2

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage
1 on pages 2 and 3.

The Clipper Races: an era of competition between cargo ships

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British East India Company had the
monopoly on trade with China and India. This meant that because no rival could legally
importtea or other goods from these countries at this time, the company was rarely in a
hurry to transport its merchandise, Instead, its priority was to minimise costs by carrying as
much as possible on each ship. This meant that its ships- known as East Indiamen - were
enormous, strong and very slow.

By 1800, the average East Indiaman could carry 1,200 tons of merchandise. The trading
patternfor China tea usually meant the East Indiamen set sail from Britain in January, sailed
round the Cape of Good Hope at the southernmost tip of Africa, and arrived in China in
September. There they would load up that year's tea harvest, set off again and, depending on
the wind and weather, aim to arrive back by the following September, so even with
favourable sailing conditions, the round trip lasted almost two years, and if anything went
wrong it could take lot longer.

However, by 1834 the company had lost its trading monopoles, and tea had become a freely
traded item. Having no more use for its great ships, the company sold them off, and many
werebought by merchants or their captains, who continued to plough the seas between
Britain and China. But now that tea could be traded freely. A few smart sailors began to
realise that whoever brought each new harvest of tea to Britain first, stood to make the most
money.

This was partly because if you were home first, you could sell your shipment of tea before
your competitors even arrived, and partly because consumers in Britain in the nineteenth
century believed that the fresher and earlier-picked the tea, the better the resulting drink.
Tea traders now needed faster, sleeker ships to bring their precious cargo back. Nevertheless,
in Britain this idea only caught on slowly, and while the 1840s saw a few faster ships
launched, for the time being many merchants remained satisfied with the slow but reliable
East Indiamen.

In fact it was the Americans who pioneered the first clipper ships. These vessels were fast and
slender, with a narrow hull that was deeper at the back than at the front, and masses of sails
ontall masts. They earned their name from the way that they 'clipped off’ journey time.
British merchants resolved to build their own clippers to rival the Americans, and the first
British tea clipper, Stornaway, was built in Aberdeen in 1850. More tea clippers were
designed and built in Britain throughout the 1850s and 1860s; they had a narrower beam
than their American equivalents, making them less powerful during storms, but faster in
calmer weather.
There was a great spirit of competition between the British and American ships plying the
tea trade, but to begin with the Americans had the edge. Then in 1851 a British ship owner,
Richard Green, built the aptly named clipper Challenger with the stated intention of beating
the American ships. Loaded with tea, Challenger left China for London in 1852 at the same
time as the American clipper Challenge, a much larger older ship, already greatly admired
for its speed. Large sums were bet on which would complete the journey first. In the event,
the British ship beat its rival to London by two days, amid much jubilation. From then on,
such international races grew in popularity.

After 1855, American participation in the British tea trade gradually stopped. But even
without the Anglo-American rivalry, the competitive spirit continued. It was really ignited
when new ports were opened up for trade in China. These included Fouchow, which was
much closer to the tea-producing areas than Canton, the port used previously. As a result,
tea could be loaded on board earlier and fresher, and the clippers could set off in late May
or early June - sometimes not even taking time to fill out the official paperwork - racing back
to Britain whatever the difficulties.

They sped down through the South China Sea and into the Indian Ocean, then raced to get
round the southernmost tip of Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. Then it was north across the
vast Atlantic, past the Azores, through the English Channel and into the estuary of the River
Thames. Once there, they would be towed by tugs, up the river and into the docks.

The cargo of the winning ship could earn premium of up to sixpence per pound - and so the
captain and crew were rewarded by the owners of the cargo. But the races were about more
than just money: the crews, about 40 men on each clipper, were expert sailors, proud of
their ships, and they delighted in competing against each other. Without their enthusiasm,
the raceswould never have happened, since home as fast as possible required the crew to
be totally dedicated and to sacrifice much of their rest for the duration of the race.
Questions 1-6

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British East India Company faced a lot of
competition.

2 Before 1800, cargo size was the most important consideration for the East India Company.

3 At best, voyages of the East Indiamen to China and back took nearly two years to complete.

4 Before 1834, voyages to and from China were considered to be highly dangerous.

5 In After 1834, the ships which had served the East India Company stopped being used for
commercial purposes.

6 In the nineteen century, British drinkers preferred tea made from mature leaves to that made
from younger leaves.
Questions 7-13

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.

