WORKING

TOGETHER
TOWARDS
RESPONSIBLE
ARTISANAL
AND SMALL
SCALE MINING

REPORT
JUIN
2013

ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING IN PROTECTED

AREAS AND CRITICAL ECOSYSTEMS PROGRAMME
(ASM-PACE)

EXPLOITATION MINIERE ARTISANALE DANS

LA RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE,
REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO
Rapport d’activités et recommandations mises à jour

JUIN 2013

Préparé pour ASM/PACE par Ruby Weinberg, Alain Chishugi, Estelle Levin et Gary Beynon avec contributions par
Juan Sève, Dr. Léonard Mubalama, René Ngongo et Blaise Mudodosi
Le Projet ASM­PACE est un programme commun du WWF­CARPO et du cabinet­conseil Estelle Photo de couverture : Lavage du sable
Levin Ltd. L’objectif du Projet ASM­PACE est d’aborder les problèmes liés à l’impact de l’exploitation aurifère © Estelle Levin Limited et WWF,
2013. Produite par A. Chishugi.
minière artisanale sur l’environnement, tout en tirant parti de son potentiel économique, social
et de responsabilisation dans les écosystèmes les plus importants de la planète. Ce Projet porte Publié en Juin 2013 par le WWF­World Wide
exclusivement sur les exploitants miniers artisanaux situés à l’intérieur et autour d’aires protégées et Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife
Fund) et Estelle Levin Ltd.
d’écosystèmes critiques. www.asm­pace.org
P+)4&'0&/0+*)14$+3>'CKC&'/#04$&""&>'*+$4'
Estelle Levin Ltd. est un cabinet­conseil en développement international qui offre des services mentionner le titre et le crédit des éditeurs
mentionnés ci­dessus comme étant les
de recherche, d’analyse et de conseils concernant la gouvernance des ressources naturelles et les propriétaires des droits d’auteur.
chaînes d’approvisionnements durables. Il aide ses divers clients et leurs parties prenantes à se créer
un futur durable en leur offrant des conseils sur la manière de mobiliser les ressources naturelles © Estelle Levin Limited &4 WWF, 2013

en vue de leur développement et leurs ambitions commerciales, tout en garantissant une certaine Ce rapport est établi à partir de sources
responsabilisation et une protection écologique. www.estellelevin.com. F)=7&%'5#:"&%'/#0'?Q(RS?@D>'C#$%'?Q(R
PACE n’est pas responsable de leur exactitude
Le WWF oeuvre pour mettre un frein à la dégradation de l’environnement naturel de la planète et ou exhaustivité. Ce rapport est fourni à
construire un avenir où les humains viventen harmonie avec la nature, en conservant la diversité titre informatif. WWF et Estelle Levin Ltd
n’acceptent aucune responsabilité individuelle
biologique mondiale, en assurant une utilisation soutenable des ressources naturelles renouvelables et
ou commune quant aux conséquences des
en faisant la promotion de la réduction de la pollution et du gaspillage recommandations formulées dans ce rapport.
Les opinions et informations fournies sont
valables à la date d’émission du rapport et
%+34'%)F&44&%'J'C+*$51#4$+3'%#3%'/07#E$%,

Auteurs: Ce rapport a été rédigé par Ruby Weinberg, Alain Chishugi et Gary Beynon, en collaboration
Pour plus d’information, visitez
avec Estelle Levin et avec des contributions de Juan Sève, Dr Léonard Mubalama, René Ngongo et
www.asm­pace.org, ou contactez:
!"#$%&'()*+*+%$,'-.#//0+12&'%1$&34$56)&'#'747'1+38)&'/#0'9):;'<&$3:&0=>'?"#$3'@2$%2)=$>'A#0;'
Beynon et Estelle Levin. Le rapport a été réalisé à distance et inclut des entretiens sélectifs réalisés Jonathan Hobbs
sur place à Bukavu en RDC, ainsi que des consultations avec les parties prenantes à partir du International Network Coordinator
Royaume­Uni. Le chapitre sur Itombwe, les conclusions et les recommandations sont basés sur la (Extractive Sector)
recherche de terrain dans l’est et l’ouest de la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe. Alain Chishugi et une WWF International
équipe de chercheurs ont effectué les recherches sur le terrain. La méthodologie de terrain a été Tel: +254 20 3877355, 3872630/1
1+38)&'/#0'?"#$3'@2$%2)=$>'"&'B0'-&+3#0*'():#"#C#'&4'9):;'<&$3:&0=, [email protected]

