*

12-0 ifjp;
12-1 ukjhokn D;k gS\
12-2 ukjhoknh fl)kar dk çkjafHkd fodkl
12-3 ledkyhu vkykspukRed ukjhokn
12-4 [Link] fo"keySafxdrk
12-5 lkjka'k
12-6 lanHkZ
12-7 vkidh çxfr dh tk¡p djus ds fy, mÙkj

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn] f'k{kkFkÊ fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa dks le>us esa l{ke gksaxs %
 ukjhokn dh voè[Link] ij ppkZ djuk(
 ukjhoknh fl)karksa ds fodkl dk laf{kIr fooj.k nsuk( rFkk
 lajpukRed ukjhoknh –f"Vdks.k vkSj ledkyhu vkykspukRed ukjhokn dk
lekykspukRed fo'ys"k.k djukA

yxHkx chloha 'krkCnh ds eè; rd] vfèkdka'k lk{kj nqfu;k esa Kku dk mRiknu
yxHkx iwjh rjg ls mPp oxZ ds iq#"kksa ds gkFkksa esa FkkA çfl) vaxzsth ysf[kdk]
otÊfu;k owYQ dks mudh çflf) ds pje ij Hkh v‚DlQksMZ foÜofo|ky; ds
iqLrdky; esa ços'k ls flQZ blfy, oafpr dj fn;k x;k Fkk] D;ksafd og ,d
efgyk Fkha( D;ksafd efgykvksa dks fdlh Hkh çfrf"Br f'k{k.k laLFkku ds ifjlj esa
tkus dh vuqefr ugha Fkh] tSls fd muds dne gh Kku ds bu ifo= dsaæksa dks
nwf"kr dj nsaxsA if'pe esa iqutkZxj.k vkSj vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds ckn efgykvksa us
vius lHkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj [kks fn,] D;ksafd os ç—fr ds cjkcj gks x,] tks fd iq#"kksa
}kjk fu;af=r fd, x, Fks] ftUgksaus Kku dks] fo'ks"k :i ls ç—fr ij gkoh gksus ds
fy, rdZlaxr] oSKkfud Kku dks fu;af=r fd;k ¼v‚VZuj 1974½A
;gka rd fd tc ;wjksih; lektksa us vius jktuhfrd opZLo dks vius mifuos'kksa
rd c<+k;k] rks mUgksaus viuh fir`lÙkkRed fopkjèkkjk dks nqfu;k ds mu lHkh fgLlksa
esa QSyk;k] ftu ij mUgksaus fot; çkIr dh ¼,fVus vkSj yhd‚d 1980½A
Hkkjr esa] de ls de eè;;qxhu dky ls efgykvksa dks f'k{kk ls oafpr j[kk x;k Fkk
vkSj vkt Hkh dbZ yksx fuj{kjrk ;k Kku dh vi;kZIr igqap ls ihfM+r gSaA Kku vkSj

*
çks- lqHkæk fe=k pUuk] iwoZ çksQslj ekuo foKku foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky]
174 fnYyh
'kfä ds chp ?kfu"B lacaèk bafxr djrk gS fd efgykvksa dks] fQj ls yxHkx foÜo
Lrj ij] lÙkk ds {ks= ls ckgj j[kk x;k] u dsoy lkoZtfud {ks= ls cfYd muds
Lo;a ds 'kjhj ij ls HkhA blfy, ukjhoknh fl)kar dk igyk çfreku lkoZHkkSfed
iq#"k opZLo dk Fkk ¼jkslkYMks vkSj ySEQs;j 1974½A