Clipper races

The ships

• Clipper ships were first used for trading by American merchants.

• The ships were remarkable for the number of 7 ................ they had.
• The performance of British tea clippers was particularly affected when there were 8 at
sea.

The races

• It was in a ship called 9 ............... that the British first competed successfully against the
Americans.
• Richard Green’s ship arrived two days ahead of its competitor.
• Competition increased when additional Chinese trading 10 ........................ were
established.
• Merchants were occasionally in such a hurry that they failed to complete
the 11 ................... before leaving China.
• At the end of their journey, the ships needed the help of 12 ……………….

The rewards
• The crews were motivated by both 13 ..................... and their enthusiasm for the
competition.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based
on Reading Passage 2 on pages 6 and 7.

Classical music over the centuries

A The production of any great art form, and classical music is no exception,
does not usually occur in a society dominated by the basic material demands
of food and shelter-Art and music have flourished in those periods of history,
and those parts of society, in which the luxury of free time and material
wealth ahs allowed such a culture to take precedence over more material
matters. In the medieval European world, it was thus primarily in the closed
communities of the church and monastery, and royal courts that music,
literature and learning were able to flourish.

B It was until 18th century that this situation changed to any great extent, and
the rise of an economically independent middle class meant that concert
going became a public activity for anyone who cared to buy a ticket. It is
worth remembering that the idea of classical music widely accepted today
did not exist until about 300 years ago. Performing music in concert halls to a
paying audience, as something inherently pleasurable and significant, was
pretty much unheard of until the 18th century, and not widely established
until the 19th. The concert venue, the audience, and the idea of
'masterpieces' of classical music, were all effectively invented during the
course of the 18th century- in London, Paris, Vienna, Berlin and other
European cities where the arts in general were blossoming.

C Today, music that was originally written for a concert venue may appear,
out of its original context, in an advert of film. Conversely, music written
specifically for films is sometimes performed live. But nothing has changed
music over the last century more radically than the invention and
dissemination of recording technologies. However, although Thomas Edison
originally developed the photograph in 1877, and wax cylinders were used as
early as 1880s for recording music, commercial recordings of music were not
generally available to the majority until 1920s. From the mid-1980s onwards,
the vinyl disc gradually gave way to the new technology of the CD, but just a
decade later, the digital MP file was already displacing the CD as the
favoured way to produce records music. Yet now, people have more music
stored on their phones or computers-which they can call up with the touch of
a finger-than world have been contained on all the metres of library shelves of
a proud 'record collector' of the 20th century. '

D Before recording, music was a social event-it involved one or more people
coming together to make music. The music lasted for as long as the
musicians sang or played and then it was over. Therefore, the only music that
was heard tended to be composition by recent or living musicians, probably
working in the locality; it was rare to hear music from a past generation,
distant place or culture. Even when music became professionalized, people
who wanted to listen to music went to a specific venue, at a specific time, to
hear musicians create a one-off event.

E These days, however, technology makes almost all the world's music
instantly and constantly available to anyone with access to simple and cheap
gadgets designed for playing it. Music thus floats free of any specific
occasion or venue. It is no longer restricted to a particular audience or group
of musicians. For the first time, music (any music) can be entirely personal
affair. This is one of the reasons that the 'classical' label becomes harder to
pin down. One of its distinctive aspects-a performance defined by concert
halls and opera houses- is dissolved by digital recording formats. As a
consequence, all music, classical music included, can become any person's
soundtrack for activities such as commuting, exercising or shopping.

