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35 vues16 pages

Guide sur l'éducation et la législation

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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
35 vues16 pages

Guide sur l'éducation et la législation

Transféré par

dipankark649
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Nous prenons très au sérieux les droits relatifs au contenu. Si vous pensez qu’il s’agit de votre contenu, signalez une atteinte au droit d’auteur ici.
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez aux formats PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd

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12-0 ifjp;
12-1 ukjhokn D;k gS\
12-2 ukjhoknh fl)kar dk çkjafHkd fodkl
12-3 ledkyhu vkykspukRed ukjhokn
12-4 [Link] fo"keySafxdrk
12-5 lkjka'k
12-6 lanHkZ
12-7 vkidh çxfr dh tk¡p djus ds fy, mÙkj

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] f'k{kkFkÊ fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksaxs %
 ukjhokn dh voè[Link] ij ppkZ djuk(
 ukjhoknh fl)karksa ds fodkl dk laf{kIr fooj.k nsuk( rFkk
 lajpukRed ukjhoknh –f"Vdks.k vkSj ledkyhu vkykspukRed ukjhokn dk
lekykspukRed fo'ys"k.k djukA

yxHkx chloha 'krkCnh ds eè; rd] vfèkdka'k lk{kj nqfu;k esa Kku dk mRiknu
yxHkx iwjh rjg ls mPp oxZ ds iq#"kksa ds gkFkksa esa FkkA çfl) vaxzsth ysf[kdk]
otÊfu;k owYQ dks mudh çflf) ds pje ij Hkh v‚DlQksMZ foÜofo|ky; ds
iqLrdky; esa ços'k ls flQZ blfy, oafpr dj fn;k x;k Fkk] D;ksafd og ,d
efgyk Fkha( D;ksafd efgykvksa dks fdlh Hkh çfrf"Br f'k{k.k laLFkku ds ifjlj esa
tkus dh vuqefr ugha Fkh] tSls fd muds dne gh Kku ds bu ifo= dsaæksa dks
nwf"kr dj nsaxsA if'pe esa iqutkZxj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ckn efgykvksa us
vius lHkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj [kks fn,] D;ksafd os ç—fr ds cjkcj gks x,] tks fd iq#"kksa
}kjk fu;af=r fd, x, Fks] ftUgksaus Kku dks] fo'ks"k :i ls ç—fr ij gkoh gksus ds
fy, rdZlaxr] oSKkfud Kku dks fu;af=r fd;k ¼v‚VZuj 1974½A
;gka rd fd tc ;wjksih; lektksa us vius jktuhfrd opZLo dks vius mifuos'kksa
rd c<+k;k] rks mUgksaus viuh fir`lÙkkRed fopkjèkkjk dks nqfu;k ds mu lHkh fgLlksa
esa QSyk;k] ftu ij mUgksaus fot; çkIr dh ¼,fVus vkSj yhd‚d 1980½A
Hkkjr esa] de ls de eè;;qxhu dky ls efgykvksa dks f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kk x;k Fkk
vkSj vkt Hkh dbZ yksx fuj{kjrk ;k Kku dh vi;kZIr igqap ls ihfM+r gSaA Kku vkSj

*
çks- lqHkæk fe=k pUuk] iwoZ çksQslj ekuo foKku foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky]
174 fnYyh
'kfä ds chp ?kfu"B lacaèk bafxr djrk gS fd efgykvksa dks] fQj ls yxHkx foÜo
Lrj ij] lÙkk ds {ks= ls ckgj j[kk x;k] u dsoy lkoZtfud {ks= ls cfYd muds
Lo;a ds 'kjhj ij ls HkhA blfy, ukjhoknh fl)kar dk igyk çfreku lkoZHkkSfed
iq#"k opZLo dk Fkk ¼jkslkYMks vkSj ySEQs;j 1974½A