Remerciements: Les auteurs aimeraient remercier tous ceux et celles qui ont facilité la recherche Estelle Levin
sur le terrain et, notamment, Kirsten Hund, Christine Tam, Timothé Mukeng, Cyril Pélissier, Technical Director, ASM­PACE
Aurélie Shapiro, Leo Bottrill, Juan Sève, le Dr Leonard K. Mubalama et Blaise Mudodosi du WWF, Director, Estelle Levin Limited UK
le CENADEP Bukavu, Mweze Rugomba, Faustin Batechi, Onésiphore Bitomwa, l’équipe de l’ICCN à
Tel : +447876743587
Bukavu, l’équipe du département minier du Sud­Kivu ainsi qu’Anne­Gaëlle Javelle du WRI, Thalia
[email protected]
Liokatis du FFI, Asher Anne Smith, Caren Holzman, Mia Choinière et l’IPIS. Nous souhaiterions
également remercier tout particulièrement Lionel Itongwa, Benjamin Wilondja et Richard Asumani
pour leur travail de terrain, ainsi que John et Terese Hart pour leur relecture de la première version
*)'0#//+04,'D353>'3+)%'#$C&0$+3%'0&C&01$&0'"&%'2#:$4#34%'*&'"#'9B@'6)$'3+)%'+34'#11+0*7'*)'4&C/%'&4'
nous ont aidé à comprendre la situation à Itombwe et en RDC en général.

Décharge de Responsabilité: Ce rapport a été préparé à partir de sources et de données que la

%+1$747'D%4&""&'-&E$3'-4*,'F)=&'5#:"&%>'C#$%'*+34'&""&'3&'/&)4'=#0#34$0'3$'".&G#14$4)*&'3$'".&G2#)%4$E$47,'
H"'&%4'I+)03$'J'*&%'53%'$3I+0C#4$E&%'&4'3&'*+$4'/#%'K40&'$34&0/0747'1+CC&'+II0#34')3&'6)&"1+36)&'
adhésion, représentation ou garantie quelle que soit leur nature. Les auteurs n’acceptent aucune
responsabilité pour une quelconque conséquence quelle qu’elle soit suite à la poursuite d’une
quelconque recommandation offerte dans le présent rapport, séparément ou ensemble. Les opinions Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group
et les renseignements du rapport sont fournis à la date de délivrance de ce dernier et sont susceptibles
*.K40&'C+*$57%'%#3%'/07#E$%,

Concernant le Rapport: Les auteurs incluront les réactions des parties prenantes congolaises et
internationales, des milieux de l’exploitation minière et de la protection de la nature suite à un atelier
qui a eu lieu le 21 septembre 2012 à Bukavu au cours duquel ont été restitués les résultats du présent
rapport. Il y a eu en tout deux ateliers dont l’un a été tenu à Bukavu le 21 septembre 2012 et l’autre à
L$3%2#%#'"&'MN'*71&C:0&'MNOM,'@&'0#//+04'3&'*&E0#$4'/#%'K40&'*$%40$:)7'%#3%'".#)4+0$%#4$+3'&G/0&%%&'
d’Estelle Levin Ltd et du WWF­CARPO.

Ce recherche a été complété avec le soutien généreux du CARPE (Central African Regional Program
for the Environment­ Programme Régional de l’Afrique Centrale pour l’Environnement)
TABLE DES MATIÈRES
ACRONYMES .................................................................................................................................................. 5!

DÉFINITIONS ET EXPRESSIONS CLÉS ........................................................................................................................ 7!

RÉSUMÉ ANALYTIQUE ....................................................................................................................................... 11!

1! INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 16!

1.1! Une intervention faisable en RNI ?.............................................................................................................. 17!
1.2! Méthodologies ................................................................................................................................... 17!
1.3! Grandes lignes du rapport ....................................................................................................................... 18!
1.4! Remarque sur les exploitations minières de grande échelle dans les aires protégées et les écosystèmes critiques de la RDC .......... 18!

2! CONSERVATION ET GOUVERNANCE MINIERE EN RDC .............................................................................................. 19!