F The ubiquity of music as recorded sound means that it's very easy to
overlook perhaps the most definitive aspect of the classical music tradition
the fact that it is a written or notated music. Though classical music may lack
a precise definition today and mean quite different things to different people,
at its heart is the idea of a music that has remained viable over the years
because it was written down in some form. The original of what music
historians thinks of as classical music dates from the ninth century, when a
system of musical notation was first developed. Before this time, singers in
religious services in cathedrals or monasteries had to learn by heart a huge
repertory of chants. The first attempts to notate music were intended to help
them remember these. Over the next thousand years, notation became more
complex, incorporating such aspects as rhythm and pitch, allowing
composers to rework and refine their musical ideas. Put very simply, the
history of classical music, in all its varied forms, is the history of a tradition
that grew out of the possibilities of musical notation.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.
Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

i Music comes to be enjoyed in a large variety of situations

ii More people gain access to live music
iii A focus on survival limits the practice of classical music
iv A clash of musical styles takes place
v A range of scientific advances brings music to a wider audience
vi Listening to music being limited to live performances
vii How classical music has managed to survive for centures

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about recording
technologies?

A The vinyl disc was relatively easy to damage

B The sound quality from wax cylinders was inferior to that of the
phonograph
C Electronic storage allows people to keep a vast amount of music
D Recorded music sold well immediately after Edison invented the
photograph.
E The CD was popular for a relatively brief period.

Questions 22 and 23
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 22 and 23 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about musical
notation?
A The way it is interpreted has changed over time.
B It was originally designed as a memory aid.
C It is often ignored by classical musicians today.
D Classical music could not have survived without it.
E Its importance diminished with the arrival of recording
Questions 24-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
The impact of today's technology on music

These days, the world's music is instantly and constantly available to almost
everyone. Thus, music is no longer tied to a particular location or occasion,
nor is it associated with a group of musicians or a specific 24………….. It can
become uniquely in its history, completely personal to each and every
individual.
Thanks to digital recording, the need for venues such as opera houses or 25
………… where concerts are performed has vanished. Digitization has also
made it possible for people to treat music as a 26 …………..to their daily
activities.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on
Reading Passage 3 on pages 10 and 11.
The peopling of Patagonia
Anthropologists continue to investigate human migration to
Patagonia at the southern tip of South America

The human settlement of the southern extremity of the Americas has always
fascinated pre-historians. Viewed from a global perspective, this was the last major
continental land mass to be reached by human beings. The earliest occupation of
Patagonia carries obvious implications for understanding when the North and South
American continents were peopled, because it gives a baseline that all calculations
regarding the rate of dispersion of humans throughout both continents must take into
account.

For many years the human settlement of North and South America has been
conceived of as beginning in the far north and travelling progressively southwards to
Patagonia. However, fundamental disagreements developed concerning the length
of time involved Some scholars accepted a human presence in the Americas as
early as 20,000 years ago, while others proposed that it could date no earlier than
8,000 years ago, and the debate is still with us today.

The idea of a relatively ‘late’ settlement of the Americas (around 8,000 years ago)
implies that a rapid process of migration took place. Herein lies a second debate
which revolves around the question of how migration is to be understood. The ‘late’
model demands a hypothetical migration conceived of as a single, continually
advancing wave of settlement. This has always been difficult to take seriously and
many scholars now support the idea of an ‘early’ model that sees the migration as a
less ordered migration, and this is surely the most realistic scenario as migrants
slowly adapted to the diverse natural habitats they would have met while travelling
through the continent.

Those who argue for an earlier settlement, however, must contend with the lack of
unequivocal evidence for archaeological sites older than around 14,000 years.
Nevertheless, evidence for human occupation of the centre of South America is now
securely dated to around 12,500 years ago at the Monte Verde site, which casts
doubt on the ‘late model’. The lack of archaeological evidence further south for this
time period may be explained by the obstacle to humans on foot posed by the huge
glacial streams that were present at that time.

We can speculate then that the retreat of the Patagonian glaciers around 14,000
years ago allowed the initial human intrusion into a pristine environment, which was
similar to that of early post-glacial Europe. Human settlement of the vast horizontal
expanse of treeless high country must have been tenuous at best, and the evidence
for this occupation remains relatively scant, most of it coming from rock shelters in
Argentina and Chile. There is, however, reliable evidence from these sites to confirm
the presence of humans by around 11,000 years ago in different habitats, and some
hints of an even older occupation. However, some other sites where evidence for
even earlier human occupation was initially posited, have recently come under fresh
scrutiny. This is because anthropologists have come to recognise that bones or other
evidence may be deposited in caves by natural agency, in other words by other
forces such as floods or predators, and not necessarily by human

