Chapter five

Integration

5-1- Indefinite integrals :

The set of all anti derivatives of a function is called indefinite
integral of the function.
Assume u and v denote differentiable functions of x, and a,
n, and c are constants, then the integration formulas are:-

1)  du  u(x)  c
2 )  a  u( x )dx  a  u( x )dx
3 )  u( x )  v ( x ) dx   u( x ) dx   v ( x ) dx
u n1 1
 u du   u du  
1
4) n
c when n   1 & du  ln u  c
n1 u
au
5 )  a du 
u
c  e
u
du  e u  c
ln a

EX-1 – Evaluate the following integrals:

x3
 3x 
2
1) dx 6) dx
x  6x
2

 1  x2
2)   x 2
 x  dx

7)  x2
dx

ex
x x  1 dx 8) 
2
3) dx
1  3e x
 2t  t   3x
1 2
 e - 2x dx
4
3
4) dt 9)

5 )  (z  z 2 2
) 2  4 dz 10)  2 - 4x
dx

Sol. –
x3
1 )  3x dx  3  x dx  3
2
 c  x3  c
2

١
 x 1 x 2
2) x  -2

 x dx   x 2
dx   x dx 
1

2
1 x2
c 
x 2
c
3
1 1 1 ( x2  1) 2 1
3 )  x x  1 dx   2 x ( x  1 ) dx 
2 2 2
c ( x 2  1 )3  c
2 2 3 3
2
t 1
   
3
t 4 3 1
4 )  2 t  t  1 dt   4 t 2  4  t  2 dt  4  4 t 
2
c t  4t   c
3 1 3 t
5)  (z 2  z 2 ) 2  4 dz   z 4  2  z 4  4 dz   z 4  2  z 4 dz
z 3 z 1 1 1
 ) dz   ( z  z
2 2
 (z  z
2 2 2
) dz    c  z3   c
3 1 3 z
x3 1 1
 dx     
2 2
6) ( 2 x 6 ) ( x 6 x ) dx
x2  6x 2
1
1 ( x2  6 x ) 2
   c  x2  6x  c
2 1
2
2 x 1
7) 
x2
2
dx 
 x
 x x 
 2

2 
2  dx   x 1
 2 x 2

dx  ln x 
1
  c  ln x 
2
x
c
x
ex 1 1
8)  dx   3e x ( 1  3e x )  1 dx  ln( 1  3e x )  c
1  3e x
3 3
3 3
9 )  3x 3  e  2 x dx     8 x 3 e  2 x dx    e  2 x  c
4 4 4

8 8
1 1 1
10 )  2 - 4x dx    2 - 4x  (  4 dx )    2 - 4x  c
4 4 ln 2

5-2- Integrals of trigonometric functions :

The integration formulas for the trigonometric functions are:

6)  sin u  du   cos u  c 7 )  cos u  du  sin u  c

8 )  tan u  du   ln cos u  c 9 )  cot u  du  ln sin u  c

10 )  sec u  du  ln sec u  tan u  c 11 )  csc u  du   ln csc u  cot u  c
12 )  sec u  du  tan u  c
2
13 ) csc u  du   cot u  c
2

14 )  sec u  tan u  du  sec u  c 15 )  csc u  cot u  du   csc u  c

٢
 EX-2- Evaluate the following integrals:

d
1 )  cos( 3  1 )d 6)  cos 2

2)  x  sin(2x ) dx
2
7)  1 - sin 2 3 t  cos3t dt
3 )  cos ( 2 y )  sin( 2 y ) dy
2
8)  tan (5x)  sec (5x) dx
3 2

4 )  sec x  tan x dx
3
9)  sin x  cos x dx
4 3

cot 2 x
5)  2  sin3t  cos 3t dt 10)  x dx
Sol.-

1 1
3
1) 3 cos( 3   1 )d   sin( 3  1 )  c
3
1 1
2 )  4 x  sin( 2 x 2 )dx   cos( 2 x 2 )  c
4 4
1 cos 2 y 
3

3 ) -  cos 2 y    2 sin 2 y dy      c   cos 2 y   c

1 2 1 3

2 2 3 6
sec 3 x
 
4 )  sec x  sec x  tan x  dx 
2
c
3
1 2  sin 3 t  2
3

5 )  2  sin 3 t  2 3 cos 3 t dt    2  sin 3 t 3  c

1 1 2
c
3 3 3 9
2
d
6)    sec 2   d  tan   c
cos 2

 
7 )  1  sin 2 3 t  cos 3 t dt   3 cos 3 t dt   sin3t   3cos3t dt
1
3
1
3
2

1 1 sin 3 3 t 1 1
 sin 3 t    c   sin 3 t  sin 3 3 t  c
3 3 3 3 9
 
4
1 1 tan 5 x 1
8 )  tan 3 5 x  5 sec 2 5 x dx   c tan 4 5 x  c
5 5 4 20
 
9 )  sin 4 x  cos 3 x dx   sin 4 x  1  sin 2 x  cos x dx
sin 5 x sin 7 x
  sin x  cos x dx   sin x  cos x dx 
4 6
 c
5 7

٣
 cot 2 x csc 2 x  1 csc 2 x 1
10 )  x
dx  
x
dx  2 
2 x
x 2
dx

 
1
2
x
 2 - cot x   c  2 cot x 2 x c
1
2

5-3- Integrals of inverse trigonometric functions:

The integration formulas for the inverse trigonometric
functions are:
du u u
16 )   sin  1  c   cos  1  c ; u 2  a 2
a 2  u2 a a
du 1 u 1 u
17 )  2  tan  1  c   cot  1  c
a u 2
a a a a
du 1 u 1 u
18 )   sec  1  c   csc  1  c ; u 2  a 2
u u2  a 2 a a a a

EX-3 Evaluate the following integrals:

x2 2 dx
1)  1  x6
dx 6)  x(1 x )
dx dx
2)  9  x2
7) 
1  3x 2
x 2cosx
3)  dx 8)  1  sin dx
1  x4 2
x
-1
sec 2 x e sin x
4)  1  tan 2 x
dx 9)  1  x2
dx tan  1 x
5) x 4x2  1
10) 
1  x2
dx

Sol.-

1)
1

1 1

3 x 2 dx  sin  1 x 3  c 
3 1  ( x 3 )2 3
dx x
2)  9  x2
 sin  1
3
c

٤
 1 2x 1
3) 
2 1( x ) 2 2
dx 
2
tan  1 x 2  c

sec 2 x
4)  dx  sin  1 (tan x )  c
1  tan x
2

2 dx
5)   sec  1 ( 2 x )  c
2 x ( 2 x )2  1
1
2 2 x dx
6)  dx  4   4 tan  1 x c
x 1  x  1 ( x ) 2

1 3 dx 1
7) 
3 1( 3x ) 2

3
tan  1 ( 3 x )  c

cosx dx
8 ) 2  2 tan  1 (sin x )  c
1  (sin x ) 2

dx
9 )  e sin x 
1 1
 e sin x  c
1 x2
dx (tan 1 x ) 2
10 )  tan x 1
 c
1  x2 2

5-4- Integrals of hyperbolic functions:

The integration formulas for the hyperbolic functions are:

19 )  sinh u  du  cosh u  c
20 )  cosh u  du  sinh u  c
21 )  tanh u  du  ln cosh u   c

22 )  coth u  du  ln sinh u   c
23 )  sec h u  du  tanh u  c
2

24 )  csc h u  du  coth u  c
2

25 )  sec hu  tanh u  du   sec hu  c

26 )  csc hu  coth u  du   csc hu  c

٥
EX-4 – Evaluate the following integrals:

cosh(lnx)
  sec h ( 2 x  3 ) dx
2
1) dx 6)
x
e x  ex
2)  sinh( 2 x  1 ) dx 7)  x
e  ex
dx

 e 
sinhx
 cosh 4 x dx  e  ax dx
ax
3) 8)

sinh x
 x  cosh(3x  1  cosh x dx
2
4) ) dx 9)

 sinh x  cosh x dx  csch x  cothx dx

4 2
5) 10)

Sol.-

 dx 
1)  cosh(ln x )     sinh(ln x )  c
x 
1 1
2 )  sinh( 2 x  1 )  ( 2 dx )  cosh( 2 x  1 )  c
2 2
1 sinh x
3)  3
 dx   sec h 3 x  tanh x dx
cosh x cosh x
sec h 3 x
   sec h x   sec hx  tanh x dx   
2
c
3
1 1
4 )  cosh( 3 x 2 )  ( 6 x dx )  sinh( 3 x 2 )  c
6 6
sinh 5 x
5 )  sinh x  cosh x dx  
4
c
5
6 )  sec h 2 2 x  3   2 dx   tanh 2 x  3   c
1 1
2 2
x
e e
x
7)  x dx   tanh x dx  ln(cosh x )  c
e  ex
e ax  e  ax 2 2
8 ) 2 dx   sinh ax (a dx)  cosh ax  c
2 a a
 ln1  cosh x   c
sinh x dx
9) 
1  cosh x
csc h 2 x
10 )   csc hx   csc hx  coth x dx    c
2