2.1! Aires protégées en RDC ......................................................................................................................... 20!
#$!$!! %&'(')('*+,"-.)/01'23)('2&"-+"1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#!!
#$!$#! 63243)//+"704'2&)1"-+"1.893':;+"<+&(3)1+"=2;3"1.>&*'32&&+/+&("?<876>@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#!!
#$!$A! 893'5)"B'2-'*+3,'(C"<211)D23)('*+"E32;="?8B<E@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"##!
#$!$F! 70;&'2&"-+"5223-'&)('2&"+&(3+"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<"+("1+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"
=2;3"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"E3)&-,"H'&4+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"##!
#$!$I! 8==325J+"-;"52&,23(';/"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-;"<2&42"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"##!

2.2! Gouvernance du secteur d’exploitation minière artisanale ................................................................................... 23!

#$#$!! KD,()51+,"'&,('(;('2&&+1,"L"1)"4+,('2&"-;",+5(+;3"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#A!
#$#$#! >9923(,")5(;+1,"-+"=30*+&('2&"-+,"52&91'(,"52&421)',"9'&)&50,"=)3"1)"*+&(+"-+,"/'&+3)',"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#F!

3! RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE ................................................................................................................. 29!

3.1! Profil de conservation ........................................................................................................................... 29!
3.2! Proposition de classement de la Réserve d’Itombwe .......................................................................................... 30!
3.3! La délimitation de la RNI à l’avenir: Problèmes et opportunités .............................................................................. 31!
A$A$!! O)",(3)(04'+"P"<O%6"Q"?<2&,+&(+/+&("O'D3+R"%&923/0"+("630)1)D1+@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"A#!

4! PROFIL DES EXPLOITANTS MINIERS ARTISANAUX EN RNI ........................................................................................ 33!

4.1! Une note sur l’exploitation industrielle ......................................................................................................... 33!
4.2! Histoire de l’exploitation minière à Itombwe................................................................................................... 34!
4.3! Exploitation minière artisanale ................................................................................................................. 34!
F$A$!! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AI!

4.4! Secteur d’Itombwe............................................................................................................................... 37!

F$F$!! S2('*)('2&,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AT!

!"
 4.5! Chefferie de Basile .............................................................................................................................. 38!
F$I$!! S2('*)('2&,"-+"1.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AU!

4.6! Groupes vulnérables ............................................................................................................................. 38!

F$V$!! O+,"9+//+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AU!
F$V$#! O+,"+&9)&(,"+("1+,"=+3,2&&+,"W40+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AU!
F$V$A! 62=;1)('2&,");5J(2(2&+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AX!

4.7! Gouvernance des sites miniers .................................................................................................................. 39!

F$T$!! 8-/'&',(3)('2&"104)1+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FY!
F$T$#! 8-/'&',(3)('2&"52;(;/'N3+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FY!

4.8! Procédures d’accès aux sites ................................................................................................................... 40!

F$U$!! <2&91'(,R"'&93)5('2&,"+("30,21;('2&,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FA!

5! LA CHAINE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT DE L’EMA EN RNI ............................................................................................ 44!

5.1! Exploitation minière ............................................................................................................................. 46!
I$!$!! >M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!
I$!$#! >M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"-+"1.23"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!
I$!$A! >M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"-;",)D1+"+("-+"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,"?=2;3"1.23"+("1)"5),,'(03'(+@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!

5.2! Broyage .......................................................................................................................................... 46!

I$#$!! <),,'(03'(+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!
I$#$#! K3"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FT!

5.3! Lavage ............................................................................................................................................ 47!

I$A$!! <),,'(03'(+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FT!
I$A$#! K3"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FT!

5.4! Autres niveaux de la chaine d’approvisionnement de l’EMA .................................................................................. 48!

I$F$!! O+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"+(");(3+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FU!
I$F$#! 85J)("$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FU!
I$F$A! [0425')&(,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"IY!

6! L’EMA ET L’IMPACT DES POPULATIONS SUR L’INTÉGRITÉ ÉCOLOGIQUE DE LA RÉSERVE ....................................................... 65!
6.1! Autres sources de revenu en RNI ............................................................................................................... 67!
V$!$!! <J),,+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VT!
V$!$#! O+"D3)52&&)4+"-+"1.'*2'3+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VT!
V$!$A! 632-;5('2&"-+"5J)3D2&"-+"D2',"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VU!
V$!$F! \('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VU!
V$!$I! 843'5;1(;3+"+(";('1',)('2&,"923+,('N3+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VU!

6.2! L’Exploitation minière industrielle en RNI ...................................................................................................... 69!

