Faculty of Engineers

Fluid mechanics and

hydraulic
Instructor

Amal Mohamed

Email: [email protected]
 Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION AND BASIC

CONCEPTS
 Objectives

q The basic concepts commonly used in the analysis of fluid flow to avoid
any misunderstandings.
q Classification of fluid flow, such as viscous vs inviscid regions of flow,
internal vs external flow…
q Identify the key fluid properties which define the fluid motion
q Review the metric SI

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 Introduction

MECHANICS: Is the oldest physical science that deals with both stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of forces.

STATICS: The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies at rest.

DYNAMICS: The branch that deals with bodies in motion.

FLUID MECHANICS: The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics) or in motion
(fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at the boundaries. Fluid
mechanics is the science that deals with the action of forces on fluids and gases.

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 Introduction

Hydrodynamics: The study of the motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible (such as
liquids, especially water, and gases at low speeds).

Hydraulics: A subcategory of hydrodynamics, which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels.

Gas dynamics: Deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of
gases through nozzles at high speeds.

Aerodynamics: Deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles at high or low speeds.

Meteorology, oceanography, and hydrology: Deal with naturally occurring flows.

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 Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

Fluid dynamics is used extensively in the

design of artificial hearts. Shown here is
the Penn State Electric Total Artificial
Heart. 6
Application Areas of Fluid Mechanics

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 What is a fluid ?

Fluids are divided into liquids and gases

The particles of which easily move and change position and that will
continuously deform

• A liquid is hard to compress, it takes the shape of its container and

and it forms a free surface in a larger container in a gravitational field.
• Gas on the other hand is easy to compress, and fully expands to fill
its container. There is thus no free surface.

Free surface

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 What is a fluid ?

A solid can resist an applied shear stress by deforming. A fluid

deforms continuously under the influence of a shear stress.

When a constant shear force is applied, a solid eventually stops

deforming at some fixed strain angle, whereas a fluid never stops
deforming and approaches a constant rate of strain.

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 What is a fluid ?

Stress: Force per unit area

Normal stress: The normal component of a force acting on

a surface per unit area

Shear stress: The tangential component of a force acting

on a surface per unit area

Pressure: The normal stress in a fluid at rest

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 Dimensions and units
Primary or Fundamental dimensions Secondary or derived dimensions

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 Fluid properties

Every fluid has certain characteristics by which its physical conditions may be described. We call such characteristics
as the fluid properties.

§ Specific Weight § Bulk Modules of Elasticity

§ Mass Density § Isothermal Conditions
§ Viscosity
§ Adiabatic or Isentropic
§ Vapor Pressure Conditions
§ Surface tension
§ Pressure Disturbances
§ Capillarity

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 Fluid properties

The density of a fluid, designed by ρ (rho), is defined as its mass per unit volume.

m
ρ = SI Units : kg/m3
V
• density of water: 1000 kg/m3
• density of air at atmospheric pressure and 25 °C: 1,22 kg/m3

For liquids, variations in pressure and temperature have a small effect on the value of ρ
Density (kg/m3)
1000
990
980
970
960
950
0 50 100
Temperature (C)

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 Fluid properties

Specific Weight γ
Specific Weight is the force due to gravity on the mass contained in a unit volume of a substance,
i.e. Weight per unit volume.

γ =ρg SI Units : kN/m3

g the gravitational acceleration

Specific Gravity S
The ratio of specific weight of a given liquid to the specific weight of water at a standard reference temperature (4 oC)
is defined as specific gravity, S.

ρ
SG = SI Units: Dimensionless quantity
ρH O
2

The specific weight of water at atmospheric pressure is 9810 N/m3

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 Fluid properties

Ideal Gas Law

A form of the general equation of state, relating pressure, specific volume and temperature.

p = absolute pressure [N/m2]

V = volume [m3]
n = number of moles
Ru = universal gas constant
[8.314 kJ/kmol-K; 0.287 kPa·m3/kg ·K]
T = absolute temperature [K]
MWgas = molecular weight of gas
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 Viscosity

§ Viscosity can be define as the resistance shown by the fluid in motion, it can be the result of the
friction betwen different molecules in a fluid. In an easiest way, imagine the energy required to make
move a fluid.