vius okLrfod vFkZ esa ukjhokn u dsoy iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa ds chp vlekurk
,oa lHkh çdkj ds HksnHkko dh vksj funZsf'kr ,d [Link] ifjçs{; gSA pwafd opZLo
vkSj vèkhurk ds lHkh :iksa esa lÙkk dk [ksy vkSj inkuqØe 'kkfey gSa] ukjhokn
'kfä vkSj çfrfufèkRo ds lokyksa ls xgjkbZ ls tqM+k gqvk gS vkSj ,d [Link]
jktuhfrd vkanksyu ds :i esa fodflr gksus dh laHkkouk gSA ;g le>us ds fy,
fd ukjhokn D;k gS] gesa bls fyax fl)kar vkSj efgykvksa ds vè;;u ls Hkh vyx
djus dh vko';drk gS]D;ksafd nks 'kS{[Link] vfHkfoU;kl vDlj ukjhokn ds lkFk
Hkzfer gksrs gSaA ekxZjsV ehM ¼1935½ U;w fxuh esa fd, x, vius u`oa'kfoKku dk;Z
}kjk lkoZHkkSfed iq#"k opZLo ds fl)kar dks pqukSrh nsus okyh igyh ekuofoKkuh
FkhaA muds }kjk vè;;u fd, x, rhu vyx&vyx leqnk;ksa esa] ,d gh fudVorÊ
{ks= esa] mUgksaus fn[kk;k fd dSls iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk fuekZ.k cgqr vyx rjhds
ls fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj muls if'peh nqfu;k dh rqyuk esa dkQh vyx Hkwfedkvksa dk
ikyu djus dh vis{kk dh xbZ FkhA ,d lekt esa] iq#"k vkSj efgyk nksuksa ncs gq,
vkSj '[Link] Fks] nwljs esa] os nksuksa leku :i ls vkØked Fks vkSj efgykvksa ds ikl
dksbZ iks"k.k djus okys pfj= ugha Fks] vkSj rhljs esa] mUgksaus if'peh iq#"kksa vkSj
efgykvksa ds foijhr Hkwfedk,¡ fuHkkbZa A muds dke dk vesfjdh lekt ij fo'ks"k
:i ls efgykvksa ij cgqr çHkko iM+k] ftUgksaus [kqn dks vpkud tSfod fu;rRookn
dh csfM+;ksa ls eqä ik;kA ;g fyax fl)kar dh 'kq#vkr Hkh Fkh tks fyax dks tSfod
fyax ls Lora= ,d lkekftd fuekZ.k vkSj lkaL—frd :i ls funZsf'kr iq#"kRo vkSj
L=hRo ds :i esa ns[krk gSA fyax fl)kar vkSj ukjhoknh fl)kar ,d nwljs ds
lekukarj pyrs gSaA
fyax fl)kar iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa] lkaL—frd :i ls
mi;qä fyax çfreku ds fuekZ.k ij fofHkUu oSpkfjd vkSj czãkaM lacaèkh çHkkoksa ij
dsafær gSA fyax mfpr :i ls ,d lkoZHkkSfed fo"k; gS tks vFkZO;oLFkk] jktuhfr
vkSj dkuwuh tSls lHkh lkekftd lacaèkksa dh varfuZfgr dFkkud cukrk gSA ;g varj
ekurk gS ysfdu t:jh ugha fd ,d inkuqØe ;k vlekurk gksA nwljh vksj
ukjhokn ,d jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk vkSj ,d i)fr gS tks lekt esa fir`lÙkk ds
fofHkUu rjhdksa vkSj blesa 'kkfey lÙkk lacaèkksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, rS;kj gS(
,d ukjhoknh ,d laHkkfor dk;ZdrkZ Hkh gSA ,d fyax fl)kardkj dsoy ,d
fo'ys"kd gksrk gSA ,d rhljh 'kS{[Link] [Link] efgykvksa dk vè;;u gS] tks dsoy
efgykvksa] muds dke] muds thou] mudh leL;kvksa vkSj eqíksa ij dsafær fyax
fl)kar dk ,d fof'k"V vuqç;ksx gSA efgykvksa ds ckjs esa fof'k"V Kku dh deh dks
iwjk djus ds fy, efgykvksa ds vè;;u tSls fo"k; dks vko';d le>k x;k]
D;ksafd vfèkdka'k vè;;u] oSKkfud ;k lkekftd foKku us iq#"kksa ij è;ku dsafær
fd;k FkkA bl ckr dk ,glkl fd efgyk,a iq#"kksa dh nqfu;k ls vyx jg ldrh
gSa] us efgykvksa ds vyx ls vè;;u ds fy, bls çksRlkfgr fd;k gS tks efgykvksa]
175
 mudh Hkwfedkvksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj muds thou ds vU; igyqvksa ij è;ku
dsafær djrk gSA fuLlansg efgykvksa dk vè;;u ukjhoknh –f"Vdks.k ls mHkjk gS
vkSj ukjhoknh i)fr dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj çR;{koknh #[k viukus ds ctk;
O;fäijd –f"Vdks.k dks viukus dh çkFkfedrk nsrk gSA fyax vè;;u vkSj
ukjhoknh vè;;u nksuksa ds foijhr] efgykvksa dk vè;;u dsoy vkèkh ekuo vkcknh
ij dsafær gSA nwljh vksj] fyax vè;;u dh vyx ls dksbZ [Link] ugha gS] cfYd bls
dsoy lacaèk ds vkèkkj ij gh le>k tk ldrk gSA blds vykok] fyax Hkh enkZuxh
dk vè;;u gks ldrk gSA ysfdu pkgs iq#"kksa ij è;ku dsafær fd;k tk, ;k
efgykvksa ij] fyax ges'kk lacaèkijd gksrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, dksfy;j vkSj
;kukfxlkdks dk fyax vkSj fj'rsnkjh ij [Link] dk;ZA
;gka ukjhokn ds i)frxr igyw ij tksj nsuk pkfg,] tks fd vDlj] gkykafd ges'kk
ugha] fyax vè;;u vkSj efgykvksa ds vè;;u ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA ukjhokn ,d
mÙkj & lajpukRed laLFkku fojksèkh vkanksyu ds fgLls ds :i esa] 'kS{[Link] {ks= ds
Hkhrj vkSj ckgj mHkjkA f}rh; foÜo ;q) ds ckn dh nqfu;k uSfrdrk vkSj uSfrdrk
ds laLFkkuksa vkSj lEesyuksa ds çfr vkykspukRed vkSj eksgHkax nksuksa Fkh] ftUgsa iq#"k
dsafær ekuk tkrk Fkk] ¼fo'ks"k :i ls Üosr iq#"k dsafær½] ftlus vkØkedrk] çHkqRo]
uLyokn] foHkktu vkSj vfuok;Zrk dh ç'kalk dhA ukjhoknh vkykspuk
vkèkqfudrkoknh çR;{kokn vkSj ekuorkokn ds fcuk foKku dh mifuos'kokn&fojksèkh
vkSj mÙkj&vkèkqfud vkykspuk ds lkFk&lkFk FkhA ekuork ds dbZ {ks= 'oLrqvks'a ds
:i esa viuh fLFkfr ls fo"k; gksus dh vksj c<+uk pkgrs Fks] vkSj vius Lo;a ds
thou vkSj Kku ds mRiknu nksuksa ij viuk fu;a=.k j[kuk pkgrs FksA çHkqRo dh
Üosr] iq#"k dsafær oSfÜod lajpukvksa dks pqukSrh nh tk jgh Fkh] ftUgsa iwoZ mifuos'kksa
ds ^ewy fuoklh* vkSj gkf'k, ij ekufodh ds vU; lHkh oxksZa ds :i esa lanfHkZr
fd;k x;k Fkk] ftlesa efgyk,a Hkh 'kkfey FkhaA
çR;{kokn dh lcls çeq[k vkykspuk bldh oLrqfu"Brk] fo'ys"k.k dh HkkoukRed
vkSj O;fäijd varoZLrq ls bldk vyxko FkkA uSfrdrk vkSj blls ls jfgr foKku
}kjk yk, x, dgj us oSKkfud Kkuehekalk ij ç'u fpà yxk fn;kA ekuo foKku
tSls lkekftd foKkuksa esa] Kku ds fuekZ.k vkSj ç—fr esa Lo;a Kku mRiknd dh
Hkwfedk dh ekU;rk FkhA ukjhokn fo'ks"k :i ls [kqn dks ,sls Kku ds f[kykQ [kM+k
djrk gS tks u dsoy iq#"kksa }kjk fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk cfYd iq#"k çHkqRo dks iqu%
mRiUu djus ds fy, Hkh funZsf'kr fd;k x;k FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ukjhoknh
lkfgR; dk ,d cM+k laxzg gS tks ;g crkrk gS fd dSls fpfdRlk foKku us
efgykvksa dh iwoZ& dfYir è[Link] ¼fd] efgyk,a 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld :i ls ghu
gksrh gSa½ dks lkfcr djus ds fy, lcls mís';[Link] vkSj dBksj rjhdksa dk mi;ksx
djds fir`lÙkk dks etcwr fd;k x;k ¼xksYM 1980] vukZsYM 1993½A
ekuo foKku esa] ç[;kr iq#"k fo}kuksa ds dke ds efgyk fo}kuksa }kjk iqu% vè;;u
us vpsru O;fäijd iwokZxzg fn[kk;k] ftlds vèkhu lcls vPNs fo}ku Hkh FksA
,usV osuj ¼1976½ dh Vªksfcz,aM }hi dh ;k=k ls irk pyk fd dSls ekfyuksoLdh us
bu }hiksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dh vuns[kh dh FkhA ;g
tkucw>dj fd;k x;k fujh{k.k ugha Fkk] cfYd ;g ,d vpsru O;fäijdrk dk
[Link] FkkA blfy,] ukjhoknh vkSj mÙkj&lajpukRed i)fr us lkekU; rkSj ij
176 ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd dksbZ Hkh Kku mRiknu vius fuekZrk dh O;fäijdrk ls
Lora= ugha gSA fo'ks"k :i ls] tgka vè;;u dh fo"k; oLrq vU; euq"; ¼ekuo
foKku] euksfoKku vkfn½ ;k thfor ç[Link] ¼ç[Link] O;ogkj] ç[Link]'kkL= vkfn½ gSa] ogka
fo}ku dh O;fäijdrk vkSj ml vè;;u djus okys O;fä dh O;fäijdrk ds chp
,d var%fØ;kRed fLFkfr gksus ds fy, ckè; gSA ukjhokn ;g Lohdkj djrk gS fd
varfoZ"k;d i)fr Kku mRiUu djus dk ,dek= rjhdk gS vkSj ;g Hkh fd dbZ
LFkkuksa ls Kku mRiknu gksuk vfuok;Z gSA Kku dk ;g fodsUæhdj.k] mu vkoktksa
dks fo'ks"kkfèkdkj nsrk gS tks igys [kkeks'k Fkha] ;g ,d ukjhoknh i)fr dk dsaæ gSA
ukjhoknh dFkk i)fr dk O;kid mi;ksx djrs gSa vkSj gkf'k, ij fLFkr yksxksa dh
vkokt+ksa dks Hkh fo'ks"kkfèkdkj nsrs gSa ¼csgj vkSj x‚MZu 1995½A bl rjg ukjhokn
vius vki dks ,d çeq[k ^nwljs* ds f[kykQ [kM+k dj nsrk gS] ftlesa ^vU;*
vyx&vyx LFkkfud] ykSfdd vkSj ,sfrgkfld fLFkfr;ksa esa vyx&vyx :i èkkj.k
dj ysrs gSaA

1½ ukjhokn dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2½ crk,a fd fyax fl)kar vkSj efgyk vè;;u ukjhokn ls fdl çdkj fHkUu gSaA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