V$#$!! 7+52//)&-)('2&,",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"'&-;,(3'+11+"+&"7[%"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"TY!

7! PROPOSER UNE STRATEGIE DE CONSERVATION QUI TIENT COMPTE DU SECTEUR MINIER DANS LA RNI ...................................... 72!
7.1! Des types et classifications d’interventions avec le secteur d’EMA en RNI.................................................................. 73!
T$!$!! E+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"]"%&5'(+3R"'&91;+&5+3"+(")==1':;+3"1+,"&23/+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"TF!

7.2! Autres questions à considérer .................................................................................................................. 76!

T$#$!! 62=;1)('2&,");(25J(2&+,"+("1)"52&,+3*)('2&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"TV!

#"
8! CONCLUSIONS ET POINTS CRITIQUES EXAMINES PENDANT L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE A BUKAVU ET A KINSHASA ............................ 77!
8.1! Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 78!

BIBLIOGRAPHIE .............................................................................................................................................. 79!

ANNEXE A: ! CALENDRIER DE RECHERCHE ET PARTIES PRENANTES CONSULTÉES ................................................................. 84!

ANNEXE B: ! AUTRES INITIATIVES DE CONSERVATION EN RDC ....................................................................................... 85!

ANNEXE C: ! CAMPAGNES D’INFORMATION SUR LES AUTRES SOURCES DE REVENUS DANS LA RNI .............................................. 86!

ANNEXE D: ! INDICATEURS SUGGÉRÉS D’UNE INTERVENTION TECHNIQUE D’EMA RÉUSSIE ........................................................ 87!

ANNEXE E : ! RAPPORT DE L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE À BUKAVU, OCTOBRE 2012.................................................................... 88!

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ACRONYMES
8B<E" Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group
8<6H" 85('2&"52//;&);()'3+"=2;3"1)"=32/2('2&"-+"1)",)&(0"+&"/'1'+;"3;3)1"
8GE" 8-/'&',(3)(+;3"G'3+5(+;3"E0&03)1"
8>\G%"?\H8%G@" 84+&5+"-+,">()(,^\&',"=2;3"1+"-0*+12==+/+&("'&(+3&)('2&)1""
8_GO" 811')&5+"-+,"9235+,"-0/253)(':;+,"=2;3"1)"1'D03)('2&"-;"<2&42^`)a3+"
8[86%" 84+&5+"[)('2&)1+"=2;3"1)"632/2('2&"-+,"%&*+,(',,+/+&(,"
866" 811')&5+"=;D1':;+^=3'*0+"=2;3"1+"52//+35+"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,"/'&+3)',""
87S^_OK" 811')&5+"=2;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"3+,=2&,)D1+"+("1.K34)&',)('2&"-.05J)&4+"0:;'()D1+""
8HS^68<>" O+"=32Z+(",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("
1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,""
BE7" Bundesanstallt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe"?%&,('(;("90-03)1")11+/)&-"-+,"
,5'+&5+,"-+"1)"(+33+"+("-+,"7+,,2;35+,"[)(;3+11+,@"
BS"?bB@" B)&:;+"/2&-')1+"
<8S%" <)-),(3+"S'&'+3"
<876>" Central African Regional Program for the Environment
<><" <J)c&+,"-.05J)&4+"5+3('9'0+,"
<_H" Conflict Free Smelter Programme
<O%6" <2&,+&(+/+&("1'D3+R"'&923/0"+("=30)1)D1+"
<[d%" <2/'(0"&)('2&)1"-;"d'*;"
<2<2H'" <2/'(0"-+"5223-'&)('2&"-;",'(+""
<H6G" <2/'(0"-+",;'*'"-;"6325+,,;,"-+"G;3D)&"
GE" G0104;0"E0&03)1"
>%>" e(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1"
>%>H" e(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1",(3)(04':;+"
>S8" >M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+""
>S%" >M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-.05J+11+"'&-;,(3'+11+"
>\" e()(,^\&',"-.8/03':;+"
_GO7" _235+,"-0/253)(':;+,"-+"1'D03)('2&"-;"7f)&-)"
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E><8S%[>H" E0&03)1+"-+,"5)33'N3+,"+("-+,"/'&+,"
E+H%" Global e-Sustainability Initiative
E%<" E32;=+"'&(+3&)('2&)1"-+"53',+""
E%`" Gesellschaft für Internazionale Zusammenarbeit"?8&5'+&&+/+&("Eg`@"84+&5+")11+/)&-+"
-+"522=03)('2&"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"
EgS" E32;=+"(J0/)(':;+"/'&+,"
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bb_"<876K" World Wide Fund for Nature Central Africa Regional Programme Office
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DÉFINITIONS ET EXPRESSIONS CLÉS
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1
Définition de l’ARM-FLO
2
Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011
3
Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011
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Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011