vius okLrfod vFkZ esa ukjhokn u dsoy iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp vlekurk
,oa lHkh çdkj ds HksnHkko dh vksj funZsf'kr ,d [Link] ifjçs{; gSA pwafd opZLo
vkSj vèkhurk ds lHkh :iksa esa lÙkk dk [ksy vkSj inkuqØe 'kkfey gSa] ukjhokn
'kfä vkSj çfrfufèkRo ds lokyksa ls xgjkbZ ls tqM+k gqvk gS vkSj ,d [Link]
jktuhfrd vkanksyu ds :i esa fodflr gksus dh laHkkouk gSA ;g le>us ds fy,
fd ukjhokn D;k gS] gesa bls fyax fl)kar vkSj efgykvksa ds vè;;u ls Hkh vyx
djus dh vko';drk gS]D;ksafd nks 'kS{[Link] vfHkfoU;kl vDlj ukjhokn ds lkFk
Hkzfer gksrs gSaA ekxZjsV ehM ¼1935½ U;w fxuh esa fd, x, vius u`oa'kfoKku dk;Z
}kjk lkoZHkkSfed iq#"k opZLo ds fl)kar dks pqukSrh nsus okyh igyh ekuofoKkuh
FkhaA muds }kjk vè;;u fd, x, rhu vyx&vyx leqnk;ksa esa] ,d gh fudVorÊ
{ks= esa] mUgksaus fn[kk;k fd dSls iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk fuekZ.k cgqr vyx rjhds
ls fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj muls if'peh nqfu;k dh rqyuk esa dkQh vyx Hkwfedkvksa dk
ikyu djus dh vis{kk dh xbZ FkhA ,d lekt esa] iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa ncs gq,
vkSj '[Link] Fks] nwljs esa] os nksuksa leku :i ls vkØked Fks vkSj efgykvksa ds ikl
dksbZ iks"k.k djus okys pfj= ugha Fks] vkSj rhljs esa] mUgksaus if'peh iq#"kksa vkSj
efgykvksa ds foijhr Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkbZa A muds dke dk vesfjdh lekt ij fo'ks"k
:i ls efgykvksa ij cgqr çHkko iM+k] ftUgksaus [kqn dks vpkud tSfod fu;rRookn
dh csfM+;ksa ls eqä ik;kA ;g fyax fl)kar dh 'kq#vkr Hkh Fkh tks fyax dks tSfod
fyax ls Lora= ,d lkekftd fuekZ.k vkSj lkaL—frd :i ls funZsf'kr iq#"kRo vkSj
L=hRo ds :i esa ns[krk gSA fyax fl)kar vkSj ukjhoknh fl)kar ,d nwljs ds
lekukarj pyrs gSaA
fyax fl)kar iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa] lkaL—frd :i ls
mi;qä fyax çfreku ds fuekZ.k ij fofHkUu oSpkfjd vkSj czãkaM lacaèkh çHkkoksa ij
dsafær gSA fyax mfpr :i ls ,d lkoZHkkSfed fo"k; gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr
vkSj dkuwuh tSls lHkh lkekftd lacaèkksa dh varfuZfgr dFkkud cukrk gSA ;g varj
ekurk gS ysfdu t:jh ugha fd ,d inkuqØe ;k vlekurk gksA nwljh vksj
ukjhokn ,d jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk vkSj ,d i)fr gS tks lekt esa fir`lÙkk ds
fofHkUu rjhdksa vkSj blesa 'kkfey lÙkk lacaèkksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, rS;kj gS(
,d ukjhoknh ,d laHkkfor dk;ZdrkZ Hkh gSA ,d fyax fl)kardkj dsoy ,d
fo'ys"kd gksrk gSA ,d rhljh 'kS{[Link] [Link] efgykvksa dk vè;;u gS] tks dsoy
efgykvksa] muds dke] muds thou] mudh leL;kvksa vkSj eqíksa ij dsafær fyax
fl)kar dk ,d fof'k"V vuqç;ksx gSA efgykvksa ds ckjs esa fof'k"V Kku dh deh dks
iwjk djus ds fy, efgykvksa ds vè;;u tSls fo"k; dks vko';d le>k x;k]
D;ksafd vfèkdka'k vè;;u] oSKkfud ;k lkekftd foKku us iq#"kksa ij è;ku dsafær
fd;k FkkA bl ckr dk ,glkl fd efgyk,a iq#"kksa dh nqfu;k ls vyx jg ldrh
gSa] us efgykvksa ds vyx ls vè;;u ds fy, bls çksRlkfgr fd;k gS tks efgykvksa]
175
mudh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj muds thou ds vU; igyqvksa ij è;ku
dsafær djrk gSA fuLlansg efgykvksa dk vè;;u ukjhoknh –f"Vdks.k ls mHkjk gS
vkSj ukjhoknh i)fr dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj çR;{koknh #[k viukus ds ctk;
O;fäijd –f"Vdks.k dks viukus dh çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA fyax vè;;u vkSj
ukjhoknh vè;;u nksuksa ds foijhr] efgykvksa dk vè;;u dsoy vkèkh ekuo vkcknh
ij dsafær gSA nwljh vksj] fyax vè;;u dh vyx ls dksbZ [Link] ugha gS] cfYd bls
dsoy lacaèk ds vkèkkj ij gh le>k tk ldrk gSA blds vykok] fyax Hkh enkZuxh
dk vè;;u gks ldrk gSA ysfdu pkgs iq#"kksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k tk, ;k
efgykvksa ij] fyax ges'kk lacaèkijd gksrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, dksfy;j vkSj
;kukfxlkdks dk fyax vkSj fj'rsnkjh ij [Link] dk;ZA
;gka ukjhokn ds i)frxr igyw ij tksj nsuk pkfg,] tks fd vDlj] gkykafd ges'kk
ugha] fyax vè;;u vkSj efgykvksa ds vè;;u ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA ukjhokn ,d
mÙkj & lajpukRed laLFkku fojksèkh vkanksyu ds fgLls ds :i esa] 'kS{[Link] {ks= ds
Hkhrj vkSj ckgj mHkjkA f}rh; foÜo ;q) ds ckn dh nqfu;k uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrdrk
ds laLFkkuksa vkSj lEesyuksa ds çfr vkykspukRed vkSj eksgHkax nksuksa Fkh] ftUgsa iq#"k
dsafær ekuk tkrk Fkk] ¼fo'ks"k :i ls Üosr iq#"k dsafær½] ftlus vkØkedrk] çHkqRo]
uLyokn] foHkktu vkSj vfuok;Zrk dh ç'kalk dhA ukjhoknh vkykspuk
vkèkqfudrkoknh çR;{kokn vkSj ekuorkokn ds fcuk foKku dh mifuos'kokn&fojksèkh
vkSj mÙkj&vkèkqfud vkykspuk ds lkFk&lkFk FkhA ekuork ds dbZ {ks= 'oLrqvks'a ds
:i esa viuh fLFkfr ls fo"k; gksus dh vksj c<+uk pkgrs Fks] vkSj vius Lo;a ds
thou vkSj Kku ds mRiknu nksuksa ij viuk fu;a=.k j[kuk pkgrs FksA çHkqRo dh
Üosr] iq#"k dsafær oSfÜod lajpukvksa dks pqukSrh nh tk jgh Fkh] ftUgsa iwoZ mifuos'kksa
ds ^ewy fuoklh* vkSj gkf'k, ij ekufodh ds vU; lHkh oxksZa ds :i esa lanfHkZr
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa efgyk,a Hkh 'kkfey FkhaA
çR;{kokn dh lcls çeq[k vkykspuk bldh oLrqfu"Brk] fo'ys"k.k dh HkkoukRed
vkSj O;fäijd varoZLrq ls bldk vyxko FkkA uSfrdrk vkSj blls ls jfgr foKku
}kjk yk, x, dgj us oSKkfud Kkuehekalk ij ç'u fpà yxk fn;kA ekuo foKku
tSls lkekftd foKkuksa esa] Kku ds fuekZ.k vkSj ç—fr esa Lo;a Kku mRiknd dh
Hkwfedk dh ekU;rk FkhA ukjhokn fo'ks"k :i ls [kqn dks ,sls Kku ds f[kykQ [kM+k
djrk gS tks u dsoy iq#"kksa }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk cfYd iq#"k çHkqRo dks iqu%
mRiUu djus ds fy, Hkh funZsf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ukjhoknh
lkfgR; dk ,d cM+k laxzg gS tks ;g crkrk gS fd dSls fpfdRlk foKku us
efgykvksa dh iwoZ& dfYir è[Link] ¼fd] efgyk,a 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld :i ls ghu
gksrh gSa½ dks lkfcr djus ds fy, lcls mís';[Link] vkSj dBksj rjhdksa dk mi;ksx
djds fir`lÙkk dks etcwr fd;k x;k ¼xksYM 1980] vukZsYM 1993½A
ekuo foKku esa] ç[;kr iq#"k fo}kuksa ds dke ds efgyk fo}kuksa }kjk iqu% vè;;u
us vpsru O;fäijd iwokZxzg fn[kk;k] ftlds vèkhu lcls vPNs fo}ku Hkh FksA
,usV osuj ¼1976½ dh Vªksfcz,aM }hi dh ;k=k ls irk pyk fd dSls ekfyuksoLdh us
bu }hiksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dh vuns[kh dh FkhA ;g
tkucw>dj fd;k x;k fujh{k.k ugha Fkk] cfYd ;g ,d vpsru O;fäijdrk dk
[Link] FkkA blfy,] ukjhoknh vkSj mÙkj&lajpukRed i)fr us lkekU; rkSj ij
176 ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh Kku mRiknu vius fuekZrk dh O;fäijdrk ls
Lora= ugha gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] tgka vè;;u dh fo"k; oLrq vU; euq"; ¼ekuo
foKku] euksfoKku vkfn½ ;k thfor ç[Link] ¼ç[Link] O;ogkj] ç[Link]'kkL= vkfn½ gSa] ogka
fo}ku dh O;fäijdrk vkSj ml vè;;u djus okys O;fä dh O;fäijdrk ds chp
,d var%fØ;kRed fLFkfr gksus ds fy, ckè; gSA ukjhokn ;g Lohdkj djrk gS fd
varfoZ"k;d i)fr Kku mRiUu djus dk ,dek= rjhdk gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd dbZ
LFkkuksa ls Kku mRiknu gksuk vfuok;Z gSA Kku dk ;g fodsUæhdj.k] mu vkoktksa
dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj nsrk gS tks igys [kkeks'k Fkha] ;g ,d ukjhoknh i)fr dk dsaæ gSA
ukjhoknh dFkk i)fr dk O;kid mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj gkf'k, ij fLFkr yksxksa dh
vkokt+ksa dks Hkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj nsrs gSa ¼csgj vkSj x‚MZu 1995½A bl rjg ukjhokn
vius vki dks ,d çeq[k ^nwljs* ds f[kykQ [kM+k dj nsrk gS] ftlesa ^vU;*
vyx&vyx LFkkfud] ykSfdd vkSj ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr;ksa esa vyx&vyx :i èkkj.k
dj ysrs gSaA

