ 
[  [  
[  
3.* I [ [ [          4. I [ 
[    

‰ Exercice 10.2.*eWXGLHUOHVOLPLWHVGHVIRQFWLRQVVXLYDQWHVHQ[
1.IHVWGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ [ H [  [  
2.IHVWGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ VL[   HW I [ [ OQ OQ [ VL[    [  

OQ   [ 
‰ Exercice 10.3.* &DOFXOHU OLP 
[ $ [

 
‰ Exercice 10.4.* 2QFRQVLGqUHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ [   
[
2QUDSSHOOHTXH W  GpVLJQHODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGHWF HVWjGLUHOHVHXOQRPEUHHQWLHUYpULILDQW
W  W W  
1. ([SULPHU I [ SRXU [   (QGpGXLUHODOLPLWHGHIHQ  
2.6 LQVSLUHUGHODTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHSRXUGpWHUPLQHUODOLPLWHGHIHQ  
3. a) 0RQWUHUTXH [     [  I [   (QGpGXLUHTXHIDGPHWXQHOLPLWHjGURLWHHQ
b) 0RQWUHUGHPrPHTXHIDGPHWXQHOLPLWHjJDXFKHHQ

‰ Exercice 10.5.*eWXGLHUOHVOLPLWHVHQ GHVIRQFWLRQVIGpILQLHVFLGHVVRXV
1.[! I [ [  OQ [ 
2. [! I [ [ H [  [ 
Q
[N
3. [ \  I [ H [
' N 
N 

‰ Exercice 10.6.**  $XWRXUGHODSDUWLHHQWLqUH
 
1.0RQWUHUTXH [ \     
   [   [ 
[
2. (QGpGXLUHODYDOHXUGH OLP 
[ $   [   [ 

LIMITES 201 „„
‰ Exercice 10.7.*  2Q FRQVLGqUH OD IRQFWLRQ I GpILQLH VXU \  SDU  I [ OQ H [   
0RQWUHUTXH OLP I [  [  
[ $

‰ Exercice 10.8.*  6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU [ \  I [ [   [   eWXGLHU

ODOLPLWHHQ  GHISXLVPRQWUHUTXH OLP I [  [   
[ $ 

OQ   [
‰ Exercice 10.9.*  6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU [ \  I [ 
[
1. &DOFXOHU OLP I [ 
[ $

2. a) &DOFXOHU OLP I [ 
[$

 
 b) (QGpGXLUH OLP OQ    
W $ W W


‰ Exercice 10.10.*  6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU [ \  I [ H  [ OQ   H [ 

&DOFXOHU OLP I [ HW OLP I [ 
[$ [$

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQWUDQVIRUPHU [ [ jO DLGHGHVIRQFWLRQVH[SHWOQ

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQSRVHUX   [ 
3RXUODTXHVWLRQSRVHUX OQ[
([HUFLFH0HWWUH [  HQIDFWHXUGDQVOHORJDULWKPH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQWUDYDLOOHUSRXUGHV[SOXVSHWLWVTXH  
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQPHWWUH[HQIDFWHXUHWUHSpUHUXQHOLPLWHXVXHOOH
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  PXOWLSOLHU O HQFDGUHPHQW SUpFpGHQW SDU [  
SXLVXWLOLVHUODPpWKRGH
([HUFLFH0HWWUH H [ HQIDFWHXUGDQVOHORJDULWKPH
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUODTXDQWLWpFRQMXJXpH
([HUFLFH3RXUODOLPLWHHQ  SRVHU ;   [ 
([HUFLFH3RXUODOLPLWHHQ  VHUDPHQHUjXQHOLPLWHXVXHOOHFRQFHUQDQW
OHORJDULWKPH
3RXUODOLPLWHHQ  PHWWUH H [ HQIDFWHXUGDQVOHORJDULWKPH

„„ 202 CHAPITRE 10
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) ) ) ) 9 ) ) ) ) 9


1. 2Q D  OLP   3DU FRPSRVLWLRQ GH OLPLWHV RQ REWLHQW  OLP H [   (QVXLWH SDU
[$ [ [ $

  [
SURGXLW GH OLPLWHV RQ REWLHQW  OLP H   VDQV IRUPH LQGpWHUPLQpH GRQF VDQV DYRLU j
[$ [
FLWHUOHVFURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV 

2. 8QPDMRUDQWQ HVWSDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWODOLPLWH&RQVLGpURQVODIRQFWLRQ I  [ 6 H [ 
3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQD H [   GRQF H [     
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWFURLVVDQWHVXU \ PDMRUpHSDUPDLVRQD OLP I [  

Corrigé
[ $

3. /DIRQFWLRQIQ HVWSDVGpILQLHHQ
[
'HSOXVSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRQD I [  2QHQGpGXLW OLP I [  
[ [ $
[
(QVXLWHSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLIRQD I [  
[
2QHQGpGXLW OLP I [  HWDLQVLRQD OLP I [  OLP I [ 
[ $ [ $ [ $
&RQFOXVLRQIQ DSDVGHOLPLWHHQ

[ 
4. 2QDSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI [# 
OQ [ OQ [

&RPPH OLP OQ [  RQD OLP  
[ $ [ $ OQ [
[
/HTXRWLHQW SRVVqGHDORUVSDUSURGXLWGHOLPLWHVXQHOLPLWHQXOOHTXDQG[WHQGYHUV   
OQ [

5HPDUTXH Q HVWSDVXQHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpHSDVSOXVTXH  RX  
 

5. 6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQERUQpHVXU \ HWJXQHIRQFWLRQGHOLPLWHQXOOHHQ  
&RPPHIHVWERUQpHLOH[LVWHXQUpHO0WHOTXH [ \ I [  0 
2QHQGpGXLW [ \   I [ J [ I [ J [  0 J [ 

LIMITES 203 „„
3XLVTXH OLP J [  DORUV OLP J [  GRQF OLP 0 J [  
[ $ [ $ [ $
)LQDOHPHQWSDUHQFDGUHPHQWRQREWLHQW OLP I [ J [  
[ $

6. ,OVXIILWGHFRQVLGpUHUIHWJWHOOHVTXH I [ [  HW J [ [ DYHFD 
I [
2QDELHQ OLP I [ OLP J [  HWSRXUWDQW OLP OLP [    
[$ [ $ [ $ J [ [ $

I [
5HPDUTXH6L A HVWXQUpHO QRQQXOWHOTXH OLP I [ OLP J [ A DORUV OLP   HQ
[$D [$D [$D J [
WDQWTXHTXRWLHQWGHOLPLWHVVDQVSUREOqPH 

[ 
 [ OQ 
7. 3RXUWRXW[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRQD   H [ 
[
 
OQ   OQ   OQ   ;
 [ (QSRVDQW ;  [
2QD [ OQ   RQD OLP OLP  
[  [ [ $  ; $ ;
[ [

2QREWLHQWGRQF OLP [ OQ    
[$ [
 [
3DUFRPSRVLWLRQGHOLPLWHVRQWURXYH OLP   H 
[$ [
5HPDUTXH &H TXL DXWRULVH OD FRPSRVLWLRQ GH OLPLWHV FLGHVVXV HVW HQ IDLW OD FRQWLQXLWp GH OD
IRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHHQYRLUOHFKDSLWUH

8. /HIDLWGHVDYRLUTXH OLP I [  QHGRQQHSDVOHVLJQHGHI [ 
[ $

6LO RQD OLP I [   DORUVRQDHIIHFWLYHPHQW OLP  
[ $ [ $ I [

(QUHYDQFKHVLO RQD OLP I [   DORUV OLP   F HVWODUqJOHGHVVLJQHV 
[ $ [ $ I [

/ H[HPSOHGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDUI [    LOOXVWUHELHQODGHX[LqPHSRVVLELOLWp
[

9. 7RXWFHFLVHUDLWYUDLVLO¶RQpWDLWFHUWDLQTXH ISRVVqGHXQHOLPLWHHQ  /HSUREOqPHTXL
SRXUUDLWVHSRVHUFRQFHUQHO H[LVWHQFHGHFHWWHOLPLWH9RLFLXQFRQWUHH[HPSOH
6RLWIODIRQFWLRQTXLYDXWVXUWRXVOHVLQWHUYDOOHVGHODIRUPH N  N   HWTXLYDXWVXUOHV
LQWHUYDOOHVGHODIRUPH N   N   DYHFNHQWLHU
2QDIDFLOHPHQW I [   SXLVTXHIQHSUHQGTXHOHVYDOHXUVHW

„„ 204 CHAPITRE 10
(QUHYDQFKHODIRQFWLRQIQ DSDVGHOLPLWHHQ  LOVXIILWGHGHVVLQHUODFRXUEHUHSUpVHQWDWLYH
GHISRXUV HQFRQYDLQFUH

10. 6RLWIXQHIRQFWLRQERUQpHDORUVLOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOVPHW0WHOVTXH
[ \ P  I [  0 
&RPPH OLP J [  ODIRQFWLRQ JHVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHSRXUXQ [DVVH]JUDQG UHYRLUOD
[ $
GpILQLWLRQG XQHOLPLWHLQILQLH 
P I [ 0
2QSHXWDORUVSRXUWRXW[DVVH]JUDQGGLYLVHUSDUJ [ !HWRQREWLHQW   
J [ J [ J [
I [
/HWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUHTXH OLP  
[ $ J [


‰ Les erreurs classiques

 'DQV OHFDGUH GXWKpRUqPH G HQFDGUHPHQW LO QH IDXWSDV SDVVHU j OD OLPLWH VXU
O HQFDGUHPHQW PDLV VHXOHPHQW FRQVWDWHU TXH OHV IRQFWLRQV TXL HQFDGUHQW RQW OD

Corrigé
PrPHOLPLWHILQLHFHTXLJDUDQWLWTXHODIRQFWLRQHQFDGUpHDXQHOLPLWHILQLHHWTXH
FHWWHOLPLWHHVWpJDOHjODOLPLWHFRPPXQHGHVIRQFWLRQVTXLHQFDGUHQW
 3RXUpWXGLHUODOLPLWHG XQHH[SUHVVLRQVRXVIRUPHGHSXLVVDQFHLOIDXWWRXMRXUV
SDVVHUjODIRUPHH[SRQHQWLHOOH   HW  VRQWGHVIRUPHVLQGpWHUPLQpHV 

LIMITES 205 „„
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 10.1 _____________________________

1. $XYRLVLQDJHGH ( OHVSRO\Q{PHVVHFRPSRUWHQWFRPPHOHXUPRQ{PHGHSOXVKDXWGHJUp
[ [
RQHQGpGXLWTXH OLP I [ OLP OLP [  HW OLP I [ OLP OLP [  
[ $ [ $ [ [ $ [ $ [ $ [ [ $

(QILQHQRQD OLP [     RQHQGpGXLWTXH OLP I [  HW OLP I [  

[ $ [ $ [ $
D0pWKRGH

2. 2QUHPDUTXHTXH [ ' I  [  HW[    ' R ' I    %     
/HVRSpUDWLRQVVXUOHVOLPLWHVGRQQHQW OLP I [  
[$
OQ [ OQ [
5HPDUTXRQVHQVXLWHTXH [ ' I  
[   [  [ 
OQ [ OQ [ 
2QVDLWTXH OLP  HWRQD OLP [    2QHQGpGXLWTXH OLP  
[ $ [   [ $ [ $ [   
OQ [ OQ [   OQ [
 2Q D HQILQ  #  HW FRPPH OLP   HW OLP    FURLVVDQFHV
[  [   [ $  [ $ [
   
[ [
OQ [
FRPSDUpHV RQREWLHQW OLP   
[ $ [  
D0pWKRGH
OQ [  [
3. 3DVVRQVjODIRUPHH[SRQHQWLHOOH I [ H 2QHQGpGXLW ' I \  

/HVRSpUDWLRQVVXUOHVOLPLWHVGRQQHQW VDQVLQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ  OLP OQ [  
[ $ [
3DUFRPSRVLWLRQGHVOLPLWHV OLP I [  
[$
 OQ [
2QVDLWTXH OLP OQ [ OLP   FURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV 
[ $ [ [ $ [
3DUFRQWLQXLWpGHODIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHHQRQREWLHQW OLP I [  
[ $
D0pWKRGH

4. 2QUHPDUTXHTXHSRXUWRXW[UpHO [    HVWSRVLWLIGRQF [ ' I  [        
2QUpVRXW [         [      [      [    [ RX[  
2QHQGpGXLW ' I      %      %     


„„ 206 CHAPITRE 10
3RXUWRXW[GH ' I RQD
[   [      [   [      [     
I [ 
[      [      [    

 
2QREWLHQWGRQFVDQVLQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ OLP I [   OLP I [ HW OLP I [ 
[ $( [ $  [ $ 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 10.2 _____________________________


1. 2QDWRXWG DERUG OLP  
[$ [

3DUFRPSRVLWLRQSXLVSURGXLWGHOLPLWHVRQREWLHQW OLP I [  
[$

H [  
' DXWUHSDUWSRXUWRXW[QRQQXORQD I [ &RPPH OLP  HQSRVDQW X RQ
 [ [$ [ [
HX
REWLHQW OLP I [ OLP   FURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV 
[ $ X $ X

Corrigé
' DSUqVOHWKpRUqPHIQ DGPHWGRQFSDVGHOLPLWHHQ
D0pWKRGHV

2. /DIRQFWLRQIpWDQWQXOOHVXU   RQDGpMj OLP I [  
[ $

(QVXLWHSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWVXSpULHXUjRQD [ OQ OQ [ H OQ OQ [ OQ [

&RPPH OLP OQ [   HQSRVDQW X OQ [ RQREWLHQW OLP OQ [ # OQ OQ [ OLP X OQ X  
[ $ [ $ X $

3DUFRQWLQXLWpGHODIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHHQRQHQGpGXLWTXH OLP [ OQ OQ [  
[$
2QDGRQF OLP I [  HWODIRQFWLRQIQHSRVVqGHSDVGHOLPLWHHQ
[ $
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 10.3 _____________________________

,OIDXWWUDYDLOOHUXQSHXHQPHWWDQW [  HQIDFWHXUGDQVOHORJDULWKPH
 
OQ   [  OQ [      OQ   
[ OQ [ [ OQ [  
  # OQ    
[ [ [ [ [ [ [
2QDGRQF
OQ   [  OQ [  
#  # OQ    
[ [ [ [

LIMITES 207 „„
 OQ [
2QDG¶XQHSDUW OLP   SDUFURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV HWG¶DXWUHSDUWVDQVLQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ
[ $ [
 
OLP  HW OLP OQ    OQ  
[ $ [ [$ [
2QREWLHQWGRQF
OQ   [ 
OLP 
[ $ [
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 10.4 _____________________________

  
1.3RXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWVXSpULHXUjRQD     2QHQGpGXLW [      
[ [
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWVXSpULHXUjRQD I [  GRQF OLP I [  
[ $


2.'HPrPHSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWLQIpULHXUj  RQD     
[

2QHQGpGXLWTXH [      
[
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWLQIpULHXUj   I [  [ GRQF OLP I [  
[ $

    
3. a) 3RXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRQDSDUGpILQLWLRQ         
[ [ [
   
(QUHFHQWUDQWFHWHQFDGUHPHQWRQHQGpGXLW       
[ [ [
(QPXOWLSOLDQWFHWHQFDGUHPHQWSDU[SRVLWLIRQREWLHQW [     [  I [   
&RPPH OLP   [  OHWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUHTXHISRVVqGHXQHOLPLWH
[ $

jGURLWHHQHW OLP I [  
[ $

b) (Q XWLOLVDQW OH PrPH HQFDGUHPHQW TXH O RQ PXOWLSOLH WRXMRXUV SDU [ VXSSRVp FHWWH IRLV
QpJDWLI RQREWLHQW [     I [    [ 
&RPPH OLP   [  OHWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUHTXHISRVVqGHXQHOLPLWH
[ $

jJDXFKHHQHW OLP I [  
[ $
D0pWKRGHV
5HPDUTXH/DIRQFWLRQIDXQHOLPLWHHQHW OLP I [  
[$

„„ 208 CHAPITRE 10
 _________ Exercice 10.5 _____________________________
1. &RPPH SRXU WRXW UpHO [ VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLI RQ D I [ [  OQ [  RQ WURXYH VDQV
LQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ OLP I [  
[ $

H [  
2. 2QD [   I [ [ H [   
 [
 H [   HX  
&RPPH OLP  RQREWLHQW OLP I [ OLP OLP  
[ $ [ [ $ [ $  [ X $ X
5HPDUTXH & I SRVVqGHDXYRLVLQDJHGH  XQHDV\PSWRWHKRUL]RQWDOHG pTXDWLRQ \  

Q
[ N H [
3. 2Q D I [ '  HW SDU FURLVVDQFHV FRPSDUpHV RQ VDLW TXH OLP [ N H  [   GRQF
N  N  [ $

FRPPH N  HVWXQHFRQVWDQWHHWFRPPHODVRPPHHVWILQLHRQDXQHVRPPHILQLHGHWHUPHVTXL
WHQGHQWWRXVYHUVORUVTXH[WHQGYHUV  3DUFRQVpTXHQW OLP I [  
[ $

_________ Exercice 10.6 _____________________________

Corrigé
1. 3DUGpILQLWLRQGHODSDUWLHHQWLqUHRQVDLWTXH[   [  [  [  
2QDDORUV [   [  2QHQGpGXLW  [   [  !±
(QDMRXWDQWRQREWLHQW   [   [  !
 
/HVPHPEUHVGHO LQpJDOLWpVRQWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVGRQF [ \     
   [   [ 

[ [
2. (QPXOWLSOLDQWSDU[SRVLWLIRQWURXYH[    [ 
   [   [ 
[ [
'HFHWWHGRXEOHLQpJDOLWpRQQHUHWLHQWTXHFHOOHGHJDXFKH  
  [   [  
[
&RPPH OLP  DORUVSDUPLQRUDWLRQRQREWLHQW
[ $ 
[
OLP  
[ $   [   [ 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 10.7 _____________________________

)DFHjFHWWHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpHODPpWKRGHXWLOLVpHLFLHVWWUqVLPSRUWDQWH
3RXUWRXWUpHO[RQSHXWpFULUH
I [ OQ H [   H  [ OQ H [  OQ   H [ [  OQ   H [ 

LIMITES 209 „„
2QDGRQF I [  [ OQ   H [ G¶R OLP I [  [ OLP OQ   H  [  
[ $ [ $
/DGURLWHG pTXDWLRQ\ [HVWDV\PSWRWHREOLTXHj &I HQ  

5HPDUTXH2QSRXYDLWDXVVLpFULUH
H[   H[  
I [  [ OQ H [    OQ H [ OQ [ OQ [  [ OQ   [ 
H H H H
[
2QWURXYDLWHQFRUH I [  [ OQ   H HWODFRQFOXVLRQpWDLWELHQV€UODPrPH
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 10.8 _____________________________

     
$XYRLVLQDJHGH  RQD I [ [     [     [     
[ [ [ [ [ [
 
/DFRQWLQXLWpGHODIRQFWLRQ HQHW OLP     DVVXUHQWTXH
[ $ [ [
 
OLP      
[ $ [ [
2QDGRQF
OLP I [   
[ $


2QpWXGLHPDLQWHQDQWODOLPLWHGH I [  [  HQ  

 
3RXUWRXW[!RQD I [  [    [   [    [  
 
(QXWLOLVDQWO H[SUHVVLRQFRQMXJXpHLOYLHQW

[  [    [ 
   
I [  [   [  [    [  #

  
[  [    [ 

2QHQGpGXLW


[  [    [ 
   
I [  [   
   
[  [   [  [  [    [ 
 

&RPPH OLP [   [    HW OLP [   RQD
[ $ [ $ 

OLP I [  [   
[ $ 
D0pWKRGH



„„ 210
210 CHAPITRE 10
 _________ Exercice 10.9 _____________________________
1. 2QDLPPpGLDWHPHQW OLPLWHXVXHOOH 
OQ   [
OLP I [   OLP 
[ $ [ $ [
OQ ;
2. a) 2Q GRLW SHQVHU j OD OLPLWH GH UpIpUHQFH OLP   F¶HVW OH PrPH JHQUH
; $ ;
G¶LQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ 
2QSHXWXWLOLVHUXQHPpWKRGHDQDORJXHjFHOOHHPSOR\pHjO¶H[HUFLFH PDLVSRXUFKDQJHU
RQYDSRVHU ;   [ HWRQREWLHQW
OQ   [ OQ ;
OLP I [   OLP OLP 
[$ [ $ [ ; $ ;  
2QSHXWDORUVpFULUH
OQ ; ;
OLP I [   OLP # 
[$ ; $ ; ; 
OQ ; ; ; 
&RPPH OLP   HW FRPPH OLP OLP OLP   RQ WURXYH
; $ ; ; $ ;   ; $  ; $ 
;  
; ;
SDUSURGXLW

Corrigé
OLP I [  
[$
D0pWKRGH

b) 2QUHPDUTXHTXHODOLPLWHSURSRVpHHVWLQGpWHUPLQpHHWSRXUVHUDSSURFKHUGHODOLPLWH
  
SUpFpGHQWHRQSRVH [ FHTXLGRQQH OLP OQ    OLP OQ   [  [ 
W W $ W W [ $
(QPHWWDQW[HQIDFWHXURQREWLHQW
  OQ   [
OLP OQ    OLP [  
W $  W W [ $ [
OQ   [ OQ   [
'¶DSUqV OD TXHVWLRQ D  RQ D OLP   G¶R OLP     HW VDQV
[ $ [ [ $ [
LQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ
OQ   [
OLP [   
[ $ [
&RQFOXVLRQ
 
OLP OQ     
W $  W W





LIMITES 211 „„
211
_________ Exercice 10.10____________________________
OQ   H [
'¶XQHSDUWRQD I [ 
H[
OQ   H [ OQ   X
(QSRVDQW X H [ RQREWLHQW OLP OLP  HWDLQVLRQWURXYH
[ $ H[ X $ X
OLP I [ 
[$
'¶DXWUHSDUWRQSHXWpFULUH
I [ H [ OQ   H [ H  [ OQ H [ H  [   H  [ [  OQ H  [   [ H  [  H  [ OQ H  [   
&RPPH OLP [ H  [   FURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV HWFRPPH OLP H  [  HW OLP OQ H [    
[ $ [ $ [ $
RQSHXWFRQFOXUH
OLP I [ 
[ $
D0pWKRGH

„„ 212
212 CHAPITRE 10
 Chapitre 11
Continuité

Moine philosophe, Bernhard Bolzano consacre

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

ses temps libres aux mathématiques. Bien que coupé

    !    
en mathématique. Il cherche des fondements
rigoureux dans les trois domaines qu’il aborde,
les fonctions, la logique et la notion de cardinal.
C’est ainsi qu’il donne une démonstration
du théorème des valeurs intermédiaires
sans utiliser « l’évidence géométrique ».

■ Un peu d'histoire
"             9       ‡ˆKKe siècle lorsque
                Q      
de dérivée. Dans la foulée une notion très imprécise de fonction se fait jour.
"           + +   ;           
!  9   !         ;         )*  !
nous appelons de nos jours le théorème de la valeur intermédiaire. La démonstration
élaborée par Bolzano pêchait à cause d’une approche trop intuitive de la notion de
nombre réel.
  '"  „& 9                 #
   23‘7         Š ! ’    
allemand Karl Weierstrass à qui l’on doit une construction des nombres réels.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpG XQHIRQFWLRQHQXQSRLQW
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHWKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQ

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHWKpRUqPHGHVYDOHXUVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUODGpILQLWLRQGHODFRQWLQXLWp

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Continuité en un point
‰ Premières définitions
'pILQLWLRQ6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXUXQYRLVLQDJHG XQUpHO[R[DSSDUWLHQWj
O HQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ'IGHI2QGLWTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ [ VLIDGPHWXQHOLPLWHILQLHHQ[
FHWWHOLPLWHpWDQWQpFHVVDLUHPHQWpJDOHj I [ 
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHjGURLWHHQ[ORUVTXH OLP I [ I [ 
[ $ [

/DIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHjJDXFKHHQ[ORUVTXH OLP I [ I [ 
[ $ [

5HPDUTXH3RXUTXHIVRLWFRQWLQXHHQ[LOHVWQpFHVVDLUHTXHIVRLWGpILQLHHQ[
5HPDUTXH2QUDSSHOOHTXH OLP I [ I [ VLJQLILH
[ $ [

İ    Į    [ ' I  [  [  Į  I [  I [  İ 

7KpRUqPH   8QH IRQFWLRQ I GpILQLH HQ [ HVW FRQWLQXH HQ [ VL HW VHXOHPHQW VL I HVW
FRQWLQXHjJDXFKHHWjGURLWHHQ[

([HPSOH6RLWODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ H [ VL[   HW I [ [  VL[   
2QD OLP I [ OLP H [   I  HW OLP I [ OLP [   I  'RQFODIRQFWLRQ IQ HVW
[ $ [ $  [ $ [ $
SDVFRQWLQXHHQPDLVHVWFRQWLQXHjGURLWHHQ
D Méthodes 11.1, 11.2. Comment étudier la continuité d'une fonction en un point ?

‰ Prolongement par continuité

'pILQLWLRQ 6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQ IGpILQLHDXYRLVLQDJHG XQUpHO [ PDLVSDVHQ [6L I
DGPHW XQH OLPLWH UpHOOH A  HQ [ DORUV OD IRQFWLRQ J FRwQFLGDQW DYHF I VXU ' I  HW WHOOH TXH
J [ A HVWFRQWLQXHHQ[
/DIRQFWLRQJV DSSHOOHOHSURORQJHPHQWSDUFRQWLQXLWpGHIHQ[



5HPDUTXH   6RXYHQW RQ SURORQJH I SDU FRQWLQXLWp HQ [ HQ SRVDQW WRXW VLPSOHPHQW
I [ A  RQFRQIRQGDORUVOHVIRQFWLRQVIHWJFRPPHGDQVO¶H[HPSOHVXLYDQW 


([HPSOH   /D IRQFWLRQ I GpILQLH VXU     SDU I [ [ OQ [  HVW SURORQJHDEOH SDU
FRQWLQXLWpHQ jGURLWH HQSRVDQW I   SXLVTXH OLP I [ OLP [ OQ [  
[ $ [ $

D Méthode 11.3. Comment prolonger une fonction par continuité en un point ?

CONTINUITÉ 215 „„
215
„Continuité sur un intervalle
‰ Généralités
'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTX XQHIRQFWLRQHVWFRQWLQXHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,VLHOOHHVWFRQWLQXHHQ
WRXWSRLQWGH,
/ HQVHPEOHGHVIRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHVVXUO LQWHUYDOOH,HVWQRWp & , RX &  , 

5HPDUTXH   6L , HVW GH OD IRUPH >D E> @D E@ RX >D E@ DORUV I HVW FRQWLQXH VXU ,
ORUVTX HOOHHVWFRQWLQXHHQWRXWSRLQWGH@DE>HWFRQWLQXHjGURLWHHQDVL,FRQWLHQWDHWjJDXFKH
HQEVL,FRQWLHQWE

7KpRUqPH   /HV IRQFWLRQV SRO\QRPLDOHV HQ SDUWLFXOLHU OHV IRQFWLRQV FRQVWDQWHV  OHV
IRQFWLRQV UDWLRQQHOOHV TXRWLHQW GH IRQFWLRQV SRO\QRPLDOHV  OD IRQFWLRQ YDOHXU DEVROXH OHV
IRQFWLRQV ORJDULWKPH QpSpULHQ HW H[SRQHQWLHOOH OHV IRQFWLRQV SXLVVDQFHV HQ SDUWLFXOLHU OD
IRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpH VRQWFRQWLQXHVOjRHOOHVVRQWGpILQLHV

([HPSOH 6L QHVWXQHQWLHUODIRQFWLRQ SDUWLHHQWLqUHHVWFRQWLQXHVXUWRXWLQWHUYDOOH
> Q  Q   >SXLVTX HOOHHVWFRQVWDQWHpJDOHjQVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOH

([HPSOH6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU I [  [  VL[   HW I [ [  VL[   
/D IRQFWLRQ I HVW FRQWLQXH VXU    HW VXU @  >  FDU VXU FKDFXQ GH FHV LQWHUYDOOHV I HVW
DIILQH'HSOXV OLP I [ OLP  [    I  HW OLP I [ OLP [     I  
[ $ [ $  [ $ [ $
/DIRQFWLRQIQ HVWGRQFSDVFRQWLQXHHQHWDLQVLIQ HVWSDVFRQWLQXHVXU \ 

7KpRUqPH6LIHWJVRQWGHX[IRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHVVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,DORUV
I  J  Ȝ I R Ȝ HVWXQUpHOTXHOFRQTXH HW I J VRQWFRQWLQXHVVXU,
I
6LGHSOXVJQHV DQQXOHSDVVXU,DORUV HVWFRQWLQXHVXU,
J

7KpRUqPH 6L IHVWXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHVXUO LQWHUYDOOH ,jYDOHXUVGDQVO LQWHUYDOOH -
HWVLJHVWFRQWLQXHVXU-DORUV J D I HVWFRQWLQXHVXU,


‰ Le théorème des valeurs intermédiaires
7KpRUqPH/ LPDJHG XQLQWHUYDOOHSDUXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHHVWXQLQWHUYDOOH

7KpRUqPH9HUVLRQpTXLYDOHQWHGXWKpRUqPHGHVYDOHXUVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV
6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQ IFRQWLQXHVXU>D E@DYHF D  E 4XHOTXHVRLWOHUpHO Ȝ FRPSULVHQWUH I D 
HW I E LOH[LVWH DXPRLQV XQUpHOFDSSDUWHQDQWj>DE@WHOTXH I F Ȝ 

5HPDUTXH/HUpHOFQ HVWSDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWXQLTXH


„„ 216
216 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
7KpRUqPH&RQVpTXHQFHLPSRUWDQWHGXWKpRUqPHGHVYDOHXUVLQWHUPpGLDLUHV
7RXWHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHTXLFKDQJHGHVLJQHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOHV DQQXOHDXPRLQVXQHIRLVVXUFHW
LQWHUYDOOH
D Méthode 11.4. Comment utiliser le théorème des valeurs intermédiaires ?

‰ Image d'un segment par une fonction continue

'pILQLWLRQ5DSSHORQDSSHOOHVHJPHQWWRXWLQWHUYDOOHGH \ GHODIRUPH  D E  

7KpRUqPH 6LXQHIRQFWLRQ IHVWFRQWLQXHVXUOHVHJPHQW  D E  DORUV IHVWERUQpHVXU
 D E  HWDWWHLQWVHVERUQHV


5HPDUTXH &HWKpRUqPHpQRQFHTXH IDGPHWXQPD[LPXPHWXQPLQLPXPJOREDX[VXU

>DE@6LRQQRWH P PLQ I [ HW 0 PD[ I [ DORUVRQD I >D E@ >P 0 @ 
[ > D E @ [ > D E @
&HFLDSRXUFRQVpTXHQFHOHWKpRUqPHVXLYDQW


7KpRUqPH/ LPDJHG XQVHJPHQWSDUXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHHVWXQVHJPHQW


‰ Théorème de la bijection
7KpRUqPH 6LXQHIRQFWLRQ IHVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH ,
DORUVIGpILQLWXQHELMHFWLRQGHO LQWHUYDOOH,VXUO LQWHUYDOOH - I , LPDJHGH,SDUI

7KpRUqPH$XWUHIRUPXODWLRQGXWKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQ
6LXQHIRQFWLRQ IHVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH ,DORUVTXHOTXHVRLWOH
UpHO Ȝ DSSDUWHQDQWjO¶LQWHUYDOOH -LPDJHGHO¶LQWHUYDOOH ,SDU IO pTXDWLRQ I [ Ȝ DGPHWXQH
XQLTXHVROXWLRQVXU,
D Méthode 11.5. Comment utiliser le théorème de la bijection ?


7KpRUqPH 6L IHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGHO¶LQWHUYDOOH ,VXUO¶LQWHUYDOOH -DORUVODELMHFWLRQ

UpFLSURTXH I ±GH IHVWXQHELMHFWLRQGH -VXU ,HOOHHVWFRQWLQXHVXU -HWHOOHSRVVqGHVXU -OH
PrPHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQTXHI
3RXUILQLUOHVFRXUEHVUHSUpVHQWDWLYHVGHIHWI±GDQVXQUHSqUHRUWKRQRUPpVRQWV\PpWULTXHVSDU
UDSSRUWjODGURLWHG pTXDWLRQ \ [ 


5HPDUTXH   2Q SHXW LOOXVWUHU FH TXL SUpFqGHHQ FRQVLGpUDQWOHV FRXUEHV GHVIRQFWLRQV
ORJDULWKPHQpSpULHQHWH[SRQHQWLHOOH FHVIRQFWLRQVVRQWUpFLSURTXHVO¶XQHGHO¶DXWUH 


CONTINUITÉ 217 „„
217
 „„ Méthodes

„Continuité d'une fonction en un point

‰ Méthode 11.1. Comment étudier la continuité d'une fonction I
en un point [ lorsque I [ est défini "à part" en [ ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ[LOVXIILWGHPRQWUHUTXH OLP I [ I [ 
[ $ [

D Exercices 11.1, 11.2, 11.4


 OQ [
I [ VL[  
([HPSOHeWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpHQGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDU ! [  
"I  
OQ [
2QVDLWTXH OLP   OLPLWHXVXHOOH GRQF OLP I [ I  
[ $ [   [ $
&RQFOXVLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ

 [   
I [ VL[ >>%@  >
([HPSOHeWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpHQGHIGpILQLHSDU ! [   

I 
" 
[    [    [    [ 
[ >>%@  >  
[  [ [    [ [    [   
[      
2QDGRQF OLP OLP  &RPPH I  RQDGRQF OLP I [ I  
[ $ [ [ $ [       [ $

&RQFOXVLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ

‰ Méthode 11.2. Comment étudier la continuité d'une fonction

en un point [ lorsque l'expression de I [ change en [ ?

3RXU pWXGLHU OD FRQWLQXLWp GH I HQ [ LO VXIILW GH FDOFXOHU OLP I [  OLP I [  HW
[ $ [ [ $ [

I [ 6L OLP I [ I [ HW OLP I [ I [ DORUVIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ [ 

[ $ [ [ $ [

D Exercices 11.3, 11.4, 11.5

„„ 218
218 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
 I [ [ VL[  
([HPSOH6RLWODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHSDU !   [ 
I [ H VL[  
" [
&RPPHQoRQVSDUUHPDUTXHUTXH I   
 OLP I [ OLP [  I  
[ $ [ $
 
(QSRVDQW;  RQD OLP H  [  OLP ; H ;   OLPLWHXVXHOOH GRQF OLP I [ I  
[ [ $ [ ; $ [ $
&RQFOXVLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ

‰ Méthode 11.3. Comment prolonger une fonction par continuité

en un point ?

/ RSSRUWXQLWp GH SURORQJHU XQH IRQFWLRQ I SDU FRQWLQXLWp HQ XQ SRLQW [ QH VH
SUpVHQWHTXHORUVTXHFHWWHIRQFWLRQ Q HVWSDVGpILQLHHQXQ UpHO[,OV DJLWDORUVGH
VDYRLUVLFHWWHIRQFWLRQDGPHWXQHOLPLWHUpHOOHAHQ[6LRXLRQSRVH I [ AHW

Méthodes
ODIRQFWLRQIDLQVLSURORQJpHHVWFRQWLQXHHQ[6LQRQIQ HVWWRXWVLPSOHPHQWSDV
SURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ[
5HPDUTXH(QGRQQDQWXQHYDOHXUj I [ RQPRGLILHO HQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQGH
I HW GRQF RQ PRGLILH OD IRQFWLRQ I HOOHPrPH SXLVTXH O HQVHPEOH GH GpILQLWLRQ
G XQH IRQFWLRQ IDLW SDUWLH LQWpJUDQWH GH OD GpILQLWLRQ GH FHWWH IRQFWLRQ  & HVW
SRXUTXRLODIRQFWLRQSURORQJpHHVWSDUIRLVQRWpHGLIIpUHPPHQW SDUH[HPSOH I 

D Exercice 11.6

([HPSOH3HXWRQSURORQJHUSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \  SDU I [ [ [ "
&RPPHQoRQVSDUUHPDUTXHUTXHTXHOTXHVRLWOHUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI I [ H [ OQ [ 
2U OLP [ OQ [   OLPLWH XVXHOOH  HW OLP H ;   GRQF SDU FRPSRVLWLRQ GHV OLPLWHV
[ $ ; $

OLP H [ OQ [  F HVWjGLUHTXH OLP I [  2QQRWH I ODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHFRPPHVXLW

[ $  [ $

I [ I [ VL[   HW I   
/DIRQFWLRQ I HVWFRQWLQXHHQGRQFRQDELHQSURORQJpISDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ

H[ 
([HPSOH3HXWRQSURORQJHUSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ "
[
H[  
2QVDLWG¶DSUqVOHWKpRUqPHGXFKDSLWUHTXH OLP  
[ $ [
H[  
&RPPH I [ #  RQREWLHQW OLP I [  
[ [ [ $
&RQFOXVLRQIQ HVWSDVSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ

CONTINUITÉ 219 „„
219
„Utilisation de la continuité
‰ Méthode 11.4. Comment utiliser le théorème des valeurs
intermédiaires ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTXHO pTXDWLRQ I [  DGPHW DXPRLQV XQHVROXWLRQVXUXQLQWHU

YDOOH,LOVXIILWGHYpULILHUTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU,HWTXH,FRQWLHQWGHX[UpHOVDHWE
WHOVTXH I D I E   

D Exercices 11.7, 11.8


([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHWRXWSRO\Q{PH3GHGHJUpLPSDLUSRVVqGHDXPRLQVXQHUDFLQHUpHOOH
2Q QRWH Q OH GHJUp GH 3 HW D OH FRHIILFLHQW GRPLQDQW GH 3 RQ VXSSRVH SRXU O LQVWDQW D
VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI 
&RPPHD!RQD OLP 3 [ OLP D[ Q   QHVWLPSDLU HW OLP 3 [ OLP D[ Q  
[ $ [ $ [ $ [ $
 OLP 3 [  GRQFLOH[LVWHXQUpHO[WHOTXH 3 [   VLQRQRQDXUDLW3 [ SRXUWRXW
[ $
UpHO[FHTXLFRQWUHGLUDLWODOLPLWHpJDOHj± HQ± 
 OLP 3 [  GRQFLOH[LVWHXQUpHO[WHOTXH 3 [    PrPHUDLVRQ 
[ $
2QDGRQF 3 [ 3 [   /DIRQFWLRQ3pWDQWFRQWLQXHVXU \  F HVWXQSRO\Q{PH OHWKpRUq
PH GHV YDOHXUV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV DVVXUH O H[LVWHQFH G XQ UpHO F HQWUH [ HW [ WHO TXH 3 F  
)LQDOHPHQWO pTXDWLRQ 3 [  DGPHW DXPRLQV XQHVROXWLRQUpHOOH
5HPDUTXH/DSUHXYHHVWVLPLODLUHVLRQVXSSRVHDVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLI
&RQFOXVLRQODIRQFWLRQIHVWERUQpH

‰ Méthode 11.5. Comment utiliser le théorème de la bijection ?