٦
5-5- Integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions:
The integration formulas for the inverse hyperbolic functions
are:

du
27 )  1 u 2
 sinh  1 u  c

du
28 )  u2  1
 cosh  1 u  c

du  tanh 1 u  c if u  1 1 1  u
29 )     ln c
1  u 2  coth  1 u  c if u  1  2 1  u

du  1
30 )    sec h  1 u  c   cosh  1    c
u 1  u2 u
du  1
31 )    csc h  1 u  c   sinh  1    c
u 1  u2 u

EX-4 – Evaluate the following integrals:

dx dx dx
1)  1  4x2
2)  4  x2
3)  1  x2
4) x
dx
5) 
sec 2  d
6) 
 tanh ln x 
1
 x1  dxln 
4  x2 tan 2  1
2
x

Sol.-

1 2 dx 1
1)
2  1 4x2
 sinh  1 2 x  c
2
1 dx
x
2)  2  sinh  1  c
1 x
2
 
2 2

dx
3)   tanh  1 x  c if x  1
1 x 2

 coth  1 x  c if x  1

٧
 1 dx
dx 1 1
4)    2   csc h  1 x  c
x 4  x2 2 x
2
1 x  2 2 2 2

5) 
1
sec 2
 d   cosh  1 (tan  )  c
tan 2   1
1 1
6) let u  ln x  ln x du  dx
2 2x
dx 2 du
 tanh (ln x )    tanh  1 u 
1

x ( 1  ln 2 x) 1  u2

2
tanh u1 2


 c  tanh  1 (ln x )  c  2

٨
 Problems – 5

Evaluate the following integrals:

 x   5 3 1 5
1) 2
 1  4  x 2 dx (ans. : x  x  4x  c )
3 5
e  sin e x dx (ans. :  cose x  c )
x
2)
1
3)  tan(3x  5) dx (ans. : 
3
ln cos( 3 x  5 )  c )

cot(lnx)
4)  x dx (ans. : ln sin(lnx)  c )

sinx  cosx
5)  dx (ans. :  ln cosx  x  c )
cosx
dx
6)  (ans. :  cotx  cscx  c )
1  cosx
1
 cot(2x  1)  csc (2x  1) dx (ans. :  cot 2 ( 2 x  1 )  c )
2
7)
4
dx 1
8)  1  9x2
(ans. :
3
sin  1 ( 3 x )  c )

dx x
9)  2 x 2
(ans. : sin  1
2
c)

1
 e  coshe dx sinh e 2 x  c )
2x 2x
10 ) (ans. :
2
e  cosx dx (ans. : e sinx  c )
sinx
11 )
dx 1 3 x
12 ) e 3x
(ans. : 
3
e c)

e x
1
 2 x c)
x
13 ) dx (ans. : 2 e
x
14 )  
 x a  b 3 x dx where a, b constants (ans. :
1
10
5
( 5 ax 2  4 3bx 2 )  c )

dx
15 )  1 x 2
(ans. :  tan  1 x  c )

cos θ dθ
16 )  1  sin 2

(ans. : tan  1 (sin  )  c )

٩
 1 1 1 1
17 )  x 2 x x dx
csc cot (ans. : csc
x
c)

3x  1 33
18 )  3 dx (ans. : ( 3 x 2  2 x  1 )2  c )
3x  2x  1
2 4

 sin(tan  )  sec  d (ans. :  cos(tan  )  c )

2
19 )
1
20 )  x 2  x 4 dx (ans. : 
3
( 1  x 2 )3  c )

sec 2 2 x dx
21 )  tan 2 x
(ans. : tan 2 x  c )

 sin   cos  
2
22 ) d (ans. :   cos 2  c )
y 1
23 ) y 4
1
dy (ans. :
2
tan  1 y 2  c )

dx
24 )  x( x  1 )
(ans. : 2 tan  1 x  c )

9 53
 t 3 ( t 3  1 ) 3 dt
2 5 2 5
25 ) (ans. : ( t  1 )3  c )
25
dx 5

4
26 ) (ans. : 1 x5  c )
x
1
5
1 x5
4
2

cos 1
4x 
2
1
 

3
27 ) dx (ans. :  cos  1 4 x  c )
1  16 x 2 12
dx
28 ) x 4x2  1
(ans. : sec  1 ( 2 x )  c )

dx 1
29 )  e  ex
x
 2
(ans. :
4
tanh x  c )

ln x 2 dx 1
 3 ln x  c )
2
30 ) 3 (ans. :
x 2ln3
cot x dx
31 )  ln(sin x ) (ans. : ln ln(sin x )  c )

(ln x )2 1
32 )  x dx (ans. :
3
(ln x )3  c )

sin x  e sec x
33 )  cos 2 x dx (ans. : e sec x  c )

١٠
 dx
34 )  x  ln x (ans. : ln ln x  c )

d
35 )  (ans. :  e   c )
cosh   sinh 
2 x  82 x 1
36 )  dx (ans. : x  25 x  c )
4x 5 ln 2
1
e tan 2 t 1 tan 1 2 t
37 )  dt (ans. : e c)
1  4t 2 2
cot x
38 )  dx (ans. : sinx  c )
csc x
1 1
 sec x  tan x dx tan 6 x  tan 4 x  c )
4 3
39 ) (ans. :
6 4
1 1
 csc (ans. :  cot 3 3 x  cot 3 x  c )
4
40 ) 3 x dx
9 3
cos 3 t
41 )  dt (ans. :  csct  sint  c )
sin 2 t
sec 4 x 1
42 )  dx (ans. :  cot 3 x  cotx  c )
tan 4 x 3
1
 tan 4 d tan 4    c )
2
43 ) (ans. :
4
ex
44 )  dx (ans. : ln( 1  e x )  c )
1 ex
1 1
 tan tan 2 2 x  ln cos 2 x  c )
3
45 ) 2 x dx (ans. :
4 2
sec 2 x
46 )  2  tan x
dx (ans. : ln( 2  tan x )  c )

1 1
 sec 3 x dx tan 3 3 x  tan 3 x  c )
4
47 ) (ans. :
9 3
et
48 )  dt (ans. : tan  1 e t  c )
1  e 2t
cos x
49 )  dx (ans. : 2 sin x  c )
x
dx
50 )  (ans. :  ln csc2x  cot2x  c )
sin x  cos x

١١
51 )  1  sin y dy (ans. :  2 1  sin y  c )
dx
52 )  ( x 2  1 )( 2  tan  1 x ) (ans. : ln( 2  tan  1 x )  c )

53 )  sin  1 (cosh x ) 
sinh x dx
(ans. :
1
 2
sinh  1 (cosh x )  c ) 
1  cosh 2 x 2
cos d
54 )  (ans. : ln sec  tan   c )
1  sin 2 
dx
55 )  (ans. : tan  1 (ln x )  c )

x 1  (ln x ) 2 
 e 
9 5 x 4 94 x 8 54 x x
 2 e 4  e 4 dx e  e  4e 4  c )
x x
56 ) 4
(ans. :
9 5
e x dx 1
57 ) e 2x
 2e x  1
(ans. :  x
e 1
c)

1 1 
e  sinh 2 x dx (ans. :  e 3 x  e  x   c )
x
58 )
2 3 
sec 3 x  e sin x
59 )  sec x
dx (ans. : tanx  e sin x  c )

3 x2 3 3 x1

1
60 ) dx (ans. : tan c)
2  9 x1 2 ln 3 2
cos x dx
61 )  sin x  1  sin x
(ans. : 2sin  1 sin x  c )

1
 tan x dx sec 4 x  sec 2 x  ln cos x  c )
5
62 ) (ans. :
4
dx 1
e
1
63 ) ln sin x
 2
(ans. : (sin  1 x )2  c )
1 x 2
1 x2 1
 x e
1
c)
2
x
64 ) dx (ans. : e
2
(ans. : sinx  ln secx  tanx   c )
1
65 )  cosh(ln cosx) dx 2
cos x
66 )  sin 2
x
dx (ans. :  cscx  c )

67 )  cosh (sinx)
1 cosx dx
(ans. :
1
 2

cosh  1 (sinx)  c )
sin x  1
2 2

١٢
 Chapter six

Methods of integration

6-1- Integration by parts:

The formula for integration by parts comes from the product
rule:-
d ( u  v )  u  dv  v  du  u  dv  d ( u  v )  v  du
and integrated to give:  u dv   d ( u  v )   v du
then the integration by parts formula is:-

 u dv  u  v   v du

Rule for choosing u and dv is:

For u: choose something that becomes simpler when
differentiated.
For dv: choose something whose integral is simple.
It is not always possible to follow this rule, but when we can.