çkjafHkd ukjhoknh fl)karksa dks mxz ukjhokfn;ksa vkSj ekDlZoknh ukjhokfn;ksa esa
foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA iwoZ lkoZHkkSfed iq#"k opZLo ds fl)kar esa foÜokl djrk
Fkk] vkSj tho foKku vkSj fo"keySafxdrk ds fy, iq#"k opZLo dh tM+ksa dk irk
yxkrk FkkA ftl le; if'pe esa ukjhokn vkdkj ys jgk Fkk] ml le; Ýk;fM;u
euksfo'ys"k.k dk ,d etcwr çHkko Fkk ¼fe'ksy 1984 [1966]½A ukjhokfn;ksa us
euksfo'ys"k.k dh u dsoy ,d fl)kar cfYd ,d opZLo ds rduhd ds :i esa
vkykspuk dh ]tks fpfdRlky; ls mHkj jgk FkkA ysfdu Ýk;M us tSfod :i ls
U;[Link] fl)kar dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k fd 'tho foKku' ;kSu igpku dks
fuèkkZfjr djrk gS] D;ksafd muds vuqlkj çkjafHkd cpiu dk ,d iwoZ& ekr`jfr
pj.k gksrk gS tc yM+ds vkSj yM+fd;ka leku gksrs gSa vkSj os nksuksa eka ls tqM+s gksrs
gSaA ;g ckn ds cpiu ¼rhu lky ls vfèkd½ esa gS fd L=hRo 'fyax bZ";kZ vkSj
177
 ^nfer bPNkvks'a ds :i esa çdV gksrk gS( L=h dks ,d [Link] ç[Link] cuk;k x;k] ftls
'deh' ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] f'k'kq fyax ds vkèkkj ij
iSnk ugha gksrs gSa] ysfdu tc os cM+s gksrs gSa rks nksuksa fyaxksa ds ekrk&firk ds lkFk
ckrphr djrs gq, bu y{[Link] dks çkIr djrs gSaA ;gk¡ ukjhokfn;ksa us ,d ç'u j[kk
fd ekrk&firk ;k ljksxsV }kjk yk, x, cPpksa dk fyax igpku D;k gksxk] tks fyax
ls vfoHkkT; gSaA D;k ml fLFkfr esa dksbZ ekr`jfr tfVyrk ugha gksxh\ ,d
ekr`oa'kh; lekt ds vius vè;;u ds vkèkkj ij ekfyuksoLdh ¼1929½ dh vkykspuk
dks ;kn dj ldrs gSa] tgka Ýk;M ds ekr`jfr fl)kar esa firk dh txg eka ds HkkbZ
dk vfèkdkj gksrk gSA
gkykafd] Ýkalhlh euksfo'ys"kd tSdst+ ySdu us Ýk;M dh ;g dgus ds fy,
iquO;kZ[;k dh fd ekr`jfr fl)kar tho foKku ij vkèkkfjr ugha Fkk] ysfdu Hkk"kk esa
tho foKku dh O;k[;k] fyax 'kCn dks fyax ds lkFk çfrLFkkfir djuk] ySafxdrk
dks n'kkZus ds fy, ,d vfèkd lkj 'kCn gSA ySdu ds vuqlkj] ukrsnkjh 'kCn
ySafxdrk ds ekunaMksa dk vuqokn djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa lkaL—frd :i ls c<+rs cPps esa
LFkkfir djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d lekt esa] tgka fookg ds dqN fu;e
fuèkkZfjr gSa] [kwu ds fj'rs esa dqN 'krZsa gSa ftuds vuqlkj] cgu dk fj'rk mu
efgykvksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks 'kknh ds fy, oftZr gSaA ekr`jfr
tfVyrk rc [kqn dks mu otZukvksa esa O;ä djrk gS tks mfpr :i ls ;kSu
O;fä;ksa dks cukus ds fy, vkarfjd :i ls lekt dks iqu% mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA
fyax dh mifLFkfr ;k vuqifLFkfr lkekftd iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dk fuekZ.k djrh
gS] vkSj pwafd ckn okys dks 'deh' ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS( efgykvksa esa
iq#"kksa dk gh opZLo jgrk gSA ySdu ds fy, fyax ,d ;kSu vax ls vfèkd gS] ;g
enkZuk fLFkfr dk çrhd gS] tks fd efgykvksa ds ekè;e ls] fookg }kjk Hkh çlkfjr
gksrk gSA iq#"kksa ds chp efgykvksa dk vknku&çnku fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd nwljs oa'k
esa fyax dks iqu% mRiUu fd;k tk ldsA fyax çfreku blfy, iq#"kksa ds dbZ
lkekftd vfèkdkjksa dk] efgykvksa ij vfèkdkj lfgr dk çrhd gSA ySdu ds
fl)kar ls dksbZ Hkh iq#"kRo dks dsoy ySafxdrk ds :i esa ugha] cfYd lHkh çdkj ds
iq#"k lkekftd fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dh vfHkO;fä ds :i esa le>rk gSA
,d ekuo'kkL=h; fl)kar] ySdu ds lekukarj] Ýkalhlh lajpukoknh] DykmM
ysoh&LVª‚l ¼1969½ }kjk fn;k x;k Fkk] ftlus ukjhokfn;ksa ds –f"Vdks.k ls]
efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa ds chp fofue; dh oLrqvksa esa cny fn;kA ysoh&LVª‚l us
efgykvksa dks mR—"Vrk ds migkj ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k Fkk vkSj muds vuqlkj
;fn lekt dks [kqn dks iqu% is'k djuk gS rks lcls cqfu;knh oLrq dk
vknku&çnku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A mUgksaus lkoZHkkSfed vukpkj fu"ksèk dh igpku
ç—fr ls ugha cfYd lkekftd vko';drk dks iwjk djus ds fy, fj'rs cukus ls
dh] D;ksafd lcls cqfu;knh lacaèk fofue; ds gksrs gSaA fookg vkSj fj'rsnkjh lekt
ds çkFkfed fuekZ.k [kaM gSa tks efgykvksa ds vukpkj vkSj vknku&çnku ls laHko
gq, gSaA ;g fn[kkus ds fy, cgqr ls u`oa'kfoKku lk{; gSa fd vfèkdka'k ,sfrgkfld
lektksa esa iq#"kksa dks nsus ds fy, laLFkk ds vèkhu fo"k; jgs gSa vkSj efgykvksa dks
vèkZ&oLrq nsus dh laLFkk jgh gSA fganqvksa vkSj bZlkb;ksa esa] ;g firk gS tks nqYgu dks
^ns* nsrk gS] ;g n'kkZrk gS fd L=h dks mlds firk }kjk fdlh vU; iq#"k dks
gLrkarfjr djus ls igys]ml L=h ij mlds firk dk LokfeRo gksrk gSA fQj Hkh]
178
tSlk fd #fcu ¼2006½ crkrs gSa] f'kdkj djds Hkkstu ,d= djus okys lektksa esa]
dksbZ Hkh efgyk dks nwj ugha djrk gSA mlds ikl viuh ilan cukus ds fy, iwjk
vfèkdkj gSA fj'rsnkjh@ukrsnkjh ç.kkyh esa ;g dh [kkst dk fo"k; cuk gqvk gS fd
fdlds ikl vfèkdkj gS vkSj fdlds Åij gSA Hkys gh ;g fn[kk;k x;k gks fd
T;knkrj ekeyksa esa efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa de vfèkdkj çkIr gSa( tSlk
fd ysoh LVª‚l us lq>ko fn;k gS] bls ,d lkoZHkkSfed fopkj ugha cuk;k tk ldrk
gSA f'kdkj djds Hkkstu ,d= djus okys lekt Hkh ekuo lekt gSa tks efgykvksa
ds vknku&çnku ds fcuk cus gSa] tks muds bl fl)kar dks udkjrk gS fd
efgykvksa dk vknku&çnku lHkh lektksa dk vkèkkj gSA
fQj ls] ;g fl)kar Je ds lkoZHkkSfed ;kSu foHkktu ij vkèkkfjr lkekftd
çtuu dh ewy bdkbZ cukdj fo"keySafxdrk ds lkoZHkkSfedj.k ij fVdh gqbZ gS]
rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr gks lds fd fookg ,d iq#"k vkSj ,d efgyk ds chp gksrk gSA
blfy, Je dk ySafxd foHkktu fyaxksa ds chp lekurk dks nckus vkSj lkekftd
iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dks cukus ds fy, ,d lkekftd ra= gS ¼#fcu 2006: 95½A
;fn efgykvksa dk vknku&çnku djuk gS] rks bldk Lor% gh vFkZ gS fd mudh