6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,DORUVIHVW
XQHELMHFWLRQGH,VXU I , 
3RXU WURXYHU OH QRPEUH GH VROXWLRQV GH O pTXDWLRQ I [ \  G LQFRQQXH [ RQ
pWXGLH OH VHQV GH YDULDWLRQ GH I RQ PHW DLQVL HQ pYLGHQFH GHV LQWHUYDOOHV >D E@
pYHQWXHOOHPHQWRXYHUWVHQ DRXHQEDHW EpWDQWILQLVRXQRQ VXUOHVTXHOVIHVW
FRQWLQXHVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHHWWHOVTXHO LPDJHGH>DE@SDUIFRQWLHQQH\OH
WKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQDVVXUHDORUVO H[LVWHQFHHWO XQLFLWpG XQHVROXWLRQVXU>DE@

D Exercices 11.9, 11.10 (voir aussi les exercices 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 et 4.8 du chapitre 4)

([HPSOH0RQWUHUTXHO¶pTXDWLRQ [  [     SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQGDQVO¶LQWHUYDOOH
@  > 
6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHSDU [ \  I [ [   [    

„„ 220 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
%LHQTXHOHVUDSSHOVVXUODGpULYDWLRQVRLHQWIDLWVSOXVWDUGRQVHVRXYLHQWTXHIHVWGpULYDEOHVXU
\ HWTXHO¶RQD [ \  I  [ [    [ [ [   
3RXU WRXW [ VWULFWHPHQW VXSpULHXU j  RQ D I  [    GRQF I HVW VWULFWHPHQW FURLVVDQWH VXU
@  > (QRXWUHIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU @  > FDUHOOHHVWSRO\QRPLDOH&RPPH I   HW
OLP I [ OLP [  IUpDOLVHXQHELMHFWLRQGH @  > VXU @    > 
[ $ [ $
3RXUILQLUDSSDUWLHQWj @    > GRQFSRVVqGHXQXQLTXHDQWpFpGHQWGDQV @  > FHTXL
VLJQLILHTXHO¶pTXDWLRQ [  [     SRVVqGHXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQGDQVO¶LQWHUYDOOH @  > 


5HPDUTXH/HPrPHWKpRUqPHSHUPHWWUDLWGHGpPRQWUHUTXHO¶pTXDWLRQSURSRVpHDDXVVLXQH
VROXWLRQVXUFKDFXQGHVLQWHUYDOOHV @  > HW @ > 


Méthodes

CONTINUITÉ 221 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU \ VWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLYHVXU \  HW  
VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHVXU \  DORUV I   
2. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQHVWFRQWLQXHVXU>D E@ DORUVHOOHHVWERUQpHVXU> D E@ 
 
3. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQHVWERUQpHVXU>D E@ DORUVHOOHHVWFRQWLQXHVXU>D E@ 
 
4. / LPDJHGHO LQWHUYDOOH >D E@ SDUXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHHVWVRLWO LQWHU
YDOOH> I D  I E @ VRLWO LQWHUYDOOH> I E  I D @ 
 

5. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQHVWFRQWLQXHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOHHWQHV \DQQXOHSDVDORUV
HOOHJDUGHXQVLJQHFRQVWDQWVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOH
 



6. /DIRQFWLRQI[ 6 H  [ HVWSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ 
7. 6LIHVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWPRQRWRQHVXU >@ HWVL I  I    
DORUVO pTXDWLRQ I [ [ DWRXMRXUVXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQVXU>@ 
 

8. / LPDJH G XQ LQWHUYDOOH ERUQp SDU XQH IRQFWLRQ FRQWLQXH HVW XQ LQWHU
YDOOHERUQp
 

9. /H SURORQJHPHQW SDU FRQWLQXLWp HQ  GH OD IRQFWLRQ I GpILQLH VXU
@  > SDU I [ [ HVWODIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpH
 

10. 6LXQHIRQFWLRQIYpULILH  [ \ \    I [  I \  [  \ DORUVI  

HVWFRQWLQXHVXU \ 

„„ 222 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

[
‰ Exercice 11.1.  2QFRQVLGqUHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU SDU I [ [
VL[   HW
H 
I   0RQWUHUTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU \ 

‰ Exercice 11.2. eWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU@± >SDU
 [
I [ VL[ @  > % @  >
! OQ   [ 
"I  

‰ Exercice 11.3. eWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDU
 I [ VL[  
! [

" I [ H VL[  

[ 
‰ Exercice 11.4.  6RLW OD IRQFWLRQ I GpILQLH SDU I [ VL[ >>%@  >  HW
 [
I   0RQWUHUTXHIQ HVWSDVFRQWLQXHHQ

‰ Exercice 11.5.eWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpHQGHODIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \ SDU
I [ [   [  

‰ Exercice 11.6.  3RXUFKDFXQHGHVIRQFWLRQVIVXLYDQWHVGLUHVLHOOHDGPHWXQSURORQJH
PHQWSDUFRQWLQXLWpDXSRLQW[FRQVLGpUpHWVLRXLO HIIHFWXHU

1. IHVWGpILQLHVXU @> SDU I [  [  SXLV [  
OQ [
2. IHVWGpILQLHVXU @  > SDU I [ [ Į  [   RQGLVFXWHUDVHORQOHVYDOHXUVGXUpHO Į 

‰ Exercice 11.7.**  2Q FRQVLGqUH XQH IRQFWLRQ I FRQWLQXH VXU    HW SUHQDQW VHV
YDOHXUVGDQVO LQWHUYDOOH   
2QQRWHJODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU   SDU J [ I [  [ 
1. 4XHOHVWOHVLJQHGH J  "4XHOHVWFHOXLGH J  "
2.(QGpGXLUHTX LOH[LVWHDXPRLQVXQUpHO[GH   WHOTXH I [ [ 




CONTINUITÉ 223 „„
‰ Exercice 11.8.*2QFRQVLGqUHXQUpHOSGH @> HWRQQRWH T   S 
0RQWUHU TXH O pTXDWLRQ [   T[  ST   G LQFRQQXH UpHOOH [ DGPHW GHX[ UDFLQHV UpHOOHV
GLVWLQFWHVQRWpHVUHWVYpULILDQW   U    V   
' DSUqV+(&


‰ Exercice 11.9.0RQWUHUTXHO pTXDWLRQ H  [ [ DGPHWXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQVXU \  

‰ Exercice 11.10.*6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU @  > SDU I W W   W OQ W 
1. 0RQWUHUTXHODIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU @  > 
2. a) &DOFXOHU I  HW I  HWHQGpGXLUHOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQGHI'RQQHUVHVOLPLWHVHQHW  
b) 0RQWUHUTXHO¶pTXDWLRQ I W  DGPHWXQHVROXWLRQHWXQHVHXOHVXU @  > SXLVYpULILHU
TXHFHWWHVROXWLRQHVWpJDOHj
' DSUqV(0/

‰ Exercice 11.11.** /HEXWGHFHWH[HUFLFHHVWGHPRQWUHUTXHWRXWHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXH
VXU \  GHOLPLWHILQLHHQ  HVWERUQpH

6RLWGRQFIXQHWHOOHIRQFWLRQ2QQRWH OLP I [ D 
[ $
1. (QXWLOLVDQWODGpILQLWLRQGHODOLPLWHGHIHQ  MXVWLILHUO H[LVWHQFHG XQUpHOSRVLWLI % WHO
TXH [  % D    I [  D   
2.-XVWLILHUO H[LVWHQFHGHGHX[UpHOVPHW0WHOVTXH [ > %@ P  I [  0 
3. &RQFOXUH

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH1HSDVVHFRQWHQWHUG pWXGLHUODFRQWLQXLWpHQ
([HUFLFHeFULUH I [ GLIIpUHPPHQWVHORQTXH[!RX[
([HUFLFH6HVRXYHQLUTXH  [  HVWOHVHXOHQWLHUYpULILDQW  [   [  [   
HWDSSOLTXHUFHWWHGpILQLWLRQSRXUGHVUpHOV[pOpPHQWVGH      HWSRXUGHVUpHOV
[pOpPHQWVGH     
([HUFLFH  / pTXDWLRQ pWDQW SRO\QRPLDOH GH GHJUp GHX[ HOOH DGPHW DX SOXV
GHX[VROXWLRQVGLVWLQFWHVeYDOXHU [   T[  ST HQ  HQHWHQ
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUOHWKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQ
([HUFLFH 3RXUODTXHVWLRQ E QHSDVFKHUFKHUjUpVRXGUHO¶pTXDWLRQ F¶HVW
LPSRVVLEOHSDUOHVPpWKRGHVFODVVLTXHV PDLVXWLOLVHUOHWKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQ
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQSUHQGUH İ  GDQVODGpILQLWLRQGHODOLPLWH

„„ 224 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 9 ) ) 9 9 ) ) 9 9

1. /DIRQFWLRQIHVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLYHVXU \  HWVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLYHVXU \  &RPPHIHVW
FRQWLQXH VXU \  OH WKpRUqPH GHV YDOHXUV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV JDUDQWLW TXH I V¶DQQXOH DX PRLQV XQH
IRLV&RPPHHOOHQHV¶DQQXOHQLVXU \  QLVXU \  F¶HVWTX¶HOOHV¶DQQXOHHQ
2QHQFRQFOXWTXH I   

2.& HVWXQUpVXOWDWGXFRXUVVHUpIpUHUDXWKpRUqPH

3. /DIRQFWLRQSDUWLHHQWLqUHHVWERUQpHVXUO LQWHUYDOOH    FDUHOOHQHSUHQGTXHOHVYDOHXUV
±HW3RXUWDQWFHWWHIRQFWLRQQ HVWSDVFRQWLQXHHQGRQFQ HVWSDVFRQWLQXHVXU    

Corrigé

4. &RQVLGpURQVODIRQFWLRQFDUUpHVXUO LQWHUYDOOH    
2QSURXYHJUkFHDX[YDULDWLRQVGHFHWWHIRQFWLRQTXH I       
2UO LQWHUYDOOH    Q HVWQLpJDOj  I   I   QLj  I   I   

5. &RQVLGpURQVXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHVXUXQLQWHUYDOOH,HWQHV \DQQXODQWSDV
3URXYRQVSDUO DEVXUGHTXHIJDUGHXQVLJQHFRQVWDQWVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOH
6LIFKDQJHDLWGHVLJQHVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOHOHWKpRUqPHGHVYDOHXUVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVDVVXUHUDLWTX LO
H[LVWH XQ pOpPHQW F GH FHW LQWHUYDOOH HQ OHTXHO I V DQQXOH FH TXL FRQWUHGLUDLW OH IDLW TXH I QH
V DQQXOHSDV2QHQFRQFOXWTXHIJDUGHXQVLJQHFRQVWDQWVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOH


 
6. &RPPH OLP    RQHQGpGXLWSDUFRPSRVLWLRQGHOLPLWHVTXH OLP H [  
[ $ [ [ $


/DIRQFWLRQI [ 6 H [ HVWGRQFSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQHQSRVDQW I   


7./DIRQFWLRQ I  [ 6 [  HVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU   

  
'HSOXV I  I   #    
  

CONTINUITÉ 225 „„
3RXUWDQW O pTXDWLRQ I [ [  Q D SDV GH VROXWLRQ VXU    SXLVTXH FHWWH pTXDWLRQ pTXLYDXW j
 
[ [ FHTXLGRQQH     
 
5HPDUTXH/ pTXDWLRQI [  HOOHDXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQVXU   

8. /DIRQFWLRQORJDULWKPHQpSpULHQHVWFRQWLQXHVXUO LQWHUYDOOH  TXLHVWERUQp
6DVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOHQRXVDVVXUHTXH I   OLP OQ [  OQ    
 [$ 
/ LQWHUYDOOH      Q HVW SDV ERUQp / LPDJH G XQ LQWHUYDOOHERUQp SDU XQH IRQFWLRQ FRQWLQXH
VXUFHWLQWHUYDOOHQ HVWGRQFSDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWXQLQWHUYDOOHERUQp

9./DIRQFWLRQIGpILQLHVXU \  SDU I [ [  YpULILH [   [  H  OQ [ HOQ [
 
[ 
 
'HSOXVFRPPH OLP OQ [  RQHQGpGXLWSDUFRPSRVpHTXH OLP [    
[ $  [ $
2QHQFRQFOXWTXHOHSURORQJHPHQWSDUFRQWLQXLWpGHIHQHVWODIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpH

10. 0RQWURQVTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQWRXWSRLQW [ GH \ 
2QD [ \  I [  I [  [  [ 
/HWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWDVVXUHDORUVTXH OLP I [ I [ 
[ $ [

&HODVLJQLILHTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQWRXW [ GH \ GRQFIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU \ 



‰ Les erreurs classiques

,OIDXWELHQGLVWLQJXHU©IFRQWLQXHHQ [ ª FDVR [ ' I GH©ISURORQJHDEOH

SDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ [ ª FDVR [ & ' I 
3RXUGHVpTXDWLRQVGXW\SH I [ J [ RQQ DSSOLTXHMDPDLVOHWKpRUqPHGHV
YDOHXUVLQWHUPpGLDLUHVRXOHWKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQjODIRQFWLRQIPDLVj I  J 
2QQHSHXWSDVSDUOHUGHSURORQJHPHQWSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ©O LQILQLªoDQ¶DSDV
GHVHQV
/ LPDJHGHO LQWHUYDOOH >D E@ SDUXQHIRQFWLRQFRQWLQXHHVWWRXMRXUVXQLQWHUYDOOH
PDLVVHXOHVOHVYDULDWLRQVGHISHUPHWWHQWGHVDYRLUGHTXHOLQWHUYDOOHLOV DJLW

„„ 226 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 11.1 _____________________________

[
/D IRQFWLRQ [ 6 [
 HVW FRQWLQXH VXU    HW VXU    HQ WDQW TXH TXRWLHQW GH
H 
IRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHVVXUFHVLQWHUYDOOHVGRQWOHGpQRPLQDWHXUQHV DQQXOHSDV
H[   
'HSOXVFRPPH OLP  RQD OLP I [  I  
[ $ [ [ $ 
2QHQGpGXLWTXHIHVWFRQWLQXHHQ
)LQDOHPHQWIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU \ 
 D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.2 _____________________________

eWXGLRQVODFRQWLQXLWpGHIVXU @   > VXU @   > HWHQILQHQ
‡6XU @  > IHVWFRQWLQXHHQWDQWTXHTXRWLHQWELHQGpILQLGHGHX[IRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHVVXUFHW

Corrigé
LQWHUYDOOH
‡6XU @  > OHUDLVRQQHPHQWHWODFRQFOXVLRQVRQWOHVPrPHVIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU @  > 
OQ   [ [
‡2QVDLWTXH OLP  GRQF OLP  VRLW OLP I [ I  $LQVLIHVWFRQWLQXH
[ $ [ [ $ OQ   [ [ $

HQ
&RQFOXVLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU@± > D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.3 _____________________________

‡6XUO LQWHUYDOOH @   > IHVWFRQWLQXHHQWDQWTXHIRQFWLRQFRQVWDQWHVXUFHWLQWHUYDOOH
‡6XUO LQWHUYDOOH @  > IHVWFRQWLQXH F HVWXQHIRQFWLRQGHUpIpUHQFH 
‡ OLP I [ OLP    I  HW OLP I [ OLP H [  I  GRQFIQ HVWSDVFRQWLQXHHQ
[ $ [ $  [ $ [ $ 
&RQFOXVLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU @   > HWVXU @  > PDLVSDVHQ VHXOHPHQWjGURLWH 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.4 _____________________________

  [
I [ VL[ >>
 [
&RPPHQoRQVSDUUHPDUTXHUTXHGXIDLWGHODYDOHXUDEVROXH ! I   
[ 
I [ VL[  
"  [
‡2QD I   

CONTINUITÉ 227 „„
  [  [  [
‡ [ >>    [ 
 [  [
 [
2QDDORUV OLP OLP   [  F HVWjGLUH OLP I [ I  
[ $   [ [ $ [ $

[   [
‡ [       [  YRLUOHFDOFXOIDLWSRXU[pOpPHQWGH>> 
 [  [
[ 
2QDDORUV OLP OLP   [  HWGRQF OLP I [  I  
[ $   [ [ $ [ $

&RQFOXVLRQIQ HVWSDVFRQWLQXHHQ3OXVSUpFLVpPHQWIHVWFRQWLQXHjJDXFKHHQPDLVSDVj
GURLWHHQ
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 11.5 _____________________________

&RPPHQoRQVSDUUHPDUTXHUTXH I       
‡ [ @  >   [   GRQF I [ [   VLELHQTXH OLP I [ OLP [    
[ $ [ $ 

‡ [ >>   [   GRQF I [ [ VLELHQTXH OLP I [ OLP [  

[ $ [ $
&RQFOXVLRQ  I Q HVW GRQF SDV FRQWLQXH HQ  3OXV SUpFLVpPHQW HOOH HVW FRQWLQXH j GURLWH HQ 
PDLVSDVjJDXFKHHQ
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.6 _____________________________

1.&RQQDLVVDQWOHVOLPLWHVGHODIRQFWLRQORJDULWKPHDX[ERUQHVGHVRQHQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ
RQREWLHQW OLP I [  HW OLP I [  
[ $ [ $

/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGRQFSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQHQSRVDQW I   PDLVSDVHQ

2. 2QGpVLJQHSDU Į XQUpHOHWSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRQD I [ HĮ OQ [ 
&RPPHRQVDLWTXH OLP OQ [  WURLVFDVVRQWjGLVWLQJXHU
[ $
 6L Į  HVW VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLI OLP Į OQ [   HW DORUV SDU FRPSRVLWLRQ GH OLPLWHV
[ $

OLP I [  
[ $

/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGDQVFHFDVSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQHQSRVDQW I   
 6L Į HVWQXODORUVSRXUWRXW [VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI I [  &RPPH OLP I [  RQHQ
[ $

FRQFOXWTX DORUVIHVWSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQHQSRVDQW I   
 6L Į HVWVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLIRQREWLHQW OLP Į OQ [  $LQVLSDUFRPSRVLWLRQGHOLPLWHV
[ $

RQREWLHQW OLP I [  /DIRQFWLRQIQ HVWDORUVSDVSURORQJHDEOHSDUFRQWLQXLWpHQ

[ $
D0pWKRGH

„„ 228 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
_________ Exercice 11.7 _____________________________
1. 2QDWRXWG DERUG J  I    FDUIHVWjYDOHXUVGDQV   
'HPrPH J  I      FDU I  SXLVTXHIHVWjYDOHXUVGDQV   

2. /DIRQFWLRQJHVWFRQWLQXHVXU   FRPPHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVFRQWLQXHVVXU   
'HSOXV J  J    
/H WKpRUqPH GHV YDOHXUV LQWHUPpGLDLUHV DVVXUH TX LO H[LVWH XQ UpHO [  GH    WHO TXH 
J [  2QHQFRQFOXWTX LOH[LVWHXQUpHO [ GH   WHOTXH I [ [ 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.8 _____________________________

/ pTXDWLRQ [   T[  ST  HVWXQHpTXDWLRQSRO\QRPLDOHGHGHJUpHWSRVVqGHGRQFDXSOXV
GHX[UDFLQHVUpHOOHV
(QSRVDQW I [ [   T[  ST RQUHPDUTXHDORUVTXH
 I    T  ST   T   S   T    

Corrigé
 I   ST  S   S    FDUSDSSDUWLHQWj    
 I    T  ST S  ST S   T S    
/DIRQFWLRQIpWDQWFRQWLQXHVXU \ HQWDQWTXHIRQFWLRQSRO\QRPLDOHOHWKpRUqPHGHVYDOHXUV
LQWHUPpGLDLUHVDSSOLTXpGHX[IRLVDVVXUHTXHODIRQFWLRQIV DQQXOHDXPRLQVXQHIRLVVXU     
HWDXPRLQVXQHIRLVVXU    
%LODQO pTXDWLRQ [   T[  ST  SRVVqGHUDFLQHVUpHOOHVUHWVWHOOHVTXH   U    V   
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.9 _____________________________


&RPPHQoRQVSDUQRWHUIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU \ SDU I [ H  [  [ 
 
 3XLVTXH TXHO TXH VRLW OH UpHO [ H  [    DORUV O pJDOLWp H  [ [  QH SHXW DYRLU OLHX TXH VL

[   2QHQGpGXLWTXHO pTXDWLRQ H  [ [ Q DSDVGHVROXWLRQVXU @   @ 

 6XU \  OD IRQFWLRQ [ 6 H [  HVW VWULFWHPHQW GpFURLVVDQWH SDU FRPSRVLWLRQ  HW FRPPH OD
IRQFWLRQ [ 6  [ HVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \ ODIRQFWLRQIHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWH
VXU \  FRPPH VRPPH GH GHX[ IRQFWLRQV VWULFWHPHQW GpFURLVVDQWHV VXU \  (Q RXWUH I HVW
FRQWLQXH VXU \  FRPPH VRPPH GH WHOOHV IRQFWLRQV GRQF I GpILQLW XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH \  VXU
O LPDJHGH \ &RPPH I   HW OLP I [  IUpDOLVHXQHELMHFWLRQGH \ VXU @   > 
[ $

3XLVTXH  DSSDUWLHQW j @   >  O pTXDWLRQ I [   D XQH XQLTXH VROXWLRQ VXU \  FH TXL

VLJQLILHTXHO pTXDWLRQ H  [ [ DGPHWXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQVXU \ 
D0pWKRGH

CONTINUITÉ 229 „„
5HPDUTXH 3RXU REWHQLU OD PRQRWRQLH GH I RQ DXUDLW SX HQ DQWLFLSDQW VXU OH FKDSLWUH  
GpULYHUI2QWURXYDLWDORUV [   I  [   [ H  [     &HFLSHUPHWWDLWGHFRQFOXUHSOXV


YLWHTXHIHVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU \ 

_________ Exercice 11.10____________________________

1. /DIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHVXU @  > HQWDQWTXHSURGXLWHWGLIIpUHQFHGHWHOOHVIRQFWLRQV

2.a) 2QDQWLFLSHVXUOHFKDSLWUHGpULYDWLRQ/DIRQFWLRQIHVWpJDOHPHQWGHX[IRLVGpULYDEOHVXU
@  > FRPPHSURGXLWHWGLIIpUHQFHGHWHOOHVIRQFWLRQVHWSRXUWRXWUpHOW!RQD
 W  
I  W W  OQ W   HW I  W   
W W
3DUFRQVpTXHQW I  W HVWGXVLJQHGH W   F¶HVWjGLUHQpJDWLYHVXU @  @ HWSRVLWLYHVXU
>    > /DIRQFWLRQ I  HVWGRQFGpFURLVVDQWHVXU @  @ HWFURLVVDQWHVXU >    > (OOH
SRVVqGH DORUV XQ PLQLPXP HQ pJDO j I      OQ    OQ   3XLVTXH FH PLQLPXP HVW
VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLI DORUV I   HVW HOOHPrPH j YDOHXUV VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLYHV VXU @  >  FH TXL
PRQWUHTXHIHVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU @  > 
(QRXWUHRQVDLWTXH OLP W OQ W   OLPLWHXVXHOOH GRQF OLP I W  
W $ W $
OQ W OQ W
(QILQ W   I W W  GRQF OLP   FURLVVDQFHVFRPSDUpHV G¶R OLP I W  
W W $ W W $

2.b) 5pFDSLWXORQVODIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHHWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU @  > 6HVOLPLWHV
HQHW  pWDQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQWpJDOHVjHW  RQHQGpGXLWTXHIUpDOLVHXQHELMHFWLRQGH
@  > VXU @  > 2U  @  > GRQFO¶pTXDWLRQ I W  DGPHWXQHVROXWLRQHWXQHVHXOH
VXU>  > (QILQRQUHPDUTXHTXH I   GRQFFHWWHXQLTXHVROXWLRQHVWpJDOHj
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 11.11____________________________

1. /DGpILQLWLRQGH OLP I [ D DYHF İ  V¶pFULW %   [  %  I [  D   
[ $
2QREWLHQWDLQVLO H[LVWHQFHG XQUpHO % SRVLWLIWHOTXH [  % D    I [  D   

2./DIRQFWLRQIHVWFRQWLQXHVXUOHVHJPHQW   %  RQHQFRQFOXWTXHIHVWERUQpHVXU   %  
$LQVLRQREWLHQWO H[LVWHQFHGHGHX[UpHOVPHW0WHOVTXH [  %   P  I [  0 
D0pWKRGH

3. 1RXVDYRQVSURXYpVXFFHVVLYHPHQWTXH
‡ [  % D    I [  D   
‡ [  %   P  I [  0 
1RXVSRXYRQVHQFRQFOXUHTXHIHVWERUQpHVXU \  

„„ 230 CHAPITRE 11
CHAPITRE 11
 Chapitre 12
Suites

Archimède est avec Euclide le plus grand mathématicien

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

de l’Antiquité. Il vivait à Syracuse, en Sicile.

Sa découverte du principe ou de la poussée d’Archimède
est souvent racontée de façon romancée. On sait moins
qu’il fut le premier à utiliser des suites convergentes
       ;     # “
Il étudie de nombreuses courbes comme une spirale
qui porte son nom. Il meurt, sauvagement assassiné,
lors du siège de Syracuse par les Romains.

■ Un peu d'histoire
N’importe quel processus itératif introduit une suite. Au Ve siècle avant notre ère, le
philosophe Zénon d’Élée veut démontrer l’impossibilité du mouvement et cherche à
  ;  /   Q "    +#   Q      
   )Œ ! 9  !  :   •        '  ; 
          "  Q ;  9 !          
peut être bornée.
Quelques siècles plus tard, Archimède utilise mathématiquement des suites pour
     ;     # “ K           &-
gones ayant de plus en plus de côtés, jusqu’à 96. Il calcule de même l’aire englobée par
un arc de parabole et fait converger une suite géométrique pour obtenir le résultat.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQG XQHVXLWH
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUODFRQYHUJHQFHG XQHVXLWH

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUGHVVXLWHVTXLQHVRQWSDVGpILQLHVH[SOLFLWHPHQW

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Généralités
‰ Définition
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHVXLWHUpHOOH RXSOXVVLPSOHPHQWVXLWH WRXWHDSSOLFDWLRQXG XQH
SDUWLH,GH `  VRXYHQW, RX,  ` GDQV \ 

1RWDWLRQV/HUpHO X Q HVWWRXMRXUVQRWp XQ 6LODVXLWH XHVWGpILQLHVXU,RQSHXWODQRWHU
XQ Q , (OOHSRXUUDrWUHQRWpH XQ V LOQ \DSDVG DPELJXwWpVXUVRQHQVHPEOHGHGpILQLWLRQ
2QQRWH ` \ O HQVHPEOHGHVVXLWHVUpHOOHV

/HVGpILQLWLRQVTXLVXLYHQWVRQWGRQQpHVSRXUGHVVXLWHVGpILQLHVVXUXQHSDUWLH,LQILQLHGH

‰ Majoration, minoration, sens de variation

'pILQLWLRQ6XLWHPDMRUpHPLQRUpHERUQpH
2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWPDMRUpHORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQUpHO0WHOTXH Q ,  XQ  0 
/HUpHO0HVWDORUVDSSHOpXQPDMRUDQWGHODVXLWH
2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWPLQRUpHORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQUpHOPWHOTXH Q ,  XQ  P 
/HUpHOPHVWDORUVDSSHOpXQPLQRUDQWGHODVXLWH
2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWERUQpHORUVTX HOOHHVWjODIRLVPDMRUpHHWPLQRUpH

3URSULpWp&DUDFWpULVDWLRQGHVVXLWHVERUQpHV
/DVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWERUQpHVLHWVHXOHPHQWVLLOH[LVWHXQUpHO0WHOTXH Q ,   XQ  0  

'pILQLWLRQ6XLWHVFURLVVDQWHVGpFURLVVDQWHV
2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWFURLVVDQWHORUVTXH Q ,  XQ   XQ 
2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWGpFURLVVDQWHORUVTXH Q ,  XQ   XQ 
2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ,HVWPRQRWRQHORUVTX HOOHHVWVRLWFURLVVDQWHVRLWGpFURLVVDQWH
2QGpILQLWODVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHODVWULFWHGpFURLVVDQFHHWODVWULFWHPRQRWRQLHHQUHPSODoDQWOHV
LQpJDOLWpVODUJHVSDUGHVLQpJDOLWpVVWULFWHV

'pILQLWLRQ   6XLWHV FRQVWDQWHV VWDWLRQQDLUHV 2Q GLW TXH OD VXLWH XQ Q , HVW FRQVWDQWH
ORUVTXHSRXUWRXWQGH,RQD XQ  XQ 6LFHWWHpJDOLWpQ DOLHXTX jSDUWLUG XQFHUWDLQUDQJQ
ODVXLWHHVWGLWHVWDWLRQQDLUHHWLOH[LVWHDORUVXQUpHO Į WHOTXHQQ XQ Į 
D Méthode 12.1. Comment étudier le sens de variation d'une suite ?

SUITES 233 „„
„Convergence
‰ Définitions
'pILQLWLRQ  2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q `  FRQYHUJHYHUVOHUpHO AVLWRXWLQWHUYDOOHRXYHUW
FRQWHQDQWAFRQWLHQWWRXVOHVWHUPHVGHODVXLWH XQ Q ` VDXIXQQRPEUHILQLG¶HQWUHHX[
2QGLWDORUVTXH A HVWODOLPLWHGHODVXLWH XQ Q ` HWRQQRWH OLP XQ A 
Q$
8QHVXLWHTXLQ HVWSDVFRQYHUJHQWHHVWGLWHGLYHUJHQWH

3URSULpWp/DOLPLWHG XQHVXLWHORUVTX HOOHH[LVWHHVWXQLTXH

3URSULpWp7RXWHVXLWHFRQYHUJHQWHHVWERUQpH

5HPDUTXH/DUpFLSURTXHHVWIDXVVHFRPPHOHPRQWUHOHFDVGHODVXLWH  Q Q ` 

'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTXH XQ Q ` WHQGYHUV HWRQpFULW OLP XQ  VLWRXWLQWHUYDOOH
Q$

GXW\SH  $   FRQWLHQWWRXVOHVWHUPHVGHODVXLWHVDXIXQQRPEUHILQLG¶HQWUHHX[


2QGLWTXH XQ Q ` WHQGYHUV± HWRQpFULW OLP XQ ± VLWRXWLQWHUYDOOHGXW\SH    %  

Q$
FRQWLHQWWRXVOHVWHUPHVGHODVXLWHVDXIXQQRPEUHILQLG¶HQWUHHX[

5HPDUTXH'DQVOHVGHX[FDVFLGHVVXV XQ Q ` GLYHUJHPDLVXQHVXLWHGLYHUJHQWHQ D
SDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWXQHOLPLWHLQILQLHHOOHSHXWQHSDVDYRLUGHOLPLWHFRPPH  Q Q ` 

‰ Convergence et opérations

Limite d'une somme Limite d'un produit
OLP XQ        A A  OLP XQ  (  (  (
Q $ Q $
OLP YQ             OLP YQ  (  A 
Q$ Q$
OLP XQ  YQ      ),      OLP XQ YQ  (  (  ),
Q$ Q$
ODUqJOHGHVVLJQHVGRQQHOH
),VLJQLILHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpH   VLJQHGHODOLPLWHGXSURGXLW


5HPDUTXH (QFDVGHIRUPHLQGpWHUPLQpHLO\DXQYUDLWUDYDLOjIRXUQLUSRXUOHYHU
O LQGpWHUPLQDWLRQ/HVRXWLOVVHURQWGRQQpVSOXVORLQ


‰ Suites extraites (termes d’indices pairs et termes d’indices impairs)
7KpRUqPH 6LOHVGHX[VXLWHV X Q HW X Q  VRQWFRQYHUJHQWHVHWGHPrPHOLPLWH A 
DORUVODVXLWH XQ Q ` FRQYHUJHYHUV A 


„„ 234 CHAPITRE 12
 Limite de l'inverse d'une suite
OLP XQ 1 HWXQ  jSDUWLU 2 1 HWXQ  jSDUWLU 2
(  A  3 4  3 4
Q $  5 G XQFHUWDLQUDQJ 6 5 G XQFHUWDLQUDQJ 6
 
OLP      
Q $ XQ A


‰ Convergence et monotonie
7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHGHOLPLWHPRQRWRQH VXLWHFURLVVDQWHRXGpFURLVVDQWH 
 6L XQ Q ` HVWXQHVXLWHFURLVVDQWHHWPDMRUpHDORUV XQ Q ` HVWFRQYHUJHQWH
 6L XQ Q ` HVWXQHVXLWHFURLVVDQWHPDLVQRQPDMRUpHDORUV OLP XQ  
Q $

 6L XQ Q ` HVWXQHVXLWHGpFURLVVDQWHHWPLQRUpHDORUV XQ Q ` HVWFRQYHUJHQWH
 6L XQ Q ` HVWXQHVXLWHGpFURLVVDQWHPDLVQRQPLQRUpHDORUV OLP XQ  
Q $

D Méthode 12.2. Comment montrer qu'une suite converge

avec le théorème de limite monotone ?

‰ Convergence et ordre
7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHGHSURORQJHPHQWGHVLQpJDOLWpV
6RLWGHX[VXLWHV XQ Q ` HW YQ Q ` WHOOHVTXH XQ  YQ DXPRLQVjSDUWLUG XQFHUWDLQUDQJ
6L XQ Q ` FRQYHUJHYHUV A HW YQ Q ` FRQYHUJHYHUV A  DORUV A  A  

5HPDUTXH   $WWHQWLRQ  6L O RQ D XQ  YQ  j OD SODFH GH XQ  YQ  OD FRQFOXVLRQ UHVWH
A  A  OHVLQpJDOLWpVVWULFWHVGHYLHQQHQWODUJHVDSUqVSDVVDJHjODOLPLWH

7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQW
6RLW WURLV VXLWHV XQ Q `  YQ Q `  HW ZQ Q `  WHOOHV TXH YQ  XQ  ZQ  DX PRLQV j SDUWLU G XQ
FHUWDLQUDQJ6L YQ Q ` HW ZQ Q ` FRQYHUJHQWYHUVODPrPHOLPLWHADORUV

XQ Q ` FRQYHUJHHW OLP XQ A 
Q $

D Méthode 12.3. Comment montrer qu'une suite converge par encadrement ?


&DV SDUWLFXOLHU LPSRUWDQW  VRLW GHX[ VXLWHV XQ Q `  HW YQ Q `  HW XQ UpHO A  WHOV TXH
XQ  A  YQ DXPRLQVjSDUWLUG XQFHUWDLQUDQJ6L OLP YQ DORUV XQ Q ` FRQYHUJHYHUV A 
Q$


SUITES 235 „„
7KpRUqPH7KpRUqPHGHFRPSDUDLVRQ
6RLWGHX[VXLWHV XQ Q ` HW YQ Q ` WHOOHVTXH XQ  YQ DXPRLQVjSDUWLUG XQFHUWDLQUDQJ
6L OLP XQ  DORUV OLP YQ  
Q $ Q $
6L OLP YQ  DORUV OLP XQ  
Q $ Q $

D Méthode 12.4. Comment montrer qu'une suite tend vers l'infini

par majoration ou minoration ?

‰ Limite et composition
7KpRUqPH6RLWXQHIRQFWLRQIGHGDQVHWXQHVXLWH XQ Q ` 
6L OLP XQ D HWVL OLP I [ E DORUV OLP I XQ E DYHFDHWEpYHQWXHOOHPHQWLQILQLV
Q $ [$D Q $


&DVSDUWLFXOLHULPSRUWDQW
6L OLP XQ A \ HWVL I HVWFRQWLQXHHQADORUV OLP I XQ I A 
Q $ Q $

‰ Suites adjacentes
'pILQLWLRQ  2QGLWTXHGHX[VXLWHV XQ Q ` HW YQ Q ` VRQW DGMDFHQWHVORUVTXHO XQHHVW
FURLVVDQWHO DXWUHGpFURLVVDQWHHW OLP XQ  YQ  
Q $


7KpRUqPH'HX[VXLWHVDGMDFHQWHVFRQYHUJHQWHWOHXUVOLPLWHVVRQWpJDOHV

„Étude asymptotique des suites


‰ Limites usuelles

7KpRUqPH3RXUWRXWUpHOĮVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIRQD OLP Q Į  HW OLP  
Q $ Q$ QĮ
3RXUWRXWUpHOTpOpPHQWGH@±>RQD OLP T Q  
Q $

3RXUWRXWUpHOTpOpPHQWGH@ >RQD OLP T Q  

Q $


‰ Croissances comparées
E
OQ Q
7KpRUqPH3RXUWRXWUpHOD!HWSRXUWRXWUpHOE!RQD OLP  
Q $ QD

7KpRUqPH3RXUWRXWUpHOD!HWSRXUWRXWUpHOTGH      RQD OLP Q D T Q  
Q $

„„ 236 CHAPITRE 12
 „„ Méthodes

„Étude d'une suite

‰ Méthode 12.1. Comment étudier le sens de variation d'une suite ?

‡6LRQD Q ` XQ   XQ   DORUVODVXLWH XQ HVWFURLVVDQWH

‡6LRQD Q ` XQ   XQ   DORUVODVXLWH XQ HVWGpFURLVVDQWH
6LOHVLQpJDOLWpVVRQWVWULFWHVODPRQRWRQLHHVWpJDOHPHQWVWULFWH 
5HPDUTXH/RUVTXHXQ!RQSHXWDXVVLSURFpGHUFRPPHVXLW
X X
6L Q    DORUV XQ HVWGpFURLVVDQWHHWVL Q    DORUV XQ HVWFURLVVDQWH
XQ XQ

Méthodes
D Exercices 12.2, 12.4, 12.6

Q

([HPSOH6RLWODVXLWH XQ GpILQLHSDUQ XQ ' N eWXGLHUOHVYDULDWLRQVGHFHWWHVXLWH
N 
Q  Q
  
Q   XQ   XQ 'N 'N Q 
  /DVXLWH XQ HVWFURLVVDQWH
N  N 

‰ Méthode 12.2. Comment montrer qu'une suite converge à l'aide

du théorème de limite monotone ?

8QHVXLWHFURLVVDQWHHWPDMRUpHRXGpFURLVVDQWHHWPLQRUpHHVWFRQYHUJHQWH
5HPDUTXH&HWKpRUqPHQHSHUPHWSDVGHFDOFXOHUODOLPLWHGHODVXLWH

D Exercices 12.4, 12.7


[Q
([HPSOH6RLW [Q ODVXLWHGpILQLHSDU[ DLQVLTXHSDUODUHODWLRQQ [Q    
  Q [Q
0RQWUHUTXHODVXLWH [Q HVWSRVLWLYH(QGpGXLUHTX¶HOOHHVWFRQYHUJHQWH
/DSRVLWLYLWpVHWUDLWHSDUXQHUpFXUUHQFHRQD[HWVLO RQVXSSRVHSRXUXQQIL[pGDQV
TXH[QDORUV[QHQWDQWTXHTXRWLHQWELHQGpILQLGHUpHOVSRVLWLIV
[Q  Q [Q
 3DU DLOOHXUV RQ D Q   [Q ± [Q   ±  [ Q     SXLVTXH [Q    3DU
  Q [Q   Q [Q
FRQVpTXHQWODVXLWH [Q HVWGpFURLVVDQWH
 [Q HVWGpFURLVVDQWHHWPLQRUpH SDU GRQFFRQYHUJHQWHPDLVRQQHFRQQDvWSDVVDOLPLWH

SUITES 237 „„
 ‰ Méthode 12.3. Comment montrer qu'une suite converge
par encadrement ?

6LO RQSHXWHQFDGUHU DXPRLQVjSDUWLUG XQFHUWDLQUDQJ  XQ HQWUHGHX[WHUPHVGH

VXLWHVTXLFRQYHUJHQWYHUVODPrPHOLPLWHDORUV XQ FRQYHUJHYHUVFHWWHOLPLWH
6L Q ` Q  Q YQ  XQ  ZQ HWVL OLP YQ OLP ZQ A DORUV OLP XQ A 
Q $ Q$ Q $
‡&HWKpRUqPHSHUPHWGHSURXYHUODFRQYHUJHQFHGH XQ HWGHWURXYHUVDOLPLWH
‡&HWKpRUqPHUHTXLHUWQRQVHXOHPHQWODFRQYHUJHQFHGHVVXLWHV YQ HW ZQ PDLV
O pJDOLWpGHOHXUVOLPLWHV

D Exercices 12.3, 12.5, 12.7, 12.8

Q
Q
([HPSOH6RLW XQ ODVXLWHGpILQLHSDUQ XQ ' Q   N 
N 
0RQWUHUTXHODVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHHWGRQQHUVDOLPLWH

3RXUWRXWNGH  a Q b  RQD Q   Q   N  Q   Q 
7RXWpWDQWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIODGpFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHVXU@ >GRQQH
   Q Q Q

    &RPPHQ!RQREWLHQW      
Q Q Q N Q Q Q Q N Q
 Q 
(QVLPSOLILDQWRQWURXYH    
Q  Q  N Q
Q Q Q
 Q  Q 
(QVRPPDQWLOYLHQW ' '   ' &HFLV pFULW   XQ  
N  Q   N  Q  N N  Q Q
Q 
&RPPH OLP  OLP  DORUVG DSUqVOHWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQW OLP XQ  
Q $ Q $ Q Q $

&RQFOXVLRQODVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHHWVDOLPLWHHVWpJDOHj

‰ Méthode 12.4. Comment montrer qu'une suite tend vers l'infini

par majoration ou minoration ?