EX-1 – Evaluate the following integrals:

 xe dx  lnx  
1  x 2 dx
x
1) 6)

2 )  x  cosx dx 7)  sin ax -1
dx
x
 e  sinbx dx
ax
3) dx 8)
x1
 x  ln x dx x  e x dx
2 3
4) 9)

5 )  x  sec x dx 10)  x  e x dx
2
2 3

Sol. –

u x  du  dx 
1) let 
dv  e x dx  v  e x   udv  u  v   vdu
 xe dx  x  e x   e x dx  x  e x  e x  c
x

١
 u  x  du  dx 
2) let 
dv  cosx dx  v  sin x   udv  u  v   vdu
 x  cosx dx  x  sin x   sin x dx  x  sin x  cos x  c
u x  du  dx 

3 ) let
dv 
1 1 
dx  v  2  x  1 2   udv  u  v   vdu
x1 

dx  2 x   x  1  2   x  1 2 dx
x

1 1
2
x1
2  x  1
3
4
 x  1 3
2
 2x x  1   c  2x x  1  c
3 3
2

1 
u  ln x  dx  du 
x 
4) let 3    udv  u  v   vdu
dv  x dx  v 
2 x 
3 
x3 1 x3 1 3
    
3
   x c
2 2
x l nx dx ln x x dx ln x
3 3 9
u x  du  dx

5) let 
dv  sec 2 x dx  v  tan x   udv  u  v   vdu
 x  sec x dx  x  tan x   tan x dx  x  tan x  ln cos x  c
2

2x
1
6) 
let u  ln x  1  x 2
 du 
2 1  x2
x  1  x2
dx

dv  dx  vx
 
 ln x  1  x dx  x  ln x  1  x   x 1  x
2 2

2
  1
2
dx


 x  ln x  1  x 2  
1 1  x2
 
 1
2
 
 c  x  ln x  1  x 2  1  x 2  c
2 1
2

٢
 a dx
7) let u  sin  1 ax  du  & dv  dx  v  x
1a x 2 2

ax
 sin ax dx  x  sin  1 ax  
1
dx
1a x 2 2

 x  sin  1 ax 
1
2a  
 2a 2 x 1  a 2 x 2  1
2
dx

1
 x  sin ax 
1 1  a2 x2

  1
2
 c  x  sin ax  1 1  a2 x2
c
2a 1 a
2

1
8) let u  e ax  du  a  e ax dx & dv  sin bx dx  v   cos bx
b
1 ax a ax
 e  sinbx dx   b e  cos bx  b  e  cos bx dx ...........(1)
ax

1
let u  e ax  du  a  e ax dx & dv  cos bx dx  v  sin bx
b
1 ax a ax
    
b
e  sin bx dx
ax
e cosbx dx e sin bx .......... .(2)
b
sub. (2) in (1) 
1 ax a ax a2
 e  sinbx dx   b e  cos bx  b 2 e  sin bx dx  b 2  e  sin bx dx
ax ax

a2 1 ax a ax
  
b2 
     e  sin bx dx  c
ax ax
e sinbx dx e sin bx dx e cos bx
b b2
 a2  e ax
 1  2   e ax  sinbx dx  2 a sin bx  b cos bx   c
 b  b
e ax
  e  sinbx dx  a 2  b 2 a sin bx  b cos bx   c
ax

9) derivative of u integration of dv
x3 + ex   x 3 e ax dx  x 3 e x  3 x 2 e x
3x 2 ex
-  6 xe x  6 e x  c
6x ex
6
+
- ex 
 ex x3  3x2  6 x  6  c 
0 ex

٣
 1 x2
u  x2  du  2 x dx dv  x  e x dx  v 
2
10 ) let & e
2
1 2 x2 1 1 1 2
 x  e dx  x  e   2 x  e x dx  x 2  e x  e x  c
2 2 2
3 x

2 2 2 2

6-2- Odd and even powers of sine and cosine:

To integrate an odd positive power of sinx (say sin2n+1x ) we
split off a factor of sinx and rewrite the remaining even power in
terms of the cosine. We write:-

 sin
2 n 1

x  dx   1  cos 2 x n
 sin x dx
and  cos
2 n 1
x  dx   1  sin x 
2 n
 cos x dx

EX-2- Evaluate:

 sin  cos
3 5
1) x dx 2) x dx

Sol.-

1)  sin
3

x dx   sin 2 x  sinx dx   1  cos 2 x  sinx dx 
  sinx dx   cos 2 x   sinx  dx   cos x 
1
cos 3 x  c
3

2)  cos x dx   cos x  cosx dx   1  sin x  cos x dx

5 4 2
 
2

  cosx dx  2  sin 2 x  cos x dx   sin 4 x  cos x dx

2 1
 sinx  sin 3 x  sin 5 x  c
3 5

To integrate an even positive power of sine (say sin2nx ) we use

the relations:-

1  cos 2 1  cos 2
cos 2  or sin 2 
2 2

then we can write:-

٤
 n
 1  cos 2 x 
 sin x  dx     dx
2n

 2 
n
 1  cos 2 x 
 cos x  dx     dx
2n
and
 2 

EX-3- Evaluate:

 cos  d  sin  d
2 4
1) 2)

Sol.-

1  cos 2 1 1 
 cos  d   d    d   2 cos 2 d 
2
1)
2 2 2 
1 1 
   sin 2   c
2 2 

 1  cos 2 
 
2
1
2 )  sin  d   
4
 d   d   cos 2 ( 2 d )   cos 2 d
2

 2  4
1 1  cos 4  1 1 1 
   sin 2   d     sin 2  (   sin 4 )  c
4 2  4 2 4 
3 1 1
   sin 2  sin 4  c
8 4 32

To integrate the following identities:-

 sin mx  sin nx dx ,  sin mx  cos nx dx , and  cos mx  cos nx dx

we use the following formulas:-

cos( m  n ) x  cos( m  n ) x
sin mx  sin nx 
2
sin( m  n ) x  sin( m  n ) x
sin mx  cos nx 
2
cos( m  n ) x  cos( m  n ) x
cos mx  cos nx 
2

٥
 EX-4- Evaluate:

1)  sin 3 x  cos 5 x dx 2)  cos x  cos 7 x dx 3) sin x  sin 2 x dx

Sol.-

 sin 3 x  cos 5 x dx  2  sin( 3 x  5 x )  sin( 3 x  5 x ) dx

1
1)

1 1 1  1 1
2  2  8
  sin 2 x ( 2 dx )  sin 8 x ( 8 dx ) 
 4 cos 2 x  cos 8 x  c
 16

 cos x  cos 7 x dx 
1
  1 1
2
2) cos( 6 x )  cos( 8 x ) dx  sin 6 x  sin 8 x  c
12 16

 sin x  sin 2 x dx 
1
  1 1
2
3) cos x  cos 3 x dx  sin x  sin 3 x  c
2 6

6-3- Trigonometric substitutions:

Trigonometric substitutions enable us to replace the binomials
a  u 2 , a 2  u 2 , and u 2  a 2 be single square terms. We can
2

use:-

u  a sin  for a 2  u 2  a 2  a 2 sin 2   a 2 ( 1  sin 2  )  a 2 cos 2 

u  a tan  for a 2  u 2  a 2  a 2 tan 2   a 2 ( 1  tan 2  )  a 2 sec 2 
u  a sec  for u 2  a 2  a 2 sec 2   a 2  a 2 (sec 2   1 )  a 2 tan 2 

EX-5 Evaluate the following integrals:

z 5 dz x2
1)  1  z2
4)  9  x2
dx

dx dt
2) 4  x2
5)  25t 2  9
dx dy
3)  6) 
4  x2 25  9y 2

٦
Sol.-

z
1 ) let z  tan   dz  sec 2  d tan  
1
z 5 dz tan 5   sec 2  d
 1  z2

1  tan 2 
  tan 5  sec  d


  tan   sec  sec 2  1 d 2

  sec 4  tan   sec  d   2  sec 2  tan   sec  d    tan   sec  d

1 2
 sec 5   sec 3   sec   c 1  z2
5 3 z
1 2 Ө
 ( 1  z 2 )5  ( 1  z 2 )3  1  z 2  c 1
5 3

x
2 ) let x  2 tan   dx  2 sec 2  d tan  
2
dx 2 sec 2  d
 4  x2
  4  4 tan 2 
  sec  d  ln sec   tan   c