§ Viscosity arises when there is relative motion between layers of the fluid.

§ Viscosity can also be thought of as a measure of a fluid’s thickness or its resistance to objects passing
through it.

Example : Water VS Honey Vs Oil Vidéo

Ø Newtonian fluid : Viscosity does not change with pressure.

Ø Non Newtonian fluid : Viscosity does change as stress or temperature changes.

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 Viscosity
The resistance to flow.
• V : fluid velocity
• y : distance from solid surface
• Rate of strain, dV/dy
• μ : dynamic viscosity [N.s/m2]
τ: shear stress : An applied force per unit
area needed to produce deformation in
a fluid

Velocity distribution next to a boundary

Newton’s Law of Viscosity

τ = μ dV/dy

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 Viscosity

No-Slip condition

§ No-slip condition: A fluid in direct

contact with a solid sticks the
surface due to Viscous effect.
§ Responsible for generation of wall
shear stress and the development
of the boundary layer.
§ The fluid property responsible for
A fluid flowing over a stationary surface comes to the no-slip condition is viscosity
a complete stop at the surface because of the
no-slip condition.

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 Classifiation of fluid flows
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow

§ Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant ( close to solid surfaces ).
§ Inviscid flow regions: In many flows, there are regions (typically regions not close to solid surfaces)
where viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

The flow of an originally uniform

fluid stream over a flat plate, and
the regions of viscous flow (next to
the plate on both sides) and inviscid
flow (away from the plate).

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 Classifiation of fluid flows
Internal vs External Flow

The airflow over a ball is external flow

Water flow in a pipe The flow of liquids in a

is internal flow duct is called open-
channel flow if the duct is
only partially filled with
the liquid and there is a
free surface.

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 Classification of fluid
Classifiation of fluidflows
flows
Laminar vs Turbulent Flow

Laminar flow: The highly ordered fluid motion characterized

by smooth layers of fluid. The flow of high-viscosity fluids
such as oils at low velocities is typically laminar.
Low speed

Transitional flow: A flow that alternates between being

laminar and turbulent.
Medium speed
Turbulent flow: The highly disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities and is characterized by
velocity fluctuations. The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as
High speed air at high velocities is typically turbulent.

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Classifiation of fluid flows
Laminar vs Turbulent Flow

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 Classification of fluid flows
Steady vs Unsteady Flow

§ The term uniform implies no change

with location over a specified region.

§ The term steady implies no change at a point

with time.
§ The opposite of steady is unsteady.

The term Periodic refers to a flow which oscillates about a mean.

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 Classifiation of fluid flows
Compressible vs Incompresssible Flow

Incompressible: if the density remain nearly constant

throughout.
Compressible flow: If the density of fluid changes during flow
(e.g., high-speed gas flow)

Liquid flows are typically incompressible, especially

for high speeds
Gas flows are often compressible, especially for
high speeds

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 Examples
Question ? A quantity of helium gas at 0°C with a volume of 4.00 m3 has a mass of 0.712 kg at standard atmospheric
pressure. Determine the density of this sample of helium gas.

Question ? Determine the density, specific gravity, and mass of the air in room whose dimensions are 4m x 5m x 6m at 100
kPa and 25°C.
Question ? The velocity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer constructed of two 40 cm long concentric cylinders. The
outer diameter of the inner cylinder is 15 cm, and the gab between the two cylinders is 0.12 cm. The inner cylinder is rotate
at 300 rpm, and the torque is measured to be 0.8 N.m. Determine the viscosity of the fluid.

§ How is viscosity measured? A rotating viscometer.

ü Two concentric cylinders with a fluid in the small gap ℓ.
ü Inner cylinder is rotating, outer one is fixed.
§ Use definition of shear force:

§ If ℓ/R << 1, then cylinders can be modeled as flat plates.

§ Torque T = FR, and tangential velocity V=ωR
§ Wetted surface area A=2πRL.
§ Measure T and ω to compute µ 25