1½ ukjhokn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A


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2½ crk,a fd fyax fl)kar vkSj efgyk vè;;u ukjhokn ls fdl çdkj fHkUu gSaA
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çkjafHkd ukjhoknh fl)karksa dks mxz ukjhokfn;ksa vkSj ekDlZoknh ukjhokfn;ksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA iwoZ lkoZHkkSfed iq#"k opZLo ds fl)kar esa foÜokl djrk
Fkk] vkSj tho foKku vkSj fo"keySafxdrk ds fy, iq#"k opZLo dh tM+ksa dk irk
yxkrk FkkA ftl le; if'pe esa ukjhokn vkdkj ys jgk Fkk] ml le; Ýk;fM;u
euksfo'ys"k.k dk ,d etcwr çHkko Fkk ¼fe'ksy 1984 [1966]½A ukjhokfn;ksa us
euksfo'ys"k.k dh u dsoy ,d fl)kar cfYd ,d opZLo ds rduhd ds :i esa
vkykspuk dh ]tks fpfdRlky; ls mHkj jgk FkkA ysfdu Ýk;M us tSfod :i ls
U;[Link] fl)kar dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k fd 'tho foKku' ;kSu igpku dks
fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] D;ksafd muds vuqlkj çkjafHkd cpiu dk ,d iwoZ& ekr`jfr
pj.k gksrk gS tc yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ka leku gksrs gSa vkSj os nksuksa eka ls tqM+s gksrs
gSaA ;g ckn ds cpiu ¼rhu lky ls vfèkd½ esa gS fd L=hRo 'fyax bZ";kZ vkSj
177
^nfer bPNkvks'a ds :i esa çdV gksrk gS( L=h dks ,d [Link] ç[Link] cuk;k x;k] ftls
'deh' ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f'k'kq fyax ds vkèkkj ij
iSnk ugha gksrs gSa] ysfdu tc os cM+s gksrs gSa rks nksuksa fyaxksa ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk
ckrphr djrs gq, bu y{[Link] dks çkIr djrs gSaA ;gk¡ ukjhokfn;ksa us ,d ç'u j[kk
fd ekrk&firk ;k ljksxsV }kjk yk, x, cPpksa dk fyax igpku D;k gksxk] tks fyax
ls vfoHkkT; gSaA D;k ml fLFkfr esa dksbZ ekr`jfr tfVyrk ugha gksxh\ ,d
ekr`oa'kh; lekt ds vius vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij ekfyuksoLdh ¼1929½ dh vkykspuk
dks ;kn dj ldrs gSa] tgka Ýk;M ds ekr`jfr fl)kar esa firk dh txg eka ds HkkbZ
dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA
gkykafd] Ýkalhlh euksfo'ys"kd tSdst+ ySdu us Ýk;M dh ;g dgus ds fy,
iquO;kZ[;k dh fd ekr`jfr fl)kar tho foKku ij vkèkkfjr ugha Fkk] ysfdu Hkk"kk esa
tho foKku dh O;k[;k] fyax 'kCn dks fyax ds lkFk çfrLFkkfir djuk] ySafxdrk
dks n'kkZus ds fy, ,d vfèkd lkj 'kCn gSA ySdu ds vuqlkj] ukrsnkjh 'kCn
ySafxdrk ds ekunaMksa dk vuqokn djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lkaL—frd :i ls c<+rs cPps esa
LFkkfir djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d lekt esa] tgka fookg ds dqN fu;e
fuèkkZfjr gSa] [kwu ds fj'rs esa dqN 'krZsa gSa ftuds vuqlkj] cgu dk fj'rk mu
efgykvksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks 'kknh ds fy, oftZr gSaA ekr`jfr
tfVyrk rc [kqn dks mu otZukvksa esa O;ä djrk gS tks mfpr :i ls ;kSu
O;fä;ksa dks cukus ds fy, vkarfjd :i ls lekt dks iqu% mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA
fyax dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr lkekftd iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrh
gS] vkSj pwafd ckn okys dks 'deh' ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS( efgykvksa esa
iq#"kksa dk gh opZLo jgrk gSA ySdu ds fy, fyax ,d ;kSu vax ls vfèkd gS] ;g
enkZuk fLFkfr dk çrhd gS] tks fd efgykvksa ds ekè;e ls] fookg }kjk Hkh çlkfjr
gksrk gSA iq#"kksa ds chp efgykvksa dk vknku&çnku fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd nwljs oa'k
esa fyax dks iqu% mRiUu fd;k tk ldsA fyax çfreku blfy, iq#"kksa ds dbZ
lkekftd vfèkdkjksa dk] efgykvksa ij vfèkdkj lfgr dk çrhd gSA ySdu ds
fl)kar ls dksbZ Hkh iq#"kRo dks dsoy ySafxdrk ds :i esa ugha] cfYd lHkh çdkj ds
iq#"k lkekftd fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh vfHkO;fä ds :i esa le>rk gSA
,d ekuo'kkL=h; fl)kar] ySdu ds lekukarj] Ýkalhlh lajpukoknh] DykmM
ysoh&LVª‚l ¼1969½ }kjk fn;k x;k Fkk] ftlus ukjhokfn;ksa ds –f"Vdks.k ls]
efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds chp fofue; dh oLrqvksa esa cny fn;kA ysoh&LVª‚l us
efgykvksa dks mR—"Vrk ds migkj ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k Fkk vkSj muds vuqlkj
;fn lekt dks [kqn dks iqu% is'k djuk gS rks lcls cqfu;knh oLrq dk
vknku&çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus lkoZHkkSfed vukpkj fu"ksèk dh igpku
ç—fr ls ugha cfYd lkekftd vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, fj'rs cukus ls
dh] D;ksafd lcls cqfu;knh lacaèk fofue; ds gksrs gSaA fookg vkSj fj'rsnkjh lekt
ds çkFkfed fuekZ.k [kaM gSa tks efgykvksa ds vukpkj vkSj vknku&çnku ls laHko
gq, gSaA ;g fn[kkus ds fy, cgqr ls u`oa'kfoKku lk{; gSa fd vfèkdka'k ,sfrgkfld
lektksa esa iq#"kksa dks nsus ds fy, laLFkk ds vèkhu fo"k; jgs gSa vkSj efgykvksa dks
vèkZ&oLrq nsus dh laLFkk jgh gSA fganqvksa vkSj bZlkb;ksa esa] ;g firk gS tks nqYgu dks
^ns* nsrk gS] ;g n'kkZrk gS fd L=h dks mlds firk }kjk fdlh vU; iq#"k dks
gLrkarfjr djus ls igys]ml L=h ij mlds firk dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA fQj Hkh]
178
tSlk fd #fcu ¼2006½ crkrs gSa] f'kdkj djds Hkkstu ,d= djus okys lektksa esa]
dksbZ Hkh efgyk dks nwj ugha djrk gSA mlds ikl viuh ilan cukus ds fy, iwjk
vfèkdkj gSA fj'rsnkjh@ukrsnkjh ç.kkyh esa ;g dh [kkst dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gS fd
fdlds ikl vfèkdkj gS vkSj fdlds Åij gSA Hkys gh ;g fn[kk;k x;k gks fd
T;knkrj ekeyksa esa efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa de vfèkdkj çkIr gSa( tSlk
fd ysoh LVª‚l us lq>ko fn;k gS] bls ,d lkoZHkkSfed fopkj ugha cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA f'kdkj djds Hkkstu ,d= djus okys lekt Hkh ekuo lekt gSa tks efgykvksa
ds vknku&çnku ds fcuk cus gSa] tks muds bl fl)kar dks udkjrk gS fd
efgykvksa dk vknku&çnku lHkh lektksa dk vkèkkj gSA
fQj ls] ;g fl)kar Je ds lkoZHkkSfed ;kSu foHkktu ij vkèkkfjr lkekftd
çtuu dh ewy bdkbZ cukdj fo"keySafxdrk ds lkoZHkkSfedj.k ij fVdh gqbZ gS]
rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd fookg ,d iq#"k vkSj ,d efgyk ds chp gksrk gSA
blfy, Je dk ySafxd foHkktu fyaxksa ds chp lekurk dks nckus vkSj lkekftd
iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks cukus ds fy, ,d lkekftd ra= gS ¼#fcu 2006: 95½A
;fn efgykvksa dk vknku&çnku djuk gS] rks bldk Lor% gh vFkZ gS fd mudh
dkeqdrk dks fu;af=r djus dh vko';drk gSA ysoh&LVª‚l }kjk fn, x,
euksfo'ys"[Link] fl)kar vkSj fofue; ds fl)kar nksuksa us efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh
rqyuk esa fuEu ekuk gSA bl çdkj] os efgykvksa dh lkoZHkkSfed vèkhurk dk leFkZu
djrs gSaA euksfo'ys"[Link] fl)kar Hkh ^nnZ vkSj vieku* ds vkèkkj ij L=h
O;fäRo ds fodkl dh dYiuk djrk gS ¼#fcu 2006%99½A çfl) ukjhoknh] fleksu
Mh- C;woksbj ¼1953½ us efgykvksa dks lekt esa ^nwljs fyax* ds :i esa fpfUgr fd;k
D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd çtkfr;ksa dh çxfr ds fy, tks dqN Hkh vko';d gS]
og iq#"kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tcfd efgyk,a çtuu dk ;kaf=d@çk—frd dk;Z
djrh gSaA
ekDlZoknh ukjhokfn;ksa us] ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl ¼1972½ ds dke dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,]
efgykvksa ds gkf'k, ij tkus dk ftEesnkj iwathokn vkSj futh laifÙk ds mn; dks
Bgjk;kA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd iq#"k pkgrs gSa fd mudh laifÙk muds csVksa ds
ikl tk,] os larku dh ifo=rk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, viuh efgykvksa ij
çfrcaèk yxkrs gSa] vkSj iq#"k oa'k esa oa'kkuqØe dks çfrcafèkr djrs gSaA bl fl)kar
dks dbZ ekuofoKkuh tSls ,ysuksj ysd‚d dk leFkZu feyk] ftUgksaus iwoZiwathoknh
lektksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh vfèkd lekurk dks muds chp laifÙk vkSj LokfeRo dh
Hkkouk dh deh ds lkFk tksM+k] fofHkUu Lons'kh fo'ks"k :i ls f'kdkj djds Hkkstu
,d= djus okys lektksa ls mUgksaus mnkgj.k fn;k ¼yhd‚d vkSj nsoksj 1982½A
fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld [Link] ds lkFk ,fV;su vkSj yhd‚d ¼1980½ us ;g Hkh
fn[kk;k fd dSls mifuos'kokn vkSj fe'kujh xfrfofèk;ksa us fir`lÙkk dks c<+kok
fn;kA if'peh ckSf)d <kaps ds Hkhrj] ekr`oa'k dks fir`lÙkk ls ghu ekuk tkrk Fkk
vkSj ftl lekt esa efgykvksa dh [Link] Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh] og lH;rk ds fupys
Lrj ij gksrk FkkA mifuos'koknh ;wjksih; ns'kksa us fir`lÙkk dks muds fy, ,d lH;
fe'ku ds :i esa Hkh vfèkjksi.k fd;kA
,d ukjhoknh ekDlZoknh –f"Vdks.k ls] lHkh fyax xfrfofèk;ksa dks cM+h vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fookg fofue; esa
nks vkfFkZd laHkkouk,a gksrh gSa] ;k rks ,d efgyk dk dsoy nwljh efgyk ds lkFk 179
vknku&çnku fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k efgykvksa ds HkkSfrd led{k gSa] tSls xk;]
lqvj vkSj èku ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa nqYgu èkuA efgykvksa ds LFkkukarj.k ds jktuhfrd
fufgrkFkZ dh laHkkouk Hkh gS] tSls lkearh dky esa 'kkgh ifjokjksa ds chp gksrk Fkk A
fookg esa ,d oxZ ;k fLFkfr inkuqØe Hkh 'kkfey gSA dbZ Lrjh—r lektksa esa]
fookg fLFkfr dk ,d vfHkUu ladsrd gSA Hkkjrh; lekt bldk çeq[k mnkgj.k gSA
ekDlZoknh ukjhokfn;ksa us efgykvksa dh laHkkfor fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy,
cM+s jktuhfrd vkfFkZd ifjos'k esa dne j[kk vkSj dbZ lQy fo'ys"k.k fd,
¼xqusoMZsu vkSj fdaXlksYoj 2008½A
tSlk fd czksMfdu ¼1989½ ds ekDlZoknh ukjhokn ij foospukRed fo'ys"k.k esa [Link]
fd;k x;k gS] ukjhoknh ekDlZokfn;ksa ds lkeus lcls [Link] leL;k oxZ] uLy
vkSj fyax dh è[Link] dk lkeatL; FkkA ekDlZoknh fl)kar esa] Jfed iwathoknh
cktkj esa Je cspus okyk ,d O;fä gS] vkSj bl igpku dks fyax ;k uLy dh
fdlh vU; igpku dks vLi"V djus ds fy, lkekU;h—r fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd
igys pj.k dh ukjhokfn;ksa us lkspk Fkk fd efgykvksa dks rHkh 'kfä feysxh tc os
iq#"kksa ds :i esa dk;Z djsaxh( nwljs pj.k dh ukjhokfn;ksa us] lkB ds n'kd ls] ?kjsyw
{ks= esa efgykvksa ds dke ij vfèkd è;ku fn;kA ;g vkanksyu efgykvksa vkSj nqfu;k
Hkj esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djus okyksa ds tehuh vkanksyuksa ls iSnk gqvk
FkkA tc ukjhokfn;ksa us çfl) ukjk fn;k] ^O;fäxr gh jktuhfrd gS*( ;g tYn gh
efgyk iq#"k ds lacaèkksa ds vykok vU; eqíksa( tSls leySafxdrk] çtuu vfèkdkj vkSj
?kjsyw fgalk dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, foLrkfjr gqvkA nf{k.k ,f'k;k tSls ns'kksa esa]
'O;fäxr' vDlj mÙkj thfork dk ekeyk gksrk gS] tgka vDlj dU;k Hkz.w k dks tUe
ds le; lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj yM+fd;ka lHkh ckèkkvksa ds f[kykQ thfor
jgus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrh gSaA tSls&tSls fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls vfèkd efgyk,a Lo;a ds
fy, vkSj muds ckjs esa Kku çkIr djus ds fy, 'kkfey gqbZa] fir`lÙkk] ftls igys
dsoy if'peh iwathokn ds lanHkZ esa le>k tkrk Fkk] efgykvksa ds mRihM+u dh dbZ
vkSj fLFkfr;ksa vkSj :iksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, foLrkfjr gksus yxhA
tgka ukjhokn dk igyk pj.k vfèkd lkoZtfud eqíksa dh vksj funZsf'kr Fkk] ogha
nwljk pj.k ?kjsyw vkSj ifjokj ij dsafær FkkA ekxZjsV csULVu ¼1969½ ds vuqlkj
efgykvksa us iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d ra= iqu:Riknu ds fy, ftruk Hkqxrku
dj jgk Fkk mldh rqyuk esa]cgqr de ykxr ij dk;Z djds Je ds iqu#Riknd ds
:i esa ,d [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ A ;g efgykvksa ds voSrfud ?kjsyw dke ls
laHko gqvkA ,d x`[Link] }kjk [kkuk idkus] lQkbZ djus] vius ifr vkSj cPps dh
ns[kHkky djus esa yxus okys ?kaVs] iwathoknh O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj mRiknd Je ds :i
esa igpkus ugha tkrs gSa] fQj Hkh ;g dke gS] tks dk;ZdrkZ dks iqu% mRiUu djus esa
enn djrk gS] vkSj mls lkoZtfud {ks= esa mRiknd dk;Z ds fy, miyCèk djkrk
gSA blds vykok] efgyk Je ds vkjf{kr cy ¼fjtZcQkslZ½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
tks iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd laxBu dk leFkZu djrh gSaA bl vkjf{kr
cy esa ?kj ls dh tk jgh mRiknd xfrfofèk;k¡ vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd {ks=
dh rqyuk esa cgqr lLrh njksa ij vukSipkfjd {ks= Hkh 'kkfey gSaA iwathoknh {ks= bl
Nk;k vFkZO;oLFkk ls dkQh ykHk çkIr djrk gS tcfd bls tkucw>dj –f"V ls nwj
j[krk gSA