4  x2
4 x 2
x x
 ln  c θ
2 2
2
 ln 4  x 2  x  c  wh ere c   c  ln 2

3 ) let x  2 sin   dx  2 cos  d

dx 2 cos  d 1 d 1
 4  x 2   4  4 sin 2   2  cos   2  sec  d
1
 ln sec   tan   c 2
2 x
θ
1 2 x 4  x 2

 ln  c
2 4  x2 4  x2
1 2 x 1 2 x 1 2 x
 ln  c  ln  c  ln c
2 ( 2  x )( 2  x ) 2 2 x 4 2 x

٧
4 ) let x  3 sin  dx  3cos  d
x 2 dx 9 sin 2 
 9  x2
 9  9 sin 2 
3cos  d  9  sin 2  d

1  cos 2 9 1  3
 9 d     sin 2   c
2 2 2  θ
x

   sin   cos    c
9 9  x2
2
9  -1 x x 9  x 2  9 x x
 sin    c  sin -1   9  x2  c
2  3 3 3 
 2 3 2

5 ) let 5t  3 sec   5dt  3 sec   tan  d

3 sec   tan  d
dt 1
 25 t 2  9
 5
9 sec 2   9
  sec  d
5
1
 ln sec   tan   c 5t
5
θ 25 t 2  9
1 5t 25 t  92
 ln  c 3
5 3 3
1 1
 ln 5 t  25 t 2  9  c  where c   c  ln3
5 5

6 ) let 3y  5 tan   3dy  5 sec 2  d

5 sec 2  d
dy 1
    sec  d
 3
25  9 y 2
25  25 tan 2  3
1
 ln sec   tan   c 25  9 y 2
3
3y
θ
1 25  9 y 2 3 y
 ln  c 5
3 5 5
1 1
 ln 25  9 y 2  3 y  c  where c   c  ln5
3 3

٨
EX-6 Prove the following formulas:

du u du 1 1 u
1)  a 2  u2
 sin  1
a
c 2)  a 2  u2 a
 tan
a
c

Proof.-

1 ) let u  a sin   du  a cos  d

du a cos  d u
 a u
2 2
  a 2  a 2 sin 2 
  d    c  sin  1  c
a

2 ) let u  a tan   du  a sec 2  d

du a sec 2  d 1 1 1 1 u
 a 2  u 2   a 2  a 2 tan 2   a  d  a   c  a tan a  c
6-4- Integral involving a x 2 + b x + c :
By using the algebraic process called completing the square, we
can convert any quadratic: a x 2 + b x + c , a ≠ 0 to the form:
a( u 2  A 2 ) we can then use one of the trigonometric
substitutions to write the expression as a times a single square
term.

EX-7 – Evaluate:
dx dx
1)  4) 
2x  x2 1  x  x2
dx dx
2)  5) 
2x2  2x  1 x2  2x  8
dx
3)  x2  2x  2

Sol.
dx dx dx
1)  2x  x2

1 ( x2  2x  1 )
  1  ( x  1 )2
let x  1  sin   dx  cos d
dx cos d
 2x  x 2

1  sin  2
  d    c  sin  1 ( x  1 )  c

٩
 dx 1 dx 1 dx
 2x   2  
 
2)
 2x  1 2 x  x  1
2
2 x1 2  1
2 2 4
1 1 1
let x   tan   dx  sec 2 d
2 2 2
1 sec 2  d
dx 1
 2 x 2  2 x  1  2  1 2tan 2  1   d    c  tan ( 2 x  1 )  c
1

4 4

dx dx
3)  x2  2x  2

( x  1 )2  1 x2  2x  2
let x  1  tan   dx  sec 2 d x+1
θ
dx sec 2  d
 x  2x  2
2

tan   1
2
  sec  d 1

 ln sec  tan   c  ln x 2  2 x  2  x  1  c

dx dx
4)  
1 x  x2 
5  x1
4 2

2

1 5 5
let x  sin   dx  cos d
2 2 2
5 cos  d
 2x  1
   d    c  sin  1 
 2   c
5  5 sin 2   5 
4 4

dx dx
5)  x2  2x  8

( x  1 )2  9
let x  1  3 sec   dx  3 sec   tan  d x1
3 sec  tan  d x2  2x  8
  9 sec 2   9
  sec  d θ
3

x1 x2  2x  8
 ln sec  tan   c  ln  c
3 3

 ln x  1  x 2  2 x  8  c w here c   c  ln3

١٠
6-5- Partial fractions:
f(x)
Success in separating into a sum of partial fractions
g( x )
hinges on two things:-

1- The degree of f ( x ) must be less than the degree of g ( x ) .

(If this is not case, we first perform a long division, and then
work with the remainder term).

2- The factors of g ( x ) must be known. If these two conditions

are met we can carry out the following steps:

Step I - let x  r be a linear factor of g ( x ) . Suppose ( x  r ) m

is the highest power of ( x  r ) that divides g ( x ) . Then assign
the sum of m partial factors to this factor, as follows:

A1 A2 Am
  ......... 
x  r ( x  r )2 ( x  r )m

Do this for each distinct linear factor of f ( x ) .

Step II - let x 2  p x  q be an irreducible quadratic factor of

g ( x ) . Suppose ( x 2  p x  q ) n is the highest power of this
factor that divides g ( x ) . Then, to this factor, assign the sum
of the n partial fractions:

B1 x  C 1 B2 x  C 2 Bn x  C n
  ......... 
x  p xq (x  p xq)
2 2 2
( x  p x  q )n
2

Do this for each distinct linear factor of g ( x ) .

f(x)
Step III - set the original fraction equal to the sum of
g( x )
all these partial fractions. Clear the resulting equation of
fractions and arrange the sums in decreasing powers of x.

Step IV - equate the coefficients of corresponding powers of x

and solve the resulting equations for the undetermined
coefficients.

١١
EX-8 – Evaluate the following integrals:

2x  5 sin x dx
1)  x 2  9 dx 4)  cos x  5 cos x  4
2

x dx 2x2  3x  2
2)  2 5)  dx
x  4x  3  x  1 2  x  2 
x3  x x3  4 x2
3)  x 2

 1   x  1
2
dx 6)  x2  4x  3
dx

Sol.-

2x  5 2x  5
1)  x2  9 dx    x  3    x  3  dx
2x  5
2x  5  A x  3   B  x  3 
A B
  
x  3 x  3 x  3 x  3
11
at x3  6A  6  5  A
6
1
at x  3   6B  6  5  B
6
 11 1 
2x  5  
ln x  3   ln x  3   c
11 1
 dx    6  6  dx 
x 9
2
 x3 x 3 6 6
 

x dx x dx
2)  x 2  4 x  3   x  3  x  1


 x  A x  1  B  x  3 
x A B
 
 x  3  x  1 x  3 x  1
3 1
at x  3  A  and at x  1  B  
2 2
 3  1 
 2
 x 2  4 x  3    x  3  x  1  dx  2 ln x  3   2 ln x  1  c
x dx 2 3 1

 

١٢
 x3  x x  x  1 x  1 x2  x
3)  x 2

 1  x  1
2
dx   x 2

 1  x  1
2
dx   
x 2  1  x  1
dx


x2  x

Ax  B
 2 
C
x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1
2
 x 2  x   Ax  B  x  1   C x 2  1  
x 2  x   A  C  x 2   A  B  x   B  C 
A  C  1 ......( 1 ) 

 A  B  1 ......( 2 )  A0 , B1 , C 1
 B  C  0 ......( 3 )
x3  x  1 1 
 x dx    2  dx  tan x  ln x  1  c
1

2

 1  x  1
2
 x  1 x  1
4 ) let y  cosx  dy   sinx dx
sin x dx dy dy
 cos 2 x  5 cos x  4
   y 2  5 y  4   y  4  y  1
 

1  A y  1  B  y  4 
dy A B
  
 y  4  y  1 y  4 y  1
1 1
at y4  A and at y  1  B
3 3
 1  1 
sin x dx 
 cos 2 x  5 cos x  4     y  4  y  1  dy
3 3
 

  ln y  4   ln y  1  c   lncos x  4   lncos x  1   c

1 1 1 1
3 3 3 3
2x  3x  2
2
A B C
5)   
 x  1 2  x  2  x  1  x  1 2 x  2
2 x 2  3 x  2  A x  1 x  2   B  x  2   C  x  1
2

A  C  2 .......... ..........( 1 ) 

 3 A  B  2C  3 ......( 2 )  A  2 , B  1 , C  4
2 A  2 B  C  2 ...........( 3 ) 
2x2  3x  2  2 1 4 
  x  1 2  x  2  dx    x  1 (x  1 )2 x  2  dx
  