8QHVXLWHPLQRUpHSDUXQHVXLWHTXLWHQGYHUV  WHQGHOOHPrPHYHUV  
8QHVXLWHPDMRUpHSDUXQHVXLWHTXLWHQGYHUV  WHQGHOOHPrPHYHUV  

D Exercice 12.7
Q
([HPSOH2QSRVH Q   XQ ' H  N 0RQWUHUTXH QOLP
$
XQ  
N 

3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD H N   2QHQGpGXLW

Q Q
Q    ' H N  ' F HVWjGLUH XQ  Q 2U OLP Q  GRQF OLP XQ  
Q $ Q $
N  N 

„„ 238 CHAPITRE 12
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 6LODVXLWH XQ HVWFURLVVDQWHHWVLSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD
XQDORUV OLP XQ  
Q $
 

2. 7RXWHVXLWHGHUpHOVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVGHOLPLWHQXOOHHVWGpFURLVVDQWH
jSDUWLUG XQFHUWDLQUDQJ  

3. 6LSRXUWRXWQGH ` RQD XQ   XQ DORUV OLP XQ

Q $
 
 
4. 6L OLP XQ   XQ
Q$
 DORUV XQ FRQYHUJH
 
XQ 
5. 6L XQ HVWXQHVXLWHFRQYHUJHQWHDORUV OLP
Q $ XQ
   

Q Q
 
6. 6LSRXUWRXWQGH `  XQ ' N DORUV XQ
N 
' N 
N 
 

7. 6LSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQDXQ XQDORUVODVXLWH XQ Q HVW

FURLVVDQWH
 

8. 7RXWHVXLWHQRQPDMRUpHGLYHUJH
 
9. 6L OD VXLWH XQ  FRQYHUJH YHUV XQ UpHO A  DORUV j SDUWLU G XQ FHUWDLQ
UDQJRQD XQ A 
 

10. 6L SRXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j  RQ D   XQ   
DORUV OLP XQ      
Q $

SUITES 239 „„
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 12.1.eWXGLHUODOLPLWHGHODVXLWH XQ GDQVOHVFDVVXLYDQWV

Q 
1. Q   XQ 
Q  Q  
D Q  EQ
2. Q ` XQ R   D  E 
DQ  EQ
Q  OQ Q    OQ Q
3. Q   XQ 
Q  

‰ Exercice 12.2.6RLW XQ ODVXLWHGpILQLHSDUVRQSUHPLHUWHUPHX HWODUHODWLRQGH
UpFXUUHQFH Q ` XQ  XQ  XQ  
1.eWXGLHUOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQGHODVXLWH XQ 
2. 0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQDXQ
3. a) 0RQWUHUTXHVLODVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHDLWYHUVXQHFHUWDLQHOLPLWH A RQDXUDLW A  
b) &RQFOXUHTXDQWjODOLPLWHGHODVXLWH XQ 

X
‰ Exercice 12.3.*2QGpILQLWODVXLWH XQ SDU X  HW Q ` XQ    Q 
Q 
1.eWDEOLUTXH Q `   XQ   
2. 0RQWUHUTXH XQ FRQYHUJHYHUV

‰ Exercice 12.4.6RLWGHX[UpHOVDHWEWHOVTXH   D  E 
2QFRQVLGqUHOHVGHX[VXLWHV DQ HW EQ GpILQLHVSDUODGRQQpHGHD DE EDLQVLTXHSDU

OHVUHODWLRQV Q ` DQ  DQ EQ HW EQ  DQ  EQ 

1. 0RQWUHUTXH DQ HW EQ VRQWELHQGpILQLHVHWjWHUPHVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV
 
2. a) 0RQWUHUTXH Q ` EQ   DQ  EQ  DQ (QGpGXLUH Q ` DQ  EQ 


b) 0RQWUHUTXH Q ` DQ   DQ EQ  DQ DQ HW EQ   EQ DQ  EQ 

3. 0RQWUHUTXHOHVVXLWHV DQ HW EQ VRQWFRQYHUJHQWHVHWRQWPrPHOLPLWH

‰ Exercice 12.5. 2QUDSSHOOHTXHSRXUWRXWUpHOX X  GpVLJQHODSDUWLHHQWLqUHGHX
F HVWjGLUHOHVHXOHQWLHUYpULILDQW X  X X  

„„ 240 CHAPITRE 12
  Q[   Q[   
1. 0RQWUHUTXH[ Q `     [     
Q Q
 Q[ 
2.(QGpGXLUHTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO[ODVXLWH FRQYHUJHHWGpWHUPLQHUVDOLPLWH
Q Q 

Q

‰ Exercice 12.6. 2QFRQVLGqUHOHVVXLWHV DQ HW EQ GpILQLHVSDU Q ` DQ ' N  HW
N 

EQ DQ  0RQWUHUTXHFHVGHX[VXLWHVVRQWFRQYHUJHQWHVHWGHPrPHOLPLWH
Q

‰ Exercice 12.7.**2QGpVLJQHSDUQXQHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
2QQRWH I Q ODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU \  SDU [   I Q [ [  Q OQ [ 
1.0RQWUHU TXH O pTXDWLRQ I Q [   DGPHW H[DFWHPHQW GHX[ VROXWLRQV (Q QRWDQW XQ  OD SOXV
SHWLWHHW YQ ODSOXVJUDQGHGHFHVGHX[VROXWLRQVRQYpULILHUDTXH Q     XQ  Q  YQ 
2. 4XHOOHHVWODQDWXUHGHODVXLWH YQ Q "
3. a) 0RQWUHUTXH Q     XQ  H 
b) 0RQWUHUTXH Q   I Q XQ  OQ XQ (QGpGXLUHOHVHQVGHYDULDWLRQGH XQ Q 
c)0RQWUHUTXH XQ Q HVWFRQYHUJHQWHSXLVHQHQFDGUDQW OQ XQ pWDEOLUTXH OLP XQ  
Q$
' DSUqV('+(&

‰ Exercice 12.8.**6RLWIODIRQFWLRQGpILQLHVXU@ >SDUI [  [OQ[
1. 3URXYHUTXHIHVWXQHELMHFWLRQVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHGH@ >VXU
2. a) 3RXUWRXWQGH ` PRQWUHUTXHO pTXDWLRQ[OQ[ QSRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQTXH
O¶RQQRWHUD [Q 
b) &DOFXOHU[eWXGLHUODPRQRWRQLHHWODFRQYHUJHQFHGHODVXLWH [Q 

3. a) 3RXUWRXWQGH ` FRPSDUHUI Q HWQ(QGpGXLUHTXH[QQ

b) (QGpGXLUHTXHQ ` Q±OQQ[Q
[
c) 'pWHUPLQHU OLP Q 
Q $ Q
' DSUqV+(&
X  X  X 
‰ Exercice 12.9.**2QSRVH ! 
"Q ` XQ   XQ   XQ
1   2 1 XQ 2
3 4 3 4
2QQRWH 0 3    4 HWRQSRVHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ ; Q 3 XQ  4 
3    4 3X 4
5 6 5 Q 6
1. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQTXHYDXWOHSURGXLW 0; Q "(QGpGXLUH ; Q HQIRQFWLRQGH0HW ;  



SUITES 241 „„
241
2. 0RQWUHUTXHTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHUQDWXUHOQODSUHPLqUHOLJQHGH 0 Q HVW
1   2
3  Q  Q     Q   Q     Q  Q   4 
5   6
3. (QGpGXLUHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQO¶H[SUHVVLRQGH XQ HQIRQFWLRQGHQ
' DSUqV(66(&


„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQE PRQWUHUSDUO DEVXUGHTXH XQ GLYHUJH

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQ WUDLWHUOHFDV Q jSDUWVLQRQRQQHSHXWSDV
pWDEOLUO¶KpUpGLWp
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQSURFpGHUSDUUpFXUUHQFH
3RXUODTXHVWLRQD QHSDVRXEOLHUGHYpULILHUjSDUWTXH D  E 
3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  XWLOLVHU DQ  EQ  SRXU REWHQLU OHV YDULDWLRQV GHV VXLWHV DQ  HW
EQ 
([HUFLFH0RQWUHUTXHOHVGHX[VXLWHVVRQWDGMDFHQWHV
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQGpULYHU I Q SRXUREWHQLUVHVYDULDWLRQV
3RXUODTXHVWLRQD pWXGLHUOHVLJQHGH I Q  HWGH I Q H 
3RXUODTXHVWLRQE FDOFXOHU I Q XQ  HW I Q XQ SXLVXWLOLVHUOHVYDULDWLRQVGH I Q 
3RXUODTXHVWLRQF pFULUH XQ Q OQ XQ HWVHVRXYHQLUGHODTXHVWLRQD 
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQGpULYHUISRXUREWHQLUVHVYDULDWLRQV
3RXUODTXHVWLRQD XWLOLVHUOHWKpRUqPHGHODELMHFWLRQ
3RXUODTXHVWLRQE XWLOLVHUI±SRXUFDOFXOHUODOLPLWHGH [Q 


„„ 242 CHAPITRE 12
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) ) ) ) ) ) 9 9 ) )

 
1. 2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ
 ,OHVWIDFLOHGHYpULILHU
 Q 

TX HOOHHVWFURLVVDQWHTXHWRXVVHVWHUPHVVRQWFRPSULVHQWUHHWHWSRXUWDQWVDOLPLWHYDXW 


Q
  
2. 2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q `
GpILQLHSDU Q `  XQ 
Q
 
XQ Q `
HVWjWHUPHVVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIVHWRQD Q `    XQ  

Corrigé
Q Q
 
&RPPH OLP OLP  OHWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWDVVXUHTXH OLP XQ  
Q $ Q Q $ Q Q $

  
3RXUWDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO QRQD XQ  XQ  HW XQ  HWRQ
Q   Q   Q  
PRQWUHDLVpPHQWTXHXQXQPDLVXQ!XQ/DVXLWH XQ Q HVWGRQFSDVGpFURLVVDQWH


3.2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ Q ` GpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ   2QDELHQ XQ   XQ SRXU
Q 
WRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQHWSRXUWDQWODVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHYHUV

4. &RQVLGpURQVODVXLWH XQ GpILQLHSDU Q `  XQ OQ Q 

3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO Q XQ   XQ OQ Q    OQ Q OQ   HWDORUV OLP XQ   XQ  HW
Q Q $

SRXUWDQWODVXLWH XQ GLYHUJH/DSURSULpWp OLP XQ   XQ     XQ FRQYHUJHHVWIDXVVH

Q $

5.&RQVLGpURQVODVXLWH XQ GpILQLHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOSDU XQ H  Q 
X 
/DVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHYHUVPDLV Q  FHTXLQHWHQGSDVYHUVORUVTXHQWHQGYHUV 
XQ H




SUITES 243 „„
 Q Q
 
6.6LSRXUWRXWQGH `  XQ ' N RQDDORUV XQ ' N 
N  N 
  Q
    
$LQVL X 'N 
DORUVTXH ' 2QHQFRQFOXWTXH X Q  ' 
N  N  N  N  N

7.6LO RQSRVH YQ  X Q DORUVHIIHFWLYHPHQW YQ± YQ  XQ± XQ/DVXLWH YQ HVWELHQ
FURLVVDQWHFHTXLYHXWGLUHTXHODVXLWH XQ O HVW

8. 2QVDLWTXHWRXWHVXLWHFRQYHUJHQWHHVWERUQpHGRQFPDMRUpH
3DU FRQWUDSRVpH RQ HQ GpGXLW TXH WRXWH VXLWH QRQ PDMRUpH Q¶HVW SDV FRQYHUJHQWH F HVWjGLUH
GLYHUJHQWH


9.&RQVLGpURQVODVXLWH XQ GpILQLHSDU Q `  XQ /DVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHYHUV A  
Q

SRXUWDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQD   
Q

Q
10. 2QFRQVLGqUHODVXLWH XQ GpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ  
2QDFODLUHPHQW Q ` XQ   3RXUWDQWFHWWHVXLWHQ DSDVGHOLPLWH


‰ Les erreurs classiques

2QQHSHXWSDVVHUjODOLPLWHGDQVXQHQFDGUHPHQWTXHGDQVGHX[FDV
 ± VLRQHVWGDQVOHFDGUHGXWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQW
 ± VLRQDSURXYpODFRQYHUJHQFHGHWRXVOHVREMHWVHQMHX
,OIDXWIDLUHDWWHQWLRQDX[HQFDGUHPHQWVTXLQHSURXYHQWULHQ
,OIDXWSUHQGUHJDUGHDX[GpFDODJHVG LQGLFHQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHVUDLVRQQHPHQWV
GHPRQRWRQLH3DUH[HPSOHVLRQH[DPLQHODPRQRWRQLHGHODVXLWH X Q F HVWELHQ
OHVLJQHGH X Q    X Q  HWSDV X Q   X Q TX LOIDXWpWXGLHU
 'DQV O H[SUHVVLRQ  Q ` XQ  0  0 QH VHUD TXDOLILp GH PDMRUDQW SRXU OH
WKpRUqPHGHOLPLWHPRQRWRQHTXHV LOHVWLQGpSHQGDQWGHQ

„„ 244 CHAPITRE 12
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 12.1 _____________________________

 
Q  
Q Q  
1. 2Q D  XQ  &RPPH OLP Q  
  JUkFH DX
    Q $ Q Q
Q Q    Q  
Q Q Q Q
  
WKpRUqPHRQREWLHQW OLP Q     ' DXWUHSDUWRQD OLP    2QHQ
Q $ Q Q Q $ Q
GpGXLW OLP XQ  
Q $

Q
Q DQ DQ D
E   
2. 2QD XQ EQ EQ E 
DQ DQ D Q

Corrigé
Q
E   
EQ EQ E
Q
D D
&RPPH     RQDG DSUqVOHWKpRUqPH OLP  G¶R OLP XQ  
E Q$ E Q $


3. 2QUHPDUTXHTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXORQD Q  OQ Q    OQ Q Q  OQ   
Q

Q OQ  
 Q 
' DXWUHSDUWRQD Q    Q    2QHQGpGXLW XQ
Q 
 
Q
 
OQ   OQ   OQ   [
 Q HWRQDDLQVL OLP Q
'HSOXVRQD Q OQ   OLP  
Q  Q$  [ $ [
Q Q

&RPPH OLP     RQHQFRQFOXW OLP XQ  
Q$ Q Q$

_________ Exercice 12.2 _____________________________

1. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ XQ   XQ XQ    GRQFODVXLWH XQ HVWELHQFURLVVDQWH
D0pWKRGH

2. /DVXLWH XQ HVWFURLVVDQWHHW X  GRQFSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD XQ   

SUITES 245 „„
3. a) 6XSSRVRQVTXHODVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHYHUVXQUpHO A 

2QDGqVORUV OLP XQ OLP XQ  A HW OLP XQ A   SDUFRQWLQXLWpGHODIRQFWLRQ [ 6 [  VXU
Q$ Q$ Q$
\ HWHQDSSOLTXDQWOHWKpRUqPH 
/DUHODWLRQ XQ  XQ  XQ  GHYLHQWHQSDVVDQWjODOLPLWH A A   A 
2QHQGpGXLW A   SXLV A  

 b) 6LODVXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHDLWYHUVXQUpHO A RQDXUDLWJUkFHjODTXHVWLRQD  A  
0DLVOHWKpRUqPHGHSURORQJHPHQWGHVLQpJDOLWpV WKpRUqPH DSSOLTXpjODTXHVWLRQQRXV
GRQQHDORUV A   FHTXLHVWFRQWUDGLFWRLUH
/DVXLWH XQ Q HVWGRQFSDVFRQYHUJHQWHHWSXLVTX HOOHHVWFURLVVDQWHRQREWLHQW OLP XQ  
Q$

_________ Exercice 12.3 _____________________________

1. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOQSRVRQV3 Q   XQ   

3  HVWYUDLHSXLVTXH X    

6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXOIL[pSRXUOHTXHORQVXSSRVH3 Q YUDLH
 X 
3XLVTXH  XQ   RQREWLHQWIDFLOHPHQW  Q  
Q  Q  Q 
2QHQGpGXLWDORUVHQDMRXWDQWjFKDTXHPHPEUHGHO HQFDGUHPHQWTXH
  
  XQ     G RHQpODUJLVVDQWXQSHX   XQ     
Q  Q  Q 

&RPPH Q   RQD Q     HWDLQVL   2QHQGpGXLWDORUV   XQ    &HFLSURXYH
Q 
TXH3 Q   HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFH Q `    XQ   
&HUpVXOWDWHVWHQFRUHYUDLVLQ  FDUX  GRQF Q `   XQ   

2. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQFRPPH   XQ   RQREWLHQWHQGLYLVDQWWRXWSDU Q   SXLVHQ
 
DMRXWDQWjFKDTXHPHPEUH Q `     XQ     
Q  Q 
 
$LQVLHQGHVFHQGDQWG XQUDQJRQWURXYH Q `     XQ    
Q Q
 
&RPPH OLP   OLP     OH WKpRUqPH G HQFDGUHPHQW SHUPHW GH FRQFOXUH TXH OD
Q$ Q Q$ Q
VXLWH XQ FRQYHUJHYHUV
D0pWKRGH

„„ 246 CHAPITRE 12
 _________ Exercice 12.4 _____________________________
1.3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQSRVRQV3 Q  DQ HW EQ VRQWELHQGpILQLVHWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLIV
3  HVWYUDLH(QHIIHW D HW E VRQWELHQGpILQLVHWO pQRQFpGRQQH D D   HW E E   
6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOIL[pWHOTXH3 Q HVWYUDLH
3XLVTXH DQ  HW EQ  VRQW ELHQ GpILQLV HW DQ    HW EQ    RQ D DQ EQ    HW GRQF DQ  DQ EQ 
H[LVWHELHQHWHVWVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI UDFLQHFDUUpHG XQQRPEUHVWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI 

'H PrPH EQ  DQ  EQ  H[LVWH ELHQ HW HVW VWULFWHPHQW SRVLWLI PR\HQQH DULWKPpWLTXH GH

WHUPHVSRVLWLIV $LQVL3 Q HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ DQ HW EQ VRQWELHQGpILQLVHWVWULFWHPHQW
SRVLWLIV

2. a)3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD
 
EQ   DQ  DQ  EQ   DQ EQ DQ  EQ   DQ EQ  HW RQ UHFRQQDvW XQH LGHQWLWp
 
 
UHPDUTXDEOH$LQVL EQ   DQ  EQ  DQ   


Corrigé
'HSOXVFRPPH E  D RQD E  D $LQVLSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD EQ  DQ 

b) &RPPHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ DQ HVWSRVLWLIRQD DQ DQ DQ 
2QHQGpGXLW DQ   DQ DQ EQ  DQ 
 
  3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD EQ   EQ DQ  EQ  EQ DQ  EQ 
 

3. 'HODUHODWLRQ DQ  EQ RQREWLHQW
*UkFHjODTXHVWLRQE  EQ   EQ   GRQFODVXLWH EQ HVWXQHVXLWHGpFURLVVDQWH
3DUFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQUDFLQHFDUUpHVXU \  RQD DQ  EQ HWRQREWLHQWWRXMRXUV
JUkFHjODTXHVWLRQE  DQ   DQ   ODVXLWH DQ HVWGRQFXQHVXLWHFURLVVDQWH
3XLVTXH DQ HVWXQHVXLWHFURLVVDQWHHW EQ HVWXQHVXLWHGpFURLVVDQWHRQpWHQGO LQpJDOLWpGH
ODTXHVWLRQD HQ D  DQ  EQ  E 
$LQVLODVXLWH DQ HVWFURLVVDQWHHWPDMRUpHSDU E HWODVXLWH EQ HVWGpFURLVVDQWHHWPLQRUpH
SDU D ' DSUqVOHWKpRUqPHGHOLPLWHPRQRWRQHFHVGHX[VXLWHVVRQWFRQYHUJHQWHV
1RWRQVDORUV A HW A  OHVOLPLWHVUHVSHFWLYHVGH DQ HW EQ 
(QSDVVDQWjODOLPLWHVXUOHVUHODWLRQVGpILQLVVDQWOHVVXLWHV DQ HW EQ RQREWLHQW

A AA  HWA  A  A  


SUITES 247 „„
/DGHX[LqPHUHODWLRQGRQQH A A  FHTXLUHQGODSUHPLqUHUHODWLRQLQXWLOH A _ A _ A  FDU
A  D   )LQDOHPHQWOHVVXLWHV DQ HW EQ FRQYHUJHQWHWRQWPrPHOLPLWH
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 12.5 _____________________________

1. 3RXUWRXWUpHO\  \   \   \     SDUGpILQLWLRQGHODSDUWLHHQWLqUH 
(QDSSOLTXDQWFHWHQFDGUHPHQWj\ Q[ DYHF[GDQVHWQGDQV RQREWLHQW
 Q[   Q[   
 Q[   Q[   Q[    (QGLYLVDQWFHWHQFDGUHPHQWSDU Q   RQREWLHQW [   
Q Q

 Q[  
2. / LQpJDOLWpGHGURLWHGHO HQFDGUHPHQWSUpFpGHQWV pFULW    [  
Q Q
(QDVVRFLDQWFHWWHLQpJDOLWpjO LQpJDOLWpGHJDXFKHGXPrPHHQFDGUHPHQWRQREWLHQW
  Q[ 
[      [ YDODEOHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXO
Q Q
  Q[ 
&RPPH OLP [  OLP [ [ OHWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWDVVXUHTXH OLP    [
Q$ Q Q $ Q$ Q
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 12.6 _____________________________

Q  Q
  
‡ Q ` DQ   DQ ' N ' N

Q  
GRQF DQ   DQ   HW DQ HVWFURLVVDQWH
N  N 
     Q  Q 
‡ Q ` EQ   EQ DQ   DQ      GRQF
Q    Q Q    Q Q    Q    Q  
GqVTXHQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD EQ   EQ   /DVXLWH EQ Q HVWGpFURLVVDQWH
D0pWKRGH

‡ Q ` EQ  DQ GRQF OLP EQ  DQ  
Q Q$

/HVVXLWHV DQ HW EQ VRQWDGMDFHQWHVGRQFHOOHVFRQYHUJHQWHWRQWODPrPHOLPLWH

_________ Exercice 12.7 _____________________________

1. /DIRQFWLRQ I Q HVWGpULYDEOHVXU \  HQWDQWTXHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVGpULYDEOHVVXU \  HW
Q [Q
SRXUWRXW[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI I Q [   
[ [
2QHQGpGXLWTXH I Q HVWGXVLJQHGH [  Q FHTXLSHUPHWG pFULUHOHVGHX[SRLQWVVXLYDQWV
/DIRQFWLRQ I Q HVWVWULFWHPHQWGpFURLVVDQWHVXU   Q  

„„ 248 CHAPITRE 12
3XLVTXH IQ HVW DXVVL FRQWLQXH VXU   Q   HOOH UpDOLVH XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH   Q   VXU
 I Q  OLP I [   Q  Q OQ Q    (QHIIHW OLP I [   VRPPHGHOLPLWHVXVXHOOHV 
 Q [ $
Q  [ $ 
Q

2USRXUWRXWHQWLHUQVXSpULHXUjRQD Q  H GRQF OQ Q   HW Q  Q OQ Q Q   OQ Q   GRQF

  Q  Q OQ Q    $LQVLO pTXDWLRQ I Q [  SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ XQ VXU   Q  

/DIRQFWLRQ I Q HVWVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU  Q    
3XLVTXH IQ HVW DXVVL FRQWLQXH VXU  Q     HOOH UpDOLVH XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH  Q     VXU
OQ [
@ I Q Q  OLP I Q [ >  Q  Q OQ Q     (Q HIIHW RQ D OLP I Q [ OLP [   Q  
[ $ [ $ [ $ [
OQ [
SXLVTXHO¶RQVDLWTXH OLP  
[ $ [
&RPPH   Q  Q OQ Q    O pTXDWLRQ I Q [  SRVVqGHXQHXQLTXHVROXWLRQ YQ VXU  Q    
/ pTXDWLRQ I Q [  SRVVqGHGHX[VROXWLRQVXQHWYQTXLYpULILHQW Q     XQ  Q  YQ 

2. 2Q D YX TXH  Q   Q  YQ  &RPPH OLP Q   RQ HQ GpGXLW JUkFH DX WKpRUqPH GH

Corrigé
Q $
FRPSDUDLVRQTXH OLP YQ  /DVXLWH YQ Q  HVWGRQFGLYHUJHQWH
Q$
D0pWKRGH

3. a)3RXUWRXWQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD I Q     HW I Q H H  Q   2QHQGpGXLW
Q   I Q H  I Q XQ  I Q   3XLVTXH  H  HW XQ  VRQW GHV pOpPHQWV GH   Q   OD VWULFWH
GpFURLVVDQFHGH I Q VXU   Q  DVVXUHTXH Q     XQ  H 

b)2QUHPDUTXHTXH Q   I Q XQ  XQ   Q OQ XQ  XQ   Q   OQ XQ   OQ XQ  

I Q XQ 

3DUGpILQLWLRQGHODVXLWH XQ Q 
SRXUWRXWQVXSpULHXURXpJDOj I Q  XQ   RQHQGpGXLW
TXH Q   I Q XQ  OQ XQ  
' DSUqVODTXHVWLRQD  XQ    GRQF OQ XQ    $LQVLRQD Q   I Q XQ    
&RPPH I Q XQ  RQHQGpGXLWTXH Q   I Q XQ   I Q XQ 
/HV UpHOV XQ  HW XQ   pWDQW GDQV   Q   HW OD IRQFWLRQ I Q  pWDQW VWULFWHPHQW GpFURLVVDQWH VXU
  Q  RQREWLHQW Q   XQ  XQ ODVXLWH XQ Q 
HVWGRQFGpFURLVVDQWH

c) /DVXLWH XQ Q 
HVWGpFURLVVDQWHHWPLQRUpHSDU TXHVWLRQD HOOHFRQYHUJHGRQF
XQ
/DUHODWLRQ I Q XQ  VHWUDGXLWSDU XQ Q OQ XQ VRLWHQFRUH OQ XQ 
Q

SUITES 249 „„
  XQ H
&RPPH  XQ  H RQHQGpGXLWTXH   
Q Q Q
 H
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD
 OQ XQ  
Q Q
/HWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWQRXVSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUHTXH OLP OQ XQ  
Q $
/DFRQWLQXLWpHQGHODIRQFWLRQH[SRQHQWLHOOHSURXYHDORUVTXH
OLP XQ  
Q $
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 12.8 _____________________________

1. /DIRQFWLRQIHVWGpULYDEOHVXU \  HQWDQWTXHVRPPHGHIRQFWLRQVXVXHOOHVGpULYDEOHVVXU

\  HWSRXUWRXWUpHO[VWULFWHPHQWSRVLWLI I  [     
[
/DIRQFWLRQIHVWGRQFVWULFWHPHQWFURLVVDQWHVXU \  
3XLVTX HOOH \ HVW pJDOHPHQW FRQWLQXH HOOH UpDOLVH XQH ELMHFWLRQ GH \   VXU I \  \  FDU
OLP I [  HW OLP I [  
[ $  [ $

2. a) /H WKpRUqPH GH OD ELMHFWLRQ JDUDQWLW O H[LVWHQFH G XQH XQLTXH VROXWLRQ [Q  VXU \   j
O pTXDWLRQ [  OQ [ Q 2QDGRQFQ ` I [Q  Q

b) 2QUHPDUTXHGpMjTXH  OQ  GRQFHVWVROXWLRQGHO pTXDWLRQ [  OQ [  
3DUXQLFLWpGHODVROXWLRQRQHQGpGXLWTXH [  
  3RXUpWXGLHUODPRQRWRQLHGHODVXLWH [Q Q `
RQSDUWGXFRQVWDWVLPSOHTXH Q  Q   
2QREWLHQWDORUVSDUGpILQLWLRQGHODVXLWH [Q Q `
 I [Q  I [Q  
/DVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGHIVXU \  DVVXUHDORUVTXH Q `  [Q  [Q  
/DVXLWH [Q Q `
HVWGRQFFURLVVDQWH
/DUHODWLRQ I [Q Q V pFULWDXVVL [Q I  Q 
2QDYXjODTXHVWLRQTXH OLP I [  RQDGRQF OLP I  [  
[ $ [ $
2QHQGpGXLW
OLP [Q OLP I  Q  
Q $ Q $

3. a) &RPPHQRQDOQQHWDLQVL I Q Q  OQ Q  Q 
'HSOXVRQVDLWTXH I [Q Q RQHQGpGXLW Q `  I Q  I [Q 
/DVWULFWHFURLVVDQFHGHIVXU \  DVVXUHDORUVTXH
Q `  Q  [Q 


„„ 250 CHAPITRE 12
 b)3DUGpILQLWLRQGHODVXLWH [Q RQD [Q  OQ [Q Q VRLW [Q Q  OQ [Q 2QYLHQWGHYRLUj
ODTXHVWLRQD TXH Q  [Q G¶RO¶RQGpGXLW  OQ [Q   OQ Q 
2QREWLHQWDORUV
Q `  [Q  Q  OQ Q 

c) /HVUpVXOWDWVGHVTXHVWLRQVD HWE GRQQHQW Q `  Q  OQ Q  [Q  Q 
2QDHQGLYLVDQWSDUQ!
OQ Q [Q
Q `     
Q Q
OQ Q OQ Q
&RPPH OLP  RQHQGpGXLW OLP    
Q$ Q Q$ Q
/HWKpRUqPHG HQFDGUHPHQWQRXVSHUPHWDORUVGHFRQFOXUHTXH
[
OLP Q  
Q$ Q
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 12.9 _____________________________

Corrigé
1 XQ  2 1 XQ  2
1. 2QUHPDUTXHTXH 0; Q 3 XQ  4 3 X 4 
3 4 3 Q  4
3 X  X 4 3 X 4
5 Q  Q 6 5 Q  6
2QHQGpGXLW
Q `  0; Q ; Q  
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQSRVRQV5 Q  ; Q 0 Q ;  
5  HVWYUDLH(QHIIHW 0  ;  , ;  ;  
6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOWHOTXH5 Q VRLWYUDLHF HVWjGLUH ; Q 0 Q ;  
2QD ; Q  0; Q 0 0 Q ; 0 Q  ;  GRQF5 Q HVWYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD
;Q 0 Q ; 

2. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQSRVRQV3 Q 
1 Q  Q   Q 2
ODSUHPLqUHOLJQHGH 0 Q HVW 3   Q     Q     Q   4 
5   6

3  HVWYUDLHFDUG XQHSDUW 0 , GRQWODSUHPLqUHOLJQHHVW    HWG DXWUHSDUW
       
   #         #     HW    #     
  
6RLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOWHOTXH3 Q VRLWYUDLH
'H OD UHODWLRQ 0 Q  0 Q # 0  RQ VDLW SDU GpILQLWLRQ GX SURGXLW PDWULFLHO TXH OD SUHPLqUH
OLJQHGH 0 Q  V REWLHQWHQPXOWLSOLDQWODSUHPLqUHOLJQHGH 0 Q SDUOHVFRORQQHVGH0


SUITES 251 „„
2QREWLHQWDORUVGDQVO RUGUH
 Q  Q   Q
    Q   #     Q   #     Q   #  
  
 Q  Q   Q
    Q   #     Q   #     Q   #  
  
 Q  Q   Q
    Q   #     Q   #     Q   #  
  
Q 
$SUqVVLPSOLILFDWLRQVODSUHPLqUHOLJQHGH 0 HVW
1 Q   Q  Q  2
3    Q       Q       Q    4 
5   6
3 Q HVWGRQFYUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWSDUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQODSUHPLqUHOLJQHGH 0 Q HVW
1 Q  Q   Q 2
3   Q     Q     Q   4 
5   6

3. &RPPH ; Q 0 Q ;  OHSUHPLHUFRHIILFLHQWGH ; Q F HVWjGLUH XQ V REWLHQWHQPXOWLSOLDQW
1 2
3 4
ODSUHPLqUHOLJQHGH 0 Q SDUODFRORQQH ;  3  4 
34
5 6
(QHIIHFWXDQWFHSURGXLWRQREWLHQW
Q
Q `  XQ   Q 




„„ 252 CHAPITRE 12
 Chapitre 13
Suites usuelles

Fils d’un commerçant toscan, Fibonacci parcourt

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

de nombreux pays méditerranéens et entre en contact

avec les mathématiques grecques et arabes.
Il revient persuadé de la supériorité du système
   #   / #
ce que nous utilisons de nos jours, et en expose
le maniement en détail. Sa célébrité provient de la suite
      u0 = u1 = 1 et un+2 = un+1 + un
et dont le quotient un+1 / un tend vers le nombre d’or.

■ Un peu d'histoire
La notion de suite de nombres est très présente en mathématiques. Elle est utilisée dès
l’Antiquité pour calculer des aires ou des volumes par approximations successives.
À la Renaissance, on étudie les suites géométriques pour les calculs d’intérêts et dans
les siècles suivants, ceci se généralise dans des modèles de croissance exponentielle.
„:          & !      !     
de nombreux problèmes ne pouvaient s’exprimer à l’aide de formules mais que seules
des méthodes approchées pouvaient y répondre. C’est par exemple le cas de l’équation
polynomiale du cinquième degré comme l’ont montré Niels Abel et Évariste Galois
au début du XIXe siècle. Par ailleurs, les suites ont pris toute leur importance pour
      9    " ;    9  !    
importance.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHVVXLWHVDULWKPpWLTXHVHWJpRPpWULTXHV
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUOHVVXLWHVDULWKPpWLFRJpRPpWULTXHV
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUOHVVXLWHVYpULILDQWXQHUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHG RUGUH

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUpWXGLHUOHVVXLWHVDX[UpFXUUHQFHVOLQpDLUHVLPEULTXpHV

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Suites arithmétiques
'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTXHODVXLWH XQ Q ` HVWDULWKPpWLTXHORUVTXH XQ   XQ QHGpSHQGSDV
GHQF HVWjGLUHORUVTX LOH[LVWHXQUpHOULQGpSHQGDQWGHQDSSHOpUDLVRQGH XQ Q ` WHOTXH


Q ` XQ  XQ  U 
D Méthode 13.1. Comment montrer qu'une suite est arithmétique ?

7KpRUqPH6RLWXQHVXLWHDULWKPpWLTXH XQ Q ` GHUDLVRQU$ORUV
Q ` XQ X  QU 
3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQWRQD
S `  Q  S XQ X S  Q  S U 

„Suites géométriques


‰ Définition
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q GLW TXH OD VXLWH XQ Q `  HVW JpRPpWULTXH ORUVTX LO H[LVWH XQ UpHO T
LQGpSHQGDQWGHQDSSHOpUDLVRQGH XQ Q ` WHOTXH


Q ` XQ  TXQ 
D Méthode 13.2. Comment montrer qu'une suite est géométrique ?

7KpRUqPH6RLWXQHVXLWHJpRPpWULTXH XQ Q ` GHUDLVRQT$ORUV
Q ` XQ X T Q 
3OXVJpQpUDOHPHQWRQD
S `  Q  S XQ X S T Q S 


‰ Limites
7KpRUqPH&RQYHUJHQFHGHODVXLWH T Q Q `

‡6L T   DORUV OLP T Q  

Q $

‡6L T  DORUVODVXLWH T Q Q ` HVWFRQVWDQWHpJDOHjGRQFHOOHFRQYHUJHYHUV

‡6L T   DORUV OLP T Q  

Q $

‡6L T   DORUVODVXLWH T Q Q ` GLYHUJH HOOHHVWERUQpHVL T  QRQERUQpHVLQRQ 

SUITES USUELLES 255 „„


‰ Croissances comparées (rappel)
7KpRUqPH3RXUWRXWUpHOD!HWSRXUWRXWUpHOTGH      RQD OLP Q D T Q  
Q $

„Suites arithmético-géométriques
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q GLW TXH OD VXLWH XQ Q `  HVW DULWKPpWLFRJpRPpWULTXH ORUVTX LO H[LVWH
GHX[UpHOVDHWELQGpSHQGDQWVGHQDYHF D   WHOVTXH Q ` XQ  DXQ  E 

5HPDUTXH6L D  ODVXLWHHVWDULWKPpWLTXHHWVL E  HOOHHVWJpRPpWULTXH

7KpRUqPH6RLWODVXLWH XQ Q ` GpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ  DXQ  E  DYHF D   
6L[HVWOHUpHOYpULILDQW [ D[  E DORUVODVXLWH XQ  [ HVWJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQD

D Méthode 13.3. Comment étudier une suite arithmético-géométrique ?

„Suites vérifiant une relation de récurrence linéaire

d'ordre 2
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q GLW TXH OD VXLWH XQ Q `  HVW XQH VXLWH UpFXUUHQWH OLQpDLUH G RUGUH 
ORUVTX LOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOVDHWELQGpSHQGDQWVGHQWHOVTXH Q ` XQ   DXQ   EXQ 
/ pTXDWLRQ (  [   D[  E  HVWDSSHOpHpTXDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHODVXLWH XQ 

7KpRUqPH6FKpPDG pWXGHGH XQ Q ` YpULILDQW Q ` XQ   DXQ   EXQ 
‡6LO pTXDWLRQ ( DGPHWGHX[VROXWLRQV U HW U DORUVLOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOV Ȝ HW ȝ WHOVTXH
Q ` XQ Ȝ UQ  ȝ UQ 
‡6LO pTXDWLRQ ( DGPHWXQHVHXOHVROXWLRQUDORUVLOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOV Ȝ HW ȝ WHOVTXH
Q ` XQ Ȝ  ȝ Q UQ 

D Méthode 13.4. Comment étudier une suite récurrente linéaire d'ordre 2 ?




„„ 256 CHAPITRE 13
 „„ Méthodes

„Étude des suites usuelles

‰ Méthode 13.1. Comment montrer qu'une suite est arithmétique ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTX XQHVXLWH XQ Q ` HVWDULWKPpWLTXHLOVXIILWG H[SULPHUSRXUWRXW

HQWLHU QDWXUHO QOD GLIIpUHQFH XQ   XQ  HW GH FRQVWDWHU TXH F HVW XQ UpHO LQGpSHQ
GDQWGHQ'DQVFHFDVFHUpHOHVWODUDLVRQGHODVXLWH

D Exercices 13.1, 13.2

X 
([HPSOH6RLWODVXLWH XQ Q ` GpILQLHSDU ! Q

 Q `  X X   

Méthodes
" Q  Q

XQ
3RXUWRXWQGHRQSRVH YQ 0RQWUHUTXHODVXLWH YQ Q ` HVWDULWKPpWLTXH
Q
XQ XQ XQ  Q XQ XQ  XQ 
Q ` YQ   YQ   Q   
Q Q Q   Q  Q 

/DTXDQWLWp YQ   YQ QHGpSHQGSDVGHQGRQFODVXLWH YQ Q ` HVWDULWKPpWLTXHGHUDLVRQ 


‰ Méthode 13.2. Comment montrer qu'une suite est géométrique ?

3RXUPRQWUHUTX XQHVXLWH XQ Q ` HVWJpRPpWULTXHLOVXIILWG H[SULPHUSRXUWRXW

HQWLHUQDWXUHOQODTXDQWLWp XQ  VRXVODIRUPH T XQ RTHVWXQUpHOLQGpSHQGDQWGH
Q'DQVFHFDVFHUpHOHVWODUDLVRQGHODVXLWH
X
2Q SHXW DXVVL FRQVLGpUHU OH TXRWLHQW Q   HW PRQWUHU TX LO HVW LQGpSHQGDQW GH Q
XQ
PDLVFHODVXSSRVHTXHO RQDLWSURXYpDXSUpDODEOHTXH XQ Q HVWMDPDLVQXO

D Exercice 13.3

([HPSOH6RLWODVXLWH XQ Q ` GpILQLHSDUODGRQQpHGH X   HWSDUODUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFH
Q ` XQ  XQ  XQ   
(QpFULYDQWXQ  XQ± LOHVWIDFLOHGHSURXYHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXH Q ` XQ   
2QSRVHDORUV Q ` YQ OQ XQ   0RQWUHUTXHODVXLWH YQ Q ` HVWJpRPpWULTXH
Q ` YQ  OQ XQ    OQ XQ  XQ   OQ XQ    OQ XQ   YQ 

SUITES USUELLES 257 „„

/DVXLWH YQ Q ` HVWGRQFJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQ

‰ Méthode 13.3. Comment étudier une suite arithmético-géométrique ?

2QFRQVLGqUHGRQFXQHVXLWH XQ WHOOHTXH Q ` XQ  DXQ  E  D   

‡&RPPH D   LOH[LVWHXQUpHO[WHOTXH [ D[  E HWRQD [ E    D 
XQ  DXQ  E
‡2QVRXVWUDLWDORUVPHPEUHjPHPEUHOHVGHX[pJDOLWpV  
 [ D[  E
2QWURXYH XQ   [ D XQ  [ ODVXLWH XQ  [ HVWGRQFJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQD
‡2QHQGpGXLWTXH Q ` XQ  [ X  [ D Q SXLV XQ X  [ D Q  [ 

D Exercice 13.4

([HPSOH6RLWODVXLWHXGpILQLHSDU X  HWODUHODWLRQQ `  XQ  XQ   
'pWHUPLQHUXQHQIRQFWLRQGHQSRXUWRXWQGH ` 
/ pTXDWLRQ [  [   DSRXUVROXWLRQ [  
XQ  XQ  
2Q VRXVWUDLW PHPEUH j PHPEUH OHV GHX[ pJDOLWpV   2Q REWLHQW
[ [  
XQ   [  XQ  [  VRLW XQ     XQ    /D VXLWH XQ   Q   HVW GRQF JpRPpWULTXH GH
UDLVRQG R Q   XQ   Q  X   (QDUUDQJHDQW Q   XQ Q    

‰ Méthode 13.4. Comment étudier une suite récurrente linéaire

d'ordre 2 ?