dkeqdrk dks fu;af=r djus dh vko';drk gSA ysoh&LVª‚l }kjk fn, x,
euksfo'ys"[Link] fl)kar vkSj fofue; ds fl)kar nksuksa us efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh
rqyuk esa fuEu ekuk gSA bl çdkj] os efgykvksa dh lkoZHkkSfed vèkhurk dk leFkZu
djrs gSaA euksfo'ys"[Link] fl)kar Hkh ^nnZ vkSj vieku* ds vkèkkj ij L=h
O;fäRo ds fodkl dh dYiuk djrk gS ¼#fcu 2006%99½A çfl) ukjhoknh] fleksu
Mh- C;woksbj ¼1953½ us efgykvksa dks lekt esa ^nwljs fyax* ds :i esa fpfUgr fd;k
D;ksafd mudk ekuuk Fkk fd çtkfr;ksa dh çxfr ds fy, tks dqN Hkh vko';d gS]
og iq#"kksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gS tcfd efgyk,a çtuu dk ;kaf=d@çk—frd dk;Z
djrh gSaA
ekDlZoknh ukjhokfn;ksa us] ekDlZ vkSj ,axsYl ¼1972½ ds dke dk vuqlj.k djrs gq,]
efgykvksa ds gkf'k, ij tkus dk ftEesnkj iwathokn vkSj futh laifÙk ds mn; dks
Bgjk;kA ,slk blfy, gS D;ksafd iq#"k pkgrs gSa fd mudh laifÙk muds csVksa ds
ikl tk,] os larku dh ifo=rk dks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, viuh efgykvksa ij
çfrcaèk yxkrs gSa] vkSj iq#"k oa'k esa oa'kkuqØe dks çfrcafèkr djrs gSaA bl fl)kar
dks dbZ ekuofoKkuh tSls ,ysuksj ysd‚d dk leFkZu feyk] ftUgksaus iwoZiwathoknh
lektksa esa ikbZ tkus okyh vfèkd lekurk dks muds chp laifÙk vkSj LokfeRo dh
Hkkouk dh deh ds lkFk tksM+k] fofHkUu Lons'kh fo'ks"k :i ls f'kdkj djds Hkkstu
,d= djus okys lektksa ls mUgksaus mnkgj.k fn;k ¼yhd‚d vkSj nsoksj 1982½A
fof'k"V ,sfrgkfld [Link] ds lkFk ,fV;su vkSj yhd‚d ¼1980½ us ;g Hkh
fn[kk;k fd dSls mifuos'kokn vkSj fe'kujh xfrfofèk;ksa us fir`lÙkk dks c<+kok
fn;kA if'peh ckSf)d <kaps ds Hkhrj] ekr`oa'k dks fir`lÙkk ls ghu ekuk tkrk Fkk
vkSj ftl lekt esa efgykvksa dh [Link] Hkwfedk gksrh Fkh] og lH;rk ds fupys
Lrj ij gksrk FkkA mifuos'koknh ;wjksih; ns'kksa us fir`lÙkk dks muds fy, ,d lH;
fe'ku ds :i esa Hkh vfèkjksi.k fd;kA
,d ukjhoknh ekDlZoknh –f"Vdks.k ls] lHkh fyax xfrfofèk;ksa dks cM+h vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] fookg fofue; esa
nks vkfFkZd laHkkouk,a gksrh gSa] ;k rks ,d efgyk dk dsoy nwljh efgyk ds lkFk 179
 vknku&çnku fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k efgykvksa ds HkkSfrd led{k gSa] tSls xk;]
lqvj vkSj èku ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa nqYgu èkuA efgykvksa ds LFkkukarj.k ds jktuhfrd
fufgrkFkZ dh laHkkouk Hkh gS] tSls lkearh dky esa 'kkgh ifjokjksa ds chp gksrk Fkk A
fookg esa ,d oxZ ;k fLFkfr inkuqØe Hkh 'kkfey gSA dbZ Lrjh—r lektksa esa]
fookg fLFkfr dk ,d vfHkUu ladsrd gSA Hkkjrh; lekt bldk çeq[k mnkgj.k gSA
ekDlZoknh ukjhokfn;ksa us efgykvksa dh laHkkfor fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy,
cM+s jktuhfrd vkfFkZd ifjos'k esa dne j[kk vkSj dbZ lQy fo'ys"k.k fd,
¼xqusoMZsu vkSj fdaXlksYoj 2008½A
tSlk fd czksMfdu ¼1989½ ds ekDlZoknh ukjhokn ij foospukRed fo'ys"k.k esa [Link]
fd;k x;k gS] ukjhoknh ekDlZokfn;ksa ds lkeus lcls [Link] leL;k oxZ] uLy
vkSj fyax dh è[Link] dk lkeatL; FkkA ekDlZoknh fl)kar esa] Jfed iwathoknh
cktkj esa Je cspus okyk ,d O;fä gS] vkSj bl igpku dks fyax ;k uLy dh
fdlh vU; igpku dks vLi"V djus ds fy, lkekU;h—r fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd
igys pj.k dh ukjhokfn;ksa us lkspk Fkk fd efgykvksa dks rHkh 'kfä feysxh tc os
iq#"kksa ds :i esa dk;Z djsaxh( nwljs pj.k dh ukjhokfn;ksa us] lkB ds n'kd ls] ?kjsyw
{ks= esa efgykvksa ds dke ij vfèkd è;ku fn;kA ;g vkanksyu efgykvksa vkSj nqfu;k
Hkj esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk fojksèk djus okyksa ds tehuh vkanksyuksa ls iSnk gqvk
FkkA tc ukjhokfn;ksa us çfl) ukjk fn;k] ^O;fäxr gh jktuhfrd gS*( ;g tYn gh
efgyk iq#"k ds lacaèkksa ds vykok vU; eqíksa( tSls leySafxdrk] çtuu vfèkdkj vkSj
?kjsyw fgalk dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, foLrkfjr gqvkA nf{k.k ,f'k;k tSls ns'kksa esa]
'O;fäxr' vDlj mÙkj thfork dk ekeyk gksrk gS] tgka vDlj dU;k Hkz.w k dks tUe
ds le; lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS vkSj yM+fd;ka lHkh ckèkkvksa ds f[kykQ thfor
jgus ds fy, la?k"kZ djrh gSaA tSls&tSls fofHkUu LFkkuksa ls vfèkd efgyk,a Lo;a ds
fy, vkSj muds ckjs esa Kku çkIr djus ds fy, 'kkfey gqbZa] fir`lÙkk] ftls igys
dsoy if'peh iwathokn ds lanHkZ esa le>k tkrk Fkk] efgykvksa ds mRihM+u dh dbZ
vkSj fLFkfr;ksa vkSj :iksa dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, foLrkfjr gksus yxhA
tgka ukjhokn dk igyk pj.k vfèkd lkoZtfud eqíksa dh vksj funZsf'kr Fkk] ogha
nwljk pj.k ?kjsyw vkSj ifjokj ij dsafær FkkA ekxZjsV csULVu ¼1969½ ds vuqlkj
efgykvksa us iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk esa ,d ra= iqu:Riknu ds fy, ftruk Hkqxrku
dj jgk Fkk mldh rqyuk esa]cgqr de ykxr ij dk;Z djds Je ds iqu#Riknd ds
:i esa ,d [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ A ;g efgykvksa ds voSrfud ?kjsyw dke ls
laHko gqvkA ,d x`[Link] }kjk [kkuk idkus] lQkbZ djus] vius ifr vkSj cPps dh
ns[kHkky djus esa yxus okys ?kaVs] iwathoknh O;oLFkk ds Hkhrj mRiknd Je ds :i
esa igpkus ugha tkrs gSa] fQj Hkh ;g dke gS] tks dk;ZdrkZ dks iqu% mRiUu djus esa
enn djrk gS] vkSj mls lkoZtfud {ks= esa mRiknd dk;Z ds fy, miyCèk djkrk
gSA blds vykok] efgyk Je ds vkjf{kr cy ¼fjtZcQkslZ½ ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
tks iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd laxBu dk leFkZu djrh gSaA bl vkjf{kr
cy esa ?kj ls dh tk jgh mRiknd xfrfofèk;k¡ vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk ds vkSipkfjd {ks=
dh rqyuk esa cgqr lLrh njksa ij vukSipkfjd {ks= Hkh 'kkfey gSaA iwathoknh {ks= bl
Nk;k vFkZO;oLFkk ls dkQh ykHk çkIr djrk gS tcfd bls tkucw>dj –f"V ls nwj
j[krk gSA