1
 2 ln( x  1 )   4 ln( x  2 )  C
x1

١٣
 x
x3  4 x2 3x
6) 2  x x  4x  3
2
x3  4x2
x  4x  3  x  3  x  1
 x3  4 x2  3x
 3x

 3x  A x  1  B  x  3 
3x A B
 
 x  3  x  1 x  3 x  1
9 3
at x  3  A  and at x  1  B  
2 2
x3  4 x2  9 3 
 
 x 2  4 x  3 dx    x  x  3  x 21  dx
2
 
x2 9
 ln x  3   ln x  1  c
3

2 2 2

6-6- Rational functions of sinx and cosx, and other trigonometric

integrals:
x 2
We assume that z  tan then x  2 tan 1 z and dx  dz
2 1  z2

Since
x 1  cos x x 2
cos 2   cosx  2 cos 2 1 1
2 2 2 2x
sec
2
2 2 1  z2
 1 2 1  cosx 
2 x z 1 1 z2
tan 1
2

Since
x
x x 2sin
sin x  2 sin  cos  2  cos 2 x  2 tan x  1
2 2 cos x 2 2 sec 2 x
2 2
x 1 2z
 2 tan   sinx 
2 2 x 1  z2
tan 1
2

١٤
EX-9 – Evaluate:
dx 3 dx
1)  1  sin x  cos x 4)  2  4 sin x
dx
2)  5)  secx dx
sin x  tan x
dx cos x dx
3)  6)  1  cos x
2  sin x
Sol.-
2
dz
1) 
dx 1  z 2
dz
1  sin x  cos x   1 z
 
2z 1  z2
1 
1 z2 1  z2
x
 ln 1  z  c  ln 1  tan  c
2

2
dz
dx 1  z 2 1 1 
2)  sin x  tan x

2z 2z
    z dz
2 z 

1 z 2
1 z 2

1 z2  1 x 1 x
  ln z    c   ln tan  tan 2   c
2 2 2 2 2 2

2
dz
dx 1 z2 dz dz
3)  2  sin x   2z
 z 2
z1
  1 3
2 ( z  )2 
1 z2 2 4
1 3 3
let z   tan   dz  sec 2  d
2 2 2
3
sec 2  d
dx 2 2
 2  sin x
 2
3 3

3
 d 
3
 c
tan  
2

4 4
 x 
 2 tan  1 
2  2 z  1  2
 tan  1    c  tan  1  2 c
3  3  3  3 
 
 

١٥
 2
dz
4) 
3 dx
 
3 dx 3
  z 2
 1  3 2
dz
2  4 sin x 2 1  2 sin x 2 2z z  4z  1
1 2 2
z 1
dz dz
 3
 z  2 2  3  ( z  2 ) 2  1


3
z2
let  sec   dz  3 sec   tan  d
3
z2
3 dx 3 sec   tan  d sec 
 2  4 sin x
  sec 2   1
 3  tan  d z2  4z  1
θ
3
 3  csc  d   3 ln csc   cot   c

x
2 3
tan
z2 3 2
  3 ln   c   3 ln c
z2  4z  1 z2  4z  1 x x
tan 2  4 tan  1
2 2

1  z2 2 1
5 )  secx dx    dz  2  1  z 1  z  dz
1  z2 1  z2

 A1  z   B 1  z   1
1 A B
 
1  z 1  z  1  z 1  z
1 1
at z  1  A  and at z  1  B 
2 2
 1 1 
 2 
 secx dx  2   1  z  1  z  dz   ln1  z   ln1  z   c
2
 
x
1  tan
 x  x 2 c
 ln 1  tan   ln 1  tan   c  ln
 2  2
1  tan
x
2
x 1  cos x
By substituti ng tan  implies
2 1  cos x
 secx dx  ln sec x  tan x  c
١٦
 1 z2
cos x dx 1  z 2 2 1 z2
6) 
1  cos x 
  dz   dz
1  z2 1 z2 ( 1  z2 ) z2
1
1  z2
1 z2 A B C zD
   
(1 z2 ) z2 z z2 1 z2
Az  Az 3  B  Bz 2  Cz 3  Dz 2  1  z 2
A  C  0 ......( 1 )
B  D  1 ....( 2 ) 
 A  0 , B  1 , C  0 , D  2
A  0 .............( 3 ) 
B  1 .............( 4 ) 

cos x dx  1 2  1
 1  cos x    z
1
  dz    2 tan z  c
z  1
2 2
z
1 x x
  2   c   cot  xc
x 2 2
tan
2

١٧
 Problems – 6

Evaluate the following integrals:

x3 1 3 1 2
1)  dx (ans. : x  x  x  ln( x  1 )  c )
x1 3 2
3x  2
2)  dx (ans. : x  ln(3x - 1)  c )
3x  1
3 )  x 2  e  x dx (ans. :  e  x ( x 2  2 x  2 )  c )
1
 x  sin x (ans. :  cos x 2  c )
2
4) dx
2
x 1
5)  x 2  1 dx (ans. :
2
x 2  1  ln x  x 2  1  c )
2
3 x  13 4 5
6)  ( 5 x  1 )( 7 x  2 ) (ans. : ln 5 x  1  ln 7 x  2  c )
5 7
2x  3 1 1 9
7)  dx (ans. : ln x  1  ln x  2  ln x  3  c )
( x  1 )( x  2 )( x  3 ) 4 5 20
dx 1 x1 1
8)  4 (ans. : ln  tan  1 x  c )
x 1 4 x1 2
9)  ln x dx (ans. : x  lnx  x  c )
1
 tan
1
10 ) x dx (ans. : x  tan  1 x  ln( 1  x 2 )  c )
2
x2 x2
11 )  x  ln x dx (ans. :
2
ln x 
4
c)

x2 1
 x  tan
1
12 ) x dx (ans. : tan  1 x  ( x  tan  1 x )  c )
2 2
2
x 2x 2
x  cosax dx sin ax  2 cos ax  3 sin ax  c )
2
13 ) (ans. :
a a a
x
14 )  sin(lnx) dx (ans. : (sin(ln x )  cos(ln x ))  c )
2
x
 ln( a  x 2 )dx (ans. : x  ln(a 2  x 2 )  2 x  2 a tan  1  c )
2
15 )
a

١٨
 x2 1 x
 x  sin
1
16 ) x dx (ans. : sin  1 x  sin  1 x  1  x2  c )
2 4 4
3x 1 1
 cos  sin 2 x  sin 4 x  c )
4
17 ) x dx (ans. :
8 4 32
2 5 11 17
3 6 3
18 )  cos 3
x  sin 5 x dx (ans. :  cos x  cos x 
5
3
11
3
17
cos 3 x  c )

19 )  x  sin x dx (ans. :  x  cosx  sinx  c )

20 ) x
2
1  x dx (ans. : 
2
105
 
( 1  x )3 15 x 2  12 x  8  c )

21 )  sin
2
x  cos 2 x dx (ans. :
1
4 x  sin 4 x   c )
32
1 1
 sec x  tan 2 x dx (ans. : sec 3 x  tan x  sec x  tan x
3
22 )
4 8
1
 ln sec x  tan x  c )
8

 x cos  1 1 1
23 ) 3
x 2  sin 3 x 2 dx (ans. : sin x 2  sin 3 x 2  cos x 2
2 6 2
1
 cos 3 x 2  c )
6
dx
24 )  x 1 x
(ans. : 2 sin  1 x c)

dx
25 )  x (1 x)
(ans. : 2 ln(1  x ) c )

dx 2 3
26 ) x 2  3 ln 2 x
(ans. :
3
sin  1 (
2
ln x )  c )

e 2x dx 3 x 3 9 3
27 )  3
1 ex
(ans. :
2
 e  ( 1  e x )2 
10
( 1  e x )5  c )

dy 1 2 y3 2 y3
28 )  y( 2 y 3  1 )2
(ans. : ln(
3 2 y3  1
)
3( 2 y 3  1 )
c)

x dx 2
29 )  1 x
(ans. :
3
x 3  x  2 x  2 ln( x  1 )  c )

dt
30 )  et  1 (ans. : ln( e t  1 )  t  c )

١٩
 d 1 1
31 )  1  tan 2

(ans. :
2
  ln sec 2  tan 2  c )
4
x
e 2
e  cos 2 x dx cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  c )
x
32 ) (ans. :
5 5
cot d sin 
33 )  1  sin 2  (ans. : ln
1  sin 
2
c)
1 3
e4t 3 9
34 )  2
dt (ans. : e 2 t ( 1  e 2 t ) 3  ( 1  e 2 t ) 4  c )
2 8
(1 e ) 2t 3

x3  x2 x2 4 2
35 )  x2  x  2
dx (ans. :
2
 ln( x  2 )  ln( x  1 )  c )
3 3
2e 2 x  e x 1
36 )  3e 2x
 6e  1x
dx (ans. : ( 2 3e 2 x  6 e x  1 
3
3 ln 3 ( e x  1 )  3e 2 x  6 e x  1  c )
dy
37 )  (2y 1) y y2
(ans. : sec  1 ( 2 y  1 )  c )