T"
 -052;*+3(,$"
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5
Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011

U"
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6
IUCN, 2008

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"
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1'+;"L"d'&,J),)"1+"#Y"-05+/D3+"#Y!#$"

Conservation et gouvernance minière en RDC

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7
UNDESA, 2010
8
Groupe d’experts du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, 2010
9
Voir la section sur les définitions pour une explication de « l’écosystème critique »
10
Ce rapport a été produit grâce au soutien financier généreux d’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG) dans le cadre
de l’obligation du WWF envers le Groupe de formuler une stratégie de conservation qui prenne l’exploitation minière en
considération
11
Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, 2011
12
Estelle Levin Ltd, 2012

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52&*+&;+," );" =30)1)D1+R" +(" 30521(+3" 5+11+,^5'" -.;&+" /)&'N3+" );,,'" -;3)D1+" :;+" =2,,'D1+$" O+," 3+,,2;35+,"
;('1',0+," )'&,'" =+;*+&(" '&51;3+" 1+" D2'," +(" );(3+," =32-;'(," 923+,('+3,R" 1.+);R" 1+" =2',,2&" +(" 1)" *')&-+" -+"
D32;,,+$"O)"o2&+";,)4+"/;1('=1+"9+3)"1.2DZ+("-.;&"/2-+"-+"4+,('2&"-)&,"1.2;('1"Z;3'-':;+")/+&-0"=23()&("
530)('2&" -+" 1)" 7[%" +(" :;'" -0(+3/'&+3)" 1+," /2-)1'(0," =3)(':;+,$" >&" -0='(" -+" 5+," -09',R" ,'" 1)" ,05;3'(0" 1+"
=+3/+(R"1)"7[%",+3)";&+"2==23(;&'(0"-+",+"1)&5+3"-)&,"1)"923/;1)('2&"-.;&+",(3)(04'+"52//;&+R"-;+"L"1)"
/)&'N3+" =3)4/)(':;+" -2&(" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" =32=2,0+" -+" 1)" o2&+" )" 0(0" 299'5'+11+/+&(" 0()D1'+" ?*2'3" 1+"
<J)='(3+"A"=2;3"=1;,"-+"-0()'1,",;3"1+"51),,+/+&("=32=2,0"-+"1)"70,+3*+@$"g2;("+&4)4+/+&("9;(;3"-)&,"
5+((+" o2&+" &05+,,'(+3)" -+" 3+52&&)c(3+" :;+" 1)" 52&9')&5+" +,(" ;&" 9)5(+;3" 53'(':;+" +(" :;.+11+" -+/)&-+3)"
D+);52;=" -+" (3)*)'1" +&(3+" 1+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&R" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +(" 1+," 52//;&);(0,"
125)1+,R")'&,'":;.;&+"43)&-+"(3)&,=)3+&5+"-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"-;"-0D;("L"1)"
9'&$"
! \&+" o2&+" '&(+3/0-')'3+" 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+" -0*+12==+/+&(" =+;*+&(" k(3+" /',+," +&" *)1+;3" +(" );" ,+'&" -+"
1):;+11+" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," +(" 1+," =+;=1+," );(25J(2&+," =+;*+&(" )/01'23+3" 1+;3," ,2;35+," -+"
3+*+&;,"r"1+,")5('*'(0,"(2;3',(':;+,"=2;3"*','(+3"1+,"423'11+,"-+,"=1)'&+,"-+"1.>,("?Gorilla beringei graueri@"
-+*32&("k(3+"234)&',0+,"L"1.'&(03'+;3"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
13
Bawa et Hayes, 2010
14
Bawa et Hayes, 2010
15
World Bank, 2008
16
La RNI fait référence à cette partie du massif qui va faire l’objet d’une publication à l’Officiel après amendement de l’arrêté
existant et créant la réserve. Les frontières de la réserve n’étant pas encore connues, à ce stade on ne connaît pas ses
coordonnées géographiques
17
Muhigwa, op cit., 2008
18
Mubalama, 2009
19DeJong, 2011