2QVXSSRVHFRQQXVGHX[WHUPHVGHODVXLWH VRXYHQWXHWXPDLVSDVWRXMRXUV 
2QFRQVLGqUHO pTXDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXH (  [   D[  E  
‡6L ( DGPHWUDFLQHVUpHOOHVGLVWLQFWHV U HW U DORUVQ  XQ ȜUQ  ȝUQ 
 Ȝ  ȝ X
$YHF Q  HW Q  RQREWLHQWOHV\VWqPH ! FHTXLGRQQH Ȝ HW ȝ 
" ȜU  ȝU X
‡6L ( DGPHWXQHVHXOHUDFLQHUpHOOH U DORUV Q ` XQ Ȝ  ȝQ UQ 
 Ȝ X
$YHF Q  HW Q  RQREWLHQWOHV\VWqPH ! FHTXLGRQQH Ȝ HW ȝ 
" Ȝ  ȝ U X

D Exercices 13.4, 13.5


([HPSOH6RLWODVXLWHXGpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ   XQ   XQ  DYHF X X  
'pWHUPLQHUXQHQIRQFWLRQGHQSRXUWRXWQGH
/DVXLWH XQ YpULILHXQHUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHOLQpDLUHG RUGUH

„„ 258 CHAPITRE 13
/ pTXDWLRQ FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GH XQ  HVW  [    [     &HWWH pTXDWLRQ D GHX[ UDFLQHV UpHOOHV
GLVWLQFWHVLOV DJLWGHHW
,OH[LVWHGRQFGHX[UpHOV Ȝ HW ȝ WHOVTXH Q ` XQ Ȝ Q  ȝ Q 
Ȝ  ȝ 
3RXU Q  HW Q  RQREWLHQWOHV\VWqPH ! G R Ȝ  HW ȝ  
" Ȝ  ȝ 
&RQFOXVLRQ Q ` XQ Q   Q 

([HPSOH6RLWODVXLWHXGpILQLHSDU Q ` XQ   XQ   XQ  DYHF X  HW X  
'pWHUPLQHUXQHQIRQFWLRQGHQSRXUWRXWQGH
/DVXLWH XQ YpULILHXQHUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHOLQpDLUHG RUGUH
/ pTXDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGH XQ HVW [    [    VRLW [   
 &HWWHpTXDWLRQDGPHW
XQHVHXOHUDFLQHpJDOHj,OH[LVWHGRQFGHX[UpHOV Ȝ HW ȝ WHOVTXH Q ` XQ Ȝ  ȝQ Q 
Ȝ 
3RXU Q  HW Q  RQREWLHQWOHV\VWqPH ! G R Ȝ  HW ȝ  
" Ȝ  ȝ 

Méthodes
&RQFOXVLRQ Q ` XQ   Q Q 

SUITES USUELLES 259 „„

 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 6L XQH VXLWH XQ  QRQ QXOOH YpULILH SRXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q
XQ XQ±XQDORUVLOH[LVWHGHX[UpHOVȜHWȝWHOVTXH  
Q XQ ȜQȝQ
2. 6LODVXLWH XQ HVWDULWKPpWLTXHDORUVODVXLWH HXQ HVWJpRPp
WULTXH
Q ` Q `
 

3. 7RXWHVXLWHDULWKPpWLTXHGHUDLVRQQRQQXOOHGLYHUJH
 
4. 7RXWHVXLWHJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQQpJDWLYHGLYHUJH
 
5. 6LODVXLWH XQ YpULILHODUHODWLRQXQ  Q XQDYHFX DORUV
Q XQ  Q Q  

6. 8QHVXLWH XQ YpULILDQWODUHODWLRQXQ XQQHVWDULWKPpWLFR

JpRPpWULTXH  

7. 8QHVXLWHJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQQXOOHHVWODVXLWHQXOOH
 
8. /DVXLWHGHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOVHVWDULWKPpWLTXH
 
9. /DVXLWHXGpILQLHSDU Q `  XQ  XQ  XQ  HW X X  HVWXQH
VXLWHUpFXUUHQWHOLQpDLUHG RUGUH  

DQ
10. 6L   D  E DORUVODVXLWH
EQ
FRQYHUJHYHUV  

„„ 260 CHAPITRE 13
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 13.1.6RLW XQ Q ` XQHVXLWHYpULILDQW Q ` XQ   XQ   XQ 

2QGpILQLWODVXLWH YQ Q ` SDU Q ` YQ XQ   XQ 
&DOFXOHUSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ YQ   YQ 4XHSHXWRQHQGpGXLUHSRXU XQ Q ` "


‰ Exercice 13.2.6RLW XQ ODVXLWHGpILQLHSDU X  HW Q ` XQ  XQ   

3RXUWRXWQGHRQSRVH YQ XQ 0RQWUHUTXH YQ HVWDULWKPpWLTXHHWHQGpGXLUH OLP XQ 
Q $


 XQ
‰ Exercice 13.3. 6RLW XQ Q ` ODVXLWHGpILQLHSDU X HW Q ` XQ 
   XQ
1. 0RQWUHUTXHSRXUWRXWQGHXQH[LVWHHWDSSDUWLHQWj@>

2. 2QSRVH Q ` YQ   
XQ
a) 0RQWUHUTXHODVXLWH YQ Q ` HVWJpRPpWULTXH
b) (QGpGXLUHSRXUWRXWQGH YQ SXLV XQ HQIRQFWLRQGHQHWGpWHUPLQHU OLP XQ 
Q $

‰ Exercice 13.4. 'DQVFKDFXQGHVFDVVXLYDQWVH[SULPHU XQ HQIRQFWLRQGHQ
1. X  HW Q   XQ  XQ   
2. X X  HW Q ` XQ   XQ  XQ  VXLWHGLWHGH)LERQDFFL 

3. X   X  HW Q   XQ   XQ   XQ 


‰ Exercice 13.5.*2QFRQVLGqUHOHVGHX[VXLWHV [Q HW \Q GpILQLHVSDU
 [Q   [Q  \Q
[   \
 HW Q `  ! 
" \Q   [Q   \Q
1. 'pWHUPLQHUGHX[UpHOVDHWEWHOVTXH Q ` [Q   D [Q   E [Q 
2. (QGpGXLUHXQHH[SUHVVLRQGH [Q SXLVGH \Q HQIRQFWLRQGHQ Q ` 

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH([SULPHU YQ HQIRQFWLRQGH XQ SXLVGH XQ HWHQILQGH YQ 

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQpFULUH[Q   [Q  \Q SXLVUHPSODFHU \Q  

SUITES USUELLES 261 „„

 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) 9 9 ) ) ) ) 9 9 9

1. /D VXLWH XQ  YpULILH OD UHODWLRQ XQ  XQ  ±  XQ  GRQF XQ  Q HVW SDV XQH VXLWH UpFXUUHQWH
OLQpDLUHG RUGUH HOOHQHYpULILHSDV XQ  XQ  ± XQ HWRQQHSHXWSDVFRQFOXUHTXH
Q XQ ȜQȝQ

2. 6LODVXLWH XQ HVWDULWKPpWLTXHLOH[LVWHXQUpHOUWHOTXH Q `  XQ  XQ  U 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH Q `  HXQ H XQ  U HXQ H U 
)LQDOHPHQWLOH[LVWHXQUpHO T H U WHOTXH HXQ THXQ /DVXLWH HXQ HVWGRQFJpRPpWULTXH

3.6RLW XQ XQHVXLWHDULWKPpWLTXHGHUDLVRQQRQQXOOHU
$ORUVSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ XQ X  Q U 
&RPPHUDORUV OLP QU ( HWRQHQGpGXLWTXHODVXLWH XQ GLYHUJHYHUV ( 
Q$

4. 7RXWHVXLWHJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQ TDSSDUWHQDQWj    FRQYHUJHYHUVGRQFXQHVXLWH
JpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQQpJDWLYHQHGLYHUJHSDVV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQW


5.2QSHXWVHFRQYDLQFUHTXHF¶HVWIDX[DYHFSDUH[HPSOH X       
5HPDUTXH$WWHQWLRQ/DVXLWH XQ Q HVWSDVJpRPpWULTXHFDU Q GpSHQGGHQ

6. 8QH VXLWH XQ  YpULILDQW XQ  XQ  Q   Q HVW SDV DULWKPpWLFRJpRPpWULTXH FDU Q   
GpSHQGGHQ

7.6RLW XQ ODVXLWHGpILQLHSDU X  HW Q `  XQ  2QDELHQ Q `  XQ TXQ 
DYHF T  &HWWHVXLWHHVWJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQQXOOHPDLVQ HVWSDVODVXLWHQXOOH

8.6RLW XQ ODVXLWHGHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOV2QD Q `  XQ Q 
3DUFRQVpTXHQWRQHQGpGXLW Q `  XQ Q   XQ   2QHQFRQFOXWTXHODVXLWH XQ HVW
DULWKPpWLTXHGHUDLVRQpJDOHj


„„ 262 CHAPITRE 13
9. /DVXLWH XGpILQLHSDU Q `  XQ  XQ  XQ  HW X X  HVWELHQXQHVXLWHUpFXUUHQWH
OLQpDLUH G RUGUH  (Q HIIHW OD UHODWLRQ Q `  XQ  XQ  XQ   HVW pTXLYDOHQWH j
N ` XN   XN   XN  LOVXIILWGHSRVHUQ N 
Q
DQ D D
10.2QD Q ` Q &RPPH   D  E RQHQGpGXLW     
E E E
DQ
2QHQFRQFOXWTXH OLP Q  
Q $ E


‰ Les erreurs classiques

 8QH UHODWLRQ GX W\SH  XQ   DXQ   EXQ  QH GpILQLW SDV XQH VXLWH UpFXUUHQWH
OLQpDLUHG RUGUHPDLVG RUGUH
 6L XQH VXLWH XQ  YpULILH XQH UHODWLRQ GX W\SH XQ  TQ XQ  RQ QH SHXW SDV HQ
GpGXLUHTXHODVXLWH XQ HVWJpRPpWULTXHFDUTQGpSHQGGHQ
8QHUHODWLRQGXW\SH XQ  DXQ  E QHGpILQLWXQHVXLWHDULWKPpWLFRJpRPpWULTXH
TXHVLDHWEVRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVGHQ

Corrigé
'HPrPHXQHUHODWLRQGXW\SH XQ   DXQ   EXQ QHGpILQLWXQHVXLWHUpFXUUHQWH
OLQpDLUHG¶RUGUHTXHVLDHWEVRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVGHQ

SUITES USUELLES 263 „„

 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 13.1 _____________________________

3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD YQ   YQ XQ    XQ   XQ   XQ   XQ   XQ   XQ  
2QREWLHQWDORUV Q `  YQ  YQ  
/DVXLWH YQ HVWGRQFFRQVWDQWHpJDOHj Y X  X GRQF Q ` YQ X±X
2QHQGpGXLWSDUGpILQLWLRQGHODVXLWH YQ TXH Q ` XQ±XQ X±X
&HFLSHUPHWGHFRQFOXUHTXHODVXLWH XQ HVWDULWKPpWLTXHGHUDLVRQ X  X 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 13.2 _____________________________


2QD YQ  XQ   XQ  $LQVLRQREWLHQW YQ    YQ 
/DVXLWH YQ HVWGRQFDULWKPpWLTXHGHUDLVRQHWGHSUHPLHUWHUPH Y X   
2QDGRQFSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ YQ Q 
3XLVTXH XQ    XQ HVWXQHUDFLQHFDUUpH RQHQGpGXLW XQ Q 
2QDDORUVIDFLOHPHQW OLP XQ  
Q$
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 13.3 _____________________________

1. 3RVRQV3 Q XQH[LVWHHW   XQ   

,QLWLDOLVDWLRQ3  HVWYUDLH(QHIIHW X H[LVWHHWYDXW SDUGpILQLWLRQ

+pUpGLWpVRLWQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOWHOTXH3 Q VRLWYUDLH
&RPPHSDUK\SRWKqVHGHUpFXUUHQFHRQD   XQ   DORUV XQH[LVWH SXLVTXH   XQ   'H
SOXVRQD    XQ   SXLVSDUVWULFWHGpFURLVVDQFHGHODIRQFWLRQLQYHUVHVXU   
 
 
   XQ
XQ
(QILQHQPXOWLSOLDQWPHPEUHjPHPEUHDYHF   XQ   RQWURXYH     2QDPRQWUp
  XQ
TXHXQH[LVWHHWXQ @>
&RQFOXVLRQ3 Q YUDLH
)LQDOHPHQWRQDPRQWUpSDUUpFXUUHQFHTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD   XQ   




„„ 264 CHAPITRE 13
2. /DTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHQRXVDVVXUHGHO H[LVWHQFHGHODVXLWH YQ 
   XQ  
a) 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD YQ        
XQ  XQ XQ XQ
$LQVLRQREWLHQW YQ  YQ 
X   
/DVXLWH YQ HVWGRQFJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQHWGHSUHPLHUWHUPH Y  
X 
D0pWKRGH


b) /DTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHQRXVDVVXUHGRQFTXH Q `  YQ  # Q Q 

XQ    
&RPPH YQ RQD XQ YQ XQ   2QHQWLUH XQ 
XQ   YQ   Q 
&RPPH OLP Q   RQWURXYH OLP XQ  
Q$ Q$

_________ Exercice 13.4 _____________________________

1. /DVXLWHXHVWDULWKPpWLFRJpRPpWULTXH/HUpHO[YpULILDQW [  [   HVW [  

Corrigé
XQ  XQ  
2QVRXVWUDLWPHPEUHjPHPEUHOHVGHX[pJDOLWpV  G R XQ   [  XQ  [ 
[ [  
(QUHPSODoDQW[SDURQD XQ     XQ   
Q 
/DVXLWH XQ   HVWGRQFJpRPpWULTXHGHUDLVRQ  HWRQD Q `  XQ    X   
Q
$LQVLFRPPHX  Q `  XQ    
D0pWKRGH

2. /DVXLWH XQ YpULILHXQHUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHOLQpDLUHG RUGUH
/ pTXDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXHDVVRFLpHHVW [   [    GHGLVFULPLQDQW    HWGHUDFLQHV
   
U HW U 
 
Q Q
,OH[LVWHGRQFGHX[UpHOV Ȝ HW ȝ WHOVTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD XQ Ȝ U  ȝ U 
Ȝ  ȝ  Ȝ  ȝ 
3RXU Q  HW Q  RQREWLHQW ! VRLW ! / : /  U / 
" ȜU  ȝU  "ȝ U  U   U
   
$SUqVFDOFXOVRQWURXYH ȝ HW Ȝ 
   
Q  Q 
     
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD XQ  
   
D0pWKRGH


SUITES USUELLES 265 „„

3. /DVXLWH XQ YpULILHXQHUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHOLQpDLUHG RUGUH
 
/ pTXDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXHDVVRFLpHHVW [   [   GHGLVFULPLQDQW  HWGHUDFLQH U 
 
'RQFLOH[LVWH Ȝ HW ȝ UpHOVWHOVTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXORQD XQ Ȝ  ȝQ U Q 

Ȝȝ 
 Ȝ  ȝ 
3RXU Q  HW Q  RQREWLHQW ! VRLW ! G R ȝ   Ȝ  
 " Ȝ  ȝ 
Ȝ  ȝ 
"
Q Q 
 
)LQDOHPHQW Q `  XQ   Q Q 
 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 13.5 _____________________________

1. 3DUGpILQLWLRQGHVVXLWHV [Q HW \Q RQD Q `  [Q    [Q   \Q   SUHPLqUHpJDOLWpGH
GpILQLWLRQGHVVXLWHV [Q HW \Q pFULWHDXUDQJVXSpULHXU 2UWRXMRXUVSDUGpILQLWLRQGHVVXLWHV
[Q HW \Q RQDDXVVL Q `  \Q   [Q   \Q 
2QHQGpGXLW  Q `  [Q    [Q   [Q   \Q 
0DLVHQFRUHSDUGpILQLWLRQGHVVXLWHV [Q HW \Q RQD Q `  [Q   [Q  \Q 
2QHQGpGXLWFHWWHIRLV \Q [Q    [Q 
(QUHPSODoDQWGDQV RQREWLHQW [Q    [Q   [Q   [Q    [Q 
(QDUUDQJHDQWRQDILQDOHPHQW [Q    [Q   [Q 
2QDGRQFWURXYp D  HW E  

2. /DVXLWH [Q YpULILHXQHUHODWLRQGHUpFXUUHQFHOLQpDLUHG RUGUH/ pTXDWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXH
DVVRFLpHHVW [    [    GHGLVFULPLQDQW  HWGHUDFLQHV U  HW U  
Q Q
,OH[LVWHGRQFGHX[UpHOV Ȝ HW ȝ WHOVTXHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ [Q Ȝ   ȝ  
3RXU Q  HW Q  RQD[ HW [  [  \  #     
Ȝ  ȝ  Ȝ  ȝ 
2Q REWLHQW DORUV OH V\VWqPH !  pTXLYDOHQW j ! / : /   /  FH TXL
" Ȝ  ȝ  "ȝ 
GRQQH ȝ  HW Ȝ  
Q Q
)LQDOHPHQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD [Q    
' DSUqVO pQRQFpSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ \Q [Q    [Q 2QREWLHQWHQUHPSODoDQW
Q  Q  Q Q Q Q Q Q
\Q                   
Q Q
2QDGRQF\Q      
D0pWKRGH


„„ 266 CHAPITRE 13
 Chapitre 14
Statistiques
univariées

Adolphe Quetelet est un mathématicien, statisticien

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

et sociologue belge. Après avoir recueilli et analysé

des masses de données sur la taille des individus,
la mortalité, la criminalité et plus généralement sur tout
ce qui touche au comportement humain, il en déduit
ce qu’il appelle la théorie de l’homme moyen. On y trouve
             ;
 9      )*        
sous le nom d’indice de masse corporelle.

■ Un peu d'histoire
" +    !  ;            
e
XVII siècle en Angleterre pour des raisons sociales, certes, mais surtout à la demande
de sociétés d’assurances. Appelée arithmétique politique par les Anglais, les Allemands
préfèrent la nommer Statistik car elle était en lien avec la politique de l’État (status
en latin).
™    ‡K‡e et au début du XXe siècle, des savants anglais, comme Francis Galton,
š W  <   ›         !    
du sens à toutes ces données. Les puissants logiciels informatiques développés dans
   !  +  :     #    Z  
devenues un outil essentiel pour la décision tant dans les politiques publiques que
dans le domaine de l’entreprise.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUOHYRFDEXODLUHGHVVWDWLVWLTXHV
Z 6DYRLUGRQQHUXQVHQVDX[SDUDPqWUHVSULQFLSDX[G XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH
Z )DLUHOHOLHQDYHF3\WKRQHWSURJUDPPHUOHVFDOFXOVVWDWLVWLTXHV FKDSLWUH 

■„etEt plus
plus si si affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUUHSUpVHQWHUJUDSKLTXHPHQWXQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH FKDSLWUH 

 „„ Résumé de cours

&HFKDSLWUHGRLWrWUHpWXGLpHQSDUDOOqOHDYHFODSDUWLHGXFKDSLWUHG¶LQIRUPDWLTXHTXLWUDLWH
GHVVWDWLVWLTXHVJUkFHDXODQJDJH3\WKRQ

„Vocabulaire
‰ Population, individus, échantillon
'pILQLWLRQ   / HQVHPEOH GHVpOpPHQWV GRQW RQ pWXGLH OHV GRQQpHVV DSSHOOH SRSXODWLRQ
QRWpH ȍ  VHV pOpPHQWV VRQW DSSHOpV LQGLYLGXV QRWpV Ȧ  8Q pFKDQWLOORQ HVW XQH OLVWH ILQLH
G LQGLYLGXV GH OD SRSXODWLRQ VXU OHVTXHOV RQ HIIHFWXH GHV REVHUYDWLRQV 2Q DSSHOOH WDLOOH GH
O pFKDQWLOORQOHQRPEUHGHVHVpOpPHQWVQRWpGDQVODVXLWH1

‰ Caractère, variable statistique

'pILQLWLRQ &HTXLHVWREVHUYpV DSSHOOHFDUDFWqUH8QFDUDFWqUHV DSSHOOHDXVVLYDULDEOH
VWDWLVWLTXH(QQRWDQW;ODYDULDEOHRQSRXUUDQRWHU ; ȍ O HQVHPEOHGHVYDOHXUVTX HOOHSUHQG

'pILQLWLRQ  /DYDULDEOH;pWXGLpHHVWGLWHTXDQWLWDWLYHORUVTXHOHVYDOHXUVSULVHVSDU;
VRQWQXPpULTXHV ;SHXWGRQFrWUHFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHXQHDSSOLFDWLRQGH ȍ GDQV \ (OOHHVW
GLWHTXDOLWDWLYHVLQRQ

1RXVQ pWXGLHURQVGDQVODVXLWHTXHOHVYDULDEOHVTXDQWLWDWLYHV

'pILQLWLRQ   /D YDULDEOH ; pWXGLpH HVW GLWH GLVFUqWH ORUVTXH ; ȍ  HVW ILQL RX
GpQRPEUDEOHHOOHHVWGLWHFRQWLQXHVLQRQ

‰ Modalités, classes
'pILQLWLRQ/HVYDOHXUVSULVHVSDUXQHYDULDEOH;GLVFUqWHV DSSHOOHQWPRGDOLWpVGH;6 LO
\HQDSQRXVOHVQRWHURQV [  [  [ S WRXMRXUVFRQVLGpUpHVRUGRQQpHV [  [  "  [ S 


6L;HVWFRQWLQXHVHVYDOHXUVVRQWUHJURXSpHVHQLQWHUYDOOHVDSSHOpVDORUVFODVVHVGH;6 LO\HQ
DSQRXVOHVQRWHURQV > [  [ > > [  [ >  > [ S  [ S > R [  [  "  [ S  

5HPDUTXH2QSHXWDXVVLUHJURXSHUOHVYDOHXUVSDUFODVVHVGDQVOHFDVGLVFUHW

‰ Effectifs
'pILQLWLRQ  2QDSSHOOHHIIHFWLI QRWpQL GHOD PRGDOLWp [L RXGHODFODVVH > [L  [L > OH
QRPEUHG LQGLYLGXV Ȧ GHO pFKDQWLOORQWHOVTXH ; Ȧ [L RX ; Ȧ > [L  [L > 


STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 269 „„

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHHIIHFWLIFXPXOpHQ [L  RXHQ > [L  [L > ODVRPPHGHVHIIHFWLIVGHV
PRGDOLWpV RXGHVFODVVHV TXLOXLVRQWLQIpULHXUHVRXpJDOHV

‰ Fréquences
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIUpTXHQFHGH [L RXGH > [L  [L > OHUpHO IL QL  1 

'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHIUpTXHQFHFXPXOpHHQ [L  RXHQ > [L  [L > ODVRPPHGHVHIIHFWLIV
GHVPRGDOLWpV RXGHVFODVVHV TXLOXLVRQWLQIpULHXUHVRXpJDOHV

5HPDUTXH/DVRPPHGHVHIIHFWLIVYDXW1HWODVRPPHGHVIUpTXHQFHVYDXW

‰ Série statistique
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH VLPSOH G XQ pFKDQWLOORQ OD GRQQpH GH OD OLVWH
GHVPRGDOLWpVRXGHVFODVVHVGHODYDULDEOHpWXGLpHGDQVO pFKDQWLOORQDFFRPSDJQpHGHVHIIHFWLIV
FRUUHVSRQGDQWV2QQRWHXQHWHOOHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL L  S RX > [L  [L > QL L  S 
4XDQGOHVYDOHXUVGHODYDULDEOHVRQWJURXSpHVSDUFODVVHVRQSDUOHGHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpH

([HPSOH6pULHVWDWLVWLTXHVLPSOH


[L      

QL       

([HPSOH6pULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpH


> [L  [L  >  >> >> >> >> >> >>

QL       

„Paramètres de position
‰ Mode
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH PRGH G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH WRXWH YDOHXU GH OD YDULDEOH
FRUUHVSRQGDQWDXSOXVJUDQGHIIHFWLI LOSHXWGRQF\HQDYRLUSOXVLHXUV 


2QDSSHOOHFODVVHPRGDOHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpHWRXWHFODVVHFRUUHVSRQGDQWDXUHFWDQJOH
GHSOXVJUDQGHKDXWHXUGHO KLVWRJUDPPHGHFHWWHVpULH


([HPSOH
/HVPRGHVGHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHGHO H[HPSOHVRQWHW
/HVFODVVHVPRGDOHVGHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpHGHO H[HPSOHVRQW>>HW>>

„„ 270 CHAPITRE 14
 ‰ Moyenne
'pILQLWLRQ
2QDSSHOOHPR\HQQHGHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL  L  S RX [L  IL  L  S OH
 S S
UpHO ; ' L L ' IL [L 
1 L
Q [
L 
2QDSSHOOHPR\HQQH GHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpH > [L  [L > QL  L  S  RX > [L  [L > IL  L  S OD
PR\HQQH GH OD VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH GLVFUqWH FL  QL  L  S  R FL  HVW OH FHQWUH GH OD FODVVH
> [L  [L > F HVWjGLUH FL [L  [L    


([HPSOH(QUHSUHQDQWO H[HPSOHRQD1  

  
2QDDXVVL ;  #    #    #    #    #    #   
  

(QUHSUHQDQWO H[HPSOHRQWURXYH1 HW ;   (  

D Méthode 14.1. Comment utiliser un changement de variable pour trouver la moyenne ?

‰ Médiane
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH PpGLDQH G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH OH UpHO VRXYHQW QRWp 0 H  RX
0HGSDUWDJHDQWODVpULHHQGHX[VpULHVG HIIHFWLIVpJDX[VHORQOHSURFpGpVXLYDQW


&DV G XQH VpULH GLVFUqWH  HQ RUGRQQDQW OHV 1 YDOHXUV GH OD VpULH 0 H  HVW OD 1   LqPH
YDOHXUVL1HVWLPSDLUF HVWODPR\HQQHHQWUHOD1LqPHHWOD 1 LqPHVLQRQ GDQVFH
GHUQLHUFDVODPpGLDQHSHXWQHSDVrWUHXQHYDOHXUGHODYDULDEOH 


&DVG XQHVpULHJURXSpHF HVWODYDOHXUTXLFRUUHVSRQGjGHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV

D Méthode 14.3. Comment calculer la médiane d'une série statistique discrète ?
D Méthode 14.4. Comment calculer la médiane d'une série statistique groupée ?

‰ Quantiles (quartiles et déciles)

'pILQLWLRQV   2Q DSSHOOH SUHPLHU UHVS WURLVLqPH  TXDUWLOH G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH OH
UpHO QRWp T  RX 4  UHVS T  RX 4  FRUUHVSRQGDQW j  UHVS   GHV IUpTXHQFHV
FXPXOpHV OHGHX[LqPHTXDUWLOHGpILQLVHORQODPrPHPpWKRGHHVWGRQFODPpGLDQHGHODVpULH 

'pILQLWLRQV  2QDSSHOOHpFDUWLQWHUTXDUWLOHOHQRPEUH T  T  O LGpHHVWG pFDUWHUOHV
GHX[TXDUWVGHODSRSXODWLRQTXLFRUUHVSRQGHQWDX[YDOHXUVH[WUrPHVGHODYDULDEOH 

'pILQLWLRQV   2Q DSSHOOH N qPH GpFLOH G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH OH UpHO FRUUHVSRQGDQW j
N  GHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV OH qPH GpFLOHHVWGRQFODPpGLDQHGHODVpULH 


5HPDUTXH/HFDOFXOGHVTXDQWLOHVV HIIHFWXHFRPPHFHOXLGHODPpGLDQH

STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 271 „„

„Représentations graphiques
‰ Diagramme en bâtons
'pILQLWLRQ  2QUHSUpVHQWHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL  L  S  RX [L  IL  L  S HQSODoDQW
VXUXQD[HKRUL]RQWDOOHV [L HWHQGUHVVDQWjODYHUWLFDOHGHFKDTXH [L XQEkWRQGHKDXWHXUpJDOH
j QL  RX IL 

([HPSOH2QUHSUHQGODVpULHGHO¶H[HPSOH
/HGLDJUDPPHHQEkWRQVFRUUHVSRQGDQWHVWOHVXLYDQW

\






            [ 

‰ Histogramme
'pILQLWLRQ  2QUHSUpVHQWHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpH > [L  [L > QL  L  S HQSODoDQWOHV
[L VXUXQD[HKRUL]RQWDOHWHQWUDoDQWjODYHUWLFDOHGHFKDTXHVHJPHQW > [L  [L  @ XQUHFWDQJOHGH
EDVH > [L  [L  @ HWG DLUHSURSRUWLRQQHOOHj QL 

([HPSOH2QUHSUHQGODVpULHGHO¶H[HPSOH


> [L  [L  >  >> >> >> >> >> >>

QL       


2QREWLHQWO¶KLVWRJUDPPHVXLYDQW


+LVWRJUDPPH




 

               [ 

‰ Diagramme des fréquences cumulées

([HPSOH/DUpSDUWLWLRQGHVQRWHVjXQGHYRLUHVWGRQQpSDU


1RWH             

)UpTXHQFH          

„„ 272 CHAPITRE 14
/HGLDJUDPPHGHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV IFF V¶REWLHQWHQFRQVWUXLVDQWSDUVLPSOHDGGLWLRQOH
WDEOHDXGHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV


1RWHV             

IFF       


/HSUHPLHUSRLQWGXGLDJUDPPHHVWOHSRLQWGHFRRUGRQQpHV  FDUOHSUHPLHULQWHUYDOOHHVW

     VDERUQHLQIpULHXUHHVW  HWODIUpTXHQFHGHVQRWHVLQIpULHXUHVj  HVWpJDOHj
/DERUQHVXSpULHXUHGH    HVW  HWVDIUpTXHQFHFXPXOpHHVW  GRQFRQSODFHOHSRLQWGH
FRRUGRQQpHV    'HPrPHRQSODFHOHVSRLQWV        HW    SXLVRQ
OHVUHOLHSDUGHVVHJPHQWV



5HPDUTXH2QSHXWHQVHVHUYDQWGXJUDSKLTXHUHWURXYHUOHVTXDUWLOHV
/¶DQWpFpGHQWGHSDUODFRXUEHGHIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHVHVW 4  O¶DQWpFpGHQWGHHVW 0 H 
HWO¶DQWpFpGHQWGHHVW 4 
2QREWLHQWDSSUR[LPDWLYHPHQW 4   0 H  HW 4  

‰ Diagrammes en boîte ou boîtes de Tukey ou boîtes à moustaches

 /HGLDJUDPPHHQERvWHHVWXQGLDJUDPPHTXLUHJURXSHODYDOHXUPLQLPDOHOHHUTXDUWLOHOD
PpGLDQHOHqPHTXDUWLOHHWODYDOHXUPD[LPDOHG¶XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH
/DERLWHHVWXQUHFWDQJOHGpOLPLWpSDUOHVTXDUWLOHVSDUWDJpSDUODPpGLDQHHWGHORQJXHXUO¶pFDUW
LQWHUTXDUWLOH
/HV©PRXVWDFKHVªGHODERLWHVRQWOHVVHJPHQWVTXLUHOLHQWOHVTXDUWLOHVDX[YDOHXUVH[WUrPHV

STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 273 „„

„Paramètres de dispersion
‰ Variance
'pILQLWLRQ2QDSSHOOHYDULDQFHGHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL  L  S OHUpHO
 S S
9 ; '
1 L
Q [
L L  ; 
' IL [L  ;  
L 
2QDSSHOOHYDULDQFH GHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHJURXSpH > [L  [L > QL L  S  RX > [L  [L > IL  L  S OD
YDULDQFH GH OD VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH GLVFUqWH FL  QL  L  S  R FL  HVW OH FHQWUH GH OD FODVVH
> [L  [L > F HVWjGLUH FL [L  [L    GHVFODVVHV

3URSULpWp)RUPXOHGH.RHQLJ+X\JHQV
 S S
9 ; ' QL [L  ; 
1 L
' IL [L  ; 

L 


([HPSOH(QUHSUHQDQWO H[HPSOHRQD
     
9 ;  #      #    #     #        
    

([HPSOH(QUHSUHQDQWO H[HPSOHRQD
         
9 ;  #      #    #    #       (  
  

‰ Écart type
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH pFDUW W\SH G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH OH UpHO QRWp ı [ GpILQL SDU 
ı; 9 ; 
3OXVO pFDUWW\SHHVWJUDQGSOXVOHVYDOHXUVGH;VRQWGLVSHUVpHVDXWRXUGHVDPR\HQQH
D Méthode 14.2. Comment utiliser un changement de variable pour trouver l'écart type ?

„Transformation affine

3URSULpWp   6RLW XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH GH PR\HQQH ;  GH PpGLDQH 0 H  GH YDULDQFH
9 ; HWG pFDUWW\SH ı ; 
&RQVLGpURQVODVpULH VWDWLVWLTXH REWHQXH HQ WUDQVIRUPDQWFKDTXH [L  HQ D[L  E  R D HWEVRQW
GHX[UpHOV OHVHIIHFWLIVFRUUHVSRQGDQWVGHPHXUDQWOHVPrPHV $ORUVODPR\HQQHODPpGLDQH
ODYDULDQFHHWO pFDUWW\SHGHFHWWHQRXYHOOHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHVRQW
D ;  E  D0 H  E  D  9 ; HW D ı ; 

„„ 274
274 CHAPITRE 14
 „„ Méthodes

„Comment utiliser un changement de variable

‰ Méthode 14.1. Comment utiliser un changement de variable
pour trouver la moyenne ?

6LO RQYHXWFDOFXOHUODPR\HQQH ; GHODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL L  S HWV LOH[LVWH

GHX[UpHOV D D   HW EWHOVTX LOVRLWSOXVVLPSOHGHFDOFXOHUODPR\HQQH GHOD
VpULH D[L  E QL L  S DORUVRQSURFqGHDLQVL
2QFDOFXOHODPR\HQQHGHODVpULH D[L  E QL  L  S (OOHHVWpJDOHj D ;  E 
,OUHVWHDORUVj{WHUESXLVGLYLVHUSDUD

Méthodes
D Exercices 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.7

([HPSOH&DOFXOHUODPR\HQQHGHODVpULHVXLYDQWH

[L            
QL            

/DGLVWULEXWLRQFLGHVVXVODLVVHSHQVHUTXHODPR\HQQHQHGHYUDLWSDVrWUHWURSpORLJQpHGH
2QFRQVLGqUHDORUVODVpULHjODTXHOOHRQDUHWLUp

[L  [L               
QL            


&RPPHQoRQVSDUFDOFXOHU6  ' QL [L 
L 
6     #    #    #    #    #    #    #    #      
6                       
3XLVTX LO\DLQGLYLGXVHQWRXWODPR\HQQHGHV[L  YDXW    VRLW   
2QDMRXWHHWRQWURXYHTXHODPR\HQQHGHODVpULHSURSRVpHDXGpSDUWHVWpJDOHj


STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 275 „„

 ‰ Méthode 14.2. Comment utiliser un changement de variable
pour trouver la variance et l’écart type ?

/ LGpH HVW OD PrPH TXH SRXU OD PR\HQQH 6L O RQ QRWH ı ;  O pFDUW W\SH GH OD VpULH
VWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL L  S  DORUV O pFDUW W\SH GH OD VpULH D[L  E QL L  S  HVW pJDO j
D ı ; HWHQSDUWLFXOLHUO pFDUWW\SHGH [L ( E QL  L  S HVWpJDOj ı ; 

D Exercices 14.3, 14.4


([HPSOH5HSUHQRQVO H[HPSOHSUpFpGHQW E  

&RPPHQoRQVGRQFSDUFDOFXOHU6  ' QL [L 
R[L  [L  
L 

6      #     #     #     #     #    #    #    #      
6                       
&RPPH RQD 9 ;           
$YHFXQSHXGHSDWLHQFH ı ; E    jSUqV 
2QDGRQF ı ;    jSUqV 

„Comment calculer la médiane

‰ Méthode 14.3. Comment calculer la médiane d'une série statistique
discrète ?
S
&RQVLGpURQVODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL  L  S G HIIHFWLIWRWDO 1 ' QL 
L 
/DPpGLDQHHVWOHUpHOTXLHVWDXPLOLHXGHODVpULHORUVTX RQFRQVLGqUHWRXWHVOHV
1YDOHXUVGHODYDULDEOHFODVVpHVSDURUGUHFURLVVDQWDXVHQVODUJHOHV Q SUHPLqUHV
VRQW [ OHV Q VXLYDQWHVVRQW [  
3RXUGpWHUPLQHUODPpGLDQHRQGUHVVHOHWDEOHDXGHVHIIHFWLIVFXPXOpVDVVRFLpjOD
VpULH
'HX[FDVVRQWjGLVWLQJXHU
ĺ&DVR1HVWLPSDLU
'DQVFHFDVODPpGLDQHHVWO XQHGHVYDOHXUVGHODVpULHF HVWOD 1     LqPH
,O VXIILW GRQF GH UHSpUHU OD YDOHXU GH OD YDULDEOH GRQW O HIIHFWLI FXPXOp DWWHLQW R
GpSDVVHSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLV 1     &HWWHYDOHXUHVWODPpGLDQH

„„ 276 CHAPITRE 14
 ĺ&DVR1HVWSDLU
1
'DQVFHFDVOHPLOLHXGHODVpULHHVWXQWURX TXLWRPEHHQWUHOD LqPHHWOD

1
  LqPHYDOHXU 

1 1
  6L OD LqPH HW OD   LqPH YDOHXUV VRQW pJDOHV DORUV OD PpGLDQH HVW
 
FHWWHYDOHXUFRPPXQH HWGRQFODPpGLDQHHVWO XQHGHVYDOHXUVGHODVpULH 
  6LQRQ OD PpGLDQH HVW OD PR\HQQH GH FHV GHX[ YDOHXUV HW OD PpGLDQH Q HVW
DORUVSDVXQHYDOHXUGHODVpULH 

D Exercices 14.2, 14.7


([HPSOH2QUHSUHQGODVpULHGHODPpWKRGH

[L            

Méthodes
QL            

1HVWLFLpJDOj,OQRXVIDXWGRQFUHSpUHUOHV qPH HW qPH YDOHXUVGHFHWWHVpULH
/HWDEOHDXGHVHIIHFWLIVFXPXOpVHVW

[L            
QL            

/D SUHPLqUH YDOHXU SRXU ODTXHOOH OHV HIIHFWLIV FXPXOpV DWWHLJQHQW RX GpSDVVHQW  HVW pJDOH j
 /D qPH  YDOHXU HVW GRQF  ,O HQ YD GH PrPH SRXU OD qPH  3XLVTX HOOHV VRQWpJDOHV
DORUVODPpGLDQHHVWFHWWHYDOHXUFRPPXQH

([HPSOH2QUHSUHQGODVpULHGHODPpWKRGHHQPRGLILDQWXQSHXOHVHIIHFWLIV

[L            
QL            

1HVWHQFRUHpJDOj5HSpURQVOHV qPH HW qPH YDOHXUVGHFHWWHVpULH
/HWDEOHDXGHVHIIHFWLIVFXPXOpVHVW

[L            
QL            

/D SUHPLqUH IRLV TXH OHV HIIHFWLIV FXPXOpV DWWHLJQHQW RX GpSDVVHQW  FRUUHVSRQG j  /D
qPH YDOHXU HVW GRQF FHWWH IRLV  /D SUHPLqUH IRLV TXH OHV HIIHFWLIV FXPXOpV DWWHLJQHQW RX
GpSDVVHQWFRUUHVSRQGj/D qPH YDOHXUHVWGRQF/DPpGLDQHHVWDORUVODPR\HQQH
GHHWF HVWjGLUH FHQ HVWSDVXQHYDOHXUGHODVpULH 


STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 277 „„

 ‰ Méthode 14.4. Comment calculer la médiane d'une série statistique
groupée ?

&RQVLGpURQVODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH > [L  [L > IL L  S 

3RXUHQGpWHUPLQHUODPpGLDQHRQSURFqGHDLQVL
2QGUHVVHOHWDEOHDXGHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV
2QUHSqUHODFODVVHTXLFRUUHVSRQGjODSUHPLqUHIRLVROHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV
DWWHLJQHQWRXGpSDVVHQWPHWWRQVTXHFHWWHFODVVHVRLW > [L  [L > /DPpGLDQH
GH OD VpULH QRWpH 0HDSSDUWLHQW DORUV jFHWLQWHUYDOOH 3RXU ODGpWHUPLQHU RQ IDLW
O K\SRWKqVH TXH OD YDULDEOH VH GLVWULEXH XQLIRUPpPHQW GDQV > [L  [L >  FH TXL
FRQGXLW j HIIHFWXHU FH TXH O RQ DSSHOOH XQH LQWHUSRODWLRQ OLQpDLUH j O LQWpULHXU GH
FHWWHFODVVH
 ± 2QQRWH \L ODIUpTXHQFHFXPXOpHGHODFODVVH > [L  [L > HW \L  ODIUpTXHQFH
FXPXOpHSUpFpGHQWH
\L    HW \L   GRQF  > \L   \L @ 
 ± 0HHVWDORUVOHSRLQWGH > [L  [L > TXLFRUUHVSRQGjVHORQOHVFKpPD
[L $ \L  <
0H  [L   \L 
0H $  >  $  
[L   [L \L  \L 
[L  $ \L ?
  \L 
 ± ,OUHVWHjHIIHFWXHUOHVFDOFXOV 0H [L  [L   [L 
\L  \L 

D Exercice 14.7

5HPDUTXH 3RXUGpWHUPLQHUOHSUHPLHURXOHWURLVLqPHTXDUWLOHG XQHVpULHJURXSpHRQSURFqGH
H[DFWHPHQWGHODPrPHIDoRQHQUHPSODoDQWSDUSRXU T  HWSDUSRXU T 


([HPSOH/HWDEOHDXVXLYDQWGRQQHOHVGLIIpUHQFHVHQWUHODSODFHjO pFULWHWFHOOHjO RUDOSRXUOHV

DGPLVjXQHpFROHGHPDQDJHPHQWORUVG¶XQHFHUWDLQHDQQpH

GLIIpUHQFHHQWUH GLIIpUHQFHHQWUH
ODSODFHjO pFULW HIIHFWLIV  ODSODFHjO pFULW HIIHFWLIV
HWFHOOHjO RUDO HWFHOOHjO RUDO
     >>  
> >    >>  
> >    >>  
> >    > >  
> >    > >  
> >    >>  
>>       

„„ 278 CHAPITRE 14
2QFRPPHQFHSDUWUDQVIRUPHUFHWDEOHDXHQWDEOHDXGHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV

GLIIpUHQFHHQWUH GLIIpUHQFHHQWUH
IUpTXHQFHV IUpTXHQFHV
ODSODFHjO pFULW  ODSODFHjO pFULW
FXPXOpHV   FXPXOpHV  
HWFHOOHjO RUDO HWFHOOHjO RUDO
     >>  
> >    >>  
> >    >>  
> >    > >  
> >    > >  
> >    >>  
>>       

/DSUHPLqUHFODVVHDWWHLJQDQWRXGpSDVVDQWHVW>> 
 $   <
0H      
0H $  >  $  
      

Méthodes
 $  ?

0H    #    jSUqV 


STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 279 „„

 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 6L OHV FODVVHV G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH VLPSOH JURXSpH VRQW GH PrPH
DPSOLWXGH DORUV OHV KDXWHXUV GHV UHFWDQJOHV GH O KLVWRJUDPPH DVVRFLp
VRQWSURSRUWLRQQHOOHVDX[HIIHFWLIV
 

2. 3DUPL OH PRGH OD PpGLDQH HW OD PR\HQQH G XQH VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH XQ
VHXOHVWjFRXSV€UXQHYDOHXUGHODYDULDEOH  
3. 8QWDX[G LQWpUrWHVWODSUHPLqUHDQQpHGHHWODVHFRQGHDQQpH
GH'DQVFHFDVODPR\HQQHDQQXHOOHGHFHWDX[HVWGH  
4. /D YLWHVVH PR\HQQH G XQ DXWRPRELOLVWH HIIHFWXDQW OD PRLWLp GH VRQ
WUDMHWjNPKHWO DXWUHjNPKQ HVWSDVNPK  
5. 'DQVODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  [  QL LO\DDXWDQWGHYDOHXUVSRVL
WLYHVTXHQpJDWLYHV
 L  S
 
6. /HPRGHODPR\HQQHHWODPpGLDQHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHSHXYHQWrWUH
UDQJpVGDQVQ LPSRUWHTXHORUGUH  
7. (QJpQpUDOODPpGLDQHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHQ HVWSDVDIIHFWpHSDUXQ
FKDQJHPHQWGHVYDOHXUVH[WUrPHVGHODVpULH  
8. / pFDUWW\SHHVWLQIpULHXUjODYDULDQFH
 
9. /DYDULDQFHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHQ HVWMDPDLVQXOOH
 
10. /DYDULDQFHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHQ HVWMDPDLVVWULFWHPHQWQpJDWLYH
 

„„ 280 CHAPITRE 14
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 14.1.  8QFRPPHUoDQWREVHUYHGXUDQWOHVVHSWSUHPLHUVPRLVGHO¶RXYHUWXUH

GHVRQRIILFLQHOHFKLIIUHG¶DIIDLUHPHQVXHOHQPLOOLHUVG¶HXURV/HUpVXOWDWGHO¶REVHUYDWLRQHVW
UpVXPpGDQVOHWDEOHDXVXLYDQWR;GpVLJQHOHFKLIIUHG¶DIIDLUHFRUUHVSRQGDQW

;       


&DOFXOHUODPR\HQQH ; ODYDULDQFH ı ; DLQVLTXHODPpGLDQHGHFHWWHVpULH


‰ Exercice 14.2. 2QFRQVLGqUHFKDFXQHGHVVpULHVVWDWLVWLTXHVVXLYDQWHV
1.  'pWHUPLQHUODPR\HQQHOHPRGHHWODPpGLDQH

2. &ODVVHV >> >> >> >> >@
&DOFXOHUO¶pFDUWLQWHUTXDUWLOH
 (IIHFWLIV     

‰ Exercice 14.3./HWDEOHDXGHO¶pYROXWLRQGHO HVSpUDQFHGHYLH;jODQDLVVDQFHSRXUOHV
KRPPHVGDQVXQFHUWDLQSD\VGXUDQWXQHSpULRGHGHDQVHVWOHVXLYDQW


$QQpH        
;        


'pWHUPLQHUODPR\HQQHODYDULDQFHOHSUHPLHUTXDUWLOHODPpGLDQHOHWURLVLqPHTXDUWLOHDLQVL
TXH O¶pFDUW LQWHUTXDUWLOH GH O¶HVSpUDQFH GH YLH GHV KRPPHV GDQV FH SD\V SHQGDQW OD SpULRGH
FRQVLGpUpH

‰ Exercice 14.4./HWDEOHDXGHO¶pYROXWLRQGHO HVSpUDQFHGHYLH<jODQDLVVDQFHSRXUOHV
IHPPHVGDQVOHPrPHSD\VGXUDQWODPrPHSpULRGHTX¶jO¶H[HUFLFHHVWOHVXLYDQW


$QQpH        
<        


'pWHUPLQHUODPR\HQQHODYDULDQFHOHSUHPLHUTXDUWLOHODPpGLDQHOHWURLVLqPHTXDUWLOHDLQVL
TXH O¶pFDUW LQWHUTXDUWLOH GH O¶HVSpUDQFH GH YLH GHV IHPPHV GDQV FH SD\V SHQGDQW OD SpULRGH
FRQVLGpUpH

‰ Exercice 14.5.  2Q FRQVLGqUH OD VpULH VWDWLVWLTXH [L  QL L aPb  P    2Q FRQVLGqUH
GHX[HQWLHUVSHWTWHOVTXH  S  T  P 2QVFLQGHFHWWHVpULHHQWURLVVRXVVpULHV
‡ [L  QL L a Sb G¶HIIHFWLIWRWDOpJDOjGHPR\HQQHpJDOHjHWG¶pFDUWW\SHpJDOj
‡ [L  QL L a S  T b G¶HIIHFWLIWRWDOpJDOjGHPR\HQQHpJDOHjHWG¶pFDUWW\SHpJDOj
‡ [L  QL L aT  Pb G¶HIIHFWLIWRWDOpJDOjGHPR\HQQHpJDOHjHWG¶pFDUWW\SHpJDOj
'pWHUPLQHUODPR\HQQHHWO¶pFDUWW\SHGHODVpULHWRWDOH

STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 281 „„

‰ Exercice 14.6.5HFKHUFKHGXPLQLPXPG¶XQHIRQFWLRQ
1. 'pPRQWUHUODSURSULpWp IRUPXOHGH.RHQLJ+X\JHQV 
2.2QFRQVLGqUH OD VpULH [L  IL L a S b  OHV IL VRQWOHVIUpTXHQFHV HWRQQRWH [ ODPR\HQQHGH
FHWWHVpULHHW ı  VDYDULDQFH
S
2QQRWH ij ODIRQFWLRQTXLjWRXWUpHOXDVVRFLH ij X ' IL [L  X 
 [  
L 
 
a)0RQWUHUTXH ij X X   [X  ı 
b) (Q GpGXLUH TXH OD IRQFWLRQ ij  DGPHW XQ PLQLPXP VXU \  DWWHLQW HQ XQ SRLQW TXH O RQ
SUpFLVHUD4XHOOHHVWODYDOHXUGHFHPLQLPXP"

‰ Exercice 14.7. /DUpSDUWLWLRQGHVQRWHVDX[WHVWVORJLTXHVG¶XQHpFROHGHPDQDJHPHQW
XQHFHUWDLQHDQQpHHVWGRQQpHSDUOHWDEOHDXVXLYDQW

1RWHV >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >>
)UpTXHQFHV          

1. 'HVVLQHUO KLVWRJUDPPHGHFHWWHVpULH
2. &DOFXOHU OD PR\HQQH HW OD PpGLDQH GH FHWWH VpULH / pFROH DQQRQFH XQH PR\HQQH GH 
([SOLTXHUODGLIIpUHQFHDYHFODYDOHXUWURXYpH

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  (Q QRWDQW ;  OD VpULH LQLWLDOH RQ SHXW IDLUH OH
FKDQJHPHQWGHYDULDEOH ;  ;   
([HUFLFH2QSHXWIDLUHXQFKDQJHPHQWGHYDULDEOHHQSRVDQW ;  ;   
([HUFLFH2QSHXWIDLUHXQFKDQJHPHQWGHYDULDEOHHQSRVDQW <  <   
S T P
([HUFLFH3RXU [ GpWHUPLQHU ' QL [L SXLV ' QL [L SXLVHQILQ ' QL [L 
L  L S  L T 

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQE GpULYHU ij 
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQFKDTXHFODVVHHVWUHSUpVHQWpHSDUXQUHFWDQJOHHW
LO IDXW VH VRXYHQLU TXH F¶HVW OD VXUIDFH GX UHFWDQJOH TXL HVW SURSRUWLRQQHOOH j OD
IUpTXHQFHGHODFODVVHTX¶LOUHSUpVHQWH

„„ 282 CHAPITRE 14
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 9 ) 9 ) 9 9 ) ) 9


1. &RQVLGpURQVODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH > [L  [L > QL  L  S HWQRWRQV 6L ODVXUIDFHGXLqPHUHFWDQJOHGH

O KLVWRJUDPPH DVVRFLp '¶DSUqV OD GpILQLWLRQ  6L  HVW SURSRUWLRQQHOOH j O HIIHFWLI QL GH OD
FODVVH > [L  [L > GRQFLOH[LVWHXQUpHOȜWHOTXHTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHULGH a S b  6L ȜQL (Q
qPH
QRWDQW KL OD KDXWHXU GX L  UHFWDQJOH HW DL VD EDVH DL [L   [L  HVW O DPSOLWXGH GH OD FODVVH
> [L  [L > RQD 6L DL # KL 2ULFLWRXWHVOHVFODVVHVRQWODPrPHDPSOLWXGH(QQRWDQWDFHWWH
DPSOLWXGHFRPPXQH ELHQV€UQRQQXOOH RQDTXHOTXHVRLWO HQWLHULGH a S b  6L DKL 
2QDGRQF ȜQL DKL )LQDOHPHQWRQD KL Ȝ  D QL HWDLQVLOHVKDXWHXUVVRQWSURSRUWLRQQHOOHV
DX[HIIHFWLIV

Corrigé

2. ' DSUqV OD GpILQLWLRQ  OH PRGH HVW HQ HIIHW OD YDOHXU FRUUHVSRQGDQW DX SOXV JUDQG
HIIHFWLIGDQVOHFDVGLVFUHWHWjODFODVVHGXUHFWDQJOHGHSOXVJUDQGHKDXWHXUGHO KLVWRJUDPPH
GDQVOHFDVFRQWLQX

3. 6RLW[ODVRPPHjODTXHOOHV DSSOLTXHOHWDX[G LQWpUrW'DQVOHSUHPLHUFDV ODSUHPLqUH
DQQpHODVHFRQGH ODVRPPHjO LVVXHGHODVHFRQGHDQQpHHVW  # [ VRLW[

/HWDX[PR\HQWHVWWHOTXH   W    G R W       

4. 1RWRQV G OD GLVWDQFH TXH SDUFRXUW O DXWRPRELOLVWH HWW OH WHPSV TX LO PHW j OD SDUFRXULU (Q
QRWDQWYODYLWHVVHPR\HQQHFKHUFKpHRQDGRQFY GW1RWRQVW W WRWHVWOHWHPSV
PLVjSDUFRXULUODSUHPLqUHPRLWLpHWWOHWHPSVPLVjSDUFRXULUODVHFRQGH
2QDDORUVG WHWG W GLVWDQFH YLWHVVH # WHPSV G RW GHWW G
3DUVXLWHW WW GG G)LQDOHPHQWRQREWLHQWY GW  

5. 8Q FRQWUH H[HPSOH HVW FRQVWLWXp SDU OD VpULH      /D PR\HQQH GH FHWWH VpULH HVW
[  /DVpULH [L  [  QL L  S HVW      

6. ,OOXVWUDWLRQ 6pULHV PR\HQQH [ PpGLDQH0H PRGH0 
      0 [ 0H
      00H [ 
       [ 00H
      [ 0H0
      0H [ 0
      0H0 [ 

STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 283 „„

7. (QHIIHWODPpGLDQHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHQHWLHQWFRPSWHGHVYDOHXUVGHODVpULHTXHSRXU
OHVRUGRQQHU(QPRGLILDQWODSOXVSHWLWH RXODSOXVJUDQGH GHFHVYDOHXUVRQQHFKDQJHSDVOD
YDOHXUGHFHOOHTXLHVWDXPLOLHX VDXIELHQV€UGDQVOHFDVH[FHSWLRQQHORODPpGLDQHVHUDLW
O XQHGHVGHX[YDOHXUVH[WUrPHV 

8. (QQRWDQWıO pFDUWW\SHG XQHVpULHVWDWLVWLTXHODYDULDQFHGHFHWWHVpULHHVWDORUVıð
2UıSHXWWUqVELHQrWUHVXSpULHXUjıðLOVXIILWSRXUFHODTXHı

S
9. /D YDULDQFH UDSSHORQVOH HVW GpILQLH SDU  9 ; ' IL [L  ; 
 & HVW XQH VRPPH GH
L 
WHUPHVWRXVSRVLWLIVHOOHHVWGRQFQXOOHjODVHXOHFRQGLWLRQTXHFKDFXQGHVHVWHUPHVVRLWQXO
F HVWjGLUH TXH SRXU WRXW L GH ^  S` IL [L  ;    2U IL  Q HVW MDPDLV QXO GRQF
9 ;  VLHWVHXOHPHQWVLTXHOTXHVRLWLGDQV^S` [L ; /DYDULDQFHHVWGRQFQXOOH
GDQVOH VHXO FDVRODYDULDEOHHVWFRQVWDQWHHWQHSUHQGTX XQHYDOHXU

10. 'HFHTXLSUpFqGHLOHVWFODLUTXH 9 ;   


‰ Les erreurs classiques

 &RQIRQGUHPR\HQQHHWPpGLDQH
 3HQVHUTXHGqVTX LOV DJLWG XQHPR\HQQHF HVWIRUFpPHQWODPR\HQQHDULWKPp
WLTXH YRLUjFHVXMHWOHV9)HW 

„„ 284 CHAPITRE 14
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 14.1 _____________________________

2QUDSSHOOHOHWDEOHDX
;       


               
 2QD ; ' [L
L  
 

                

 2QDDXVVL ' [L
L  


    

2QHQGpGXLW 9 ;        
    
 &DOFXOGHODPpGLDQH 0H / HIIHFWLIWRWDOHVWLPSDLU LOYDXW GRQFODPpGLDQHHVWpJDOHjOD
qPHYDOHXUVRLW 0H  

Corrigé
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 14.2 _____________________________

1.&DOFXOGHODPR\HQQH
&RPPHQoRQV SDU UHPDUTXHU TX HOOH QH GRLW SDV rWUH ELHQ pORLJQpH GH  2Q HIIHFWXH GRQF OH
FKDQJHPHQW GH YDULDEOH FRQVLVWDQW j UHWUDQFKHU  j FKDFXQH GHV YDOHXUV GH OD VpULH SXLV RQ
SURFqGHFRPPHjODPpWKRGH

[L        
QL        
[L [L          
QL       ™ QL  
QL [L        ™ QL [L  [ ™ QL [L 1 


3XLVTXH [L [L   DORUV [ [   GRQF [ [       ODPR\HQQHYDXW


&DOFXOGXPRGH
2Q GHYUDLW SOXW{W SDUOHU GH O REVHUYDWLRQ GX PRGH LO Q \ D HQ HIIHW ULHQ j FDOFXOHU /D YDOHXU
FRUUHVSRQGDQWDXSOXVJUDQGHIIHFWLIHVWLFLGRQFOHPRGHGHODVpULHHVW

&DOFXOGHODPpGLDQH
/ HIIHFWLIWRWDOHVWLFLSDLU LOYDXW 'RQFODPpGLDQHHVWpJDOHjODPR\HQQHHQWUHODqPHHWOD
qPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW/DPpGLDQHGHODVpULHYDXWGRQF
D0pWKRGHV

STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 285 „„

2./ pFDUWLQWHUTXDUWLOHHVWpJDOjT±TRTHWTVRQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQWOHVSUHPLHUHWWURLVLqPH
TXDUWLOHV,OUHVWHjOHVGpWHUPLQHU

&ODVVHV >> >> >> >> >@
(IIHFWLIV     
)UpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV     

&DOFXOGHT RQSURFqGHFRPPHjODPpWKRGHHQUHPSODoDQWSDU 
/DSUHPLqUHFODVVHDWWHLJQDQWRXGpSDVVDQWHVW>>
 $  <
T       T   
T $  >  $   F HVWjGLUH  
     
 $  ?
 
T    #      
 

&DOFXOGHT
/DSUHPLqUHFODVVHDWWHLJQDQWRXGpSDVVDQWHVW>>
 $  <
T       T   
T $  >  $   F HVWjGLUH  
        
 $  ?

T    #     
 
)LQDOHPHQWO pFDUWLQWHUTXDUWLOHHVWT±T ± 

_________ Exercice 14.3 _____________________________

5DSSHORQVOHWDEOHDX


$QQpH        
;        

1RWRQV ;  ;   /HVSDUDPqWUHVGHFHWWHQRXYHOOHVpULHVHURQWSOXVVLPSOHVjFDOFXOHUTXH
FHX[GHODVpULHLQLWLDOH(QRXWUHRQD ; ;    HW ı ; ı ;  
2QSHXWGLVSRVHUOHVFDOFXOVDLQVL

[L         ' [L 
[L  @ ABC ABD ABE     ' [L 





„„ 286 CHAPITRE 14
 
 &DOFXOGH ;  ;     

     
 &DOFXOGH ı ;  ı ; ı ;     
 
 &DOFXOGH T / HIIHFWLIWRWDOHVWSDLU LOYDXW GRQF T HVWpJDOjODPR\HQQHHQWUHODqPH
HWODqPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW3DUFRQVpTXHQW T  
Y &DOFXOGHODPpGLDQH T 0H 'HPrPHODPpGLDQHHVWpJDOHjODPR\HQQHHQWUHODqPHHW
ODqPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW/DPpGLDQHGHODVpULHYDXWGRQF
 &DOFXOGH T 7RXMRXUVSRXUODUDLVRQGHSDULWpGHO¶HIIHFWLI T HVWpJDOjODPR\HQQHHQWUH
ODqPHHWODqPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW3DUFRQVpTXHQW T  
 &DOFXOGHO¶pFDUWLQWHUTXDUWLOH T  T     
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 14.4 _____________________________

5DSSHORQVOHWDEOHDX


$QQpH        
<        

Corrigé

1RWRQV <  <    /HV SDUDPqWUHV GH FHWWH QRXYHOOH VpULH VHURQW SOXV VLPSOHV j FDOFXOHU TXH
FHX[GHODVpULHLQLWLDOH(QRXWUHRQD < <    HW ı< ı<  
2QSHXWGLVSRVHUOHVFDOFXOVDLQVL

\L  ABD ABE A ABE     ' \L 
\L          ' \L 

 &DOFXOGH <  <       
   
 &DOFXOGH ı<  ı< ı<     
 
 &DOFXOGH T / HIIHFWLIWRWDOHVWSDLU LOYDXW GRQF T HVWpJDOjODPR\HQQHHQWUHODqPH
HWODqPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW3DUFRQVpTXHQW T  
 &DOFXOGHODPpGLDQH T 0H 'HPrPHODPpGLDQHHVWpJDOHjODPR\HQQHHQWUHODqPHHW
ODqPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW/DPpGLDQHGHODVpULHYDXWGRQF
 &DOFXOGH T 7RXMRXUVSRXUODUDLVRQGHSDULWpGHO¶HIIHFWLI T HVWpJDOjODPR\HQQHHQWUH
ODqPHHWODqPHYDOHXUVRLWHQWUHHW3DUFRQVpTXHQW T  
 &DOFXOGHO¶pFDUWLQWHUTXDUWLOH T  T     
D0pWKRGHV



STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 287 „„

 _________ Exercice 14.5 _____________________________
/DVpULH [L  QL L a Sb pWDQWG¶HIIHFWLIWRWDOpJDOjHWGHPR\HQQHpJDOHjRQD
 S S

' QL [L
 L 
 F HVWjGLUH ' QL [L  
L 

 S S
'HPrPHVRQpFDUWW\SHHVWpJDOjGRQF  'LL
 L 
Q [ 
  
G R ' QL [L  
L 
/DVpULH [L  QL L a S  T b pWDQWG¶HIIHFWLIWRWDOpJDOjHWGHPR\HQQHpJDOHjRQD
 T T

' QL [L
 L S 
 F HVWjGLUH ' QL [L  
L S 

 T T
'HPrPHVRQpFDUWW\SHHVWpJDOjGRQF  
' QL [L   G R ' QL [L  
 L S 
 

L S 

/DVpULH [L  QL L aT  Pb pWDQWG¶HIIHFWLIWRWDOpJDOjHWGHPR\HQQHpJDOHjRQD

 P P
' QL [L
 L T 
 F HVWjGLUH ' QL [L  
L T 

 P P
'HPrPHVRQpFDUWW\SHHVWpJDOjGRQF  '
 L T 
QL [L    G R ' QL [L  
L T 

P

Ŷ&DOFXOGHODPR\HQQH ; GHODVpULHLQLWLDOH UDSSHORQVTXH ;
1
' QL [L 
L 

1       <

P S T P 
> GRQF ;  
' QL [L ' QL [L  ' QL [L  ' QL [L       
L  L  L S  L T  ?

P

Ŷ&DOFXOGHO pFDUWW\SHıGHODVpULHLQLWLDOH UDSSHORQVTXH ı 
1
' QL [L  ; 

L 
S T P
 
ı

' QL [L  ' QL [L  ' QL [L  

        
L  L S  L T 

'RQF ı    

_________ Exercice 14.6 _____________________________

1. 'RQQRQVQRXVODVpULHVWDWLVWLTXH [L  IL  L  S 5DSSHORQVTXHODYDULDQFHGHFHWWHVpULHHVWOH
S
UpHO 9 ; ı  GpILQLSDU 9 ; ' IL [L  ; 

L 


„„ 288 CHAPITRE 14
2QDDORUVVXFFHVVLYHPHQW
S S S S S
9 ; ' IL [L   [L ;  ;  ' IL [L   ; ' IL [L  ;  ' IL ' IL [L  ;  
L  L  
L  N
L  L 
RQUHFRQQDvW; FHFLYDXW

2. a) 4XHOTXHVRLWOHUpHOXRQD
S S S S S
ijX ' IL [L  X 
 [ ' IL [L   ' IL [L X  ' IL X   [  X    [X  ' IL [L  [  
L  L  
L  N
L  
L 
[  ı   .RHQLJ+X\JHQV

F HVWjGLUHTXHSRXUWRXWUpHOX ij X X    [X  ı  

2. b) /DIRQFWLRQijHVWXQSRO\Q{PHGXVHFRQGGHJUpGRQFHOOHHVWGpULYDEOHVXU \ HWRQD
ij X X   [  2Q D DORUV ij X    X  [  FH TXL SURXYH TXH ij  HVW GpFURLVVDQWH VXU
   [  HWFURLVVDQWHVXU  [    GRQFijSRVVqGHXQPLQLPXPDWWHLQWHQ [ 
   
/DYDOHXUGHFHPLQLPXPHVW ij [ [    [ # [  ı  ı   [  

Corrigé
_________ Exercice 14.7 _____________________________
1.,O V DJLW LFL GH WUDFHU OHV UHFWDQJOHV GRQW OHV EDVHV VRQW OHV VHJPHQWV GH O D[H GHV DEVFLVVHV
FRUUHVSRQGDQW DX[ FODVVHV GH OD VpULH /H SUHPLHU UHFWDQJOH D SRXU EDVH OH VHJPHQW > @ OH
VHFRQG>@HWFMXVTX j>@ LO\DGRQFKXLWUHFWDQJOHVHQWRXW 
(QQRWDQWKLODKDXWHXUGXLqPHUHFWDQJOHOHVVXUIDFHVUHVSHFWLYHVGHVKXLWUHFWDQJOHVVRQWGRQF
KKKKKKKHWK
3RXUFRQQDvWUHODKDXWHXUGHFKDTXHUHFWDQJOHRQVHUDSSHOOHTXHOHXUVVXUIDFHVVRQWSURSRUWLRQ
QHOOHVDX[IUpTXHQFHVGHVFODVVHVFRUUHVSRQGDQWHV
/HV KL GRLYHQW rWUH GRQF FKRLVLV WHOV TXH OD OLVWH K K K K K K K HW K  VRLW
SURSRUWLRQQHOOHjODOLVWH  
(Q QRWDQW D OH FRHIILFLHQW GH SURSRUWLRQQDOLWp QRXV OH FKRLVLURQV GH WHOOH VRUWH TXH O KLVWR
JUDPPH VRLW OLVLEOH  RQ D GRQF  K  D K  D K  D K  D
K  D K  D K  D HW K  D 6RLW HQFRUH K  D K  D
K DK DK DK DK DHWK D RQDGLYLVpSDURXSDU
 VXLYDQW OHV FDV HW RQ D UHPSODFp D SDU D SRXU V pYLWHU GHV FDOFXOV &RPPH D HVW XQ
FRHIILFLHQWGHSURSRUWLRQQDOLWpF HVWOpJLWLPH 

,OQHUHVWHSOXVTX jFKRLVLUXQFRHIILFLHQWDWHOTXHOHVKDXWHXUVWLHQQHQWKDUPRQLHXVHPHQWGDQV
XQVFKpPD ,OHVWpYLGHQWTXHOHSUHPLHUHWSOXVHQFRUHOHGHUQLHUGHVKXLWUHFWDQJOHVDSSDUDvWUD
jSHLQH 

STATISTIQUES UNIVARIÉES 289 „„

 \

                     [


2. &DOFXOGHODPR\HQQH
3RXUFDOFXOHUODPR\HQQH [ GHFHWWHVpULHRQFRQFHQWUHOHVYDOHXUVGHFKDTXHFODVVHHQOHXUV
FHQWUHV SXLV RQ FDOFXOH OD PR\HQQH GH OD VpULH GLVFUqWH DLQVL REWHQXH 1RWRQV TXH FHWWH
PR\HQQHQHVHPEODQWSDUV pORLJQHUWURSGHRQSHXWDOOpJHUOHVFDOFXOV V LOVGRLYHQWrWUHIDLWV
jODPDLQVLQRQFHODQ DSDVG LQWpUrW HQFRQVLGpUDQWODVpULH [L IL L  R [L [L   

[L         
[L [L             
IL         

[  #    #    #     #    #    #    #  
G R [                
2QHQGpGXLWTXH [ [    

/ HQWUHSULVH DQQRQFH  /D GLIIpUHQFH YLHQW GH FH TXH OHV YDOHXUV GHV FODVVHV RQW pWp
FRQFHQWUpHVHQOHXUVFHQWUHV& HVWELHQHQWHQGXXQHDSSUR[LPDWLRQTXLSRXUrWUHFRPPRGHQH
UHQGSDVFRPSWHGHODUpDOLWp WRXVOHVFDQGLGDWVD\DQWHXXQHQRWHHQWUHHWQ RQWSDVHX 
&HODGLWO pFDUWHQWUHFHTXLHVWDQQRQFpHWOHUpVXOWDWWURXYpQ HVWSDVVLJQLILFDWLIFHTXLPRQWUH
TXHO DSSUR[LPDWLRQUpDOLVpHHVWSHUWLQHQWH

&DOFXOGHODPpGLDQH QRWpH 0 H 
3RXUFHODGRQQRQVOHWDEOHDXGHVIUpTXHQFHVFXPXOpHV

>> >> >> >> >> >> >> >@
       

/DSUHPLqUHFODVVHDWWHLJQDQWRXGpSDVVDQWHVW>>
 $   <
0      0    
0 H $  >  $  H F HVWjGLUH  H 
       
 $  ?
 
2QWURXYHDORUV 0 H    #    

D0pWKRGHV

„„ 290 CHAPITRE 14
 Chapitre 15
Coefficients
binomiaux

Blaise Pascal est un philosophe mystique

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

mais aussi un très grand mathématicien.

Incroyablement précoce, il écrit dès l’âge de seize
ans un ouvrage sur les courbes. Il s’intéresse
à la combinatoire pour résoudre des problèmes
de probabilités dont il discutait dans des courriers
avec Pierre de Fermat. Pascal est également un écrivain
et un philosophe de talent comme le montrent
ses œuvres principales, Les Pensées et Les Provinciales.

■ Un peu d'histoire
Depuis l’Antiquité, on se pose des problèmes de dénombrement. On trouve des réfé-
     !  { !  % & (  K  { =  {
%  9   <   "  +#     W !     | 
binomiaux se rencontre dans l’œuvre du savant chinois Yang Hui dès le XIIIe siècle.
Ce n’est cependant qu’avec Pascal et Fermat, dans le cadre des balbutiements du
calcul des probabilités, que l’on met en lumière des résultats fondés. Le premier publie
un ouvrage en 1653 un Traité du triangle arithmétique dans lequel sont présentées de
#      |  # Q + :  !  Q ; 
comprennent l’importance des dénombrements dans l’étude des probabilités.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z &RQQDvWUHOHQRPEUHGHSDUWLHVjSpOpPHQWVG XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWV
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQ

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z &RQQDvWUHOHQRPEUHGHSDUWLHVG XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWV

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Factorielle
'pILQLWLRQ  5DSSHO 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQDSSHOOHIDFWRULHOOHGHQHWRQQRWH
Q  O HQWLHUQDWXUHOGpILQLSDU
VLQ 
Q ! Q 
)N  #  # " # Q VLQ  
"N 

7KpRUqPH Q  HVWOHQRPEUHGHELMHFWLRQVG XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWVGDQVXQHQVHPEOH
jQpOpPHQWV

„Coefficients binomiaux
‰ Nombre de parties à p éléments d’un ensemble à n éléments
7KpRUqPH /HQRPEUHGHSDUWLHVjSpOpPHQWVG XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWV DYHFS Q 
Q
HVWpJDOj QS FHTXLVHSURQRQFHSSDUPLQHWRQD QS 
S Q  S 

Q
7KpRUqPH   /H QRPEUH S  HVW DXVVL pJDO DX QRPEUH GH IDoRQV GH FKRLVLU S REMHWV
GLVWLQFWVSDUPLQREMHWVGRQQpV WRXMRXUVDYHFSQ 


5HPDUTXH9RLUO¶H[HUFLFH

Q
7KpRUqPH'DQVXQDUEUHELQDLUH VXFFqVpFKHF OHQRPEUH S HVWpJDODXQRPEUHGH
FKHPLQV VXU OHVTXHOV RQREWLHQWS VXFFqV ORUV GHQ UpSpWLWLRQV G¶XQH pSUHXYH DOpDWRLUH YRLU OH
FKDSLWUHVXUODORLELQRPLDOH 

5HPDUTXH  3DUFRQYHQWLRQRQSRVH QS VLS!Q HQHIIHWLOQ \DDXFXQHSDUWLH
G XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWVTXLFRQWLHQWSOXVGHQpOpPHQWV 

'pILQLWLRQ   /HV QRPEUHV QS  VRQW DSSHOpV FRHIILFLHQWV ELQRPLDX[ HQ UpIpUHQFH j OD
IRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQpQRQFpHSOXVORLQ HWVRQWGHVHQWLHUVQDWXUHOV


COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX
COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX 293 „„

‰ Calcul des coefficients binomiaux
5HPDUTXH / H[SUHVVLRQODSOXVSUDWLTXHSRXUFDOFXOHUXQFRHIILFLHQWELQRPLDOORUVTXH
Q Q    Q  S  
O RQFRQQDvWQHWS DYHFSQ HVW QS   
S
([HPSOH Q
  Q Q



‰ Propriétés des coefficients binomiaux



Q Q
3URSULpWp6\PpWULH S  Q S 

2QHQGpGXLWSDUH[HPSOH Q
Q   Q
   Q
Q   Q
  QHWF

3URSULpWp)RUPXOHVVDQVQRPPDLVWUqVSUDWLTXHV jVDYRLUGpPRQWUHU 
SS QS  Q QS 
Q Q 
SS S± S  Q Q± S 

3URSULpWp7ULDQJOHGH3DVFDOQ ` S  a Q b RQD Q
S   Q 
S   Q 
S 

3URSULpWp)RUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQ
Q Q
 DE    Q  DE   '
 Q Q
N
N
D E Q±N
 ' Q
N DQ±NEN
N  N 

D Méthode 15.1. Comment calculer des sommes grâce à la formule du binôme de Newton ?

Q
$YHFD HWE FHWWHIRUPXOHGRQQH ' Q
N  QHWO RQHQGpGXLWOHWKpRUqPHVXLYDQW
N 


7KpRUqPH/HQRPEUHGHSDUWLHVG¶XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWVHVWpJDOjQ

„„ 294 CHAPITRE 15
 „„ Méthodes

„Calcul de sommes "binomiales"

‰ Méthode 15.1. Comment calculer des sommes grâce à la formule
du binôme de Newton ?

,O IDXW DEVROXPHQW UHFRQQDvWUH OD IRUPXOH GX ELQ{PH GH 1HZWRQ RX GX PRLQV
UHFRQQDvWUHTXHO RQDDIIDLUHjXQHVRPPHWUqVUHVVHPEODQWH jXQWHUPHSUqVjXQ
FKDQJHPHQW G LQGLFH SUqV j XQH UHFRPSRVLWLRQ GHV WHUPHV GH OD VRPPH SUqV RX
HQFRUHjXQSDQDFKpGHWRXWFHFL 

D Exercices 15.1, 15.2, 15.4, 15.5

Méthodes
Q
([HPSOH3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOFDOFXOHU ' Q
N 
N 
Q Q
2QSHXWpFULUH ' Q
N  ' Q
N ± RQDDMRXWpOHWHUPHQXPpURSXLVRQO DUHWUDQFKp 
N  N 
Q
2QDGRQF ' Q
N Q±
N 

Q 
([HPSOH3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQHWSRXUWRXWUpHO[FDOFXOHU ' Q
N  [N
N 
/ LQGLFH N DSSDUDvW VRXV OD IRUPH N ±  GDQV OH FRHIILFLHQW ELQRPLDO HW OD VRPPH GpPDUUH j
N FHVRQWGHX[ERQQHVUDLVRQVGHIDLUHOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHL N±
Q  Q Q Q
2QREWLHQWDORUV ' Q
N  [N  ' Q
L [
L
 [ ' Q
L [L [ ' Q
L [LQ±L [ [ Q
N  L  L  L 

Q
([HPSOH3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQQRQQXOHWSRXUWRXWUpHO[FDOFXOHU ' N Q
N [ N  
N 
Q Q 
2QXWLOLVHODIRUPXOHN N   Q N  TXLHVWYDODEOHSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONVXSpULHXURXpJDO
Q Q
j2QDDORUV ' N Q
N [ N 
  'Q Q 
N  [ N  
N  N 
2QPHWQHQIDFWHXUHWRQSRVHL N±SRXUREWHQLU
Q Q  Q 
'N Q
N [ N   Q ' Q 
L [ L  Q ' Q 
L [ L Q±±L Q [ Q±

N  L  L 

COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX
COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX 295 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQD Q   # Q
 
2. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQ Q HVWLPSDLU
 
3. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjQHVWSDLU
 
4. Q     Q  Q # Q   

5. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD Q

Q Q  Q  
  


6. Q ` S a Qb  '

Q
Q S
N S Q  S   
N S

7. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQODVRPPH '
Q
Q
N ± NHVWQXOOH  
N 

8. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUSGH a Q b Q Q±  Q±S HVWXQPXOWLSOHGHS  

9. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQDQ Q
Q   

10.
3RXUWRXWWULSOHWG¶HQWLHUV L  N  Q WHOVTXH L  N  Q RQD  
N Q Q Q L
L N L N L 

„„ 296 CHAPITRE 15
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 15.1. &DOFXOHUSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjHWSRXUWRXW

Q
UpHO[ODVRPPH ' N N   Q
N [ N  
N 

‰ Exercice 15.2.2QGpVLJQHSDUQHWNGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXHNQ
1.0RQWUHUTXH: L aN  Qb , Q
L
L
N   Q
N
Q N
LN 
Q
2.(QGpGXLUHTXHSRXUWRXWUpHO[RQD ' Q
L
L
N [ Q±L 
 Q
N [ Q±N


L N

‰ Exercice 15.3.*2QGpVLJQHSDUQHWSGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXHSQ
Q
1. 'pPRQWUHUSDUUpFXUUHQFHVXUQODIRUPXOHGLWHGH3DVFDOJpQpUDOLVpH ' N
S   Q 
S  
N S

2.(QpFULYDQW N
S   N 
S  ± N
S UHWURXYHUODIRUPXOHGH3DVFDOJpQpUDOLVpHVDQVUpFXUUHQFH

‰ Exercice 15.4.*2QGpVLJQHSDUQHWNGHX[HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXHNQ
N
0RQWUHUTXH ' Q
S
Q S
N S N Q
N 
S 

Q Q
‰ Exercice 15.5.*3RXUWRXWQGH ` RQSRVH6Q ' Q
N HW7Q ' Q
N 
N  N 
N SDLU N LPSDLU

&DOFXOHU 6Q  7Q HW 6Q  7Q SXLVGRQQHUOHVYDOHXUVGH6QHW7Q

' DSUqV+(&

‰ Exercice 15.6.  2QDSSHOOHPDLQO¶HQVHPEOHGHVFDUWHVTXLRQWpWpGLVWULEXpHVjXQ
MRXHXU
&RPELHQH[LVWHWLOGHPDLQVGHFDUWHVFKRLVLHVGDQVXQMHXGHFDUWHVHWTXLFRQWLHQQHQWDX
PRLQVXQDV"



COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX
COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX 297 „„
„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH2QSHXWXWLOLVHUXQHGHVSURSULpWpVRXGpULYHUIRLV [ Q

([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQUHYHQLUDX[IDFWRULHOOHV
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  VFLQGHU OD VRPPH REWHQXH SXLV HIIHFWXHU XQ
FKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHGDQVO XQHGHVGHX[VRPPHV
([HUFLFH3RXUOHFDOFXOGH 6Q  7Q UHPDUTXHUTXH
Q Q
' '
Q N Q
6 Q  N  HW±7Q  N  N 
N  N 
N SDLU N LPSDLU
([HUFLFH&RPSWHUG¶DERUGOHQRPEUHGHPDLQVGHFDUWHVQHFRQWHQDQWSDV
G DV

„„ 298 CHAPITRE 15
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) ) 9 9 ) 9 ) 9 9 9

1. ,OVXIILWGHFRQVLGpUHU Q  SRXUV HQFRQYDLQFUH HW# 

2. 3UHQGUH Q  FHTXLGRQQH TXLQ HVWSDVLPSDLU

3.6L Q  RQD Q   #  6LQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQD Q   # #  # Q 
`
'DQVOHVGHX[FDVQHVWPXOWLSOHGHGRQFSDLU

4. &RPPH Q    Q   Q RQSHXWIDFWRULVHU Q    Q  SDU Q  FHTXLGRQQH

Corrigé
Q    Q Q   Q  Q Q  Q     Q Q 

Q Q
5. 2QVDLWTXH  
 Q   
&RPPH Q  Q Q   Q   Q   #  #  #  RQHQGpGXLWTXH Q  Q Q   Q   Q    

Q  

Q
2QREWLHQWGRQF Q Q   Q   HWFRPPH   #  #   RQDILQDOHPHQW
Q 

Q
Q Q  Q  
 


6. $YHFOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFHL N±SRQREWLHQW
Q Q S Q S

' Q S
N S  ' Q S
L  ' Q S
L L Q  S L   Q  S G DSUqVODIRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQ
N S L  L 

7. /DIRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQDVVXUHTXH
Q
' Q Q
N  N    
N 

COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX
COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX 299 „„
 Q
6L Q   DORUVHIIHFWLYHPHQW ' Q
N  N  PDLVVLQ FHWWHVRPPHQHFRQWLHQWTX XQVHXO
N 
 