3
ex 2
(1 x cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x  c )
2 2
38 ) ) dx (ans. :
5 5
tan 1 x x tan 1 x
39 )  dx (ans. : ln  c)
x2 x 1
2 x 2

x2 x 1
 x  sin  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  c )
2
40 ) x dx (ans. :
4 4 8
dt 1 1 t
41 ) t 4
 4t 2  3
(ans. : tan  1 t 
2 2 3
tan  1
3
c)

8 dx x 2 2
42 )  x  2 x3
4
(ans. : ln   2 c)
x2 x x
cos x dx x x x
43 )  1  cos x
(ans. : 2 ( 2 sin  ln sec  tan )  c )
2 2 2
x dx 4 2 x 1
44 )  x x 1
(ans. : x  2 x 
3
tan  1
3
c)

dt
45 )  sec t  tan 2 t
2
(ans. : 2 tan  1 ( 2 tan t )  t  c )

٢٠
 dx 1 1
46 )  1  cos 2 x (ans. :
2
tan  1 (
2
tan x )  c )

x2  x
47 )  ln( x  1  x ) dx (ans. : xln( x  1  x ) 
2
1
 ln 2 x  1  2 x 2  x  c )
4
2
x 3 1
 x ln( x  x ) dx ln( x 3  x )  x 2  ln( x 2  1 )  c )
3
48 ) (ans. :
2 4 2
cosx dx
49 )  4  cos 2 x
(ans. : ln 3  sin 2 x  sin x  c )

sec 2 x dx 1
50 )  4  sec 2 x
(ans. : sin  1 (
3
tan x )  c )

dt 1 1
51 ) t 1  t2
(ans. :
2
ln( t  1  t 2 )  sin  1 t  c )
2
1
e
x
52 )  tan  1 e x dx (ans. :  e  x  tan  1 e x  x  ln( 1  e 2 x )  c )
2
1 1
 sin
1
53 ) x dx (ans. : x sin  1 x  sin  1 x  x  x2  c )
2 2
cos2x  1
54 )  cos2x  1 dx (ans. : x  tanx  c )

٢١
 Chapter seven

Application of integrals

7-1- Definite integrals:

If f ( x ) is continuous in the interval a  x  b and it is
integrable in the interval then the area under the curve:-

 f ( x )dx  F ( x )
b
a
 F(b )  F(a )
a

where F ( x ) is any function such that F ( x )  f ( x ) in

the interval.

Some of the more useful properties of the definite integral are:-

b b
1 )  c f(x) dx  c  f(x) dx , where c is constant.
a a
b b b
2)   f(x)  g(x) dx   f(x)dx   g(x)dx
a a a
b a
3)  f(x) dx    f(x) dx
a b
b c b
4 ) Let a  c  b then  f(x) dx   f(x) dx   f(x) dx
a a c
a
5)  f(x) dx  0
a
b
6 ) If f(x)  0 for a  x  b then  f(x) dx  0
a
b b
7 ) If f(x)  g(x) for a  x  b then  f(x) dx   g(x) dx
a a

١
 EX-1 – Evaluate the following definite integrals:
3
6 2
dx
1) 
2
x2
2)  cos x dx

2

3
3 2
dx dx
3)  4) 
 3
1  x2 0 1  x2
4 

e 6)  (   x )  cosx dx
 x
5) 2
dx
2 0

Sol. –

6
dx
 x  2  ln( x  2 )
6
1) 2
 ln( 6  2 )  ln( 2  2 )  ln 8  ln 4  3ln2  2ln2  ln2
2

3
2
3 3 
 cos x dx  sin x   sin(  )  sin( )   1  1   2
2
2)

2
2
2 2

dx
3
  2
 1  x2
1 3
3)  tan  tan  1 3  tan  1 (  3 )   (  )  
 3 3 3 3
 3

3
2
dx 3
3  
  sin1 x  sin1  sin1 0   0 
2
4)
0 1  x2 0 2 3 3

4 4

e
 x
 x
5) 2
dx  2e 2
 2( e 2  e )  2( e  e 2 )
2
2

6 ) Let u    x  du  dx & dv  cosx dx  v  sinx

 
 
 (   x )  cosx dx  (   x )sin x 0   sin x dx  (   x ) sin x  cos x 0
0 0

 (    ) sin  cos  (   0 ) sin0  cos0   0  ( 1 )  ( 0  1 )  2

٢
7-2- Area between two curves:
Suppose that y1  f 1 ( x ) and y 2  f 2 ( x ) define two functions
of x that are continuous for a  x  b then the area bounded above
by the y1 curve, below by y 2 curve and on the sides by the vertical
lines x  a and x  b is:-
b
A    f 1 ( x )  f 2 ( x ) dx
a

EX-2- Find the area bounded by the x-axis and the curve:
y  2 x  x2 y
2
Sol.-

y0 .......... ....(1)  1

  x(x  2 )  0  x  0 , 2
y  2x  x 2 .....(2) 
x
1 2

The points of the intersection of the curve and the x-axis are (0,0)
and (2,0) then the area bounded by x-axis and the curve is:-

2 2
x3 8 4
0 (2x  x ) dx  x  3  4  3  ( 0  0 )  3
2 2

EX-3- Find the area bounded by the y-axis and the curve:
x  y2  y3
y
Sol.-
1
x0 .......... ....(1) 
  y (1 y )  0  y  0 ,1
2

x  y  y .....(2) 
2 3

x
 intersecti on points (0,0), (0,1)
The area 
1 1
y3 y4 1 1 1
A   (y  y )dy 
2 3
    (0  0 ) 
0
3 4 0 3 4 12

٣
 EX-4- Find the area bounded by the curve y  x and the line:
2

y x
y
Sol.-
y=x2
y=x
y  x 2 ......(1) 
  x (x  1 )  0  x  0 , 1
y  x .....(2) 
1

 intersecti on points (0,0), (1,1) x

1
The area 
1 1
x2 x3 1 1 1
A   ( x  x )dx   2
  0 
0
2 3 0 2 3 6

EX-5- Find the area bounded by the curves y  x 4  2 x 2 and

y  2 x2 y
y=x4-2x2
Sol.-

y  x 4  2 x 2 ......(1) 8
y=2x2
  x (x  4 )  0
2 2

y  2 x ............(2) 
2
4
x
 x  0 , 2,2 -1 0 1
-2 2
 intersection points are (0,0),(2,8),( 2,8)
-4

The area 

 2 x   
0 2
A 2
 ( x  2 x ) dx   2 x 2  ( x 4  2 x 2 ) dx
4 2

2 0
2
 4 3 x5 
  4 
2
32
 2  4 x  x dx  2  x    2   8 
2 4
 0
0 3 5 0 3 5 
128

15

٤
 Notice:- We can use the double integration to calculate the area
between two curves which bounded above by the curve y  f 2 ( x )
below by y  f 1 ( x ) on the left by the line x  a and on the right by
x  b , then:-
b f2 ( x )

A   dy dx
a f1 ( x )

To evaluate above integrals we follow:-

(a) integrating  dy with respect to y and evaluating the resulting
integral the limits y  f 1 ( x ) and y  f 2 ( x ) , then:
(b)integrating the result of (a) with respect to x between the
limits x  a and x  b .
If the area is bounded on the left by the curve x  g1 ( y ) , on the
right by x  g 2 ( y ) , below by the line y  c , and above by the line
y  d , then it is better to integrate first with respect to x and then
with respect to y. That is:-
d g2 ( y )
A   dx dy
c g1 ( y )

EX-6- Find the area of the triangular region in the first quadrant
bounded by the y-axis and the curve y  sin x , y  cos x .

Sol.- y

y  sin x .....(1) 
  sin x  cos x x  1
y  cos x .....(2) 4 1
y=sinx
2

The area  y=cos

x
   
x

4 cosx 4 4 4

dx   cos x  sin x dx

4
A   dy dx   y
cos x
sin x
0 sinx 0 0


4 1 1
 sin x  cos x    ( 0  1 )  2  1  0.414
0 2 2

٥
 1 1
sin x
EX-7- Calculate: 
0 y
x
dx dy
y
x=1
y=x

Sol.- We cannot solve the integration

1 1 1
sin x y=1
0 y x dx dy , hence we reverse the
order of integration as follow:-
x
1
x1 and y1
x y y0

1 x 1 1
sinx sinx x sinx
A  0 x dy dx  0 x 0y dx  0 x ( x  0 )dx
0
1
  sin x dx   cos x 0  (cos 1  cos 0 )  1  cos 1
1

EX-8- Write an equivalent double integral with order of

integration reversed for each integrals check your answer
by evaluation both double integrals, and sketch the region.