180
foÜo ;q) ds ckn ds ;qx esa] ,d vkSj vk;ke igpku gkfly dj jgk FkkA igys]
dk;ZdrkZ dks jktuhfrd :i ls] vU; lkekftd fpàksa tSls tkfr] fyax] tkrh;rk
vkfn ds ckotwn dsoy ,d dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA ysfdu f}rh;
foÜo ;q) ds ckn ds ;qx esa] fo'ks"k :i ls fyax vkSj uLy ds chp varj fn[k jgs
FksA tSls gh efgykvksa us vkokt mBkbZ] ;g Li"V gks x;k fd mUgksaus iwathoknh
O;oLFkk dk ml rjg ls vuqHko ugha fd;k tSlk iq#"kksa us fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vkt Hkh efgyk,a vius ifjokj dh ns[kHkky vkSj ikyu&iks"k.k dk cks> mBkrh gSa]
Hkys gh os lkoZtfud {ks= esa dke dj jgh gksaA dkedkth efgykvksa dks] ?kj ij
vkSj dke ij] vkSj ;gka rd fd dke ij vkus ds nkSjku Hkh iq#"kksa ds leku
leL;k,a ugha gksrh gSaA blds vykok] tc vÝhdh&vesfjfd;ksa] Lons'kh vkSj
xSj&if'peh mifuos'kksa tSls lekt ds iwoZorÊ ewd oxksZa dh efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa us
Kku ds mRiknd ds :i esa ços'k fd;k] rks ;g Li"V gks x;k fd uLy vkSj
tkrh;rk us ,d iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa ,d etnwj us dSlk vuqHko fd;k gksxk] esa
[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ekDlZoknh fl)kar esa oxZ ds le:i
laLdj.k dks Bhd fd;k tkuk FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d vesfjdh daiuh esa] ,d
Üosr efgyk ds vkxs ds est+ ij lfpo in ij gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gS]tcfd
,d vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgyk ds usiF; esa gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gS( vkSj çcaèkdh;
inksa dh rqyuk esa nksuksa ds lgk;d gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gSA
;gka rd fd oxZ psruk Hkh vyx&vyx yksxksa esa vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls çdV gqbZ
vkSj lÙkk ij ckrphr Hkh vyx&vyx gqbZA leqnk; esa lewg dh igpku vkSj
lg;ksx ,d [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vÝhdh vesfjdh
efgykvksa ds fy, isVªhfl;k fgy dksfyUl ¼1989½ vkSj ,Ylk ckdZys czkmu ¼1989½
}kjk vè;;u fd;k x;k FkkA muds vuqlkj] vÝhdh vesfjdh efgyk,a vkSj ;gka
rd fd iq#"k] ldkjkRed fuekZ.k ds fy, vius leqnk; vkSj ifjokj esa igpku
pkgrs gSa] D;ksafd cM+s vesfjdh lekt esa xksjksa }kjk mudk yxkrkj udkjkRed
ewY;kadu fd;k tk jgk FkkA vfèkdka'k vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgykvksa us Üosr eè;e
oxZ dh efgykvksa ds ukjhoknh eqíksa ij çfrfØ;k O;ä dh] tks iq#"kksa ls eqfä ds
vius y{;ksa vkSj fofoèk fo"keySafxd ikfjokfjd thou ij dsafær FkhaA nwljh vksj
vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgyk,a ;kSu 'kks"k.k ls eqä gksuk pkgrh Fkha vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa
ds lkFk lkekU; ikfjokfjd thou dh dkeuk djrh Fkha] tks vDlj tsy esa ugha
gksrs FksA bl çdkj] ukjhokn ds lHkh :iksa] dêjiaFkh ;k ekDlZoknh] us nqfu;k Hkj esa
QSys ukjhokn ds :i esa fofHkUu çdkj dh vfHkO;fä;k¡ ikbZaA