180
foÜo ;q) ds ckn ds ;qx esa] ,d vkSj vk;ke igpku gkfly dj jgk FkkA igys]
dk;ZdrkZ dks jktuhfrd :i ls] vU; lkekftd fpàksa tSls tkfr] fyax] tkrh;rk
vkfn ds ckotwn dsoy ,d dk;ZdrkZ ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA ysfdu f}rh;
foÜo ;q) ds ckn ds ;qx esa] fo'ks"k :i ls fyax vkSj uLy ds chp varj fn[k jgs
FksA tSls gh efgykvksa us vkokt mBkbZ] ;g Li"V gks x;k fd mUgksaus iwathoknh
O;oLFkk dk ml rjg ls vuqHko ugha fd;k tSlk iq#"kksa us fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy,]
vkt Hkh efgyk,a vius ifjokj dh ns[kHkky vkSj ikyu&iks"k.k dk cks> mBkrh gSa]
Hkys gh os lkoZtfud {ks= esa dke dj jgh gksaA dkedkth efgykvksa dks] ?kj ij
vkSj dke ij] vkSj ;gka rd fd dke ij vkus ds nkSjku Hkh iq#"kksa ds leku
leL;k,a ugha gksrh gSaA blds vykok] tc vÝhdh&vesfjfd;ksa] Lons'kh vkSj
xSj&if'peh mifuos'kksa tSls lekt ds iwoZorÊ ewd oxksZa dh efgykvksa vkSj iq#"kksa us
Kku ds mRiknd ds :i esa ços'k fd;k] rks ;g Li"V gks x;k fd uLy vkSj
tkrh;rk us ,d iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa ,d etnwj us dSlk vuqHko fd;k gksxk] esa
[Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ekDlZoknh fl)kar esa oxZ ds le:i
laLdj.k dks Bhd fd;k tkuk FkkA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d vesfjdh daiuh esa] ,d
Üosr efgyk ds vkxs ds est+ ij lfpo in ij gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gS]tcfd
,d vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgyk ds usiF; esa gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gS( vkSj çcaèkdh;
inksa dh rqyuk esa nksuksa ds lgk;d gksus dh vfèkd laHkkouk gSA
;gka rd fd oxZ psruk Hkh vyx&vyx yksxksa esa vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls çdV gqbZ
vkSj lÙkk ij ckrphr Hkh vyx&vyx gqbZA leqnk; esa lewg dh igpku vkSj
lg;ksx ,d [Link] Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] vÝhdh vesfjdh
efgykvksa ds fy, isVªhfl;k fgy dksfyUl ¼1989½ vkSj ,Ylk ckdZys czkmu ¼1989½
}kjk vè;;u fd;k x;k FkkA muds vuqlkj] vÝhdh vesfjdh efgyk,a vkSj ;gka
rd fd iq#"k] ldkjkRed fuekZ.k ds fy, vius leqnk; vkSj ifjokj esa igpku
pkgrs gSa] D;ksafd cM+s vesfjdh lekt esa xksjksa }kjk mudk yxkrkj udkjkRed
ewY;kadu fd;k tk jgk FkkA vfèkdka'k vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgykvksa us Üosr eè;e
oxZ dh efgykvksa ds ukjhoknh eqíksa ij çfrfØ;k O;ä dh] tks iq#"kksa ls eqfä ds
vius y{;ksa vkSj fofoèk fo"keySafxd ikfjokfjd thou ij dsafær FkhaA nwljh vksj
vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgyk,a ;kSu 'kks"k.k ls eqä gksuk pkgrh Fkha vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa
ds lkFk lkekU; ikfjokfjd thou dh dkeuk djrh Fkha] tks vDlj tsy esa ugha
gksrs FksA bl çdkj] ukjhokn ds lHkh :iksa] dêjiaFkh ;k ekDlZoknh] us nqfu;k Hkj esa
QSys ukjhokn ds :i esa fofHkUu çdkj dh vfHkO;fä;k¡ ikbZaA