1 3x  2 0 1 x 2 1 x
1)   dy dx
-2 x 4 x
2
2)   dy dx    dy dx
-1  2 x 0 x

2

y
Sol.-
6
y=5
y  3 x  2 .....(1)
1)  4
y  x 2  4x ...(2)
2

( x  2 )( x  1 )  0 -2 -1 0
x
either x  2  y  4
or x  1  y  5 -2 x=1

-4
y  x2  4 y=-4
x=-2
y  3x  2

٦
 1 3x  2 1 3x  2 1
(a )   dy dx   y 2
dx   ( 2  x  x 2 )dx
2
-2 x2 4 x x2 4 x
1
x2 x3 1 1 8 9
 2x   2   ( 4  2  ) 
2 3 2
2 3 3 2

( b ) The reversed integral is : -

y2
y  3x  2  x 
3
y  x 2  4x  (x  2)2  y  4  x  2  y  4
Since  2  x  1  x  2  y4

5 2  y  4 2  y  4
 y 2
5 5

  dx dy  
-4 y2 4
x
y 2
  2 
 4
y4   dy
3 
3
3
5
2 3 ( y  2 )2
 2 y  ( y  4 ) 2
3 6 4

2 9 36 9
 10  ( 27 )   ( 8  0  )
3 6 6 2
 The same result as in (a).

0 1 x 2 1 x 0 1 x 2 1 x

2 ) (a )   dy dx    dy dx  
-1  2 x
y dx   y

x
dx
0

x -1 2x 0
2
2
0 2 0 2
x x2 x2
  (1  x) dx   ( 1  ) dx  x   x
-1 0
2 2 1
4 0

1 3
 0  ( 1  ) 2  1 0 
2 2

(b) 1st region

y  1  x .....(1)
  x  1  y  2 x from  1 to 0
y  2 x ......(2) 

٧
 2nd region
y  1  x ...(1)

x   x  2  y  1 y from 0 to 2
y   .....(2) 
2 
y
2 1 y 0 1 y 2 1 y 0 1 y (-1,2)
2
  dx dy  
1 2 y
 dx dy   x y
dy  
1
x
2 y
dy y=-x/2
0

y 0  (x=-2y) 1
2 2

2 0 2 0
y y2 y2
  ( 1  )dy   ( 1  y )dy  y 
1 2
 y x
0
2 1
4 0 2 1 -1 0

1 3
 2  1  0  0  ( 1  ) -1
(2,-1)
2 2
y= -2x y=1-x
 The same result as in (a). (x=-y/2) (x=1-y)

7-3- Triple integrals (Volume):

Consider a region N in xyz-space bounded below by a surface
z  f 1 ( x , y ) , above by the surface z  f 2 ( x , y ) and laterally by a
cylinder c with elements parallel to the z-axis. Let A denote the
region of the xy-plane enclosed by cylinder c (that is, A is the region
covered by the orthogonal projection of the solid into xy-plane). Then
the volume V of the region V can be found by evaluating the triply
iterated integral:-

f2 ( x ,y )
y
V    dz dy dx
A f1 ( x , y )

Let z-limits of integration indicate

that for every (x,y) in the region A,Z z  f2 ( x, y )

may extend from the lower surface

z  f1 ( x , y ) to the surface z  f1 ( x , y )

z  f 2 ( x , y ) . The y- and x-limits of

integration have not been given x c
explicitly in equation above, but are z
indicated as extending over the
region A.

٨
We can find the equation of the boundary of the region A by
eliminating z between the two equations z  f 1 ( x , y ) and
z  f 2 ( x , y ) , thus obtaining an equation f 1 ( x , y )  f 2 ( x , y ) which
contains no z, and interpret it as an equation in the xy-plane.

EX-9 The volume in the first octant bounded by the cylinder

x  4  y 2 , and the planes z  y , x  0 , z  0.

Sol.-

x  4  y2  y   4  x in first octant : -
4 4 x y 4 4 x y 4 4 x 4 4 x
y2
V    dz dy dx    z dy dx    y dy dx   dx
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0
4
1 x2  1 
4
1 16
  ( 4  x  0 )dx   4 x     16   0  4
20 2 2 0 2  2 

EX-10 The volume enclosed by the cylinders z  5  x 2 , z  4 x 2 and

the planes y  0 , x  y  1 .

Sol.-

z  5  x 2 ...(1)
  x  1
z  4x ......(2) 
2

1 1 x 5  x 2 1 1 x 5 x2 1 1 x
V    dz dy dx    dy dx   (5  5x
2
z ) dy dx
1 0 4x 2 1 0 4x 2 1 0

1 1 x 1
 5(1 x ) y 2
dx  5  ( 1  x 2 )( 1  x )dx
1 0 1
1
1
 x2 x3 x4 
 5  ( 1  x  x  x ) dx  5  x 
2
3
 
1  2 3 4  1
 1 1 1  20
 5 ( 1  1 )  ( 1  1 )  ( 1  1 )  ( 1  1 ) 
 2 3 4  3

٩
EX-11 The volume enclosed by the cylinders y  4 z  16 and the
2 2

planes x  0 , x  y  4 .

Sol.-

y 2  4 z 2  16  y  2 4  z 2

2 2 4 z2 4 y

V 
2 2 4z 2
  dx dy dz
0

 2
2 4 z2 2 2 4 z
 
2 2 2
y 1
 
2 2
 2(4  y) dy dz  2 4 y  2 dz  16  4  z 2
2
2
dz
4 z 2 4 z 2


at z  2   
z 2
let z  2 sin  dz  2 cos  d ,   sin 1 
2 
at z  2   
2
  
2 2 2
1  cos2
V  16  ( 4  4 sin 2  ) 2 2 cos  d  64  cos 2  d  64  d
1

   2
  
2 2 2

 1     1 2
 32   sin 2   32 (  )  ( 0  0 )  32
 2    2 2 2 
2

EX-12 The volume bounded by the ellipse paraboloids z  x  9 y

2 2

and z  18  x  9y .
2 2

Sol.-

z  18  x 2  9y 2 ..(1) 1
  9  x 2
 9 y 2
 0  y   9  x2
z  x  9y .........(2) 
2 2
3

1 1
9 x2 9 x2
18  x 2  9y 2

 18  x 
3 3 3 3
V    dz dy dx    9y 2  ( x 2  9y 2 ) dy dx
2

3 1 x 9 y
2 2 3 1
 9 x2  9 x2
3 3

١٠
 1
9 x 2
3
 3
V  2  ( 9  x2 )y  3 y3  dx
3 1 9 x 2
3

    ( 9  x 2 ) 2 ( 9  x 2 ) 2 
3 3
2  9 x 9  x2
3 2

 2 (9 x )  3   dx
3 
 3 3   27 27 
    
3
8 3
  ( 9  x 2 ) 2 dx
9 3

at x  3   
x 2
let x  3sin  dx  3cos d ,   sin1 
3 
at x  3    
2
  

8 2 3 2
1  cos2 22
    3cos d  72  cos 4 d  72  ( ) d
2 2
( 9 9 sin )
9    2
  
2 2 2
 
2 2
cos 4
 18  (1  2cos2  cos 2 2 ) d  18  (1  2cos2  ) d
  2
 
2 2
 
2
 1 2
 9  ( 3  4cos2  cos4 ) d  9  3  2 sin 2  sin 4 

  4  
2
2

   1 
 9  3(  )  2(sin  sin(  ))  (sin 2  sin( 2 ))  27 
 2 2 4 

7-4- The length of a plane curve:- B(b,d)

The length of the curve y  f ( x )
d y=f(x)
from point A(a,c) to B(b,d) is:-
x=g(y)
b
dy 2
L   1( ) dx A(a,c)
a
dx c
If x can be expressed as a function
of y then the length is:- 0 a b
d
dx 2
L   1( ) dy
c
dy

١١
 Let the equation of motion be x  g ( t ) and y  h( t )
continuously differentiable for t between t a ( at A ) and t b ( at B),
then the length of the curve is:-
tb
dx 2 dy
L 
ta
(
dt
)  ( )2 dt
dt

EX-13 – Find the length of the curve:

1 3
1 ) y  (x 2  2) 2 from x  0 to x  3
3
2 ) 9 x 2  4y 3 from ( 0,0) to ( 2 3 ,3)
2
3 ) y  x3 from x  1 to x8

Sol.
1 2 3 dy 1
1) y  (x  2) 2   x (x 2  2) 2
3 dx
3 3 3
x3
L   1  x (x  2) dx   (x  1) dx 
2 2
 x  9  3  0  12
2

0 0
3 0
2 3
2 ) 9 x 2  4y 3  x   y 2 Since x from 0 to 2 3
3
2 3 dx 1
then x  y 2   y2
3 dy
3
( 1  y ) 2  8  1 
2 3 3 2 14
L   1  y dy 
0
3 0 3 3
y
2 dy 2  13
3) y x 3
  x 4
dx 3
dy
Since   at x  0 2
dx x
3 dx 3 1
then x   y 2    y2 -2 0 2 4 6 8
dy 2
 3
1
3
4

1  ( 4  9 y )2 (4  9y )
1 4
9 9 
2

L 1  y dy   1  y dy  
4 4 18  3 3 
0 0
 2 0 2 0



1
27

( 13 13  4 4 )  ( 40 40  4 4 )  10.51 

١٢
 
EX-14 – Find the distance traveled between t  0 and
a t
2
particle P(x,y) whose position at time t is given by:-
x  a cos t  a  t sin t and y  a sin t  a  t cos t where a is a
positive constant.