WHUPHTXLYDXW  ±  
QQ
8. 3DUGpILQLWLRQ S 
S Q  S 
2QDGRQFVXFFHVVLYHPHQW
Q Q # Q   #  # Q  S   # Q  S #  #  # 
S  QS 
Q S  Q S 

Q
Q # Q   #  # Q  S   # Q  S 
S S 
Q S 
Q
S S Q # Q   #  # Q  S   
Q
&RPPH S HVWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHORQDELHQPRQWUpTXH Q Q    Q  S   HVWPXOWLSOHGHS

Q Q
' '
Q
9. Q `   Q  Q
N N Q  N Q
N VRPPHGRQWWRXVOHVWHUPHVVRQWSRVLWLIV
N  N 
Q
HWGRQWOHWHUPHG LQGLFHQYDXW Q 
,OIDXWQRWHUTXHVLQ ODVRPPHQHFRQWLHQWTX XQVHXOWHUPHHWRQDHQIDLWpJDOLWp

N Q Q
10. 2QDG¶XQHSDUW LN QN # 
L N  L  N  Q  N  L N  L  Q  N 
2QDG¶DXWUHSDUW
Q Q L Q Q L  Q QL  Q
L N L # # 
L Q  L  N  L  Q  L  N  L  L Q  L  N  L  Q  N  L N  L  Q  N 
N Q Q Q L
2QWURXYHELHQ L N L N L 

‰ Les erreurs classiques

/DIDFWRULHOOHGHQQHV pFULWSDVQPDLV Q 

,OIDXWVHVRXYHQLUTXH QS HVWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHO DYHFSHWQHQWLHUVQDWXUHOV 
$WWHQWLRQjODJHVWLRQGHODTXDQWLWp  Q TXLYDXWVLQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOj
PDLVGDQVOHFDVRQ RQFRQYLHQWTXH    
2QSHXWWRXMRXUVpYLWHUG¶DYRLUjXWLOLVHUFHWWHFRQYHQWLRQFRPPHGDQVOH9)HQ
UpJODQWG¶HQWUpHOHFDVSDUWLFXOLHU Q  

„„ 300 CHAPITRE 15
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 15.1 _____________________________

3RXU WRXW UpHO [ HW SRXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j  OD IRUPXOH GX ELQ{PH GH
1HZWRQSHUPHWG pFULUH
Q
'
Q
Q
N [N  [ 
N 
(Q GpULYDQW GHX[ IRLV FHWWH UHODWLRQ OHV IRQFWLRQV SRO\QRPLDOHV pWDQW GpULYDEOHV VXU \  RQ
REWLHQW
Q
'
Q 
Q
N N N   [ N  Q Q   [ 
N 
D0pWKRGH

/HVGHX[SUHPLHUVWHUPHVGHODVRPPHTXLVRQWHWQ[GLVSDUDLVVHQWORUVGHV
GHX[GpULYDWLRQV

Corrigé
2QSRXYDLWDXVVLDSSOLTXHUODGHX[LqPHGHVSURSULpWpV

_________ Exercice 15.2 _____________________________

1. &RPPHDX9)RQUHPDUTXHWRXWG DERUGTXH
Q L
 N  Q `   N  Q  L a N  Q b  QL NL  # 
L Q  L  N  L  N 
&HFLGRQQHDYHFXQHDVWXFHTX¶LOYDXWPLHX[FRQQDvWUHHWTXLFRQVLVWHjPXOWLSOLHUKDXWHWEDV
SDU Q  N  
Q L Q  Q  QN 
L N #  # # 
Q  L  N L  N  Q  L  N L  N  Q  N 
(QDUUDQJHDQWRQD
Q L Q QN 
L N  # 
N Q  N  L  N  Q  L 
2QWURXYHGRQF
Q L Q Q N
L N   N LN 

2. 2QHQGpGXLWTXH
Q Q Q
 N Q `  N  Q  ' Q
L
L
N [ Q L ' Q
N
Q N
L N [ Q L Q
N ' QN
L N [ Q L 
L N L N L N



COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX
COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX 301 „„
$SUqVOHFKDQJHPHQWG LQGLFH M L  N SXLVXWLOLVDWLRQGHODIRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQRQ
WURXYH
Q Q N
`   N  Q ' '
L Q N
 N Q Q
L N [ Q L Q
N
Q N
M [ Q N M Q
N  [ 
L N M 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 15.3 _____________________________

Q
1. 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOjSRQQRWH 5 Q   ' N
S  Q 
S  
N S
S
5 S HVWYUDLH(QHIIHW ' N
S
S
S  S 
S  
N S


6XSSRVRQV5 Q YUDLHSRXUXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQIL[pVXSpULHXURXpJDOjS
Q  Q
2QDDORUV ' N
S ' N
S  Q 
S 
N S N S
*UkFHjODIRUPXOHGH3DVFDORQHQGpGXLW
Q 
' N
S
Q 
S   Q 
S
Q 
S  
N S

$LQVL 5 Q   HVWYUDLH


3DUUpFXUUHQFHSRXUWRXWFRXSOH Q S G HQWLHUVQDWXUHOVWHOVTXH S  Q RQD

Q
' N
S  Q 
S  
N S

Q Q Q Q
2. ' N
S ' N 
S   N
S   ' N 
S  ± ' N
S  
N S N S N S N S
(QSRVDQWL NGDQVODSUHPLqUHVRPPHRQREWLHQW
Q Q  Q
' N
S   ' L
S  ± ' N
S  
N S L S  N S
2Q YRLW DORUV TXH OHV GHX[ VRPPHV HQ SUpVHQFH RQW WRXV OHXUV WHUPHV HQ FRPPXQ VDXI OH
QXPpUR Q GHODSUHPLqUHVRPPHHWOHQXPpURSGHODGHX[LqPH,OUHVWHGRQF
Q
' N
S   Q 
S  ± S
S 
N S
/HGHUQLHUWHUPHHVWQXO S!S HWRQDELHQ
Q
' N
S   Q 
S  
N S

„„ 302 CHAPITRE 15
 _________ Exercice 15.4 _____________________________
(Q UHFRPELQDQW OHV FRHIILFLHQWV ELQRPLDX[ FRPPH j OD TXHVWLRQ  GH O H[HUFLFH  SXLV HQ
DSSOLTXDQWODIRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQRQWURXYH
N N N
' Q
S
Q S
N S ' Q
N
N
S
Q
N ' N
S N Q
N 
S  S  S 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 15.5 _____________________________

Q Q Q
' '  '
Q Q Q Q
 6Q  7Q   N  N N        Q HQDSSOLTXDQWODIRUPXOHGXELQ{PH
N  N  N 
N SDLU N LPSDLU
GH1HZWRQ

N  VL N HVW SDLU
&RPPH  ! RQHQGpGXLW
" VLQRQ
Q Q
' '
Q N Q N
6Q N  HW 7Q  N  

Corrigé
N  N 
N SDLU N LPSDLU
Q Q Q
Q
' '    ' 
Q N Q N N Q
' R 6Q  7Q   N   N N      HQDSSOLTXDQWOD
N  N  N 
N SDLU N LPSDLU
IRUPXOHGXELQ{PHGH1HZWRQ
&RPPHQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjRQDILQDOHPHQW 6Q  7Q  VRLW
6Q 7Q 

Q
&RPPH 6Q  7Q   HW6Q±7Q RQREWLHQWHQDMRXWDQWOHVGHX[pJDOLWpV
6Q Q 
2QHQFRQFOXW
6Q 7Q Q  
Q
5HPDUTXH&RPPH N HVWpJDODXQRPEUHGHSDUWLHVjNpOpPHQWVG XQHQVHPEOHjQpOpPHQWV
6Q  HVW pJDOH DX QRPEUH GH FHV SDUWLHV D\DQW XQ QRPEUH SDLU G pOpPHQWV HW 7Q  HVW pJDOH DX
QRPEUHGHFHVSDUWLHVD\DQWXQQRPEUHLPSDLUG pOpPHQWV
1RXVYHQRQVGRQFGHSURXYHUTX¶XQHQVHPEOHILQLSRVVqGHDXWDQWGHSDUWLHVD\DQWXQQRPEUH
SDLUG pOpPHQWVTXHGHSDUWLHVD\DQWXQQRPEUHLPSDLUG pOpPHQWV
D0pWKRGH


COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX
COEFFICIENTS BINOMIAUX 303 „„
 _________ Exercice 15.6 _____________________________
7RXWG¶DERUGXQHPDLQGHFDUWHVFKRLVLHVSDUPLHVWXQHSDUWLHjpOpPHQWVG¶XQHQVHPEOH
jpOpPHQWVGRQFLO\DHQWRXW 
 PDLQVSRVVLEOHV

$YDQWGHFRPSWHUOHVPDLQVGHFDUWHVTXLFRQWLHQQHQWDXPRLQVXQDVRQYDG¶DERUGFRPSWHU
OH QRPEUH GH PDLQV GH  FDUWHV QH FRQWHQDQW SDV G DV F¶HVWjGLUH OH QRPEUH GH SDUWLHV j 
pOpPHQWVG¶XQHQVHPEOHjpOpPHQWVLO\DGRQF   PDLQVVDQVDV

3RXUFRQFOXUHOHQRPEUHGHPDLQVGHFDUWHVFKRLVLHVSDUPLHWTXLFRQWLHQQHQWDXPRLQV
XQDVHVWpJDOj  
 ±   

„„ 304 CHAPITRE 15
 Chapitre 16
Probabilité
sur un univers fini

Jacques Bernoulli est le plus ancien d’une famille

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

de mathématiciens suisses. Il s’intéresse

à tous les domaines des mathématiques. Il étudie
de nombreuses courbes au moyen d’une théorie
  ; )Œ    /   ™     ;
il s’intéresse aux probabilités et rédige un ouvrage
publié après sa mort dans lequel il étudie le jeu de pile
ou face, ce qui explique que son nom soit donné
à une épreuve ne prenant que deux valeurs, 0 et 1.

■ Un peu d'histoire
Les tous premiers calculs de probabilités, avaient trait à des lancers de pièces de
monnaie, on disait à l’époque pile ou croix, ou à des jetés de dés. Le premier livre dans
le domaine est celui qu’a écrit le fantasque médecin et mathématicien Jérôme Cardan
dont le but était de faire connaître les meilleures stratégies pour gagner aux dés.
K   !           ! #   !      !
la mise de chacun est proportionnelle à sa probabilité de gagner. Mis en équation,
 |  ;   !        Q  
est nulle. Son ouvrage est peu connu et c’est en 1657, près d’un siècle plus tard, que
Christian Huygens introduit la notion d’espérance.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUpFULUHV\PEROLTXHPHQWXQpYpQHPHQWVLPSOHGpFULWHQIUDQoDLV
Z 6DYRLUUHFRQQDvWUHXQHVLWXDWLRQG pTXLSUREDELOLWp
Z 6DYRLUIDLUHODGLIIpUHQFHHQWUHUpXQLRQHWLQWHUVHFWLRQ

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUGpPRQWUHUXQHLQFOXVLRQHQWUHGHX[pYpQHPHQWV

 „„ Résumé de cours

„Les événements


‰ Épreuve aléatoire
'pILQLWLRQV   2Q DSSHOOH pSUHXYH DOpDWRLUH RX H[SpULHQFH DOpDWRLUH  XQH H[SpULHQFH
GRQWOHVUpVXOWDWVQHGpSHQGHQWTXHGXKDVDUG
/¶HQVHPEOHGHWRXVOHVUpVXOWDWVSRVVLEOHVQRWpȍHVWDSSHOpXQLYHUVDVVRFLpjO¶H[SpULHQFH
&KDTXHpOpPHQWGHȍHVWXQUpVXOWDWREVHUYDEOH RXXQHLVVXH XQVHXOG¶HQWUHHX[HVWREVHUYp
jO¶LVVXHGHO¶pSUHXYH

2QVXSSRVHGDQVODVXLWHGHFHFKDSLWUHTXHȍHVWILQL

'pILQLWLRQ   8Q pYpQHPHQW HVW XQH SDUWLH GH ȍ F¶HVWjGLUH XQ HQVHPEOH GRQW OHV
pOpPHQWVVRQWGHVpOpPHQWVGHȍ&KDTXHSDUWLHGHȍHVWXQpYpQHPHQW

1RWDWLRQ   2Q QRWH 3 ȍ  O¶HQVHPEOH GHV SDUWLHV GH ȍ F¶HVWjGLUH O¶HQVHPEOH GHV
pYpQHPHQWV


([HPSOH/RUVGXODQFHUG¶XQGpRQDȍ ^`/¶pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpUR
REWHQXHVWSDLUªHVWODSDUWLH^`GHȍ


([HPSOH/RUVGXODQFHUGHGHX[SLqFHVȍSHXWrWUHGpILQLSDUȍ ^3)33)))3`
/ pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWDXPRLQVXQ3LOHªHVW^3)33)3`

'pILQLWLRQVȍHVWDSSHOpO¶pYpQHPHQWFHUWDLQ*HVWDSSHOpO¶pYpQHPHQWLPSRVVLEOH
/HVVLQJOHWRQVGHȍ SDUWLHVjpOpPHQW VRQWDSSHOpVpYpQHPHQWVpOpPHQWDLUHV


‰ Opérations sur les événements
'pILQLWLRQ  / pYpQHPHQW $ , %  RQOLW$LQWHU% HVWO¶pYpQHPHQWTXLHVWUpDOLVpVLHW
VHXOHPHQWVL$HW%VRQWUpDOLVpV
D Méthode 16.1. Comment reconnaître et écrire une intersection ?

([HPSOH   /RUV GX ODQFHU G XQ Gp VL O¶RQ QRWH $ O¶pYpQHPHQW ©OH QXPpUR REWHQX HVW
SDLUªHW%O¶pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpURREWHQXHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjªDORUVRQD
$ -  .  % - . HW $ , % -. 

'pILQLWLRQ/ pYpQHPHQW $ % %  RQOLW$XQLRQ% HVWO¶pYpQHPHQWTXLHVWUpDOLVpVLHW
VHXOHPHQWVLO¶XQDXPRLQVGHVpYpQHPHQWV$RX%HVWUpDOLVp
D Méthode 16.2. Comment reconnaître et écrire une réunion ?


PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 307 „„

([HPSOH   /RUV GX ODQFHU G XQ Gp VL O¶RQ QRWH WRXMRXUV $ O¶pYpQHPHQW ©OH QXPpUR
REWHQXHVWSDLUªHW%O¶pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpURREWHQXHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjªDORUVRQD
$ -  .  % - . HW $ % % -   . 
2QFRQVWDWHTX¶HIIHFWLYHPHQW $ % % HVWUpDOLVpGqVTXHO¶XQDXPRLQVGHVpYpQHPHQWV$RX%
HVWUpDOLVp pYHQWXHOOHPHQWOHVGHX[VLSDUH[HPSOHRQREWLHQWOHQXPpUR 

'pILQLWLRQ   / pYpQHPHQW $  RQ OLW $ EDUUH  HVW O¶pYpQHPHQW FRQWUDLUH GH $ LO HVW
UpDOLVpVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL$QHO¶HVWSDV

([HPSOH/RUVGXODQFHUG XQGpVL$HVWO¶pYpQHPHQW^`DORUV $  ^`

3URSULpWp/HVSURSULpWpVGHVRSpUDWLRQVVXUOHVpYpQHPHQWVVRQWOHVPrPHVTXHFHOOHV
GpFULWHVGDQVOHFKDSLWUHVXUOHVHQVHPEOHV


‰ Comparaison des événements
'pILQLWLRQ$+%VLJQLILHTXH$HVWLQFOXVGDQV%F HVWjGLUHTXHFKDTXHpOpPHQWGH$
HVWpOpPHQWGH%
(QWHUPHVSUREDELOLVWHVFHFLYHXWGLUHTXHODUpDOLVDWLRQGH$LPSOLTXHFHOOHGH%

([HPSOH/RUVGXODQFHUG XQGpHQQRWDQW$O¶pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpURREWHQXHVWSDLUª
HW%O¶pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpURREWHQXHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOjªDORUVRQD
$ -  . HW % -    . 
2QFRQVWDWHHIIHFWLYHPHQWTXH$HVWLQFOXVGDQV%HWFHFLVLJQLILHELHQTXHVLOHQXPpURREWHQX
HVW SDLU DORUV LO HVW VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j  HW SDV OH FRQWUDLUH LO IDXW V¶HQ FRQYDLQFUH DYHF
O¶pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUOHQXPpURªTXLUpDOLVH%PDLVSDV$ 

'pILQLWLRQ'HX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%VRQWpJDX[VLO RQD$+%HW%+$


‰ Opérations et inclusion


7KpRUqPH6RLW$HW%GHX[pYpQHPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHV
6L$+%DORUV % + $ 

7KpRUqPH6RLW$HW%GHX[pYpQHPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHV2QD
$ , % + $ HW $ + $ % % 


‰ Opérations et égalité
7KpRUqPH/RLVGH0RUJDQ
4XHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVpYpQHPHQWV$HW%RQD $ , %   $ % % HW $ % %   $ , % 

5HPDUTXH2QSHXWJpQpUDOLVHUFHVpJDOLWpVDXFDVGHQpYpQHPHQWV $  $ « $Q 
$ , $ ,  , $Q $ % $ %  % $Q HW $ % $ %  % $Q $ , $ ,  , $Q 

„„ 308 CHAPITRE 16

‰ Système complet d'événements
'pILQLWLRQ'HX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%VRQWGLWVLQFRPSDWLEOHVVL$,% *
(QIDLWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVVRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVV¶LOVQHSHXYHQWSDVVHUpDOLVHUVLPXOWDQpPHQW
D Méthode 16.3. Comment écrire une réunion d'événements 2 à 2 incompatibles ?

([HPSOH   /RUV GX ODQFHU G XQ Gp VL O¶RQ QRWH $ O¶pYpQHPHQW ©OH QXPpUR REWHQX HVW
PXOWLSOHGHªHW%O¶pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpURREWHQXHVWLQIpULHXURXpJDOjªDORUV$HW%VRQW
LQFRPSDWLEOHV(QHIIHWRQD $ - .  % - . HW $ , % * 

'pILQLWLRQ  /DIDPLOOH $  $   $Q HVWXQ V\VWqPHFRPSOHWG¶pYpQHPHQWVVLOHV $N 
VRQWGHX[jGHX[LQFRPSDWLEOHVHWVLOHXUUpXQLRQHVWpJDOHjȍ

([HPSOH   3RXU WRXW pYpQHPHQW $ OH FRXSOH $ $  HVW XQ V\VWqPH FRPSOHW
G¶pYpQHPHQWV

„Probabilité


‰ Définition
'pILQLWLRQ   2Q DSSHOOH SUREDELOLWp GpILQLH VXU 3 ȍ  WRXWH DSSOLFDWLRQ 3 GH 3 ȍ 
GDQV    YpULILDQW3 ȍ  HWWHOOHTXHVL$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVLQFRPSDWLEOHVDORUV
3 $% % 3 $ 3 % 

‰ Un exemple de probabilité : l’équiprobabilité

'pILQLWLRQ  /RUVG XQHpSUHXYHDOpDWRLUHSRXUODTXHOOHȍHVWILQLRQGLWTXHO RQHVWHQ
VLWXDWLRQG pTXLSUREDELOLWpORUVTXHOHVpYpQHPHQWVpOpPHQWDLUHVRQWWRXVODPrPHSUREDELOLWp

([HPSOH 2QODQFHXQHSLqFHpTXLOLEUpHHWRQQRWH3N UHVSHFWLYHPHQW)N O pYpQHPHQW

©REWHQLU3LOH UHVSHFWLYHPHQW)DFH DXNqPHODQFHU N ª2QDDORUV3 3N  3 )N   


([HPSOH 2QODQFHXQHIRLVXQGppTXLOLEUpjIDFHVQXPpURWpHVHWSRXU
WRXWNGH a b RQQRWH$NO pYpQHPHQW©OHQXPpURSRUWpSDUODIDFHVXSpULHXUHHVWpJDOjNª

2QDDORUVN  a b 3 $N  



([HPSOH   6L O RQ H[WUDLW DX KDVDUG XQH ERXOH G XQH XUQH FRQWHQDQW Q ERXOHV DORUV

FKDTXHERXOHDXQHSUREDELOLWppJDOHj G rWUHWLUpHGHFHWWHXUQH
Q


PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 309 „„

([HPSOH 2QODQFHGHX[IRLVXQGppTXLOLEUpjIDFHVQXPpURWpHVDORUVȍ
HVWFRQVWLWXpGHVFRXSOHV LM RLHVWOHQXPpURGXSUHPLHUODQFHUHWMFHOXLGXVHFRQG

&KDFXQGHFHVUpVXOWDWVDXQHSUREDELOLWppJDOHj GHVHSURGXLUH


'pILQLWLRQ3RXUUDSSHOOHFDUGLQDOG¶XQHQVHPEOHILQL$QRWpFDUG $ HVWOHQRPEUH
G¶pOpPHQWVGH$

7KpRUqPH'DQVOHFDVGHO pTXLSUREDELOLWpODSUREDELOLWpG XQpYpQHPHQW$HVWpJDOHj
FDUG $
3$  
FDUG ȍ


‰ Conséquences de la définition d'une probabilité
3URSULpWp3 *  

3URSULpWp3RXUWRXWHIDPLOOH $$«$Q G¶pYpQHPHQWVjLQFRPSDWLEOHVRQD
Q Q
3 * $N   ' 3 $N 
N  N 

D Méthode 16.5. Comment calculer la probabilité d'une réunion

d'événements 2 à 2 incompatibles ?

3URSULpWp3RXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW$RQD3 $  ±3 $ 
D Méthode 16.4. Comment utiliser l'événement contraire ?

3URSULpWp&URLVVDQFHGHODSUREDELOLWp2QGpVLJQHSDU$HW%GHX[pYpQHPHQWV



6L$+%DORUV3 $ 3 % 

‰ Formules du crible (ou formules de Poincaré)



7KpRUqPH6L$HW%VRQWGHVpYpQHPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHVDORUVRQD
3 $% % 3 $  3 %  3 $, % 

7KpRUqPH6L$%HW&VRQWGHVpYpQHPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHVDORUVRQD
3 $% % %& 3 $  3 %  3 &  3 $, %  3 % ,&  3 $,&  3 $, % ,& 






„„ 310
310 CHAPITRE 16

‰ Formule des probabilités totales (première version)
7KpRUqPH   6L $  $  $Q  HVW XQ V\VWqPH FRPSOHW G pYpQHPHQWV DORUV SRXU WRXW
Q
pYpQHPHQW%RQD3 %   ' 3 % , $N 
N 

([HPSOH&DVSDUWLFXOLHUWUqVLPSRUWDQW
$YHF Q   HQ SRVDQW $ $  HW $ $  OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV WRWDOHV DVVRFLpH DX
V\VWqPHFRPSOHWG¶pYpQHPHQWV $ $ V pFULW3 %  3 % , $ 3 % , $ 

5HPDUTXH   8QH YHUVLRQ EHDXFRXS SOXV SHUIRUPDQWH PDLV SDV WRXMRXUV  GH FHWWH
IRUPXOHVHUDpWXGLpHDXFKDSLWUH FRQGLWLRQQHPHQWHWLQGpSHQGDQFH 



PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 311 „„

311
 „„ Méthodes

„Opérations sur les événements

‰ Méthode 16.1. Comment reconnaître et écrire une intersection ?

2QUHSqUHXQHLQWHUVHFWLRQjODSUpVHQFH SDUIRLVLPSOLFLWH GHVPRWVVXLYDQWVHW

FKDTXHFKDFXQWRXVWRXWGDQVODGpILQLWLRQG XQpYpQHPHQW

D Exercices 16.1, 16.2, 16.5


([HPSOH 2QGpVLJQHSDU QXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO8QHpSUHXYHFRQVLVWHjODQFHU QIRLVXQH
SLqFH3RXUWRXW NGH a Q b RQQRWH 3NO pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQW 3LOHORUVGX NqPHODQFHUªHWRQ
QRWH$QO pYpQHPHQW©RQQ REWLHQWTXHGHV3LOHVSHQGDQWOHVQODQFHUVª
eFULUH$QHQIRQFWLRQGHFHUWDLQVGHVpYpQHPHQWV3N
,FLLOIDXWFRPSUHQGUHTXH $QHVWUpDOLVpVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL FKDFXQGHV QODQFHUVGRQQH 3LOHFH
Q
TXLDPqQHjpFULUH$Q   3N RXHQFRUH$Q 3,3,,3Q
N 

‰ Méthode 16.2. Comment reconnaître et écrire une réunion ?

2Q UHSqUH XQH UpXQLRQ j OD SUpVHQFH SDUIRLV LPSOLFLWH  GHV PRWV RX H[SUHVVLRQV
VXLYDQWVRXDXPRLQVLOH[LVWHGDQVODGpILQLWLRQG XQpYpQHPHQW

D Exercices 16.1, 16.2, 16.5


([HPSOH 8QH pSUHXYH FRQVLVWH j H[WUDLUH VXFFHVVLYHPHQW Q ERXOHV G XQH XUQH FRQWHQDQW GHV
ERXOHVEODQFKHVHWGHVERXOHVURXJHV DYHF QGDQV ` 3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO NQRQQXORQ
QRWH %NO pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWXQHERXOHEODQFKHORUVGX NqPHWLUDJHªHW $QO pYpQHPHQW©RQ
REWLHQW DX PRLQV XQH ERXOH EODQFKH ORUV GHV Q WLUDJHV HIIHFWXpV ª eFULUH $Q HQ IRQFWLRQ GH
FHUWDLQVGHVpYpQHPHQWV%N
,FLLOIDXWFRPSUHQGUHTXH $QHVWUpDOLVpVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL DXPRLQVXQ GHV QWLUDJHVGRQQHXQH
Q
ERXOHEODQFKHFHTXLDPqQHjpFULUH$Q  * %N RXHQFRUH$Q  % % % %  % %Q 
N 
5HPDUTXH &HWWH UpXQLRQ Q HVW SDV FRPSRVpH G pYpQHPHQWV GHX[ j GHX[ LQFRPSDWLEOHV  LO VH
SHXWTXHSOXVLHXUVERXOHVEODQFKHVVRLHQWREWHQXHVjGHVWLUDJHVGLIIpUHQWV


„„ 312
312 CHAPITRE 16
 ‰ Méthode 16.3. Comment écrire une réunion d'événements 2 à 2
incompatibles ?

8QH UpXQLRQ G pYpQHPHQWV GHX[ j GHX[ LQFRPSDWLEOHV VH UHSqUH DX IDLW TXH O RQ
GRLYHXWLOLVHUO H[SUHVVLRQVRLWVRLWVRLW

D Exercice 16.4

([HPSOH2QGpVLJQHSDUQXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOQRQQXO
8QH pSUHXYH FRQVLVWH j ODQFHU Q IRLV XQH SLqFH HW RQ QRWH $Q O pYpQHPHQW © OH SUHPLHU 3LOH
DSSDUDvWDXSOXVWDUGDXQqPHODQFHUª
eFULUH$QFRPPHXQHUpXQLRQG pYpQHPHQWVGHX[jGHX[LQFRPSDWLEOHV
3RXUWRXWNGH ` QRWRQV(NO pYpQHPHQW©OHSUHPLHU3LOHDSSDUDvWORUVGXNqPHODQFHUª
5pDOLVHU$QF HVWREWHQLUOHSUHPLHU3LOHVRLWDXSUHPLHUODQFHUVRLWDXGHX[LqPHODQFHUVRLW
Q
DX QqPH ODQFHU F HVW GRQF UpDOLVHU VRLW ( VRLW (  VRLW (Q 2Q D GRQF $Q  * (N  HW FHWWH
N 
UpXQLRQHVWIRUPpHG pYpQHPHQWVGHX[jGHX[LQFRPSDWLEOHV FDULOQ \DTX XQHSUHPLqUHIRLV 

Méthodes
„Calcul de probabilités
‰ Méthode 16.4. Comment utiliser l'événement contraire ?

6L XQ pYpQHPHQW $ VHPEOH FRPSOLTXp FRPPH SHXW O rWUH SDU H[HPSOH XQH
UpXQLRQ LOHVWLQWpUHVVDQWGHFDOFXOHU3 $ SXLVFRQFOXUHDYHF3 $  ±3 $ 

D Exercice 16.7

([HPSOH 2Q ODQFH XQ Gp URXJH HW XQ Gp YHUW WRXV OHV GHX[ pTXLOLEUpV HW GRQW OHV IDFHV VRQW
QXPpURWpHV GH j  'pWHUPLQHUODSUREDELOLWp TXH O XQ DX PRLQV GH FHVGpV PRQWUH XQ HQWLHU
SDLUVXUVDIDFHVXSpULHXUH DSUqVLPPRELOLVDWLRQ 
6LO RQQRWH$O pYpQHPHQW©O XQDXPRLQVGHVGpVPRQWUHXQHQWLHUSDLUVXUVDIDFHVXSpULHXUHª
DORUV $ HVWO pYpQHPHQW©OHVGHX[GpVPRQWUHQWXQHQWLHULPSDLUVXUOHXUIDFHVXSpULHXUHª
6XU OHV     FRXSOHV SRVVLEOHV GH UpVXOWDWV LO \ D     FRXSOHV SRXU OHVTXHOV OHV GpV
PRQWUHQWXQHQWLHULPSDLUSRVVLELOLWpV RX SRXUOHGpURXJHHWpJDOHPHQWSRXUOHGp
  
YHUW 2QDGRQFSDUpTXLSUREDELOLWp3 $     3DUFRQVpTXHQW3 $   
  
2QSHXWELHQV€UYpULILHUFHUpVXOWDWHQOLVWDQWOHVFRXSOHVSRXUOHVTXHOVDXPRLQVO XQGHVGHX[
GpVGRQQHXQHQWLHUSDLUPDLVF HVWYUDLPHQWSOXVORQJ

PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 313 „„

313
 ‰ Méthode 16.5. Comment calculer la probabilité d'une réunion
d'événements 2 à 2 incompatibles ?

/HFDVROHVpYpQHPHQWVIRUPDQWXQHUpXQLRQVRQWGHX[jGHX[LQFRPSDWLEOHVHVW
OH SOXV VLPSOH  SRXU REWHQLU OD SUREDELOLWp GH OD UpXQLRQ LO VXIILW G DMRXWHU OHV
SUREDELOLWpVGHFKDTXHpYpQHPHQWODIRUPDQW
,O IDXW ELHQ V€U SURXYHU VpULHXVHPHQW TXH OHVGLWV pYpQHPHQWV VRQW GHX[ j GHX[
LQFRPSDWLEOHV

D Exercices 16.4, 16.5, 16.6 (2)



([HPSOH2QODQFHIRLVXQHSLqFHpTXLOLEUpH ODSUREDELOLWpGHIDLUH3LOHHVWpJDOHj 

2QQRWH $ O pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWXQVHXO3LOHSHQGDQWFHVODQFHUVª
3RXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONQRQQXORQQRWH (N O pYpQHPHQW©XQVHXO3LOHDSSDUDvWHWF¶HVWDXNqPH
ODQFHUª'pWHUPLQHUODSUREDELOLWpGH (N SXLVHQGpGXLUHFHOOHGH $ 
/¶XQLYHUVȍSHXWrWUHPRGpOLVpSDUO¶HQVHPEOHGHWRXWHVOHVOLVWHVFRPSRUWDQWpOpPHQWVHW
FRQWHQDQWVRLWGHV 3 SRXU 3LOH VRLWGHV ) SRXU )DFH ,O\DOLVWHVGHFHW\SH LO\DGHX[
FKRL[SDUSODFHHWSODFHVGDQVFKDTXHOLVWH 
(QpFULYDQW333DXOLHXGH 3 3 3 DILQGHVLPSOLILHURQD
ȍ -333 33)  3)3 3))  )33 )3)  ))3 ))) . 

/¶pYpQHPHQW ( HVWFRQVWLWXpG¶XQHVHXOHGHFHVOLVWHV 3)) 

3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpRQDGRQF 3 ( 


'HODPrPHIDoRQRQDDXVVL 3 ( 3 ( 

'¶DSUqVODGpILQLWLRQGH$RQD $ ( % ( % (  OH3LOHREWHQXVHVLWXHVRLWDXSUHPLHU
ODQFHU VRLW DX GHX[LqPH VRLW DX WURLVLqPH  'H SOXV OHV pYpQHPHQWV (N  VRQW GHX[ j GHX[
LQFRPSDWLEOHV OHVHXO3LOHQHSHXWSDVrWUHREWHQXjGHX[ODQFHUVGLIIpUHQWV GRQFRQD

3 $ 3 (  3 (  3 ( 



„„ 314
314 CHAPITRE 16
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 2QHIIHFWXHXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHWLUDJHVG¶XQHERXOHDYHFUHPLVHGDQV
XQHXUQHFRQWHQDQWGHVERXOHVEODQFKHVHWGHVERXOHVQRLUHVHWRQQRWH
$O pYpQHPHQW©RQQ REWLHQWTXHGHVERXOHVQRLUHVª  
/ pYpQHPHQW $ HVW©RQQ REWLHQWTXHGHVERXOHVEODQFKHVª
2. 2QODQFHXQHSLqFHHWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO QQRQQXORQQRWH $Q
O pYpQHPHQW
©RQQ REWLHQWTXHGHV3LOHVSHQGDQWOHVQSUHPLHUVODQFHUVª  
2QD $Q  + $Q 
3. 2QODQFHXQHSLqFHHWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHO QQRQQXORQQRWH %Q
O pYpQHPHQW
©RQREWLHQWDXPRLQVXQ3LOHSHQGDQWOHVQSUHPLHUVODQFHUVª  
2QD%Q+%Q
4. 6L$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVDORUV3 $,% 3 % 
 
5. 'HX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL


$+ % 
 

6. 6LGHX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVDORUVRQD $ +%
 
7. 6L$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVDORUV3 $%%  ±3 $ , % 
 
8. 6L$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVDORUV3 $, %  3 $ ±3 % 
 
9. 6L$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVDORUV3 $, %  3 $ 3 % 
 
10. 6L$%HW&VRQWWURLVpYpQHPHQWVDORUVLOHVWSRVVLEOHTXHO¶RQDLW
3 $ , %    3 % , &    3 $ , &   HW 3 $ , % , &    

PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 315 „„

315
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 16.1. 8QHpSUHXYHDOpDWRLUHFRQVLVWHjWLUHUVXFFHVVLYHPHQWGHX[FDUWHVG XQ

MHX6RLW $ O¶pYpQHPHQW©ODSUHPLqUHFDUWHWLUpHHVWURXJHªHW % O¶pYpQHPHQW©ODGHX[LqPH
FDUWH WLUpH HVW URXJHª eFULUH OHV pYpQHPHQWV VXLYDQWV j O¶DLGH GH $ HW % HW GHV RSpUDWLRQV
DXWRULVpHVVXUOHVpYpQHPHQWV
5 ©$XPRLQVO XQHGHVFDUWHVHVWURXJHª
6 ©8QHVHXOHGHVFDUWHVHVWURXJHª

‰ Exercice 16.2. 8QHpSUHXYHDOpDWRLUHFRQVLVWHjHIIHFWXHUGHVODQFHUVVXFFHVVLIVG XQ
Gp
3RXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO N VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j  $N  GpVLJQH O pYpQHPHQW ©OH N qPH  ODQFHU D
IRXUQLXQDVª
([SULPHUOHVpYpQHPHQWVFLGHVVRXVjO DLGHGHVpYpQHPHQWV $N HWGHVRSpUDWLRQVDXWRULVpHVVXU
OHVpYpQHPHQWV
1. ( ©/HSUHPLHUDVDpWpREWHQXDXGHX[LqPHODQFHUª
( ©/HSUHPLHUDVDpWpREWHQXDXFLQTXLqPHODQFHUª
(Q ©/HSUHPLHUDVDpWpREWHQXDX Q qPH ODQFHUªR Q GpVLJQHXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXU
RXpJDOj
2. * ©/HGHX[LqPHDVDpWpREWHQXDXWURLVLqPHODQFHUª
* ©/HGHX[LqPHDVDpWpREWHQXDXTXDWULqPHODQFHUª

‰ Exercice 16.3. 'pPRQWUHUO LQpJDOLWpVXLYDQWH3 (,) 3 ( 3 ) ±

‰ Exercice 16.4.2QGpVLJQHSDU(HW)GHX[pYpQHPHQWV
1.-XVWLILHUTXH 3 ( , ) 3 )  3 ( , ) 

2. eFULUHGHODPrPHIDoRQ 3 ( , ) HQIRQFWLRQGH 3 ( , ) 

‰ Exercice 16.5.  2Q GpVLJQH SDU ( HW ) GHX[ pYpQHPHQWV 2Q FRQVLGqUH XQH pSUHXYH
DOpDWRLUHORUVGHODTXHOOH (HW )SHXYHQWVHUpDOLVHUHWRQQRWH $O pYpQHPHQW©XQVHXOG HQWUH
HX[VHUpDOLVHª
1. eFULUH$FRPPHXQHUpXQLRQGHGHX[pYpQHPHQWVLQFRPSDWLEOHV
2.(QGpGXLUHJUkFHjO H[HUFLFHSUpFpGHQWTXH3 $  3 ( 3 ) ±3 (,) 

‰ Exercice 16.6.  2QH[WUDLWFDUWHVG¶XQMHXGHFDUWHVXQHSDUXQHDYHFUHPLVHj
FKDTXHIRLVGHODFDUWHWLUpH
1. 4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHO¶RQREWLHQQHYDOHWV"
2. 4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHO¶RQREWLHQQHIRLVXQHFDUWHGHPrPHKDXWHXU"

„„ 316
316 CHAPITRE 16
‰ Exercice 16.7.  2QH[WUDLWFDUWHVG¶XQMHXGHFDUWHVXQHSDUXQHDYHFUHPLVHj
FKDTXH IRLV GH OD FDUWH WLUpH 4XHOOH HVW OD SUREDELOLWp TX¶DX PRLQV XQH GH FHV FDUWHV VRLW XQ
YDOHW"

‰ Exercice 16.8.2QODQFHXQGppTXLOLEUpGHX[IRLVGHVXLWH
1.4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHODVRPPHGHVQXPpURVREWHQXVVRLWpJDOHj"
2. ,O\DVRPPHVSRVVLEOHV WRXVOHVHQWLHUVHQWUHHW 3RXUTXRLODSUREDELOLWpFDOFXOpHj

ODSUHPLqUHTXHVWLRQQ HVWHOOHSDVWRXWVLPSOHPHQWpJDOHj "


‰ Exercice 16.9.  8QHXUQHFRQWLHQW Q ERXOHV QXPpURWpHV GH j Q DYHF Q    2Q
H[WUDLWDXKDVDUGXQHERXOHGHFHWWHXUQH
1. 4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHQXPpURREWHQXVRLWLQIpULHXURXpJDOjQ"
2.4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHQXPpURREWHQXVRLWSDLU"
3. 5HSUHQGUHOHVTXHVWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVDYHFXQHXUQHFRQWHQDQW Q   ERXOHVQXPpURWpHV
GHjQ

‰ Exercice 16.10.**'HX[LQpJDOLWpVFRQFHUQDQWODUpXQLRQG¶pYpQHPHQWV
1.6RLW ( HW ) GHX[pYpQHPHQWV0RQWUHUTXH 3 ( % )  3 (  3 ) 
2. a) (QGpGXLUHTXHVL$%HW&VRQWWURLVpYpQHPHQWVTXHOFRQTXHVDORUVRQD
3 $% %%&  3 $  3 %  3 & 
b) (QpFULYDQWO¶LQpJDOLWpSUpFpGHQWHSRXUOHVpYpQHPHQWV $  % HW & pWDEOLUTXHVLWURLV
pYpQHPHQWV$%HW&VRQWpTXLSUREDEOHVGHPrPHSUREDELOLWpSHWYpULILHQW3 $,%,&  

DORUVRQDS 


„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ ODORFXWLRQ OHSUHPLHU DV« LPSRVH TXH O¶RQ
Q¶REWLHQQHDXFXQDVDYDQW
3RXUODTXHVWLRQ ODORFXWLRQOHGHX[LqPHDV«LPSRVHTXHO¶RQREWLHQQHXQDV
DYDQWPDLVRHVWLO"
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGXFULEOH WKpRUqPH 
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  LO IDXW UHFRQQDvWUH OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV
WRWDOHV
3RXUODTXHVWLRQF¶HVWSUHVTXHODPrPHFKRVH
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQWUDGXLUHOHIDLWTXHVRLW(VHUpDOLVHHWSDV)VRLW
)VHUpDOLVHHWSDV(
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQLO\DYDOHWVGDQVOHMHXGRQFFKDQFHVG¶DYRLU
XQYDOHWjFKDTXHWLUDJH

PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 317 „„

317
 3RXUODTXHVWLRQLO\DKDXWHXUVGHFDUWHOHVOHVOHVOHVOHVYDOHWV
OHVGDPHVOHVURLVHWOHVDV
([HUFLFH&RQVLGpUHUO¶pYpQHPHQWFRQWUDLUH $ GHFHOXLTXLHVWSURSRVp
([HUFLFH 3RXUODTXHVWLRQ LO\DFRXSOHVGDQVȍ&RPELHQG¶HQWUHHX[
GRQQHQWXQHVRPPHpJDOHj"
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQ FRPELHQDWRQGHERXOHVSRUWDQWGHVQXPpURV
LQIpULHXUVRXpJDX[jQGDQVO¶XUQH"
3RXUODTXHVWLRQOHVQXPpURVSDLUVVRQW«Q&RPELHQVRQWLOV"
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQXWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGXFULEOH WKpRUqPH 
3RXUODTXHVWLRQD DSSOLTXHUODTXHVWLRQDYHF ( $ % % HW ) & 

„„ 318
318 CHAPITRE 16
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
) 9 9 9 9 ) 9 ) ) 9

1. / pYpQHPHQW $©RQQ REWLHQWTXHGHVERXOHVQRLUHVªVLJQLILHTXHWRXWHVOHVERXOHVREWHQXHV
VRQWQRLUHV$IILUPHUTXH $QHV HVWSDVUpDOLVpF HVWrWUHFDSDEOHGHGpFHOHUXQHERXOHEODQFKH
SDUPLOHVERXOHVWLUpHVF HVWjGLUHTXHO pYpQHPHQW $ HVW©LOH[LVWHDXPRLQVXQHERXOHTXL
HVWEODQFKHSDUPLOHVERXOHVREWHQXHVª

2. 6LO RQQ DREWHQXTXHGHV 3LOHVSHQGDQWOHV Q  SUHPLHUVODQFHUVF HVWTX HQSDUWLFXOLHURQ
Q DREWHQXTXHGHV3LOHVSHQGDQWOHVQSUHPLHUVODQFHUV
2QDGRQF $Q  + $Q 
Q
5HPDUTXH2QSRXYDLWDXVVLpFULUH$Q   3N R3NGpVLJQHO pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLU3LOHDXNqPH

Corrigé
N 
Q  Q
ODQFHUª2QDDORUV$Q   3N    3N ,3Q $Q,3QFHTXLSURXYHTXH$Q+$Q
N  N 

3. 6L O RQ REWLHQW DX PRLQV XQ 3LOH SHQGDQW OHV Q SUHPLHUV ODQFHUV DORUV D IRUWLRUL RQ D DX
PRLQV XQ 3LOH DYHF XQ ODQFHU GH SOXV VRLW SHQGDQW OHV Q   SUHPLHUV ODQFHUV 2Q D GRQF 
%Q + %Q  
Q
5HPDUTXH2QSRXYDLWDXVVLpFULUH%Q  * 3N R3NGpVLJQHO pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLU3LOHDXNqPH
N 
Q  Q
ODQFHUª2QDDORUV %Q  * 3N   * 3N % 3Q  %Q % 3QFHTXLSURXYHO LQFOXVLRQGH %Q
N  N 
GDQV%Q JUkFHDXWKpRUqPHTXLDVVXUHTXH%Q+%Q%3Q 

4. 3XLVTXH $ , % + % RQD 3 $ , %  3 % SDUFURLVVDQFHGHODSUREDELOLWp

5.'LUHTXH$HW%VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVVLJQLILH $ , % * &HFLYHXWGLUHTXHOHVpOpPHQWVȦGH
$QHVRQWSDVpOpPHQWVGH%GRQFpOpPHQWVGH % 2QDGRQF $ + %  RQDDXVVL%+ $ 

6. 2QFRQVLGqUHXQODQFHUGHGpjIDFHVQXPpURWpHVGHj
6L$GpVLJQHO pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLURXªHWVL%GpVLJQHO pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLURXªDORUV
$ GpVLJQHO pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLURXª2QFRQVWDWHTXH $HW %VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVHW
SRXUWDQW $ Q HVWSDVLQFOXVGDQV%

PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 319 „„

319
5HPDUTXH6LO RQVHUpIqUHjODTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHGLUHTXH$HW%VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVVLJQLILH
$ + % F HVWjGLUH%+ $  WKpRUqPH HWQRQSDV $ +%
7.'¶DSUqVOHVORLVGH0RUJDQRQD $ , % $ % % 
2QHQGpGXLW 3 $ , % 3 $% %   3 $ % % 

2QDGRQFELHQ 3 $ % %   3 $ , % 

8. (QUHSUHQDQWO H[SpULHQFHGX9)RQUHPDUTXHTXH 3 $ , % 3 $ 

3RXUWDQWSDUpTXLSUREDELOLWpRQD 3 % )LQDOHPHQW 3 $ , %  3 $  3 % 

5HPDUTXH 2QYHUUDjO H[HUFLFHFHTX LOHQHVWUpHOOHPHQW8QHFKRVHHVWV€UHO¶pJDOLWp
3 $, % 3 $  3 % HVWDEVXUGHGDQVOHFDVR 3 $  3 % 

9.,OIDXWVHFRQYDLQFUHTXHFHQ¶HVWSDVGDQVOHFRXUV
7RXMRXUVHQUHSUHQDQWO H[SpULHQFHGX9)RQUHPDUTXHTXH $ , % * 
  
2QDGRQF 3 $ , %  DORUVTXH 3 $ 3 % # 
  
5HPDUTXH 2Q YHUUD GDQV OH FKDSLWUH VXLYDQW TXH GDQV FHUWDLQV FDV LQGpSHQGDQFH GHV
pYpQHPHQWV RQD 3 $ , % 3 $ 3 % 

10. 6LO¶RQFRQVLGqUHOHODQFHUG¶XQGpjIDFHVDLQVLTXHOHVpYpQHPHQWV
$ ©REWHQLU OH QXPpUR  RX OH QXPpUR ª % ©REWHQLU OH QXPpUR  RX OH QXPpUR ª HW
&©REWHQLUOHQXPpURRXOHQXPpURRXOHQXPpURªRQDELHQ 3 $ , % , &  
  
2QSHXWYpULILHUTXH 3 $ , %  3 % , & HW 3 $ , & 
  

‰ Les erreurs classiques

1HSDVFRQIRQGUH,HW% HQFRUHPRLQVTXHGDQVOHFKDSLWUH 
/HQRQUHVSHFWGHVORLVGH0RUJDQHQWUDvQHGHJUDYHVHUUHXUVGHORJLTXH
,OYDXWPLHX[QHSDVWURSVHILHUjVRQLQWXLWLRQORUVTX LOV DJLWGHPHWWUHHQSODFH
GHVLQFOXVLRQV FHTXHO RQDSSHOOHOHERQVHQVHVWVRXYHQWWURPSHXU 
 /RUVTXH OD ORFXWLRQ  DX PRLQV XQ HVW SUpVHQWH F HVW TXH O RQ D DIIDLUH j XQH
UpXQLRQ HW SDV j XQH LQWHUVHFWLRQ TXL HOOH VH UHSqUH VRXYHQW j OD ORFXWLRQ RQ
Q REWLHQWTXH

„„ 320 CHAPITRE 16
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 16.1 _____________________________

$XPRLQVO XQHGHVFDUWHVHVWURXJH 5 $ % % 
8QHVHXOHGHVFDUWHVHVWURXJH GRQFO DXWUHHVWQRLUH  6 $ , % % $ , % 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 16.2 _____________________________

1. (  HVW O¶pYpQHPHQW  ©/H SUHPLHU DV D pWp REWHQX DX GHX[LqPH ODQFHUª GRQF
( $ , $  DXWUHFKRVHTX XQDVDXSUHPLHUODQFHUHWXQDVDXGHX[LqPH 
 ( ©/HSUHPLHUDVDpWpREWHQXDXFLQTXLqPHODQFHUª
( $ , $ , $ , $ , $  DXFXQDVORUVGHV  SUHPLHUVODQFHUVSXLVXQDVDXFLQTXLqPH 
 (Q ©/HSUHPLHUDVDpWpREWHQXDX Q qPH ODQFHUª

Corrigé
(Q $ , $ ,  , $Q  , $Q  DXFXQDVORUVGHV Q   SUHPLHUVODQFHUVSXLVXQDVDX Q qPH 
Q 
2QSHXWpFULUH (Q  $N , $Q 
N 

2. *   ©/H GHX[LqPH DV D pWp REWHQX DX WURLVLqPH ODQFHUª ,O IDXW HW LO VXIILW TXH O¶RQ
REWLHQQHVRLWXQDVDXSUHPLHUWLUDJHSDVG¶DVDXGHX[LqPHHWGHQRXYHDXXQDVDXWURLVLqPH
WLUDJH VRLW SDV G¶DV DX SUHPLHU WLUDJH XQ DV DX GHX[LqPH HW GH QRXYHDX XQ DV DX WURLVLqPH
WLUDJH2QDGRQF * $ , $ , $ % $ , $ , $ 
 * ©/HGHX[LqPHDVDpWpREWHQXDXTXDWULqPHODQFHUª
'HPrPHRQD * $ , $ , $ , $ % $ , $ , $ , $ % $ , $ , $ , $ 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 16.3 _____________________________

2QVDLWTXH3 (%)  3 ( 3 ) ±3 (,) HWRQVDLWDXVVLTXH3 (%)  XQHSUREDELOLWp
HVWLQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHj RQDGRQF3 ( 3 ) ±3 (,) 2QHQGpGXLW


3 (,) 3 ( 3 ) ±

_________ Exercice 16.4 _____________________________

1. /DIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVDVVRFLpHDXV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG¶pYpQHPHQWV (  ( 

GRQQpHjO¶H[HPSOHV¶pFULW 3 ) 3 ) , (  3 ) , ( 

PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 321 „„

&RPPHOHVpOpPHQWVFRPPXQVj(HWj)VRQWOHVPrPHVTXHFHX[TXLVRQWFRPPXQVj)HWj(
FHTXLVHPEOHSOXVTX¶pYLGHQW RQD ) , ( ( , ) 
'HPrPHSRXU ( HW)RQD ) , ( ( , ) 
(QUHPSODoDQWGDQVODIRUPXOHpFULWHDXGpEXWRQWURXYH 3 ) 3 ( , )  3 ( , ) 

$LQVLRQREWLHQW 3 ( , ) 3 )  3 ( , ) 

2. 2QUDLVRQQHGHODPrPHIDoRQHQpFKDQJHDQWOHVU{OHVGH(HW)F¶HVWjGLUHHQpFULYDQWOD
IRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVjO¶pYpQHPHQW(DYHFOHV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG¶pYpQHPHQWV )  ) 

2QDDORUV 3 ( 3 ( , )  3 ( , ) 2QHQGpGXLW 3 ( , ) 3 (  3 ( , ) 
D0pWKRGHV
5HPDUTXH6L)HVWLQFOXVGDQV(RQD 3 ( , ) 3 (  3 ) 

_________ Exercice 16.5 _____________________________

1. / pYpQHPHQW©XQVHXOG HQWUHHX[VHUpDOLVHªHVWO pYpQHPHQW©(VHUpDOLVHPDLVSDV)RX)
VHUpDOLVHPDLVSDV(ª2QDGRQF $ ( , ) % ( , ) 
( , ) HW ( , ) VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVFDUSDUDVVRFLDWLYLWpHWFRPPXWDWLYLWpGHO¶LQWHUVHFWLRQRQ
D ( , ) , ( , ) (,( , ) ,) * , * * 

2. /HVpYpQHPHQWV ( , ) HW ( , ) VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVGRQF 3 $ 3 ( , )  3 ( , ) 
(QXWLOLVDQWOHVGHX[TXHVWLRQVGHO H[HUFLFHSUpFpGHQWRQREWLHQW
3 $ 3 (  3 ( , )  3 )  3 ( , )   3 (  3 )   3 ( , ) 
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 16.6 _____________________________

1. 6RLW$O¶pYpQHPHQW©OHVWURLVFDUWHVWLUpHVVRQWGHVYDOHWVª
 ¬ FKDTXH WLUDJH LO \ D  UpVXOWDWV SRVVLEOHV FH TXL IDLW SRXU WURLV WLUDJHV   UpVXOWDWV
SRVVLEOHV3DUFRQVpTXHQWFDUG ȍ  
6LO¶RQYHXWREWHQLUWURLVIRLVXQYDOHWLO\DIDoRQVGHIDLUHjFKDTXHWLUDJH YDOHWGHSLTXH
YDOHWGHF°XUYDOHWGHFDUUHDXRXYDOHWGHWUqIOH FHTXLIDLWSRXUWLUDJHV  IDoRQVGHIDLUH
3DUFRQVpTXHQWFDUG $   

   
/DSUREDELOLWpFKHUFKpHHVWpJDOHj 3 $ 
   


„„ 322 CHAPITRE 16
2. /¶pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUIRLVXQHFDUWHGHPrPHKDXWHXUªHVWODUpXQLRQGHpYpQHPHQWVGX

W\SHGH $WRXVGHSUREDELOLWp ©OHVWURLVFDUWHVWLUpHVVRQWGHVª©OHVWURLVFDUWHVWLUpHV

VRQWGHVª«©OHVWURLVFDUWHVWLUpHVVRQWGHVURLVª©OHVWURLVFDUWHVWLUpHVVRQWGHVDVª
&HVpYpQHPHQWVVRQWGHX[jGHX[LQFRPSDWLEOHVHWODSUREDELOLWpGHOHXUUpXQLRQHVWGRQFpJDOH
jODVRPPHGHVSUREDELOLWpVGHFKDFXQG¶HQWUHHX[
 
&RQFOXVLRQODSUREDELOLWpG¶REWHQLUIRLVXQHFDUWHGHPrPHKDXWHXUHVWpJDOHj  # 
 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 16.7 _____________________________

6RLW$O¶pYpQHPHQW©DXPRLQVO¶XQHGHVFDUWHVWLUpHVHVWXQYDOHWª&KHUFKRQVODSUREDELOLWpGH
O¶pYpQHPHQWFRQWUDLUH $ ©Q¶REWHQLUDXFXQYDOHWª
 ¬ FKDTXH WLUDJH LO \ D  UpVXOWDWV SRVVLEOHV FH TXL IDLW SRXU WURLV WLUDJHV   UpVXOWDWV
SRVVLEOHV3DUFRQVpTXHQWFDUG ȍ  
6LO¶RQYHXWQ¶REWHQLUDXFXQYDOHWLO\DIDoRQVGHIDLUHjFKDTXHWLUDJHFHTXLIDLWSRXU
WURLVWLUDJHV  UpVXOWDWVSRVVLEOHV3DUFRQVpTXHQWFDUG $  

Corrigé
 
   
3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpRQREWLHQW 3 $ 
   
 
2QHQGpGXLWDORUV 3 $  
 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 16.8 _____________________________

1. / H[SpULHQFH FRQVLVWH j ODQFHU GHX[ IRLV XQ Gp pTXLOLEUp HW IDLUH OD VRPPH GHV QRPEUHV
REWHQXV
$VVLPLORQV OHV UpVXOWDWV GH FHWWH H[SpULHQFH j GHV FRXSOHV D  E  R D GpVLJQH OH UpVXOWDW GX
SUHPLHUODQFHUHWEOHUpVXOWDWGXGHX[LqPHODQFHU
&RPPH D ab HW E ab RQDWRXWGHVXLWH FDUG ȍ  
'pQRPEURQVDORUVOHVFRXSOHVGH ȍ GRQWODVRPPHGHVFRPSRVDQWHVYDXW
,O\D         HW   VRLWFRXSOHV

3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpODSUREDELOLWpG REWHQLUXQHVRPPHpJDOHjYDXWGRQF 


2. &HWWHSUREDELOLWpQ HVWSDV FHUWHVLO\DVRPPHVSRVVLEOHVPDLVFHVVRPPHVQH

VRQW SDV pTXLSUREDEOHV (Q HIIHW OD VRPPH  SDU H[HPSOH QH VH UpDOLVH TXH SRXU OH
FRXSOH  DORUVTXHSDUH[HPSOHODVRPPHVHUpDOLVHSRXUFRXSOHVGLVWLQFWV



PROBABILITÉ SUR UN UNIVERS FINI 323 „„

_________ Exercice 16.9 _____________________________
1.2QD ȍ aQ b GRQF FDUG ȍ Q 
8QQXPpURHVWLQIpULHXURXpJDOjQVLFHQXPpURHVWVRLWVRLWVRLWQ
Q 
3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHQXPpURVRLWLQIpULHXURXpJDOjQHVW 
Q 

2.,O\DH[DFWHPHQWQQXPpURVSDLUVGDQV ȍ HWFHVQXPpURVVRQW    Q 

3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHQXPpURVRLWSDLUHVWGRQFDXVVL 


3.&HWWHIRLV ȍ a Q b HW FDUG ȍ  Q
/ pTXLSUREDELOLWpDVVXUHWRXMRXUVTXHODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHQXPpURVRLWLQIpULHXURXpJDOj QHVW
Q 
 LO\DHQHIIHWQQXPpURVLQIpULHXUVRXpJDX[jQ«Q 
Q  
Q 
'HPrPHODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHQXPpURVRLWSDLUHVWDXVVLpJDOHj  LO\D Q  QXPpURV
Q  
SDLUVQ 

_________ Exercice 16.10____________________________

1.2QVDLWTXHVL ( HW ) VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVRQD
3 (%) 3 ( 3 ) 3 (,) 
&RPPH 3 ( , )   RQD 3 ( % )  3 (  3 ) 

2. a) (QDSSOLTXDQWFHWWHLQpJDOLWpDYHF ( $ % % HW ) & RQREWLHQW
3 $% % %&  3 $% %  3 & 
0DLVFRPPH 3 $ % %  3 $  3 % RQD 3 $ % %  3 &  3 $  3 %  3 & 
'HVLQpJDOLWpV 3 $ % % % &  3 $ % %  3 & HW 3 $ % %  3 &  3 $  3 %  3 & 
RQGpGXLW 3 $ % % % &  3 $  3 %  3 & 

b) 2QVDLWTXH 3 $ 3 % 3 & S HW 3 $ , % , &  
(QDSSOLTXDQWO LQpJDOLWpGHODTXHVWLRQD DX[pYpQHPHQWV $  % HW & RQREWLHQW
3 $% % %&  3 $  3 %  3 & 

2QREWLHQWDLQVLJUkFHDX[ORLVGH0RUJDQ 3 $ , % , &  3 $  3 %  3 & 

3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpGHVpYpQHPHQWVRQDDORUV     S F HVWjGLUH±S

)LQDOHPHQWRQREWLHQW S  


„„ 324 CHAPITRE 16
 Chapitre 17
Conditionnement
et indépendance

Abraham de Moivre fuit sa Champagne natale

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

à dix-huit ans pour l’Angleterre à la révocation de l’Édit

de Nantes qui interdit aux Protestants de pratiquer
leur religion. Une fois à Londres, un ouvrage des Principia
 †ž  #     )*    ; 
et devient vite un mathématicien reconnu. Il donne
une approximation de la loi binomiale pour des grandes
valeurs en introduisant une densité de probabilité
 !    +    

■ Un peu d'histoire
La probabilité de la conjonction de deux événements indépendants est le produit
de leurs probabilités. C’est de manière tout à fait intuitive que les premiers savants
      +   :    „      # 
Moivre qui, le premier, a fait état de la notion d’événements indépendants et a estimé
la probabilité d’apparition de leur intersection.
À l’époque, aucune axiomatique des probabilités n’existait, on se basait uniquement
  Ÿ #     |     Q         
deux événements.
Depuis qu’on formalise le calcul des probabilités avec la théorie des ensembles, les
    ;)ΠQ ;             ##   
leur intersection est le produit de leurs probabilités.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRPSRVpHV
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHV
Z 6DYRLUPRQWUHUTXHGHX[pYpQHPHQWVVRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUXWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV
Z 6DYRLUGLVWLQJXHUO LQGpSHQGDQFHG pSUHXYHVGHFHOOHG pYpQHPHQWVDVVRFLpV

 „„ Résumé de cours

2QVXSSRVHGDQVWRXWFHFKDSLWUHTXHȍHVWILQL

„Conditionnement
‰ Probabilités conditionnelles
'pILQLWLRQ6RLW$HW%GHX[pYpQHPHQWVWHOVTXH 3 $   2QDSSHOOH©SUREDELOLWpGH
% VDFKDQW TXH $ HVW UpDOLVpª RX ©SUREDELOLWp GH % VDFKDQW $ª RX HQFRUH ©SUREDELOLWp GH %
3 $, %
FRQGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWjO pYpQHPHQW$ªOHUpHOQRWp 3$ % GpILQLSDU 3$ % 
3 $

5HPDUTXH'DQVODSUDWLTXH HQH[FOXDQWGRQFFHUWDLQVH[HUFLFHVWKpRULTXHV LOHVWSOXV
VLPSOH GH GpWHUPLQHU 3$ %  TXH 3 $ , %  /D GpILQLWLRQ FLGHVVXV HVW GRQF SHUIRUPDQWH
TXDQGRQO¶XWLOLVHSRXUFDOFXOHU 3 $ , % VRXVODIRUPH 3 $ , % 3 $ 3$ % 
D Méthode 17.1. Comment calculer la probabilité de l'intersection de deux événements ?

7KpRUqPH/¶DSSOLFDWLRQ3$HVWXQHSUREDELOLWp

3URSULpWpV4XHOTXHVFRQVpTXHQFHVjFRQQDvWUH
3RXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW$GHSUREDELOLWpGLIIpUHQWHGHRQD
3$ ȍ  
3$ *  
3$ %  ±3$ % 
3$ (%)  3$ ( 3$ ) ±3$ (,) 

‰ Formule des probabilités composées

7KpRUqPH6L$ $$QVRQWQpYpQHPHQWVWHOVTXH3 $,$,,$Q± DORUV


RQD
Q
3  $N 3 $  3$ $  3$ , $ $  3$ , $ ,  , $Q  $Q 
N 

D Méthode 17.2. Comment calculer la probabilité de l'intersection de plusieurs événements ?


([HPSOH  &HWWHIRUPXOHHVWLQWpUHVVDQWHORUVTXHO RQDDIIDLUHjXQH RXGHV XUQH V j
FRQWHQXpYROXWLI RQQHUHPHWSDVOHVERXOHVGpMjH[WUDLWHVRXO RQQ HQUHPHWTXHFHUWDLQHVRX
O RQUHPHWOHVERXOHVH[WUDLWHVDFFRPSDJQpHVGHERXOHVVXSSOpPHQWDLUHV 

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 327 „„
 ‰ Formule des probabilités totales
7KpRUqPH5DSSHO SUHPLqUHYHUVLRQ 
6L $  $  $Q HVWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWVDORUVSRXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW%RQD
Q
3 %   ' 3 % , $N 
N 

7KpRUqPH&RQVpTXHQFHLPPpGLDWH GHX[LqPHYHUVLRQ 
6L $  $  $Q HVWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWVFKDFXQpWDQWGHSUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOH
DORUVSRXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW%RQD
Q
3 %   ' 3 $N 3$N % 
N 


D Méthode 17.5. Comment appliquer la formule des probabilités totales ?


5HPDUTXH   'HV GHX[ WKpRUqPHV SUpFpGHQWV F HVW OH WKpRUqPH  TXL HVW OH SOXV
SHUIRUPDQWOHVSUREDELOLWpVFRQGLWLRQQHOOHV 3$N % pWDQWWUqVVRXYHQWIDFLOHVjGpWHUPLQHU

5HPDUTXH   ,O YD GH VRL TXH VL OHV pYpQHPHQWV GX V\VWqPH FRPSOHW XWLOLVp VRQW
QXPpURWpVGLIIpUHPPHQWTXHGHjQFHVIRUPXOHVUHVWHQWYDODEOHV
3DU H[HPSOH VL $  $  $Q  HVW XQ V\VWqPH FRPSOHW G pYpQHPHQWV FKDFXQ pWDQW GH
Q
SUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOHDORUVSRXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW%RQD3 %   ' 3 $N 3$N % 
N 

([HPSOH   $YHF OH V\VWqPH FRPSOHW G¶pYpQHPHQWV $ $  HQ VXSSRVDQW 3 $    HW
3 $   ODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVV pFULW3 %  3 $ 3$ % 3 $ 3 $ % 

‰ Formule de Bayes
7KpRUqPH6L$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVGHSUREDELOLWpVQRQQXOOHVRQD
3 $ 3$ %
3% $   
3 %

7KpRUqPH)RUPXOHGH%D\HVJpQpUDOLVpH
6L $  $  $Q HVWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWVFKDFXQpWDQWGHSUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOH
DORUVSRXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW%GHSUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOHRQD
3 $L 3$L %
L a Q b 3% $L   Q 
' 3 $N 3$N %
N 

D Méthode 17.6. Comment utiliser la formule de Bayes ?

„„ 328 CHAPITRE 17
5HPDUTXH  &HWWHGHUQLqUHIRUPXOHVHPEOHFRPSOLTXpHPDLVHOOHHVWWRXWVLPSOHPHQW
REWHQXHHQDSSOLTXDQWODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVjODSUREDELOLWp3 % GXGpQRPLQDWHXU
GHODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV WKpRUqPH 

„Indépendance en probabilité
‰ Indépendance deux à deux de plusieurs événements
'pILQLWLRQ2QGLWTXHGHX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVORUVTXH


3 $,%  3 $ 3 % 
D Méthode 17.4. Comment montrer que deux événements sont indépendants ?

7KpRUqPH6L 3 $   DORUV$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL3$ %  3 % 

5HPDUTXH6L 3 %   DORUV$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL3% $  3 $ 

'pILQLWLRQ  6RLW $  $  $Q  GHV pYpQHPHQWV GpILQLV VXUXQ PrPH HVSDFHSUREDELOLVp
ȍ 3 ȍ 3 2QGLWTXHFHVpYpQHPHQWVVRQWGHX[jGHX[LQGpSHQGDQWVVLSRXUWRXWFRXSOH
LM G pOpPHQWVGLVWLQFWVGHa Q b OHVpYpQHPHQWV $L HW $ M VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV

7KpRUqPH  6LGHX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVDORUV$HW % VRQWLQGpSHQ
GDQWV $ HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVHWSRXUILQLU $ HW % VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV

5HPDUTXH/DGpPRQVWUDWLRQGHFHUpVXOWDWHVWSURSRVpHjO H[HUFLFH

‰ Indépendance mutuelle de plusieurs événements

'pILQLWLRQ  2QGLWTXHOHVpYpQHPHQWV $  $  $Q VRQWPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWVVL
SRXUWRXWNGH a Q b HWSRXUWRXWHIDPLOOH LLLN G pOpPHQWVGLVWLQFWVGH a Q b RQD


3 $L , $L ,  , $LN   3 $L 3 $L  3 $LN 

D Méthode 17.3. Comment calculer la probabilité d'une intersection d'événements

mutuellement indépendants ?

([HPSOH/HVpYpQHPHQWV$%HW&VRQWPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWVVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL
  3 $,%  3 $ 3 % 3 $,&  3 $ 3 & 3 %,&  3 % 3 & 
  3 $,%,&  3 $ 3 % 3 & 

([HPSOH  2QODQFHGHX[GpVO¶XQURXJHO¶DXWUHEOHXHWRQGpVLJQHSDU$O¶pYpQHPHQW
©OHQXPpURREWHQXDYHFOHGpURXJHHVWSDLUª%©OHQXPpURREWHQXDYHFOHGpEOHXHVWSDLUªHW
&©ODVRPPHGHVGHX[QXPpURVREWHQXVHVWSDLUHª

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 329 „„
        
2Q YpULILH TXH 3 $  3 %  3 &  3 $ , % 
       
    
3 % ,&  3 $ , & HW 3 $ , % , & 3 $ , % 2QDGRQF
    
3 $, % 3 $ 3 % 
3 % ,& 3 % 3 & 
3 $,& 3 $ 3 & 
3 $, % ,&  3 $ 3 % 3 & 
&HFLPRQWUHTXH$%HW&VRQWGHX[jGHX[LQGpSHQGDQWVPDLVSDVPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWV

7KpRUqPH   6L Q pYpQHPHQWV $N  VRQW PXWXHOOHPHQW LQGpSHQGDQWV LO HQ HVW GH PrPH
SRXUOHVpYpQHPHQWV %N R %N GpVLJQHVRLW $N VRLW $N 

([HPSOH6L $  $  $ HW$ VRQWPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWVDORUV $  $  $ HW$ OH
VRQWDXVVL

7KpRUqPH/HPPHGHVFRDOLWLRQV
6L GHV pYpQHPHQWV VRQW PXWXHOOHPHQW LQGpSHQGDQWV DORUV WRXW pYpQHPHQW IRUPp DYHF FHUWDLQV
G HQWUHHX[HVWLQGpSHQGDQWGHWRXWpYpQHPHQWIRUPpjSDUWLUG DXWUHV

5HPDUTXH/RUVG pSUHXYHVGLWHVLQGpSHQGDQWHV ODQFHUVVXFFHVVLIVG XQHSLqFHGRQQpH
WLUDJHVDYHFUHPLVHGDQVXQHXUQHFRQQXH OHVUpVXOWDWVGHFKDTXHpSUHXYHVRQWPXWXHOOHPHQW
LQGpSHQGDQWVOHVXQVGHVDXWUHVRQSHXWSDUOHUjFHVXMHWG LQGpSHQGDQFHQDWXUHOOH
(Q UHYDQFKH LO QH IDXW SDV HQ FRQFOXUH TXH WRXV OHV pYpQHPHQWV OLpV j XQH VXLWH G pSUHXYHV
LQGpSHQGDQWHVVRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV9RLFLXQH[HPSOHDVVH]SDUODQW

2QODQFHXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHIRLVXQHSLqFHpTXLOLEUpH ODSUREDELOLWpGHIDLUH3LOHYDXW HW

SRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONQRQQXORQQRWH3N UHVSHFWLYHPHQW)N O pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQW3LOH
UHVSHFWLYHPHQW)DFH DXNqPHODQFHUªHWSRXUILQLURQSRVH(N 3N,)N
  
2QD SDULQGpSHQGDQFHGHVODQFHUV 3 (N  3 3N 3 )N   #   
  

'HPrPHRQD3 (N   PDLV

3 (N,(N  3 3N,)N,3N,)N  3 3N,*,)N  3 *  
2QDGRQF3 (N,(N 3 (N 3 (N 

2QSRXYDLWDXVVLUHPDUTXHUSOXVGLUHFWHPHQWTXH 3(N (N   DORUVTXH3 (N   

4XHOOHTXHVRLWODPDQLqUHGHSURFpGHURQFRQVWDWHTXHOHVpYpQHPHQWV(NHW(NQHVRQWSDV
LQGpSHQGDQWV

„„ 330 CHAPITRE 17
 „„ Méthodes

„Intersection d'événements, indépendance

‰ Méthode 17.1. Comment calculer la probabilité de l'intersection
de deux événements ?

2QXWLOLVHODGpILQLWLRQG XQHSUREDELOLWpFRQGLWLRQQHOOHVRXVO XQHGHVGHX[IRUPHV

VXLYDQWHVVHORQOHVSUREDELOLWpVTXHO RQSHQVHGpMjFRQQDvWUH
3 $,%  3 % 3% $ RX3 $,%  3 $ 3$ % 

D Exercices 17.4, 17.5


([HPSOH 2Q H[WUDLW ERXOHV DX KDVDUG VXFFHVVLYHPHQW HWVDQV UHPLVH G XQH XUQH FRQWHQDQW

Méthodes
ERXOHVEODQFKHVHWERXOHVQRLUHV4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpG REWHQLUERXOHVQRLUHV"
(QQRWDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUNVXSpULHXURXpJDOj1NO pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWXQHERXOHQRLUH
DXNqPHWLUDJHªRQFKHUFKHODSUREDELOLWpGH1,1

2QDDORUV3 1,1  3 1 31 1 3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWp3 1   HWFRPPHLOQHUHVWH


SRXUOHHWLUDJHTXHERXOHVHQWRXWGRQWERXOHVQRLUHVRQD 31 1   

  
(QFRQFOXVLRQ3 1,1   #   
  

‰ Méthode 17.2. Comment calculer la probabilité de l'intersection

de plusieurs événements ?

,OIDXWXWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRPSRVpHVHWVRLJQHUSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWOHV
H[SOLFDWLRQVMXVWLILDQWOHVYDOHXUVGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRQGLWLRQQHOOHVTXLVRQWHQMHX
6RXYHQW $ $  $Q VRQW GHV pYpQHPHQWV VH SURGXLVDQW GDQV O RUGUH FKURQROR
JLTXH 'qV ORUV F HVW SDUFH TXH O RQ VDLW TXH $ V HVW SURGXLW TX LO HVW SRVVLEOH GH
GpWHUPLQHU 3$ $ SXLVF HVWSDUFHTXHO RQVDLWTXH$HW$VHVRQWSURGXLWVTX LO
HVWSRVVLEOHGHGpWHUPLQHU 3$ , $ $ HWDLQVLGHVXLWH

D Exercices 17.3, 17.4, 17.5


([HPSOH 8QH XUQH FRQWLHQW Q ERXOHV EODQFKHV HW Q ERXOHV QRLUHV 2Q HIIHFWXH Q WLUDJHV DX
KDVDUGG XQHERXOHVDQVUHPLVHGHODERXOHGDQVO XUQH
4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHVQERXOHVWLUpHVVRLHQWEODQFKHV"

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 331 „„
 (Q QRWDQW SRXU WRXW HQWLHU N VXSpULHXU RX pJDO j  %N O pYpQHPHQW © RQ REWLHQW XQH ERXOH
Q
EODQFKHDXNqPHWLUDJHªRQFKHUFKHODSUREDELOLWpGHO pYpQHPHQW  %N  %,,%Q
N 


&RPPH3 % ,% ,,%Q± RQSHXWDSSOLTXHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRPSRVpHV

Q
FHTXLGRQQH3  %N  3 % 3% %  3% , % %  3% ,, %Q %Q 
N 


(QUHPSODoDQWOHVGLIIpUHQWHVSUREDELOLWpVSDUOHXUH[SUHVVLRQHQIRQFWLRQGHQ HQSUHQDQWVRLQ
GHUHPDUTXHUTX DSUqVFKDTXHWLUDJHLO\DXQHERXOHEODQFKHHQPRLQVGDQVO XUQHFHTXLIDLW
TX LOPDQTXHUD Q± ERXOHVEODQFKHVDXPRPHQWGHFDOFXOHU 3% ,, %Q %Q 
Q
Q Q  Q  Q  Q
2QWURXYH3  %N   #
Q Q  
#  #
Q  Q  
 
Q Q    Q  

N 
Q
Q  Q 
/HGpQRPLQDWHXUHVWpJDOj
Q
HWRQREWLHQWILQDOHPHQW3  %N   Q 

N 

‰ Méthode 17.3. Comment calculer la probabilité d'une intersection

d'événements mutuellement indépendants ?

/DSUREDELOLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQG pYpQHPHQWVPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWVHVWpJDOH

DXSURGXLWGHVSUREDELOLWpVGHFKDFXQGHFHVpYpQHPHQWV
&HFLVHSURGXLWORUVTXHO RQUpDOLVHGHVpSUHXYHVGLWHVLQGpSHQGDQWHV MHX[GHSLOH
RXIDFHODQFHUVG XQGpWLUDJHVDYHFUHPLVHGDQVXQHXUQH 

D Exercices 17.6, 17.8


([HPSOH2QODQFHQIRLV RQVXSSRVHQVXSpULHXURXpJDOj XQHSLqFHDPHQDQW3LOHDYHFOD
SUREDELOLWpS DYHFS 
4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHOHSUHPLHU3LOHDUULYHDXQqPHODQFHU"
(QQRWDQWSRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHONQRQQXO3NO pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQW3LOHDXNqPHODQFHUª
RQFKHUFKHODSUREDELOLWpGHO pYpQHPHQW(Q  3 ,, 3Q  , 3Q 
Q±
2QD SDULQGpSHQGDQFHGHVODQFHUV 3 (Q  3 3 3 3Q  3 3Q     S S

‰ Méthode 17.4. Comment montrer que deux événements sont

indépendants ?

$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVVL3 $,%  3 $ 3 % 
'DQVOHFDVRO RQHVWFHUWDLQTXH $ RX% DXQHSUREDELOLWpGLIIpUHQWHGHRQ
SHXWXWLOLVHUOHUpVXOWDWVXLYDQW
$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVVLHWVHXOHPHQWVL3$ %  3 % RX3% $  3 $ 

D Exercice 17.2

„„ 332 CHAPITRE 17
([HPSOH2QODQFHGHX[IRLVXQGppTXLOLEUpHWRQFRQVLGqUHOHVpYpQHPHQWVVXLYDQWV
(©ODVRPPHGHVODQFHUVHVWpJDOHjª
(©ODVRPPHGHVODQFHUVHVWpJDOHjª
)©OHSUHPLHUODQFHUDGRQQpXQª
eWXGLHUO LQGpSHQGDQFHGH(HW)SXLVFHOOHGH(HW)

2QD( ^          `GRQF SDUpTXLSUREDELOLWp 3 (   

 
2QD( ^            `GRQF3 (   
 
 
2QD) ^            `GRQF3 )   
 
 
 (,) ^  `GRQF3 (,)   DORUVTXH3 ( 3 )   
 
/HVpYpQHPHQWV(HW)QHVRQWSDVLQGpSHQGDQWV
   
  ( , )  ^   ` GRQF 3 ( , )    &RPPH RQ D 3 (  3 )   #    OHV
   

Méthodes
pYpQHPHQWV(HW)VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV
5HPDUTXH &HWH[HUFLFHPRQWUHjTXHOSRLQWO LQGpSHQGDQFHQ HVWSDVXQHQRWLRQLQWXLWLYHLO
QHIDXWSDVVHODLVVHULQIOXHQFHUSDUFHTXHO RQFURLWrWUHGXERQVHQV

„Systèmes complets d'événements

‰ Méthode 17.5. Comment appliquer la formule des probabilités
totales ?

$YHFOHV\VWqPHFRPSOHW $ $  $ HW $ pWDQWGHSUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOH

3 %  3 $ 3$ % 3 $ 3$ % 
 $YHF OH V\VWqPH FRPSOHW G¶pYpQHPHQWV $  $  $Q  FKDFXQ pWDQW GH
SUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOH
Q
3 %   ' 3 $N 3$N % 
N 
2QXWLOLVHODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVORUVTXHO RQVHQWTXHO RQKpVLWHHQWUH
GHX[RXSOXVLHXUVRSWLRQVHWTXHO RQVHUDLWSUrWjIDLUHO HUUHXUGHGRQQHUGHX[RX
SOXVLHXUVYDOHXUVGLIIpUHQWHVjODSUREDELOLWpFKHUFKpHVHORQTXHO RQFKRLVLVVHO XQH
RXO DXWUHRSWLRQ FHTXLVHUDLWDEVXUGH &KDTXHIRLVTXHO¶RQUHVVHQWXQPDQTXH
G¶LQIRUPDWLRQV SRXU FDOFXOHU 3 %  RQ FKHUFKH OH V\VWqPH FRPSOHW G pYpQHPHQWV
DGDSWp j OD VLWXDWLRQ SXLV OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV WRWDOHV SHUPHW GH UHJURXSHU
WRXWHVOHVRSWLRQVHWGHGRQQHUODYDOHXUGH3 % 

D Exercices 17.2, 17.5, 17.6, 17.7

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 333 „„
([HPSOH  8QH FRPSDJQLH G DVVXUDQFHV HVWLPH TXH OHV JHQV SHXYHQW rWUH FODVVpV HQ GHX[
FDWpJRULHVFHX[TXLRQWSOXVGHGHX[DFFLGHQWVGHYRLWXUHSDUDQHWOHVDXWUHV
(OOHHVWLPHTXHODSUHPLqUHFDWpJRULHUHSUpVHQWHGHODSRSXODWLRQ3DUDLOOHXUVGHVpWXGHV
VWDWLVWLTXHV PRQWUHQW TXH OD SUREDELOLWp SRXU XQ LQGLYLGX GH OD SUHPLqUH FDWpJRULH G DYRLU XQ
DFFLGHQW GH YRLWXUH GDQV O DQQpH HVW pJDOH  DORUV TXH FHWWH SUREDELOLWp YDXW  SRXU XQ
LQGLYLGXGHODGHX[LqPHFDWpJRULH
4XHOOH HVW OD SUREDELOLWp TX XQ QRXYHDX FOLHQW GpQRPPp SOXV ORLQ OH FOLHQW  GH FHWWH
FRPSDJQLHDLWXQDFFLGHQWGXUDQWO DQQpHTXLVXLWODVLJQDWXUHGHVRQFRQWUDW"


 /H PDODLVH HVW YLWHLGHQWLILp  j TXHOOHFDWpJRULHDSSDUWLHQW FH QRXYHDX FOLHQW" 2Q Q HQ VDLW
5,(1& HVWFHFLTXLHVWW\SLTXHGHO XWLOLVDWLRQGHODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHV
 1RWRQV & O pYpQHPHQW © OH FOLHQW DSSDUWLHQW j OD SUHPLqUH FDWpJRULH ª HW $ O pYpQHPHQW
©OHFOLHQWDXUDXQDFFLGHQWGXUDQWO DQQpHVXLYDQWODVLJQDWXUHGHVRQFRQWUDWª
2QD 3 &    GRQF 3 &    HWODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVV pFULW
3 $  3 & 3& $ 3 & 3 & $ 


/ pQRQFpDGRQQpWRXWHVOHVYDOHXUVQXPpULTXHVRQSHXWGRQFUHPSODFHU
3 $  # ± #FHTXLGRQQH


3 $  

([HPSOH  2Q GLVSRVH GH Q XUQHV Q    QXPpURWpHV GH  j Q HW WHOOHV TXH SRXU WRXW N
pOpPHQW GH a Qb  O XUQH QXPpURWpH N FRQWLHQW N ERXOHV EODQFKHV HW Q ± N  ERXOHV QRLUHV 2Q
FKRLVLWXQHXUQHDXKDVDUGHWRQHQH[WUDLWXQHERXOH4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHFHWWHERXOH
VRLWEODQFKH"
,FLDXVVLF HVWW\SLTXHODUpSRQVHVHUDLWIDFLOHVLO RQ6$9$,7GDQVTXHOOHXUQHRQMRXH
2QPHWGRQFHQSODFHOHV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWV 888Q DGDSWpjODVLWXDWLRQ
HQD\DQWELHQV€UQRWp8NO pYpQHPHQW©O XUQHQXPpURWpHNDpWpFKRLVLHª

/ XUQHpWDQWFKRLVLHDXKDVDUGRQD3 8N     HWHQQRWDQW%O pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWXQH
Q
ERXOHEODQFKHªRQD
Q
3 %   ' 3 8 N 38 N % 
N 
N
&RPPHO XUQHQXPpURWpHNFRQWLHQWQERXOHVGRQWNERXOHVEODQFKHVRQD 38 N %   
Q
(QUHPSODoDQWRQREWLHQW
Q Q
 N   Q Q  Q 
3 %  ' # 'N # 
N  Q Q Q N  Q  Q

„„ 334 CHAPITRE 17
 ‰ Méthode 17.6. Comment utiliser la formule de Bayes ?