3½ fdlus efgyk dks ^mR—"V migkj* ds :i esa ppkZ dh\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
181
 4½ fdl ekuofoKkuh us efgykvksa dks ^nwljs fyax* ds :i esa fpfUgr fd;k gS\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5½ ukjhoknh fopkjèkkjk dk ukjk D;k Fkk\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6½ ekDlZoknh ukjhokn dh ppkZ dhft,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ukjhokn ckSf)d vkSj lkekftd fuekZ.k nksuksa ds lacaèk esa ,d fojksèkh [Link] ds :i esa
mHkjkA efgyk,a 'kS{[Link] vkSj lkaL—frd nksuksa :i ls mu ij dh xbZ lfn;ksa
iqjkuh xyfr;ksa dks lqèkkjus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh Fkha] tks mUgsa ,d [Link] ds :i esa
[Link] ekuork ls oafpr djus ls lacafèkr FkhaA tSlk fd xsy #fcu ¼2006½ us bafxr
fd;k gS] ,slk ugha gS fd iq#"kksa dh dHkh Hkh dksbZ rLdjh ugha gqbZ] cfYd ;s fof'k"V
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa] fof'k"V O;fä;ksa ds fy, gksrs gSa] ysfdu efgykvksa dh dsoy blfy,
oLrqvksa ds :i esa rLdjh ¼fofue;½ dh tkrh gS D;ksafd os efgyk,a gSaA blh rjg]
euksfo'ys"k.k us efgykvksa dks ,d efgyk cuus ds ,d vfuok;Z igyw ds :i esa nnZ
vkSj vieku ds fy, vfHk'kIr dj fn;k FkkA ysfdu vkèkqfud efgyk,a blesa
foÜokl ugha djrhaA ukjhokfn;ksa dh ubZ ih<+h us bl rF; dk t'u eukuk lh[k
fy;k gS fd os efgyk,a gSa] vkSj efgykvksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djus okys igys ds cgqr ls
fl)karksa dks [kkfjt dj fn;kA
ledkyhu ukjhokfn;ksa ds fy, çeq[k eqík igys ds ukjhokfn;ksa dh vfuok;Zrk dks
udkjus okyh igpku dk gSA ukjhoknh lkfgR; ds :i esa fy;k x;k vfèkdka'k
if'peh eè;oxÊ; efgykvksa ds dk;ksZa vkSj fopkjksa dk O;qRiUu gSA tc bl rjg ds
,d vfuok;Z ^Lo* ¼L=h Lo½ dks ^vU;* ¼enkZuk vU;½ ds f[kykQ [kM+k fd;k tkrk
gS( rks ,d xaHkhj vU;k; vkSj pksV gksrh gS( mu lHkh ds fy, tks tkrh;]
182
,sfrgkfld vkSj LFkkfud :i ls Lo;a dh ml [Link] esa mi;qä ugha gksrs gSa] vkSj
ftldk ekgkSy eè;oxÊ; ;wjksih; lanHkZ esa le>s tkus okys ^vU;* ls ugha cuk gSA
if'pe esa] lcls igyh vlgerh] jax ls tqMh+ ;wjks&vesfjdh efgyk,a Fkha] mnkgj.k
ds fy, vÝhdh&vesfjdh efgyk,aA mUgksaus –<+rk ls ;g dgk fd mudh t:jrsa
vkSj mudh leL;k,a eè;oxÊ; Üosr efgykvksa ls cgqr fHkUu FkhaA
tc Hkkjr esa ukjhokn dh igyh ygj vkSifuosf'kd dky ds nkSjku 'kq: gqbZ] rks ;g
mPp oxZ vkSj mPp tkfr dh efgykvksa ls 'kq: gqbZ] ftls ckn esa fupyh tkfr;ksa
vkSj oxksZa us [kkfjt dj fn;kA vkt Hkkjr esa gekjs ikl ,d lqfodflr nfyr
ukjhokn gSA tSlk fd vcw&yq?kksM us crk;k] tks ;g Hkh ekurs gSa fd tc ,d
efgyk efgyk,a cu tkrh gS] vkSj fyax dk dksbZ fof'k"V lanHkZ ugha gksrk gS rks]
^^ukjhokn Lo;a ,d fl)kar ds :i esa ?kqy tkrk gS tks ,d çk—frd ;k vko';d
oäk dh vkokt dks çfrfcafcr dj ldrk gS** ¼2006:155½A blls gesa dk;Zç.kkyh
ds ifjçs{; esa vkxs c<+uk gksxk fd Lo;a dh lHkh è[Link],a O;fäijd :i ls fufeZr
gksrh gSa vkSj tc ,d vfuok;Z ^vU;* ds f[kykQ [kM+h gksrh gSa( ;g çrhdkRed
fgalk dk dk;Z djrk gS] nwljksa dks pqi djkus dk] ftudh vkokt+sa rc ekSu gks tkrh
gSaA
bu fopkjksa ds lkFk ukjhokn gky ds fnuksa esa fo'ys"k.k ds ,d vko';d midj.k
ds :i esa i)frxr ^fLFkfr* dh vksj c<+ x;k gSA iq#"k ds leku :i ls fufeZr
[Link] ds fojksèk esa efgyk dh dksbZ v[kaM [Link] ugha gSA blds ctk;] gekjs ikl L=h
tkfr dh dbZ igpku gSa tSls] fof'k"V le; vkSj LFkku lanHkksZa esa fLFkr igpku]
fof'k"V nq'euksa ds f[kykQ viuh yM+kbZ yM+rs gq,] tks LFkkuh; ekunaMksa ds :i esa
fn[kkbZ nsrs gSa] fir`lÙkk ds Lons'kh laLdj.k vkSj opZLo dh rRdky rduhd dh
igpku ¼jsxs 2006] foÜosÜoju 1994] xzsoky vkSj dSiyu 2002] pUuk 2013½A
ukjhoknh Hkh [kqn dks laL—fr dh voè[Link] ds lkFk ,d vlgt fj'rs esa ikrs gSaA
laL—fr orZeku le; dh igpku&vkèkkfjr jktuhfr dk ,d vfuok;Z ?kVd gSA
dbZ jk"Vªksa esa mijk"Vªh; igpkusa gksrh gSa tks fd lhekar yksxksa vkSj lewgksa dh gksrh gSa
tks lkaL—frd tkrh;rk ds vius nkoksa }kjk lefFkZr viuh jktuhfrd lkekftd
igpku ij tksj ns jgs gSaA fQj Hkh tSlk fd efgykvksa us tksj fn;k gS] laL—fr
vDlj efgykvksa ds mRihM+u] vkSj mRihM+u ds fy, ,d midj.k gS tks dbZ :iksa
esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Hkkjr ds mÙkj&iwoZ ds ukxk leqnk;ksa dh
efgyk,a] Lons'kh yksxksa dks vius Lo;a ds çFkkxr ukxfjd dkuwuksa dk ikyu djus
dh dsaæ ljdkj dh uhfr ds f[kykQ eq[kj :i ls f'kdk;r djrh gSaA os f'kdk;r
djrs gSa fd ukxk çFkkxr dkuwu vR;fèkd fir`lÙkkRed gSa][kkldj tc os efgykvksa
dks iwjh rjg ls fojklr ls oafpr djrs gSaA ukxk efgyk,a Hkkjrh; ukxfjd lafgrk
dks ilan djrh gSa] D;ksafd rc mUgsa ml dkuwu ds lHkh ykHk] fojklr vkSj dbZ
çdkj ds dkuwuh O;fäRo dk ykHk feysxkA bl rjg efgykvksa ds fgr lhèks rkSj ij
iq#"k dh igpku dh jktuhfr ds f[kykQ gSaA
pwafd ijaijk,a T;knkrj efgykvksa dks jksdrh gSa] vkèkqfudrk dks 'kq: esa efgykvksa ds
fy, ,d laHkkfor eqfä 'kfä ds :i esa ns[kk x;k Fkk] ysfdu ,slk ugha gqvkA
fir`lÙkk us dbZ :iksa esa fo'ks"k :i ls iwathokn ds :i esa [kqn dks fQj ls LFkkfir
fd;kA tSlk fd jkslkYMks ¼1980½ crkrs gSa] iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa efgykvksa dh
183
 vèkhurk vDlj muds thuksa rd] vkØkedrk vkSj lQy gksus dh bPNk dh deh
ds :i esa LokHkkfod gks xbZ gS] rkfd iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa mudh vèkhurk vkSj
fir`lÙkk vifjgk;Z gks tk,aA ;|fi ukjhokfn;ksa dh nwljh ygj bl çdkj ds tSfod
U;wurkokn dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, vfèkd fpafrr Fkh] ukjhokn dh rhljh ygj
dks] fo'ks"k :i ls oSfÜod i;kZoj.k ladV us vkxs c<+k;kA
bDdhloha lnh esa] efgykvksa us L=hRo dks ,d ckèkk ds :i esa lkspus ds ctk;]
mldk t'u eukuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA ukjhokn dks dsoy fopkjèkkjk gh ugha] cfYd
dkjZokbZ ls Hkh tksM+k tkrk gSA gSfjlu ¼2015:167½ ukjhokn dks ,d lS)kafrd
ifjçs{; ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSa tks 'vkf[kjdkj efgykvksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh
odkyr ls lacafèkr gS] ftls ekuo vfèkdkjksa dh foLrkfjr è[Link] ds vfHkUu vax ds
:i esa voè[Link]) fd;k x;k gSA' fyax dh ,d O;kid ifjHkk"kk fir`lÙkk ds
fojksèk esa 'kfä ds lacaèk ds :i esa gS]tks cnys esa fyaxokn ds lHkh :iksa ds lkFk
lacafèkr gSA ukjhokn ds laokn esa xSj&if'peh ukjhokfn;ksa ds ços'k] tSls deyk
foÜosÜoju ¼1997½ vkSj paæ eksgra h ¼2003½ us fyax lacaèkksa dk foLrkj fd;k gSA
jk"Vªokn dk czãkaM] bLykeokn] fganqRo fopkjèkkjk] vf[ky&vÝhdhokn vkSj vU;
lHkh çdkj ds oSpkfjd ra= tks foHkktu vkSj gkf'k, ds dbZ :iksa ds lkFk] vkèkqfud
oSÜoh—r nqfu;k esa dbZ :iksa esa fyaxokn vkSj fir`lÙkk dks lq–<+ vkSj iqu% mRiUu
djrs gSaA
oSÜohdj.k vkSj uo&mnkjokn ds geys us vkoklksa dks u"V dj fn;k gS] ouksa dh
dVkbZ vkSj çtkfr;ksa dks [kRe dj fn;k gS vkSj HkweaMyh; Å"ehdj.k vkSj tyok;q
ifjorZu ds [Link]:i i;[Link]; fxjkoV dk dkj.k cuk gS A tSlk fd
ukjhokfn;ksa us dbZ vkadM+k&vkèkkfjr vè;;uksa ds ekè;e ls ;g fn[kk;k gS fd]
efgyk,a vDlj tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj i;[Link]; fxjkoV dk [kkfe;ktk Hkqxrrh gSa
vkSj blds [Link]:i] ;g efgyk,a gSa] ftUgsa iks"k.k vkSj ns[kHkky dh ftEesnkjh
lkSaih xbZ gS ftUgksaus nqfu;k ds enkZuk opZLo ij çfrfØ;k O;ä dh gS ¼eFkkbZ
2003½A gSfjlu ¼1997½ us rdZ fn;k gS fd i;[Link]; fouk'k vkSj lajpukRed
vlekurkvksa dks xgjk djus okyh uomnkjoknh rkdrksa dks Hkh ekSfyd :i ls
fyaxc) fd;k x;k gS vkSj ;g enkZuxh dk ,d :i gS tks iwathoknh ykHk dh
O;oLFkk dks f[kykus ds fy, efgykvksa dh mRiknd vkSj çtuu {kerkvksa ds
vfr&'kks"k.k ds fy, funZsf'kr gSA vkØkedrk vkSj enkZuk enkZuxh ds pfj=]
ftldh if'peh laL—fr;ksa esa bruh ç'kalk dh tkrh gS] lhèks rkSj ij lHkh çdkj ds
opZLo vkSj efgykvksa ds] ç—fr ds vkSj gkf'k, ij] fo'ks"k :i ls fuokZg&vkèkkfjr
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj Lons'kh yksxksa vkSj muds okrkoj.k ds 'kks"k.k ls lacafèkr gS
¼f'kok] 1993½A
vius vfLrRo ds fy,] nqfu;k dks iks"k.k ds ewY;ksa vkSj ifjj{k.k vkSj laj{k.k] 'kkafr
vkSj ln~Hkko ds [Link] dh vko';drk gS ftUgsa iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa L=h vkSj de
ewY; ds :i esa cnuke fd;k x;k gSA i;[Link]; ukjhoknh dSju okjsu ¼1997½ dk
er gS fd ç—fr ds lkFk efgykvksa dh fudVrk dks] efgykvksa dh ftEesnkfj;ksa tSls
ns[kHkky vkSj iks"k.k] Hkkstu] ikuh vkSj pkjs ij mudh fuHkZjrk ds :i esa O;ä dh
tk ldrh gS vkSj mUgksaus vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, enkZuk iwokZxzg dk fojksèk fd;k]
tks bu cqfu;knh fuokZg vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus esa foQy jgrk gSA
184 tSo&fofoèkrk vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ds uqdlku ls efgykvksa ds LokLF; vkSj
vkfFkZd dY;k.k dks yxkrkj [krjk gks jgk gS vkSj blfy, iwathokn vkSj cktkj dh
rkdrksa dks pqukSrh nsus esa efgyk,a lcls vkxs gSaA bl çdkj] ledkyhu ukjhokn
bl ckr ls budkj ugha djrk gS fd efgyk,a ç—fr ds vuq:i gSa] cfYd bls
ç—fr dh j{kk djus vkSj bls u"V djus okyh iwathoknh rkdrksa ls cpkus ds fy,
efgykvksa dks ,d ldkjkRed 'kfä ds :i esa fn[kkus ds rjhds ds :i esa mtkxj
djrh gSaA
bl rjg ukjhokfn;ksa dh ubZ ih<+h tksj&'kksj ls ?kks"[Link] dj jgh gS fd ukjh ds
lnkpkj vkSj xq.k gh nqfu;k dks cpk,axAs dsoy ihfM+r gksus ds ctk;] efgyk,a
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus esa Hkh [kqn dks lQyrkiwoZd lapkfyr dj ldrh gSa
¼[Link]èkZu vkSj fdaXlksYoj 2008] pUuk vkSj iksVZj 2015½A vkadM+ksa vkSj etcwr
u`oa'kfoKku ds vkèkkj ij] ukjhokfn;ksa dh ;g ubZ ih<+h L=hRo dks ,d xq.k ds :i
esa is'k dj jgh gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g L=hRo vkSj iq#"kRo dk D;k vFkZ gS vkSj ;g
fdldk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa ds lS)kafrd è[Link] dh iwNrkN dj jgh gSA