3½ fdlus efgyk dks ^mR—"V migkj* ds :i esa ppkZ dh\


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181
4½ fdl ekuofoKkuh us efgykvksa dks ^nwljs fyax* ds :i esa fpfUgr fd;k gS\
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5½ ukjhoknh fopkjèkkjk dk ukjk D;k Fkk\
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6½ ekDlZoknh ukjhokn dh ppkZ dhft,A
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ukjhokn ckSf)d vkSj lkekftd fuekZ.k nksuksa ds lacaèk esa ,d fojksèkh [Link] ds :i esa
mHkjkA efgyk,a 'kS{[Link] vkSj lkaL—frd nksuksa :i ls mu ij dh xbZ lfn;ksa
iqjkuh xyfr;ksa dks lqèkkjus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh Fkha] tks mUgsa ,d [Link] ds :i esa
[Link] ekuork ls oafpr djus ls lacafèkr FkhaA tSlk fd xsy #fcu ¼2006½ us bafxr
fd;k gS] ,slk ugha gS fd iq#"kksa dh dHkh Hkh dksbZ rLdjh ugha gqbZ] cfYd ;s fof'k"V
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] fof'k"V O;fä;ksa ds fy, gksrs gSa] ysfdu efgykvksa dh dsoy blfy,
oLrqvksa ds :i esa rLdjh ¼fofue;½ dh tkrh gS D;ksafd os efgyk,a gSaA blh rjg]
euksfo'ys"k.k us efgykvksa dks ,d efgyk cuus ds ,d vfuok;Z igyw ds :i esa nnZ
vkSj vieku ds fy, vfHk'kIr dj fn;k FkkA ysfdu vkèkqfud efgyk,a blesa
foÜokl ugha djrhaA ukjhokfn;ksa dh ubZ ih<+h us bl rF; dk t'u eukuk lh[k
fy;k gS fd os efgyk,a gSa] vkSj efgykvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus okys igys ds cgqr ls
fl)karksa dks [kkfjt dj fn;kA
ledkyhu ukjhokfn;ksa ds fy, çeq[k eqík igys ds ukjhokfn;ksa dh vfuok;Zrk dks
udkjus okyh igpku dk gSA ukjhoknh lkfgR; ds :i esa fy;k x;k vfèkdka'k
if'peh eè;oxÊ; efgykvksa ds dk;ksZa vkSj fopkjksa dk O;qRiUu gSA tc bl rjg ds
,d vfuok;Z ^Lo* ¼L=h Lo½ dks ^vU;* ¼enkZuk vU;½ ds f[kykQ [kM+k fd;k tkrk
gS( rks ,d xaHkhj vU;k; vkSj pksV gksrh gS( mu lHkh ds fy, tks tkrh;]
182
,sfrgkfld vkSj LFkkfud :i ls Lo;a dh ml [Link] esa mi;qä ugha gksrs gSa] vkSj
ftldk ekgkSy eè;oxÊ; ;wjksih; lanHkZ esa le>s tkus okys ^vU;* ls ugha cuk gSA
if'pe esa] lcls igyh vlgerh] jax ls tqMh+ ;wjks&vesfjdh efgyk,a Fkha] mnkgj.k
ds fy, vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgyk,aA mUgksaus –<+rk ls ;g dgk fd mudh t:jrsa
vkSj mudh leL;k,a eè;oxÊ; Üosr efgykvksa ls cgqr fHkUu FkhaA
tc Hkkjr esa ukjhokn dh igyh ygj vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku 'kq: gqbZ] rks ;g
mPp oxZ vkSj mPp tkfr dh efgykvksa ls 'kq: gqbZ] ftls ckn esa fupyh tkfr;ksa
vkSj oxksZa us [kkfjt dj fn;kA vkt Hkkjr esa gekjs ikl ,d lqfodflr nfyr
ukjhokn gSA tSlk fd vcw&yq?kksM us crk;k] tks ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd tc ,d
efgyk efgyk,a cu tkrh gS] vkSj fyax dk dksbZ fof'k"V lanHkZ ugha gksrk gS rks]
^^ukjhokn Lo;a ,d fl)kar ds :i esa ?kqy tkrk gS tks ,d çk—frd ;k vko';d
oäk dh vkokt dks çfrfcafcr dj ldrk gS** ¼2006:155½A blls gesa dk;Zç.kkyh
ds ifjçs{; esa vkxs c<+uk gksxk fd Lo;a dh lHkh è[Link],a O;fäijd :i ls fufeZr
gksrh gSa vkSj tc ,d vfuok;Z ^vU;* ds f[kykQ [kM+h gksrh gSa( ;g çrhdkRed
fgalk dk dk;Z djrk gS] nwljksa dks pqi djkus dk] ftudh vkokt+sa rc ekSu gks tkrh
gSaA
bu fopkjksa ds lkFk ukjhokn gky ds fnuksa esa fo'ys"k.k ds ,d vko';d midj.k
ds :i esa i)frxr ^fLFkfr* dh vksj c<+ x;k gSA iq#"k ds leku :i ls fufeZr
[Link] ds fojksèk esa efgyk dh dksbZ v[kaM [Link] ugha gSA blds ctk;] gekjs ikl L=h
tkfr dh dbZ igpku gSa tSls] fof'k"V le; vkSj LFkku lanHkksZa esa fLFkr igpku]
fof'k"V nq'euksa ds f[kykQ viuh yM+kbZ yM+rs gq,] tks LFkkuh; ekunaMksa ds :i esa
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] fir`lÙkk ds Lons'kh laLdj.k vkSj opZLo dh rRdky rduhd dh
igpku ¼jsxs 2006] foÜosÜoju 1994] xzsoky vkSj dSiyu 2002] pUuk 2013½A
ukjhoknh Hkh [kqn dks laL—fr dh voè[Link] ds lkFk ,d vlgt fj'rs esa ikrs gSaA
laL—fr orZeku le; dh igpku&vkèkkfjr jktuhfr dk ,d vfuok;Z ?kVd gSA
dbZ jk"Vªksa esa mijk"Vªh; igpkusa gksrh gSa tks fd lhekar yksxksa vkSj lewgksa dh gksrh gSa
tks lkaL—frd tkrh;rk ds vius nkoksa }kjk lefFkZr viuh jktuhfrd lkekftd
igpku ij tksj ns jgs gSaA fQj Hkh tSlk fd efgykvksa us tksj fn;k gS] laL—fr
vDlj efgykvksa ds mRihM+u] vkSj mRihM+u ds fy, ,d midj.k gS tks dbZ :iksa
esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr ds mÙkj&iwoZ ds ukxk leqnk;ksa dh
efgyk,a] Lons'kh yksxksa dks vius Lo;a ds çFkkxr ukxfjd dkuwuksa dk ikyu djus
dh dsaæ ljdkj dh uhfr ds f[kykQ eq[kj :i ls f'kdk;r djrh gSaA os f'kdk;r
djrs gSa fd ukxk çFkkxr dkuwu vR;fèkd fir`lÙkkRed gSa][kkldj tc os efgykvksa
dks iwjh rjg ls fojklr ls oafpr djrs gSaA ukxk efgyk,a Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lafgrk
dks ilan djrh gSa] D;ksafd rc mUgsa ml dkuwu ds lHkh ykHk] fojklr vkSj dbZ
çdkj ds dkuwuh O;fäRo dk ykHk feysxkA bl rjg efgykvksa ds fgr lhèks rkSj ij
iq#"k dh igpku dh jktuhfr ds f[kykQ gSaA
pwafd ijaijk,a T;knkrj efgykvksa dks jksdrh gSa] vkèkqfudrk dks 'kq: esa efgykvksa ds