2QXWLOLVHFHWWHIRUPXOHTXDQGRQDO LPSUHVVLRQGHUHPRQWHUOHWHPSV2QVDLW
TX XQ pYpQHPHQW % V HVW UpDOLVp HW RQ FKHUFKH OD SUREDELOLWp G XQ pYpQHPHQW $
3 $ 3$ %
DQWpULHXUj%2QUHFKHUFKHODSUREDELOLWpGHODFDXVHGH% 3% $   
3 %
/H FDOFXO GH 3 %  QpFHVVLWH VRXYHQW O XWLOLVDWLRQ GH OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV
WRWDOHVDYHFXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWVELHQDGDSWp

D Exercices 17.5, 17.6, 17.7

([HPSOH2QUHSUHQGODVLWXDWLRQGpFULWHGDQVO H[HPSOHSUpFpGHQW
2QGLVSRVHGHQXUQHV Q QXPpURWpHVGHjQHWWHOOHVTXHSRXUWRXWNpOpPHQWGH a Qb 
O XUQH QXPpURWpHN FRQWLHQWNERXOHVEODQFKHV HW Q ± N ERXOHV QRLUHV 2Q FKRLVLW XQH XUQH DX
KDVDUGRQHQH[WUDLWXQHERXOHHWRQFRQVWDWHTX HOOHHVWEODQFKH4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXH
FHWWHERXOHSURYLHQQHGHO XUQHQXPpURWpH"
3 8 38 %
2QFKHUFKH3% 8 HWODIRUPXOHGH%D\HVGRQQH3% 8   ,OQHUHVWHSOXVTX j

Méthodes
3 %
 
#
UHPSODFHUHWRQREWLHQW3% 8   Q Q    # Q    
Q  Q Q   Q Q  
Q

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 335 „„
 „„ Vrai/Faux

  Vrai Faux
1. 6L$HW%VRQWGHX[pYpQHPHQWVWHOVTXH$+%DORUVRQD3$ %    
2. $HVWXQpYpQHPHQWWHOTXH3 % HW3 % 3RXUWRXWpYpQHPHQW
%RQD 3 % $  ±3% $   

3. 3RXUWRXWFRXSOHG pYpQHPHQWV $% RQD

3 $   3% $  3 % $   

4. 6L$HVWLQGpSHQGDQWGH%HWGH&HWVL%HW&VRQWLQFRPSDWLEOHVDORUV
$HVWLQGpSHQGDQWGH%%&  

5. 4XHOVTXHVRLHQWOHVpYpQHPHQWV$HW%RQD 3% $  3 $ 
 
6. 6L$%HW&VRQWGHX[jGHX[LQGpSHQGDQWVDORUVRQD
3 $,%,&  3 $ 3 % 3 &   

7. 6L$HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVDORUV3 $%%  3 $ 3 % 3 %   

8. 2QODQFHXQGpGHX[IRLVRQQRWH$O pYpQHPHQW©/HSUHPLHUODQFHU
GRQQHXQªHW%O pYpQHPHQW©/DVRPPHGHVQXPpURVREWHQXVjFHV  
GHX[ODQFHUVHVWpJDOHjª2QD3$ %  
9. 2QODQFHTXDWUHIRLVXQHSLqFHHWSRXUWRXWQGH ` RQQRWH3Q UHVS
)Q O pYpQHPHQW©OHQqPHODQFHUGRQQHXQ3LOH UHVS)DFH ª  
/HVpYpQHPHQWV3,)HW3,)VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV
10. 2Q ODQFH WURLV IRLV XQH SLqFH GRQQDQW 3LOH DYHF OD SUREDELOLWp S
S $YHFOHVPrPHVQRWDWLRQVTX¶DX9)RQSRVHSRXUWRXW
QGH ` (Q 3Q,3Q  
3DULQGpSHQGDQFHGHVODQFHUVRQD3 ( , (  S

„„ 336 CHAPITRE 17
 „„ Énoncé des exercices

‰ Exercice 17.1. 2QFRQVLGqUHGHX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%ODSUREDELOLWpGHO pYpQHPHQW$

pWDQWGLIIpUHQWHGH
1. 2QVXSSRVH$HW%LQFRPSDWLEOHVTXHOOHHVWODYDOHXUGH3$ % "
2. 2QVXSSRVHTXH$HVWLQFOXVGDQV%TXHOOHHVWODYDOHXUGH3$ % "

‰ Exercice 17.2. 3UHXYHGXWKpRUqPH2QFRQVLGqUHGHX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%LQGp
SHQGDQWV
1.-XVWLILHUTXH3 $, %  3 $ ±3 $,% HWHQGpGXLUHTXH$HW % VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV
2. eWDEOLUGHPrPHTXH $ HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWVSXLVTXH $ HW % OHVRQWpJDOHPHQW

‰ Exercice 17.3. 8QHXUQHFRQWLHQWERXOHVURXJHVHWERXOHVYHUWHV
2Q H[WUDLW  ERXOHV DX KDVDUG VXFFHVVLYHPHQW HW VDQV UHPLVH GH FHWWH XUQH 4XHOOH HVW OD
SUREDELOLWpTXHO RQREWLHQQHERXOHVYHUWHV"

‰ Exercice 17.4.  2Q GLVSRVH G XQH XUQH TXL FRQWLHQW  ERXOHV QRLUHV HW  ERXOHV
EODQFKHV2QH[WUDLWGHVERXOHVGHFHWWHXUQHXQHSDUXQHHWVDQVUHPLVH
3RXU WRXW Q GH a b  RQ QRWH (Q O¶pYpQHPHQW ©OD SUHPLqUH ERXOH QRLUH HVW REWHQXH DX
Q qPHWLUDJHªHW%QO pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWXQHERXOHEODQFKHDXQ qPHWLUDJHª
 

1. ([SULPHU(( (HW(HQIRQFWLRQGHFHUWDLQVGHVpYpQHPHQWV%NHW %N SXLVGRQQHUOHV



SUREDELOLWpVGH(( (HW(


2.'pWHUPLQHU3 (Q SRXUWRXWHQWLHUQDWXUHOQVXSpULHXURXpJDOj

‰ Exercice 17.5.  2QGLVSRVHGHGHX[XUQHV8HW9/ XUQH8FRQWLHQWERXOHVQRLUHVHW
ERXOHVEODQFKHVHWO XUQH9FRQWLHQWERXOHVQRLUHVHWERXOHVEODQFKHV
1. 2QFKRLVLWXQHXUQHDXKDVDUGHWRQHQH[WUDLWXQHERXOH
a) 4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHFHWWHERXOHVRLWQRLUH"
b) 2QFRQVWDWHTXHODERXOHWLUpHHVWQRLUH&DOFXOHUODSUREDELOLWpTX HOOHSURYLHQQHGH8
2. 2QFKRLVLWXQHXUQHDXKDVDUGHWRQHQH[WUDLWGHVERXOHVXQHSDUXQHHWVDQVUHPLVH
3RXU WRXW Q GH a b  RQ QRWH (Q O¶pYpQHPHQW ©OD SUHPLqUH ERXOH QRLUH HVW REWHQXH DX
Q qPHWLUDJHªHW%QO pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQWXQHERXOHEODQFKHDXQqPHWLUDJHª


([SULPHU(QHQIRQFWLRQGHFHUWDLQVGHVpYpQHPHQWV%N HW %N SXLVGpWHUPLQHUSRXUWRXWQ

GH a b ODSUREDELOLWp 3 (Q 

‰ Exercice 17.6.*8QMRXHXUHVWHQSUpVHQFHGHXUQHV$HW%
'DQVO XUQH$LO\DERXOHVEODQFKHVHWERXOHVURXJHV'DQVO XUQH%LO\DERXOHVEODQFKHV
HWERXOHVURXJHV


CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 337 „„
,OGLVSRVHG DXWUHSDUWGHGpVQRQSLSpVTX LOODQFHXQHIRLV
 6LODVRPPHGHVSRLQWVREWHQXVHVWLQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHjLOFKRLVLWO XUQH$
 6LHOOHHVWVWULFWHPHQWVXSpULHXUHjLOFKRLVLWO XUQH%
,OWLUHDORUVGDQVO XUQHFKRLVLHERXOHVDYHFUHPLVH
1. 4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTX LOQ REWLHQQHTXHGHVERXOHVURXJHV"
2. /HMRXHXUQ REWLHQWTXHGHVERXOHVURXJHV4XHOOHHVWODSUREDELOLWpTXHFHVRLWO XUQH$TXLDLW
pWpFKRLVLH"
3.** &RPPHQWPRGLILHUODFRQGLWLRQGHFKRL[GHVXUQHVjSDUWLUGXWRWDOGHVSRLQWVREWHQXV
SRXUTXHODSUREDELOLWpFDOFXOpHjODTXHVWLRQSUpFpGHQWHVRLWLQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHj

‰ Exercice 17.7.**  /HILQDOLVWHG XQMHXWpOpYLVpHVWSODFpIDFHjWURLVSRUWHV33HW
3 'HUULqUH O XQH G HQWUH HOOHV LO \ D XQH YRLWXUH HW GHUULqUH OHV GHX[ DXWUHV LO Q \ D ULHQ
/ DQLPDWHXU VDLW GHUULqUH TXHOOH SRUWH VH WURXYH OD YRLWXUH HW OH FDQGLGDW O LJQRUH ELHQ V€U /H
FDQGLGDW FKRLVLW OD SRUWH 3 ¬ FHW LQVWDQW O DQLPDWHXU RXYUH OD SRUWH 3 GHUULqUH ODTXHOOH OH
FDQGLGDWFRQVWDWHTX LOQ \DULHQHWO DQLPDWHXUSURSRVHDXFDQGLGDWGHFKDQJHUVRQFKRL[V LOOH
VRXKDLWH
2QQRWH 9L O pYpQHPHQW©ODYRLWXUHVHWURXYHGHUULqUHODSRUWHQXPpURWpHLªHW(O¶pYpQHPHQW
©OHSUpVHQWDWHXURXYUHODSRUWHQXPpURWpHª
1. a) 'pWHUPLQHUVDQVFDOFXO 39 (  39 ( HW 39 ( 
b) &DOFXOHU 3( 9 HW 3( 9 
2. /HFDQGLGDWDXJPHQWHUDWLOVDSUREDELOLWpGHJDJQHUjFHMHXHQFKDQJHDQWGHFKRL["

‰ Exercice 17.8.2QH[WUDLWXQHSDUXQHHWDYHFUHPLVHjFKDTXHIRLVGHODERXOHWLUpHQ
ERXOHV G¶XQH XUQH FRQWHQDQW XQH ERXOH QRLUH HW XQH ERXOH EODQFKH 4XHOOH HVW OD SUREDELOLWp
TX¶DXPRLQVO¶XQHGHVERXOHVWLUpHVVRLWEODQFKH"

„Pour vous aider à démarrer

([HUFLFH5HYHQLUjODGpILQLWLRQG XQHSUREDELOLWpFRQGLWLRQQHOOH
([HUFLFH8WLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHV
([HUFLFHV8WLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRPSRVpHV
([HUFLFH 3RXUODTXHVWLRQ E XWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV3RXUODTXHVWLRQ
XWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHV
([HUFLFH  3RXU OD TXHVWLRQ  GpWHUPLQHU OH QRPEUH GH FDV VXU OHV 
SRVVLEOHV SRXU OHVTXHOV OD VRPPH HVW LQIpULHXUH RX pJDOH j  SXLV XWLOLVHU OD
IRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHV
3RXUODTXHVWLRQF HVWODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV
([HUFLFH3RXUODTXHVWLRQE XWLOLVHUODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV


„„ 338 CHAPITRE 17
 „„ Corrigé des vrai/faux

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
9 ) ) 9 ) ) 9 ) 9 )

1. /DUHODWLRQ $ + % VLJQLILHTXHVL$HVWUpDOLVpDORUV%O HVWDXVVL
2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3$ %  
5HPDUTXH 'DQVOHFDVR$Q HVWSDVGHSUREDELOLWpQXOOHRQSHXWVHFRQYDLQFUHHQpFULYDQW
3 $, %
3$ % &RPPH$HVWLQFOXVGDQV%RQD$,% $G R 3$ %  
3 $

2. 2QFRQVLGqUHO H[SpULHQFHVXLYDQWHRQODQFHXQGpFXELTXHpTXLOLEUpHWRQQRWHOHQXPpUR
REWHQX6RLW$O pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUªHW%O pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUXQQXPpURSDLUª


Corrigé
,O\DWURLVQXPpURVSDLUVHQWUHHWGRQF 3 % 2QDELHQ 3 %   HW 3 %   


'HSOXVFRPPHHVWSDLURQD 3% $ HW 3% $  

2QHQGpGXLWTXH   3% $  3% $ 
5HPDUTXH ,O QH IDOODLW SDV FRQIRQGUH DYHF OD IRUPXOH 3% $   3% $  YXH GDQV OHV
SURSULpWpV

3. (QFRQVLGpUDQWODPrPHH[SpULHQFHTX jODTXHVWLRQRQD
 
3% $  3% $  HW 3 $ 2QHQGpGXLWGRQFTXH 3 $  3% $  3% $ 
 
5HPDUTXH,OQHIDOODLWSDVFRQIRQGUHDYHFODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHV
3 $  3 % 3% $ 3 % 3%  $ 

4. ,OV DJLWGHFRPSDUHU 3 $ , % % & HW 3 $ 3 % % & 
3DUGLVWULEXWLYLWpGHO LQWHUVHFWLRQSDUUDSSRUWjODUpXQLRQ
3 $, % %& 3 $ , % % $ , & 
&RPPH % HW & VRQW LQFRPSDWLEOHV DORUV $ , %  HW $ , &  OH VRQW pJDOHPHQW (Q HIIHW
$ , % , $ , & $ , % , &  $,* *
2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3 $ , % % & 3 $ , %  3 $ , & 



CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 339 „„
2USDULQGpSHQGDQFHGH$HW%HWSDULQGpSHQGDQFHGH$HW&RQD
3 $, %  3 $,& 3 $ 3 %  3 $ 3 & 3 $ 3 %  3 & 
/ LQFRPSDWLELOLWpGH%HW&DVVXUHDORUVTXH 3 $ , % % & 3 $ 3 % % & 

 
5. (QFRUHXQHIRLVDYHFO H[SpULHQFHGHODTXHVWLRQRQD 3% $ HW 3 $ 
 
2QHQGpGXLWTXHODUHODWLRQ 3% $  3 $ HVWIDXVVHHQJpQpUDO
5HPDUTXH &HFLDSSDUDvWWUqVQHWWHPHQWVLO RQFKRLVLW %  $FDUDORUV 3% $   3$ $  TXL
HVWVXSpULHXU HWSDVLQIpULHXU j3 $ 

6. 6XSSRVRQVTX¶RQODQFHXQGpWpWUDpGULTXHGRQWOHVTXDWUHIDFHVVRQWQXPpURWpHVHW
2Q QRWH $ % HW & OHV pYpQHPHQWV $  ^ ` %  ^ ` HW & ^ ` HW RQ D OHV UpVXOWDWV
VXLYDQWV
 
 3 $ 3 % 3 &  3 $ , % 3 $ , & 3 % , & 3 ^`  FH TXL SURXYH
 
TXHOHVpYpQHPHQWV$%HW&VRQWGHX[jGHX[LQGpSHQGDQWV
 
 3 $ , % , & 3 ^` HW 3 $ 3 % 3 & GRQF 3 $ , % , &  3 $ 3 % 3 & 
 
5HPDUTXH6HXOHO LQGpSHQGDQFHPXWXHOOHGH$%&SHUPHWG¶pFULUHTXH
3 $,%,&  3 $ 3 % 3 & 

5HPDUTXH/¶H[HPSOHSHUPHWWDLWOXLDXVVLGHFRQFOXUH

7. 3DUODIRUPXOHGXFULEOHRQD 3 $ % % 3 $  3 %  3 $ , % 
/ LQGpSHQGDQFHGH$HW%DVVXUHTXH 3 $ % % 3 $  3 %  3 $ 3 % 
2QREWLHQWDORUV 3 $ % % 3 $   3 %  3 % 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3 $ % % 3 $ 3 %  3 % 

 3 $, %
8. 2QD 3 $   HWSDUGpILQLWLRQRQD 3$ % 
 3 $
$ , % VLJQLILHLFL©REWHQLUDXSUHPLHUODQFHUHWDXVHFRQGª
(QQRWDQW&©REWHQLUDXGHX[LqPHODQFHUªO LQGpSHQGDQFHGHVODQFHUVGRQQH
   
3 $, % 3 $,& 3 $ 3 & # 2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3$ % 
   
5HPDUTXH3OXVVLPSOHPHQWVLO RQVDLWTXHOHSUHPLHUODQFHUDGRQQpDORUVSRXUDYRLUXQH
VRPPHpJDOHjLOIDXWHWLOVXIILWTXHO RQREWLHQQHDXGHX[LqPHODQFHUFHTXLGRQQHELHQ

3$ % 



„„ 340 CHAPITRE 17
9. /HVpYpQHPHQWV 3Q pWDQWPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWVOHOHPPHGHVFRDOLWLRQVDVVXUHTXH
3 , 3 HW 3 , 3 VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV FKDFXQGHFHVGHX[pYpQHPHQWVFRQFHUQHQWGHVODQFHUV
GLVWLQFWV 

10. 2QD ( , (   3,3 , 3,3  3,3,3
3DULQGpSHQGDQFH 3 ( , (   3 3 , 3 , 3   S  TXLHVWGLIIpUHQWGH S   FDU SQ HVWQL
pJDOjQLpJDOj 

‰ Les erreurs classiques

,OQHIDXWSDVFRQIRQGUHLQFRPSDWLELOLWpHWLQGpSHQGDQFHGHVpYpQHPHQWV$HW%
 ± O LQFRPSDWLELOLWpVHWUDGXLWSDU$,% *FHTXLLPSOLTXH 3 $ , %  
 ± O LQGpSHQGDQFHVHWUDGXLWSDU 3 $ , % 3 $ 3 % 
 / LQGpSHQGDQFH PXWXHOOH LPSOLTXH O LQGpSHQGDQFH  j  PDLV OD UpFLSURTXH HVW
IDXVVH
,OQHIDXWSDVWUDKLUODIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVHQLQYHQWDQWGHVIRUPXOHV
TXLOXLUHVVHPEOHQW

Corrigé
 / LQGpSHQGDQFH G pSUHXYHV DOpDWRLUHV QH JDUDQWLW SDV O LQGpSHQGDQFH GH WRXV OHV
pYpQHPHQWVTXLOHXUVRQWOLpV UHOLUHODUHPDUTXH 
,OIDXWDEVROXPHQWIDLUHO HIIRUWGHUpIOH[LRQVXIILVDQWSRXUQHSDVFRQIRQGUH3% $ 
HW3 $,% GDQVOHSUHPLHUFDVRQ6$,7TXH%HVWUpDOLVpHWRQQHV RFFXSHGRQF
SDVGHVDSUREDELOLWp HQIDLWRQDXQUHQVHLJQHPHQWVXSSOpPHQWDLUHTXLSHUPHWGH
WURXYHUSOXVIDFLOHPHQWODSUREDELOLWpGH $ DORUVTXHGDQVOHGHX[LqPHFDVRQVH
SRVHODTXHVWLRQGHVDYRLUVL$HW%VHUpDOLVHQW

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 341 „„
 „„ Corrigé des exercices

_________ Exercice 17.1 _____________________________

3 $, %
1.' DSUqVODGpILQLWLRQHWSXLVTXH 3 $   RQD 3$ % 
3 $
/ LQFRPSDWLELOLWpGH$HW%DVVXUHDORUVTXH 3 $ , %  
2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3$ %  

3 $, %
2. 'HPrPHRQDWRXMRXUV 3$ % 
3 $
/ LQFOXVLRQGH$GDQV%DVVXUHTXH $ , % $ 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3$ %  

_________ Exercice 17.2 _____________________________

2QFRQVLGqUHGHX[pYpQHPHQWV$HW%LQGpSHQGDQWV
1. /D IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV WRWDOHV DVVRFLpH DX V\VWqPH FRPSOHW G¶pYpQHPHQWV % % 

V¶pFULW 3 $ 3 $ , %  3 $ , % 

2QDDLQVL 3 $ , % 3 $  3 $ , % 
/ LQGpSHQGDQFHGH$HW%DVVXUHTXH 3 $ , % 3 $ 3 % 
/DUHODWLRQREWHQXHDXGpEXWGHODTXHVWLRQVHWUDGXLWSDU 3 $ , % 3 $  3 $ 3 % 

2QREWLHQWDORUV 3 $ , % 3 $   3 % 

)LQDOHPHQWRQD 3 $ , % 3 $ 3 % F HVWjGLUHTXH$HW % VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV


2. 'H OD PrPH IDoRQ DYHF OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV WRWDOHV DVVRFLpH DX V\VWqPH FRPSOHW
G¶pYpQHPHQWV $ $ RQD 3 % 3 $ , %  3 $ , % FHTXLSURXYHTXH

3 $, % 3 %  3 $, % 

/ LQGpSHQGDQFHGH$HW%DVVXUHDORUVTXH 3 $ , % 3 % 3 $ 3 % 3 $ 3 % 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH $ HW%VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV
(QILQ RQ SURXYH DYHF OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV WRWDOHV DVVRFLpH DX V\VWqPH FRPSOHW
G¶pYpQHPHQWV % % TXH 3 $ 3 $ , %  3 $ , % 

„„ 342 CHAPITRE 17
2QHQGpGXLW 3 $ , % 3 $  3 $, % 

/ LQGpSHQGDQFHGH $ HW%DVVXUHDORUVTXH 3 $ , % 3 $ 3 $ 3 % 3 $ 3 % 
2QHQGpGXLWTXH $ HW % VRQWLQGpSHQGDQWV
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 17.3 _____________________________

3RXUWRXWHQWLHULGH ab QRWRQV 9L O pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUXQHERXOHYHUWHDXLqPHWLUDJHªHW$
O pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUGHX[ERXOHVYHUWHVORUVGHVWURLVWLUDJHVª
2QD$  9 , 9 , 9 % 9 , 9 ,9 % 9 , 9 , 9 
/H FRQWHQX GH O XUQH pWDQW pYROXWLI WLUDJHV VXFFHVVLIV VDQV UHPLVH  QRXV DOORQV DSSOLTXHU OD
IRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRPSRVpHV
2QREWLHQWDORUV 3 9 , 9 , 9 3 9 39 9 39 ,9 9 
 ,O \ D  ERXOHV YHUWHV SRXU  ERXOHV DX WRWDO GDQV O XUQH DYDQW OH SUHPLHU WLUDJH / pTXLSUR

EDELOLWpDVVXUHTXH 3 9 


Corrigé
6DFKDQW 9 LOUHVWHERXOHVYHUWHVSRXUERXOHVDXWRWDOGDQVO XUQHDYDQWOHGHX[LqPHWLUDJH

/ pTXLSUREDELOLWpDVVXUHDORUVTXH 39 9 

6DFKDQW 9 , 9 LOUHVWHWRXMRXUVERXOHVURXJHVSRXUERXOHVDXWRWDOGDQVO XUQHDYDQWOH

WURLVLqPHWLUDJH/ pTXLSUREDELOLWpDVVXUHDORUVTXH 39 ,9 9 

   
)LQDOHPHQWRQD 3 9 , 9 , 9 # # 
   
       
2QWURXYHGHPrPH3 9 , 9 ,9   # # HW3 9 , 9 , 9   # # 
       
/HV pYpQHPHQWV 9 , 9 , 9  9 , 9 ,9  HW 9 , 9 , 9  pWDQW GHX[ j GHX[ LQFRPSDWL
 
EOHVRQD3 $  # 
 
D0pWKRGH

_________ Exercice 17.4 _____________________________

1.  2QDGpMj ( % ,O\DERXOHVQRLUHVSRXUERXOHVDXWRWDOGDQVO XUQHDYDQWOHSUHPLHU
 
WLUDJH3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpRQWURXYH 3 % G¶R 3 ( 
 
6L L HVWXQHQWLHUQDWXUHOVXSpULHXURXpJDOj (L VLJQLILH©Q REWHQLUTXHGHVERXOHVEODQFKHV
SHQGDQWOHV L   SUHPLHUVWLUDJHVSXLVXQHERXOHQRLUHDXLqPHWLUDJHª


CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 343 „„
 2QDGRQF ( % , % 
/DIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVFRPSRVpHVGRQQHDORUV
3 ( 3 % , % 3 % 3% % 
,O\DERXOHVEODQFKHVSRXUERXOHVDXWRWDOGDQVO XUQHDYDQWOHSUHPLHUWLUDJHGRQFWRXMRXUV

SDUpTXLSUREDELOLWpRQREWLHQW 3 % 

6DFKDQWTX XQHERXOHEODQFKHDpWpWLUpHDXSUHPLHUWLUDJHLOUHVWHERXOHVEODQFKHVHWERXOHV

QRLUHVDYDQWOHGHX[LqPHWLUDJH2QHQGpGXLWTXH 3% % 


)LQDOHPHQWRQWURXYH 3 ( 

 'HPrPHRQD ( % , % , % HWRQREWLHQW
3 ( 3 % , % , % 3 % 3% % 3% , % % 
   
2QHQGpGXLW 3 ( # # 
   
 3RXUILQLURQD ( % , % , % , % HW
3 ( 3 % , % , % , % 3 % 3% % 3% , % % 3% , % , % % 
    
2QREWLHQWDORUV 3 ( # # # 
    

2. 3XLVTX LOQ \DTXHWURLVERXOHVEODQFKHVHWTXHOHVWLUDJHVVRQWVDQVUHPLVHODSUHPLqUHERXOH
QRLUHDSSDUDvWDXPD[LPXPDXTXDWULqPHWLUDJH/HVpYpQHPHQWV (Q VRQWGRQFLPSRVVLEOHVGqV
TXHQHVWXQHQWLHUVXSpULHXURXpJDOjG RQ 3 (Q  
D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 17.5 _____________________________

1RWRQV 8O pYpQHPHQW©WLUHUOHVERXOHVGDQVO XUQH 8ªHW 9O pYpQHPHQW©WLUHUOHVERXOHVGDQV
O XUQH 9ª %NO pYpQHPHQW©REWHQLUXQHERXOHEODQFKHDX NqPHWLUDJHªHWHQILQ %N O pYpQHPHQW
©REWHQLUXQHERXOHQRLUHDXNqPHWLUDJHª

1. a)2QFKHUFKH 3 % /HFKRL[GHO XUQHVHIDLVDQWDXKDVDUGRQD 3 8 3 9 

&RPPH 8  9 HVWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWVDYHF 3 8  HW3 9   ODIRUPXOH
GHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVV¶pFULW 3 % 3 8 38 %  3 9 39 % 
  
3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWp 38 % HW 39 % HWRQREWLHQW 3 % 
  


„„ 344 CHAPITRE 17
 b)2QFKHUFKH 3% 8 SDUODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV OHFKRL[GHO XUQHpWDQWDQWpULHXUDXWLUDJH

38 % 3 8
G XQHERXOH 2QD 3% 8 
3 %

/HVUpVXOWDWVPHQWLRQQpVHWREWHQXVjODTXHVWLRQD QRXVGRQQHQW 3% 8 

D0pWKRGHV

2. /HVWLUDJHVVRQWVDQVUHPLVH6RLWQXQpOpPHQWGH a b 
Q 
 2QD ( % HWGqVTXHQHVWVXSpULHXURXpJDOj (Q  %L , %Q 
L 

2QREWLHQWIDFLOHPHQW 3 (  LOV DJLWGHODVLWXDWLRQGHODTXHVWLRQD 

  3RXU FDOFXOHU 3 (  RQ DSSOLTXH OD IRUPXOH GHV SUREDELOLWpV WRWDOHV WRXMRXUV DYHF OH
V\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWV 8  9 HWRQD
3 ( 38 ( 3 8  39 ( 3 9 

Corrigé
 
/HFKRL[GHO XUQHVHIDLVDQWDXKDVDUGRQWURXYH 3 ( 38 (  39 ( 
 
3RXUFDOFXOHU 38 ( LOV DJLWGHFKRLVLUGDQVO XUQH8XQHERXOHEODQFKHSXLVXQHERXOHQRLUH
  
2QREWLHQWDLQVL 38 ( # 
  
3RXUFDOFXOHU 39 ( LOV DJLWGHFKRLVLUGDQVO XUQH9XQHERXOHEODQFKHSXLVXQHERXOHQRLUH
   
2QREWLHQWDLQVL 39 ( # )LQDOHPHQWRQWURXYH 3 ( 
   

 'HPrPHRQD 3 ( 38 ( 3 8  39 ( 3 9 
 
/HFKRL[GHO XUQHVHIDLVDQWDXKDVDUGRQWURXYH 3 ( 38 (  39 ( 
 
3RXUFDOFXOHU 38 ( LOV DJLWGHWLUHUVXFFHVVLYHPHQWGDQVO XUQH8GHX[ERXOHVEODQFKHVSXLV
   
XQHERXOHQRLUH2QREWLHQWDLQVL 38 ( # # 
   
3RXUFDOFXOHU 39 ( LOV DJLWGHWLUHUVXFFHVVLYHPHQWGDQVO XUQH 9GHX[ERXOHVEODQFKHVSXLV
   
XQHERXOHQRLUH2QREWLHQWDLQVL 39 ( # # 
   
 
)LQDOHPHQWRQD 3 ( 
 



CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 345 „„
 (QILQRQD 3 ( 38 ( 3 8  39 ( 3 9 
 
/HFKRL[GHO XUQHVHIDLVDQWDXKDVDUGRQWURXYH 3 ( 38 (  39 ( 
 
3RXUFDOFXOHU 38 ( LOV DJLWGHWLUHUVXFFHVVLYHPHQWGDQVO XUQH 8WURLVERXOHVEODQFKHVSXLV
    
XQHERXOHQRLUH2QREWLHQWDLQVL 38 ( # # # 
    
3RXUFDOFXOHU 39 ( LOV DJLWGHWLUHUVXFFHVVLYHPHQWGDQVO XUQH 9WURLVERXOHVEODQFKHVSXLV
XQHERXOHQRLUH/ XUQH9QHFRQWHQDQWTXHGHX[ERXOHVEODQFKHVFHWWHSUREDELOLWpHVWQXOOH

2QREWLHQWDLQVL 39 (  )LQDOHPHQWRQWURXYH 3 ( 

D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 17.6 _____________________________

1. 1RWRQVUHVSHFWLYHPHQW 5  $HW %OHVpYpQHPHQWV©REWHQLUERXOHVURXJHVª©HIIHFWXHU
OHVWLUDJHVGDQVO XUQH$ªHW©HIIHFWXHUOHVWLUDJHVGDQVO XUQH%ª
/HVUpVXOWDWVGHVGHX[GpVSHXYHQWrWUHDVVLPLOpVjGHVFRXSOHVG pOpPHQWVGH ab 
,O\DFRXSOHVG pOpPHQWVGH ab GRQWODVRPPHGHVFRPSRVDQWHVHVWLQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHj
                 
   
3DUpTXLSUREDELOLWpRQD 3 $ HW 3 % 
   
/DIRUPXOHGHVSUREDELOLWpVWRWDOHVDVVRFLpHVDXV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWV $ % FKDFXQ
GHSUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOHV¶pFULW 3 5 3$ 5 3 $  3% 5 3 % 
'pWHUPLQRQVHQVXLWH 3$ 5 
6DFKDQWTXHO RQHIIHFWXHOHVWLUDJHVGDQVO XUQH$LO\DERXOHVURXJHVVXUXQWRWDOGHERXOHV
 
DYDQWFKDTXHWLUDJH LO\DUHPLVH 2QHQGpGXLWSDULQGpSHQGDQFHTXH 3$ 5 

 
'HODPrPHIDoRQ 3% 5 

     
)LQDOHPHQWRQWURXYH 3 5  
   
D0pWKRGHV

2. 2QFKHUFKHjGpWHUPLQHU 35 $ /HFKRL[GHO XUQHpWDQWDQWpULHXUDX[WLUDJHVGHVERXOHV
RQXWLOLVHODIRUPXOHGH%D\HV
  
3$ 5 3 $  
2QDDLQVL 35 $  
3 5      

   

„„ 346 CHAPITRE 17
(QPXOWLSOLDQWSDUHWHQGLYLVDQWSDU  QXPpUDWHXUHWGpQRPLQDWHXURQREWLHQW
  #  
35 $  
    
  #    #  


D0pWKRGH

3. 1RWRQVSODSUREDELOLWpGHFKRLVLUO XUQH$ HQIDLWSUHPSODFH 
 
S
2QREWLHQWDORUV 35 $  

  
S   S
 


S
'qVORUV 35 $        

  
S   S
 
  
    
6RLW S   #  S   S 
    

Corrigé
     
(QPXOWLSOLDQWSDURQREWLHQW 35 $      S S   S 
  

     
35 $     S    
    
   
(QPXOWLSOLDQWOHVGHX[PHPEUHVSDU RQWURXYH S     
 

2QDDLQVL 35 $     S  

2QV DSHUoRLWHQVXLWHTXHODFRQGLWLRQ©ODVRPPHGHVSRLQWVREWHQXVDX[GpVHVWLQIpULHXUHRX
 
pJDOHjªGRQQH S  DORUVTXHODFRQGLWLRQ©ODVRPPHGHVSRLQWVREWHQXVDX[GpVHVW
 
 
LQIpULHXUHRXpJDOHjªGRQQH S  
 
2QSHXWGRQFFRQFOXUHTXHODFRQGLWLRQ©ODVRPPHGHVSRLQWVREWHQXVDX[GpVHVWLQIpULHXUHRX
pJDOHjªDVVXUHTXH 35 $   

_________ Exercice 17.7 _____________________________


1. a)  39 ( FDUVDFKDQWTXHODYRLWXUHHVWGHUULqUHODSRUWH FKRLVLHSDUOHMRXHXU OH

SUpVHQWDWHXUSHXWRXYULUODSRUWHFRPPHODSRUWHDYHFODPrPHSUREDELOLWp
   39 (   FDU VDFKDQW TXH OD YRLWXUH HVW GHUULqUH OD SRUWH  OH SUpVHQWDWHXU QH SHXW
RXYULUTXHODSRUWH

CONDITIONNEMENT ET INDÉPENDANCE
INDÉPENDANCE 347 „„
   39 (  FDUVLOHSUpVHQWDWHXUVDLWTXHODYRLWXUHHVWGHUULqUHODSRUWHDORUVLOQH
O RXYUHSDV

b) 9 9 9 HVWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOHWG pYpQHPHQWVFKDFXQpWDQWGHSUREDELOLWpQRQQXOOH

SXLVTXH 3 9 3 9 3 9 ODIRUPXOHGH%D\HVJpQpUDOLVpHGRQQH

  
39 ( 3 9 #
3( 9     
39 ( 3 9  39 ( 3 9  39 ( 3 9     
#  #  
   
 
39 ( 3 9 #
HW 3( 9    
39 ( 3 9  39 ( 3 9  39 ( 3 9     
#  #  
   
2.)LQDOHPHQWOHMRXHXUDXJPHQWHUDVDSUREDELOLWpGHJDJQHUHQFKDQJHDQWGHFKRL[ jPpGLWHU 


D0pWKRGHV

_________ Exercice 17.8 _____________________________

6RLW$O¶pYpQHPHQW©DXPRLQVO¶XQHGHVERXOHVWLUpHVHVWEODQFKHª&KHUFKRQVODSUREDELOLWpGH
O¶pYpQHPHQWFRQWUDLUH $ ©REWHQLUQERXOHVQRLUHVª(QQRWDQW 1 N O¶pYpQHPHQW©RQREWLHQW
Q
XQHERXOHQRLUHDXNqPHWLUDJHªRQD $  1 N &RPPHOHVWLUDJHVRQWOLHXDYHFUHPLVHOHV
N 

pYpQHPHQWV 1 N VRQWPXWXHOOHPHQWLQGpSHQGDQWVHWFRPPH 3 1 N RQREWLHQW

Q
 
3 $ 2QHQGpGXLWDORUV 3 $  
 Q
D0pWKRGH


„„ 348 CHAPITRE 17
 Chapitre 18
L’espace vectoriel IRn
Applications linéaires

Isaac Newton étudie à Cambridge en 1664

UN MATHÉMATICIEN

quand une épidémie de peste l’oblige à retourner

chez lui à la campagne. C’est là qu’il conçoit les théories
qui ont fait sa gloire. Son œuvre est colossale
tant en physique qu’en mathématiques. Il énonce
la théorie de la gravitation qui donne la loi de la chute
des corps comme celle du mouvement des planètes.
K       /     ! :
de résoudre d’innombrables problèmes.

■ Un peu d'histoire
La théorie de la gravitation découverte par Isaac Newton fait appel à la notion de
force. La concomitance de deux d’entre elles ne se compose pas comme l’addition des
nombres puisque leurs directions et leurs sens entrent alors en ligne de compte. Elles
s’ajoutent selon la règle du parallélogramme. C’est ainsi qu’est né le concept de vecteur.
Au début du XIXe +                 -
  |       ! "       #!
        :   !        
    „& & ¡     Ž      
 ;  )* Q  ! !      Š    +   
tard dans un ouvrage du mathématicien italien Giuseppe Peano en 1888.
 „„
■ ■ Objectifs
■„les incontournables
Z 6DYRLUUHFRQQDvWUHXQVRXVHVSDFHYHFWRULHOGH \ Q 
Z &RQQDvWUHODQRWLRQGHVRXVHVSDFHYHFWRULHOHQJHQGUp

Z &RQQDvWUHODEDVHFDQRQLTXHGH \ Q 

Z &RQQDvWUHODGpILQLWLRQG¶XQHEDVHG XQVRXVHVSDFHYHFWRULHOGH \ Q RXGH \ Q 

Z &RQQDvWUHODGpILQLWLRQG XQHDSSOLFDWLRQOLQpDLUH
Z &RQQDvWUHOHVGpILQLWLRQVGXQR\DXHWGHO LPDJHG XQHDSSOLFDWLRQOLQpDLUH

■„etEt
plus si si
plus affinités
affinités
Z 6DYRLUGpWHUPLQHUQR\DXHWLPDJHG XQHDSSOLFDWLRQOLQpDLUH

 „„ Résumé de cours

„L’espace vectoriel IR n
‰ Généralités
'pILQLWLRQ   3RXU WRXW HQWLHU QDWXUHO Q QRQ QXO RQ QRWH \ Q  O¶HQVHPEOH GHV QXSOHWV
[  [Q GHQRPEUHVUpHOV YRLUOHSURGXLWFDUWpVLHQDXFKDSLWUH 
2QFRQVWUXLWGHX[RSpUDWLRQVVXUOHVQXSOHWVGHQRPEUHVUpHOVO¶DGGLWLRQTXLHVWXQHORLLQWHUQH
HWOHSURGXLWSDUXQUpHOTXLHVWXQHORLH[WHUQH
 /¶DGG