7½ ledkyhu ukjhokfn;ksa ds fy, çeq[k eqík D;k gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8½ ledkyhu ukjhokn ij ppkZ djsa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

chloha lnh ds var esa ukjhoknh vkanksyu ls ,d Økafrdkjh pqukSrh mHkjhA

fo"keySafxd çfreku dh vkykspuk esa dbZ ukjhoknh lkeus vk jgh gSa] gkykafd igys
ds ukjhokfn;ksa }kjk ftldh vkykspuk dh xbZ Fkh] mUgsa ges'kk gYds esa fy;k x;k
FkkA lHkh ukjhokfn;ksa us vius fo'ys"k.k vkSj mudh vkykspuk dks iq#"k&efgyk }a}
ds :i esa fn;k gSA tc ukjhokfn;ksa us ^O;fäijdrk* ds ckjs esa ckr dh rks os ,d
O;fäijd fLFkfr ls cksy jgs Fks ftls efgyk eku fy;k x;k Fkk] blls dksbZ QdZ
ugha iM+rk fd bls fdl rjg ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k ;k bldh dSlh voè[Link] cukbZ
xbZ A T;knkrj leySafxd ukjhokfn;ksa us bl è[Link] dh ;g dgrs gq, vkykspuk
dh] fd iq#"k vkSj efgyk ds fo"k; dh rqyuk esa dbZ vkSj fo"k; laHko FksAA ;gka
rd fd vkn'kZoknh efgykvksa dh vksj ls Hkh efgyk dh [Link] ;k in dh 185
 vfuok;Zrkoknh vkSj cfg"—r ç—fr dh vkykspuk dh xbZ( nqfu;k Hkj esa dbZ
efgyk,a fdlh Hkh rjg dh nh xbZ ifjHkk"kk ls lger ugha Fkha fd efgyk gksus dk
D;k vFkZ gSA bl eqís ij dkQh 'kS{[Link] cgl vkSj laokn fd;k x;k gS] ysfdu
ewy :i ls ;g lc jktuhfrd igpku ls lacafèkr gS] rF; ;g gS fd dbZ ;kSu
igpkuksa dks dsoy ,d f}vkèkkjh oxÊdj.k esa etcwj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkSj tSlk fd twfMFk cVyj ¼1990½ us rdZ fn;k gS] Hkys gh ge lkekftd :i ls
fufeZr gksus ds :i esa fyax dh vc vPNh rjg ls ekU;rk çkIr ifjHkk"kk dks
Lohdkj djrs gSa] rks ge ;g Hkh dSls eku ldrs gSa fd ;g fuekZ.k iq#"k vkSj efgyk
ds tSfod f}pj dk vuqdj.k djsxk\ ,d fuekZ.k dbZ vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls gksrk
gS vkSj flQZ nks ls vkxs tkdj dbZ igpku cukrk gSA orZeku esa ledkyhu
ukjhokn f}vkèkkjh dkeqdrk dh vfuok;Zrk ls ijs tk jgk gS vkSj leySafxd]
ikjySafxd] leySafxd iq#"k vkSj vU; tSlh dbZ igpkuksa dks 'kkfey dj jgk gSA
mRihM+u vkSj neu tkjh j[kus okyh Jsf.k;ka vkSj mRihM+u ds dbZ ekunaM tks geus
js[kkafdr fd, gSa] mu ij Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA ysfdu ,sls cnyko gks jgs gSa tks dqN
igpkuksa ds fy, vf}rh; gSa vkSj bl bdkbZ ds nk;js esa lHkh vkxkeh cglksa vkSj
laoknksa dks 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu Nk= bl laokn ds ifjp; ds fy,
twfMFk cVyj dh tsaMj Vªcy ¼1990½ dk mYys[k dj ldrs gSaA