fy, ,d laHkkfor eqfä 'kfä ds :i esa ns[kk x;k Fkk] ysfdu ,slk ugha gqvkA
fir`lÙkk us dbZ :iksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls iwathokn ds :i esa [kqn dks fQj ls LFkkfir
fd;kA tSlk fd jkslkYMks ¼1980½ crkrs gSa] iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh
183
vèkhurk vDlj muds thuksa rd] vkØkedrk vkSj lQy gksus dh bPNk dh deh
ds :i esa LokHkkfod gks xbZ gS] rkfd iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa mudh vèkhurk vkSj
fir`lÙkk vifjgk;Z gks tk,aA ;|fi ukjhokfn;ksa dh nwljh ygj bl çdkj ds tSfod
U;wurkokn dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, vfèkd fpafrr Fkh] ukjhokn dh rhljh ygj
dks] fo'ks"k :i ls oSfÜod i;kZoj.k ladV us vkxs c<+k;kA
bDdhloha lnh esa] efgykvksa us L=hRo dks ,d ckèkk ds :i esa lkspus ds ctk;]
mldk t'u eukuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA ukjhokn dks dsoy fopkjèkkjk gh ugha] cfYd
dkjZokbZ ls Hkh tksM+k tkrk gSA gSfjlu ¼2015:167½ ukjhokn dks ,d lS)kafrd
ifjçs{; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa tks 'vkf[kjdkj efgykvksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh
odkyr ls lacafèkr gS] ftls ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh foLrkfjr è[Link] ds vfHkUu vax ds
:i esa voè[Link]) fd;k x;k gSA' fyax dh ,d O;kid ifjHkk"kk fir`lÙkk ds
fojksèk esa 'kfä ds lacaèk ds :i esa gS]tks cnys esa fyaxokn ds lHkh :iksa ds lkFk
lacafèkr gSA ukjhokn ds laokn esa xSj&if'peh ukjhokfn;ksa ds ços'k] tSls deyk
foÜosÜoju ¼1997½ vkSj paæ eksgra h ¼2003½ us fyax lacaèkksa dk foLrkj fd;k gSA
jk"Vªokn dk czãkaM] bLykeokn] fganqRo fopkjèkkjk] vf[ky&vÝhdhokn vkSj vU;
lHkh çdkj ds oSpkfjd ra= tks foHkktu vkSj gkf'k, ds dbZ :iksa ds lkFk] vkèkqfud
oSÜoh—r nqfu;k esa dbZ :iksa esa fyaxokn vkSj fir`lÙkk dks lq–<+ vkSj iqu% mRiUu
djrs gSaA
oSÜohdj.k vkSj uo&mnkjokn ds geys us vkoklksa dks u"V dj fn;k gS] ouksa dh
dVkbZ vkSj çtkfr;ksa dks [kRe dj fn;k gS vkSj HkweaMyh; Å"ehdj.k vkSj tyok;q
ifjorZu ds [Link]:i i;[Link]; fxjkoV dk dkj.k cuk gS A tSlk fd
ukjhokfn;ksa us dbZ vkadM+k&vkèkkfjr vè;;uksa ds ekè;e ls ;g fn[kk;k gS fd]
efgyk,a vDlj tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj i;[Link]; fxjkoV dk [kkfe;ktk Hkqxrrh gSa
vkSj blds [Link]:i] ;g efgyk,a gSa] ftUgsa iks"k.k vkSj ns[kHkky dh ftEesnkjh
lkSaih xbZ gS ftUgksaus nqfu;k ds enkZuk opZLo ij çfrfØ;k O;ä dh gS ¼eFkkbZ
2003½A gSfjlu ¼1997½ us rdZ fn;k gS fd i;[Link]; fouk'k vkSj lajpukRed
vlekurkvksa dks xgjk djus okyh uomnkjoknh rkdrksa dks Hkh ekSfyd :i ls
fyaxc) fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g enkZuxh dk ,d :i gS tks iwathoknh ykHk dh
O;oLFkk dks f[kykus ds fy, efgykvksa dh mRiknd vkSj çtuu {kerkvksa ds
vfr&'kks"k.k ds fy, funZsf'kr gSA vkØkedrk vkSj enkZuk enkZuxh ds pfj=]
ftldh if'peh laL—fr;ksa esa bruh ç'kalk dh tkrh gS] lhèks rkSj ij lHkh çdkj ds
opZLo vkSj efgykvksa ds] ç—fr ds vkSj gkf'k, ij] fo'ks"k :i ls fuokZg&vkèkkfjr
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj Lons'kh yksxksa vkSj muds okrkoj.k ds 'kks"k.k ls lacafèkr gS
¼f'kok] 1993½A
vius vfLrRo ds fy,] nqfu;k dks iks"k.k ds ewY;ksa vkSj ifjj{k.k vkSj laj{k.k] 'kkafr
vkSj ln~Hkko ds [Link] dh vko';drk gS ftUgsa iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa L=h vkSj de
ewY; ds :i esa cnuke fd;k x;k gSA i;[Link]; ukjhoknh dSju okjsu ¼1997½ dk
er gS fd ç—fr ds lkFk efgykvksa dh fudVrk dks] efgykvksa dh ftEesnkfj;ksa tSls
ns[kHkky vkSj iks"k.k] Hkkstu] ikuh vkSj pkjs ij mudh fuHkZjrk ds :i esa O;ä dh
tk ldrh gS vkSj mUgksaus vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, enkZuk iwokZxzg dk fojksèk fd;k]
tks bu cqfu;knh fuokZg vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa foQy jgrk gSA
184 tSo&fofoèkrk vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ds uqdlku ls efgykvksa ds LokLF; vkSj
vkfFkZd dY;k.k dks yxkrkj [krjk gks jgk gS vkSj blfy, iwathokn vkSj cktkj dh
rkdrksa dks pqukSrh nsus esa efgyk,a lcls vkxs gSaA bl çdkj] ledkyhu ukjhokn
bl ckr ls budkj ugha djrk gS fd efgyk,a ç—fr ds vuq:i gSa] cfYd bls
ç—fr dh j{kk djus vkSj bls u"V djus okyh iwathoknh rkdrksa ls cpkus ds fy,
efgykvksa dks ,d ldkjkRed 'kfä ds :i esa fn[kkus ds rjhds ds :i esa mtkxj
djrh gSaA
bl rjg ukjhokfn;ksa dh ubZ ih<+h tksj&'kksj ls ?kks"[Link] dj jgh gS fd ukjh ds
lnkpkj vkSj xq.k gh nqfu;k dks cpk,axAs dsoy ihfM+r gksus ds ctk;] efgyk,a
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa Hkh [kqn dks lQyrkiwoZd lapkfyr dj ldrh gSa
¼[Link]èkZu vkSj fdaXlksYoj 2008] pUuk vkSj iksVZj 2015½A vkadM+ksa vkSj etcwr
u`oa'kfoKku ds vkèkkj ij] ukjhokfn;ksa dh ;g ubZ ih<+h L=hRo dks ,d xq.k ds :i
esa is'k dj jgh gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g L=hRo vkSj iq#"kRo dk D;k vFkZ gS vkSj ;g
fdldk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa ds lS)kafrd è[Link] dh iwNrkN dj jgh gSA