We shall turn now to a more detailed discussion of the archaeological evidence found
in various parts of Patagonia. At the site located beside Chinchihuapi Creek,
excavations have produced convincing evidence of human occupation, including hut
foundations and wooden artefacts. They were buried in layers of peat, which has the
property of preserving wood remarkably well, and as a result radiocarbon dating* tests
have shown these artefacts to date from around 12,500 years ago. One of the most
famous Patagonian sites is a cave known as Los Toldos. However, the evidence from
this site has recently been called into question, because dispersed flecks of carbon
used in the test process were taken unsystematically from many different places in the
site. As a result, the association of this material with the artefacts is not at all clear.
About 150 kilometres south is the site called El Ceibo, where a similar collection of
artefacts to that found at Los Toldos has been discovered from the lowest levels of the
dig, but as yet no radiocarbon dates are available and this sort of analysis of the
existing evidence is required before the site’s value can be confirmed.

The Arroyo Eeo site is located very close to the high plateau. The artefacts from the
earliest occupations were found at the same depth and have the same origins as those
from Los Toldos, and have been securely dated to around 9,000 years ago. Another
site that is mentioned in the debate is at Las Buitreras, where a number of stone flakes
associated with bone remains of various animals have been discovered. However,
anthropologists now believe that presumed cut marks on the bones are somewhat
dubious, and despite detailed testing there is no way of securely relating any of these
remains with human occupation. Finally some 50 kilometers to the south is the site at
Cueva Fell, which was the first Patagonian site to be systematically studied by modern
archaeological methods. However, it is now recognised that the utility of this site must
be restricted to its direct vicinity, given changes to the nearby area caused by flooding,
and findings cannot be freely extrapolated further afield.

In conclusion, based on the evidence from a number of reliable sites, it seems

probable that human populations reached Patagonia around 11,000 years ago.

* radiocarbon dating: finding out the age of an organic object by examining carbon it contains
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27 In the first paragraph, what is the writer’s main point about migration to
Patagonia?
A It started earlier than previously thought.
B Historians have overlooked its importance.
C It impacts on research into the wider region.
D Researchers have calculated its effects on the environment.

28 In the second paragraph, what is the writer’s purpose?

A to challenge previous research
B to propose new areas to investigate
C to summarise a scholarly debate
D to suggest reasons for human migration

29 The writer refers to the Tate' model in order to

A compare it with another theory of migration.
B evaluate the success of American migration.
C criticise the speed of research into migration.
D compare migration in different parts of the world.

30 What is the writer’s main point about the ‘early’ model?

A Scholars support the idea of fast migrations.
B It is too random to be a convincing theory.
C South America was more habitable at an earlier time.
D It is more consistent with the physical conditions of the land.

31 What does the writer suggest about the Monte Verde site?
A It is much younger than researchers once estimated.
B It provides supporting evidence for relatively early
settlement.
C Archaeologists believe the site is of questionable value.
D Streams exposed the site, making new research possible.
 Questions 32 35
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading
Passage 3?
In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about
this
32 The conditions encountered by the first migrants to Patagonia were unique.
33 In the high country the first migrants hunted wild animals for food.
34 Archaeologist have failed to draw conclusions from the evidence found at
rock shelters in Argentina and Chile.
35 Archaeological evidence can be moved from place to place in a variety of
ways.
Questions 36-40
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

The archaeological evidence from Patagonia

Building remains and other evidence have been found in 36at ……..the
Chinchihuapi Creek site, and because of this it has been possible to date them
to around 12,500 years ago. However, the 37 ………..of the samples taken
from Los Toldos means that this site is of doubtful value. El Ceibo is a more
promising dig, where the examination of artefacts would be beneficial in order
to confirm the usefulness of discoveries there. The remains found at the Arroyo
Feo site show 38…………….anddate from around 9,000 years ago.
Unfortunately no 39………canbe made between the samples taken from Las
Buitreras and human presence. The findings of the work carried out at Cueva
Fell cannot provide useful information beyond the 40…………. In ...conclusion,
though the evidence is mixed, it is believed that human population of Patagonia
began about 11,000 years
A fixed date B random collection C similar properties
D good condition E scientific evaluation F huge quantities
G new samples H reliable connection I skilled preservation
J immediate surroundings