9½ ukjhokn ds rgr dkSu lh igpkuksa dk vè;;u fd;k tk jgk gS\

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ukjhokn] ,d fl)kar] ,d i)fr vkSj ,d lkekftd vkanksyu gS] ftldh tM+sa

vkèkh ekuork }kjk bl vglkl esa fufgr gSa fd mUgsa ekuo bfrgkl dh ,d cgqr
yach vofèk ds fy, nck fn;k x;k vkSj ekSu dj fn;k x;kA ;|fi ukjhokn tSlk
fd ledkyhu le; esa le>k tkrk gS] if'pe esa bldh tM+sa ns[kh tkrh gSa] tSlk
fd geus bl bdkbZ esa ns[kk gS] blds orZeku çHkko oSfÜod gSaA ge ;g ugha dg
ldrs fd ,d gh ukjhokn gj txg QSy x;k gS] ysfdu fofHkUu çdkj ds ukjhokn
vc ekStwn gSA geus ukjhoknh fl)kar ds fodkl dks chloha 'krkCnh esa blds
çkjafHkd 'kq#vkr ls ns[kk gS vkSj lkFk gh bldh dqN eq[; 'kk[kkvksa vkSj çlkjksa dh
tkap dh gSA bDdhloha lnh esa ,d vkykspukRed ukjhokn dk mn; gqvk gS] tks
nqfu;k ij gkoh vkn'kZ enkZuk@iwathoknh O;oLFkk dh vkykspuk djrk gSA L=hRo]
Lo;a dk mRlo euk jgk gS] euksfo'ys"k.k dh mnklh ls ckgj fudy jgk gS vkSj
çR;{koknh fl)karksa dks oLrqfu"B vkSj vekuoh; cuk jgk gSA ukjhokn vc uo
mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa vkSj cktkj opZLo ds dkj.k i;[Link]; rckgh dk ,d çeq[k
186
vkykspd gS] tks enkZuk vkØkedrk vkSj opZLo ds LFkku ij 'kkafr] iks"k.k vkSj
ns[kHkky dks lgh fopkjèkkjkvksa ds :i esa bafxr djrk gSA

Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1991. ‘Writing Against Culture’ in Richard G Fox(ed.)

Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, Santa Fe: School of
American Research Press, pp 137-62.
Arnold, David. 1993. ‘Women and Medicine”: Colonizing the Body,
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Barkely-Brown, Elsa. 1989. ‘African-American Women’s Quilting: A
Framework forConceptualizing and Teaching African American Women’s
History’ Signs. 14(4): 921-9
Behar, Ruth and D.A. Gordon (eds.) 1995 Women Writing Culture. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Benston, Margaret. 1969. ‘The Political Economy of Women’s Liberation’,
Monthly Review. 21(4):13-27.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of
Identity. New York and London: Routledge
Channa, Subhadra. M. and Marilyn Porter (eds). 2015. Gender, Livelihood
and Environment:
How Women Manage Resources. Hyderabad: Orient Black Swan.
Channa, Subhadra Mitra. 2013. Gender in South Asia: Social Imagination
and Constructed Realties. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Collins, Patricia. Hill. 1989. ‘The Social Construction of Black Feminist
Thought’. Signs 14(4): 745-73.
De Beauvoir, Simone. 1953. The Second Sex. New York.
Engels, Frederick. 1972. The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the
State. edited by Eleanor Leacock. New York: International Publishers.
Etienne, Mona. and Eleanor Leacock. (ed.). 1980. Women and Colonization:
Anthropological Perspectives. New York: Praeger.
Grewal, Inderpal. and Caren Kaplan. 2002. An Introduction to Women’s
Studies: Gender in a Transnational World. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gould, Stephan Jay. 1980. ‘Women’s Brains’ in The Panda’s Thumb: More
Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W. Norton. pp 152-59.
Gunawardena, Nandini and Ann Kingsolver. (eds.). 2008 The Gender of
Globalization: Women Navigating Cultural and Economic Marginalities.
Santa Fe: School for Advanced Research Press.
Harrison, Faye. V. 2015. ‘Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives on Global
Apartheid, Environmental Injustice, and Women’s Activism for Sustainable
187
 Well-being’ In Channa, Subhadra, M. and Marilyn Porter. (eds.) Gender,
Livelihood and Environment: How Women Manage Resources. Hyderabad:
Orient Black Swan. pp 166-199.
Leacock, Eleanor. and Richard Lee. 1982. Politics and History in Band
Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1969. The Elementary Structures of Kinship.
Lewin, Ellen. (ed.). 2006. Feminist Anthropology: A Reader. Blackwell
Maathai, Wangari. 2003. The Green Belt Movement: Sharing the Approach
and the Experience. New York: Lantern Books.
Malinowski, B. [Link] Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western
Melanesia, Mead, Margaret. 1935. Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive
Societies,
Mitchell, Juliet. 1984[1966]. Women: The Longest Revolution: On
Feminism, Literature and Psychoanalysis, New York: Pantheon Books
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2003. Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing
Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Ortner, Sherry. 1974. ‘Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?’ In
Michelle Rosaldo and Louise Lamphere (eds.) Women, Culture and Society.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rege, Sharmila. 2006. Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit
Women’s Testimonies. New Delhi: Zubaan.
Rosaldo, Michelle. 1980. ‘The Use and Abuse of Anthropology: Reflections
on Feminism and Cross- Cultural Understanding’, Signs,5(3):89-417.
Rosaldo, Michelle and Louise Lamphere. 1974. Women, Culture and Society.
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Rubin, Gayle. 2006. ‘The Traffic in Women: Notes on the “Political
Economy” of Sex’. In
Lewin, Ellen (ed.). Feminist Anthropology: A Reader, Blackwell, pp 87-106;
Org. 1975 in
Rayna R Reiter (ed.) Towards an Anthropology of Women. pp157-21
Sacks, Karen. Brodkin. 1989. ‘Toward a Unified Theory of Class, Race and
Gender’.
American Ethnologist.16(3): 534-50.
Shiva, Vandana. 1993. ‘Colonialism and the Evolution of Masculinist
Forestry’. in Sandra
Harding (ed) The ‘Racial’ Economy of Science. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press. pp 303-14.
Visveswaran, Kamala 1994 Fictions of Feminist Ethnography, Minnesota;
University of
188
Minneapolis Press
Visveswaran, Kamala. 1997. ‘Histories of Feminist Ethnography’. Annual
Review of
Anthropology. 26:591-621. Warren, Karen. J. (ed.) 1997. Ecofeminism:
Women, Culture, Nature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Weiner, Annette. B. 1976. Women of Value, Men of Renown: New
Perspectives in Trobriand Exchange. Austin: University of Texas Press.

1½ Hkkx 12-1 dk lUnHkZ ysaA

2½ Hkkx 12-1 dk lanHkZ ysaA
3½ ysoh&LVª‚l A
4½ fleksu Mh C;woksbj ¼cksvkj½A
5½ 'O;fäxr gh jktuhfrd gS'A
6½ Hkkx 12-2 dk lanHkZ ysaA
7½ Hkkx 12-3 dk lanHkZ ysa A
8½ Hkkx 12-3 dk lanHkZ ysaA
9½ Hkkx 12-4 dk lanHkZ ysaA

189