7½ ledkyhu ukjhokfn;ksa ds fy, çeq[k eqík D;k gS\


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8½ ledkyhu ukjhokn ij ppkZ djsa\
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chloha lnh ds var esa ukjhoknh vkanksyu ls ,d Økafrdkjh pqukSrh mHkjhA


fo"keySafxd çfreku dh vkykspuk esa dbZ ukjhoknh lkeus vk jgh gSa] gkykafd igys
ds ukjhokfn;ksa }kjk ftldh vkykspuk dh xbZ Fkh] mUgsa ges'kk gYds esa fy;k x;k
FkkA lHkh ukjhokfn;ksa us vius fo'ys"k.k vkSj mudh vkykspuk dks iq#"k&efgyk }a}
ds :i esa fn;k gSA tc ukjhokfn;ksa us ^O;fäijdrk* ds ckjs esa ckr dh rks os ,d
O;fäijd fLFkfr ls cksy jgs Fks ftls efgyk eku fy;k x;k Fkk] blls dksbZ QdZ
ugha iM+rk fd bls fdl rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k ;k bldh dSlh voè[Link] cukbZ
xbZ A T;knkrj leySafxd ukjhokfn;ksa us bl è[Link] dh ;g dgrs gq, vkykspuk
dh] fd iq#"k vkSj efgyk ds fo"k; dh rqyuk esa dbZ vkSj fo"k; laHko FksAA ;gka
rd fd vkn'kZoknh efgykvksa dh vksj ls Hkh efgyk dh [Link] ;k in dh 185
vfuok;Zrkoknh vkSj cfg"—r ç—fr dh vkykspuk dh xbZ( nqfu;k Hkj esa dbZ
efgyk,a fdlh Hkh rjg dh nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk ls lger ugha Fkha fd efgyk gksus dk
D;k vFkZ gSA bl eqís ij dkQh 'kS{[Link] cgl vkSj laokn fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu
ewy :i ls ;g lc jktuhfrd igpku ls lacafèkr gS] rF; ;g gS fd dbZ ;kSu
igpkuksa dks dsoy ,d f}vkèkkjh oxÊdj.k esa etcwj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSj tSlk fd twfMFk cVyj ¼1990½ us rdZ fn;k gS] Hkys gh ge lkekftd :i ls
fufeZr gksus ds :i esa fyax dh vc vPNh rjg ls ekU;rk çkIr ifjHkk"kk dks
Lohdkj djrs gSa] rks ge ;g Hkh dSls eku ldrs gSa fd ;g fuekZ.k iq#"k vkSj efgyk
ds tSfod f}pj dk vuqdj.k djsxk\ ,d fuekZ.k dbZ vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls gksrk
gS vkSj flQZ nks ls vkxs tkdj dbZ igpku cukrk gSA orZeku esa ledkyhu
ukjhokn f}vkèkkjh dkeqdrk dh vfuok;Zrk ls ijs tk jgk gS vkSj leySafxd]
ikjySafxd] leySafxd iq#"k vkSj vU; tSlh dbZ igpkuksa dks 'kkfey dj jgk gSA
mRihM+u vkSj neu tkjh j[kus okyh Jsf.k;ka vkSj mRihM+u ds dbZ ekunaM tks geus
js[kkafdr fd, gSa] mu ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA ysfdu ,sls cnyko gks jgs gSa tks dqN
igpkuksa ds fy, vf}rh; gSa vkSj bl bdkbZ ds nk;js esa lHkh vkxkeh cglksa vkSj
laoknksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu Nk= bl laokn ds ifjp; ds fy,
twfMFk cVyj dh tsaMj Vªcy ¼1990½ dk mYys[k dj ldrs gSaA

9½ ukjhokn ds rgr dkSu lh igpkuksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk jgk gS\


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ukjhokn] ,d fl)kar] ,d i)fr vkSj ,d lkekftd vkanksyu gS] ftldh tM+sa


vkèkh ekuork }kjk bl vglkl esa fufgr gSa fd mUgsa ekuo bfrgkl dh ,d cgqr
yach vofèk ds fy, nck fn;k x;k vkSj ekSu dj fn;k x;kA ;|fi ukjhokn tSlk
fd ledkyhu le; esa le>k tkrk gS] if'pe esa bldh tM+sa ns[kh tkrh gSa] tSlk
fd geus bl bdkbZ esa ns[kk gS] blds orZeku çHkko oSfÜod gSaA ge ;g ugha dg
ldrs fd ,d gh ukjhokn gj txg QSy x;k gS] ysfdu fofHkUu çdkj ds ukjhokn
vc ekStwn gSA geus ukjhoknh fl)kar ds fodkl dks chloha 'krkCnh esa blds
çkjafHkd 'kq#vkr ls ns[kk gS vkSj lkFk gh bldh dqN eq[; 'kk[kkvksa vkSj çlkjksa dh
tkap dh gSA bDdhloha lnh esa ,d vkykspukRed ukjhokn dk mn; gqvk gS] tks
nqfu;k ij gkoh vkn'kZ enkZuk@iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vkykspuk djrk gSA L=hRo]
Lo;a dk mRlo euk jgk gS] euksfo'ys"k.k dh mnklh ls ckgj fudy jgk gS vkSj
çR;{koknh fl)karksa dks oLrqfu"B vkSj vekuoh; cuk jgk gSA ukjhokn vc uo
mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa vkSj cktkj opZLo ds dkj.k i;[Link]; rckgh dk ,d çeq[k
186
vkykspd gS] tks enkZuk vkØkedrk vkSj opZLo ds LFkku ij 'kkafr] iks"k.k vkSj
ns[kHkky dks lgh fopkjèkkjkvksa ds :i esa bafxr djrk gSA

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1½ Hkkx 12-1 dk lUnHkZ ysaA


2½ Hkkx 12-1 dk lanHkZ ysaA
3½ ysoh&LVª‚l A
4½ fleksu Mh C;woksbj ¼cksvkj½A
5½ 'O;fäxr gh jktuhfrd gS'A
6½ Hkkx 12-2 dk lanHkZ ysaA
7½ Hkkx 12-3 dk lanHkZ ysa A
8½ Hkkx 12-3 dk lanHkZ ysaA
9½ Hkkx 12-4 dk lanHkZ ysaA

189

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