Sol.

dx
x  a cos t  a  t sin t   a  t cos t
dt
dy
y  a sin t  a  t cos t   a  t sin t
dt

b 2
dx 2 dy 2
L 
a
(
dt
) (
dt
) dt  
0
a 2  t 2 cos 2 t  a 2  t 2 sin 2 t dt
 

a  2  a
2 2
a 2
 a  t dt  t    0   2
0
2 0 2 4  8

EX-15 – Find the length of the curve:-

x  t  sin t and y  1  cos t ; 0  t  2

Sol.

dx
x  t  sin t 
 1  cos t
dt
dy
y  1  cos t   sin t
dt
b 2
dx 2 dy 2
L 
a
(
dt
) (
dt
) dt  
0
( 1  cos t )2  sin 2 t dt

2 2
  1  2 cos t  cos t  sin t dt   1  2 cos t  1 dt
2 2

0 0
2 2 2
1  cos t t t
 2 dt  2  sin dt  4 co s
0
2 0
2 20
 4 cos   cos 0   4  1  1  8

١٣
7-5- The surface area:
Suppose that the curve y  f ( x ) is rotated about the x-axis. It
will generate a surface in space. Then the surface area of the
shape is:-
b
dy 2
S   2 y 1  ( ) dx
a
dx

If the curve rotated about the y-axis, then the surface area is:-
d
dx 2
S   2 x 1  ( ) dy
c
dy

If the curve sweeps out the surface is given in parametric form

with x and y as functions of a third variable t that varies
from ta to tb then we may compute the surface area from the
formula:-
tb
dx 2 dy
S   2  ( )  ( )2 dt
ta
dt dt

where  is the distance from the axis of revolution to the

element of arc length and is expressed as a function of t.

EX-16 – The circle x  y  r is revolved about the x-axis. Find

2 2 2

the area of the sphere generated.

Sol.-

dy x
y  r 2  x2  
dx r 2  x2
b r r
dy 2 x2
S   2 y 1  ( ) dx   2 r  x 1  2
2 2
dx  2 r  dx
a
dx r
r  x 2
r
r

 2 r x  2 r r  (  r )  4 r 2
r

١٤
EX-17 – Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the
1 2 3
portion of the curve y ( x  2 )2 between x=0 and x=3
3
about the y-axis.

Sol.-

1 2 3 2 1 dx 1
y ( x  2 ) 2  x  (( 3 y ) 3  2 ) 2   1 2 1
3 dy ( 3 y ) 3  (( 3 y ) 3  2 ) 2

1 2 3 at x  0 2 2 at x  3 11 11
y ( x  2 )2  y and  y
3 3 3

11 11
3
1
 2 ( 3 y ) 3  2  1 
2
S 2 2 dy
2 2 (( 3 y )  2 )( 3 y )
3 3
3

11 11 4 2 11 11 2
3
( 3 y ) 3  2( 3 y ) 3  1 3
(( 3 y ) 3  1 )2
 2 
2 2 ( 3 y )3
2 dy  2
2
 2 ( 3 y )3
2 dy
3 3

( 3 y )  ( 3 y ) 
11 11

 1 ( 3 y )3 1 ( 3 y )3  3
11 11 4 2
3



 2
1 1
3 3
dy  2   
  2 2
4 2
2 2 3 3
3 3
3 3

 11 11 43 2 2 43 
 ( 3  ) 11 11 23 ( 3  ) 2 2 23  99
 3 (3 )  3  (3 )  
 2 3 2 3  2
 

x3 1
EX-18 – The arc of the curve y  from x=1 to x=3 is
3 4x
rotated about the line y= -1. Find the surface area generated.

Sol.-

١٥
 x3 1 dy 1 4 x4  1
y   x 
2

3 4x dx 4 x2 4 x2

( 4 x 4  1 )2
3
x3 1
S  2  (   1) 1 4
dx
1
3 4 x 16 x
4 x 4  12 x  3 ( 4 x 4  1 )2
3

 2  4
dx
1
12 x 16 x

3

 
24 1
( 16 x 5  48 x 2  16 x  12 x  2  3 x  3 )dx

 8 6
3
12 3 
 x  16 x 3
 8 x 2
 
24  3 x 2 x 2  1
 8 1 3 1 
 ( 729  1 )  16 ( 27  1 )  8 ( 9  1 )  12 (  1 )  (  1 )
24  3 3 2 9 

1823
 
18

EX-19 – Find the area of the surface generated by rotating the curve
x  t 2 , y  t , 0  t  1 about the x-axis.

Sol.-

dx dy
x  t2   2t and yt  1
dt dt

tb 1
dx 2 dy 2
S   2  ( ) ( ) dt  2  t 4 t 2  1 dt
ta
dt dt 0
1
  ( 4 t 2  1 ) 2 
 
3

  5 5 1
4 3  6
 2 0

١٦
 Problems – 7

1) Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves and lines
for the following problems:-

1. The coordinate axes and the line x  y  a

2. The x-axis and the curve y  e x and the lines x  0 , x  1
3. The curve y 2  x  0 and the line y  x  2
4. The curves x  y 2 and x  2 y  y 2
5. The parabola x  y  y 2 and the line x  y  0

a2 9 1 4
(ans. : 1. ; 2.e  1 ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. )
2 2 3 3

2) Write an equivalent double integral with order of integration

reversed for each integrals check your answer by evaluation both
double integrals, and sketch the region.

2 ex e2 2
1.   dy dx
0 1
(ans. :   dx dy
1 lny
; e2  3 )

1 1 1 x2
1
2. 
0
 dx dy (ans. : 
0
 dy dx ;
0
3
)
y

4 x2
2 4  2y 2 2 2
8
3. 
0  4  2y 2
 y dx dy (ans. :  
2 0
y dy dx ;
3
)

3) Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane

x y z
   1 and the coordinate planes.
a b c
1
(ans. : abc )
6

4) Find the volume bounded by the plane z  0 laterally by the

elliptic cylinder x 2  4 y 2  4 and above by the plane z  x  2 .

(ans. : 4 )

١٧
 5) Find the lengths of the following curves:-
3 8
1. y  x 2 from (0,0) to (4,8) (ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27
x3 1 53
2. y   from x  1 to x  3 (ans. : )
3 4x 6
y4 1 123
3. x   2 from y  1 to y  2 (ans. : )
4 8y 32
4
4. (y  1)2  4x 3 from x  0 to x  1 (ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27

6) Find the distance traveled by the particle P(x,y) between t=0 and
t2 1 3

t=4 if the position at time t is given by: x  ; y ( 2t  1 )2

2 3
(ans. : 12 )

7) The position of a particle P(x,y) at time t is given by:

1 3 t2
x (2t  3) 2 ; y  t . Find the distance it travel between t=0
3 2
21
and t=3. (ans. : )
2
8) Find the area of the surface generated by rotating about the x-axis
the arc of the curve y  x 3 between x  0 and x  1 .

(ans. : ( 10 10  1 ))
27
9) Find the area of the surface generated by rotating about the y-axis
the arc of the curve y  x 2 between (0,0) and (2,4) .

(ans. : ( 17 17  1 ))
6

10) Find the area of the surface generated by rotating about the y-
x2 1 2
axis the curve y   ; 0 x1 . (ans. :  ( 2 2  1 ))
2 2 3
t2
11) The curve described by the particle P(x,y) x  t1 , y  t
2
from t = 0 to t = 4 is rotated about the y-axis. Find the surface area
that is generated.
2 2
(ans. :  ( 13 13  1 ))
3

١٨