!#"
 ! \&+" o2&+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" '&(043)1+" :;'" &+" =+;(" k(3+" ;('1',0+" +&" );5;&+" /)&'N3+" +(" :;'" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+("
-.)5523-,",;3"1)"3041+/+&()('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1)",(3'5(+"=32(+5('2&"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"

Les exploitants miniers artisanaux

O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+",.+,("30*010+"k(3+";&+",2;35+"'&(043)1+"-+"3+*+&;,"=2;3"&2/D3+"-+"=2=;1)('2&,"
:;'"*'*+&("-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"-+"&2/D3+;M"5),R"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+,("1)"seule"
/)&'N3+"-.0*'(+3"1)"=);=03',)('2&$"85(;+11+/+&(R"1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+,("'1104)1+$"<.+,("1L";&+"-+,"&2/D3+;,+,"
:;+,('2&,":;'"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"'&51;,+,"-)&,";&+"D2&&+",(3)(04'+"-+"4+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+("
1.23R" ,2&(" 1+," =3'&5'=);M" /'&+3)'," +M=12'(0," -+" /)&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+$#Y" [2," 3+5J+35J+," -+" (+33)'&"
-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.>S8");",+'&"-;",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"/2&(3+&(":;+"5+",2&( 1)"5),,'(03'(+"+("
1.23":;'"92&("1.2DZ+("-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"5+,"o2&+,$"
"
O)" -0/243)=J'+R" 1+," /'&+3)'," +M=12'(0,R" 1.05J+11+" )'&,'" :;+" 1+," /0(J2-+," -+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,"
-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"L"1.+,("+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"L"1.2;+,(",2&("-'9903+&(,$"O+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"
0(;-'0,"L"%(2/Df+",2&("1+,",'(+,"-+"S'i'R"-.8=)&4)R"-+"S)i+&-)R"-+"g;1)/D2R"-+"g;/;&4;"+("-+"H)f+"?04)1+/+&("
52&&;" ,2;," 1+" &2/" -+" d)(2(+1)@$" y" %(2/Df+R" 1)" /)Z23'(0" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +,(" =),,0+" -+"
1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"L"5+11+"-+"1.23"z",);9"-)&,"1+",'(+"-.8=)&4)"2n";&"=+('("432;=+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"52&('&;+"1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"z",;'(+"L"1)"D)',,+"-;"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+,"
/)35J0,$" O)" =2=;1)('2&" /'&'N3+" +,(" =1;," =+('(+" L" %(2/Df+" :;.L" B),'1+R" +(" 1+," ,'(+," /'&'+3," &.C" ,2&(" =)," );,,'"
=+3/)&+&(,":;.L"B),'1+"=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+,",'(+,",2;(+33)'&,$"O.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1.23"52&5+3&+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.23"
)11;*')1" :;'" ,+" (32;*+" -)&," 1+," 3'*'N3+," +(" 1+," 52;3," -.+);$" G)&," 1.+&,+/D1+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"
*'+&&+&("-+"1)"(3'D;"-+,"B),J',$"
"
G)&," 1)" 5J+99+3'+" -+" B),'1+" L" 1.2;+,(R" &2;," )*2&," 0(;-'0" 1+," ,'(+," -+" `2/D+R" O;4;&-;R" Sf)(+&-+" +(" df)f+&4)$"
G)&," 5+((+" =)3('+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" =3)(':;+&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&"
,2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R",);9"-)&,"1+,"-+;M",'(+,"-+"Sf)(+&-+"+("df)f+&4)"2n"'1,"+M=12'(+&("1.23")11;*')1$"
"
O)"&)(;3+"'&923/+11+"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"=329'(+"L"-+"&2/D3+;M")5(+;3,$"%1"
+,(")D,21;/+&("53;5')1"-+"D'+&"52/=3+&-3+"1+,"'&(03k(,"-+"5J)5;&"-)&,"5+((+"5J)c&+"=2;3"'&5'(+3");"5J)&4+/+&("
?*2'3" <J$I" =2;3" =1;," -.'&923/)('2&," ,;3" 1)" 5J)c&+" -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" 1.>S8" -)&," 1)" 7[%" +(" 1+," '/=)5(,"
3+,=+5('9,@$"%1"+,("04)1+/+&("53;5')1"-+"52/=3+&-3+"1+,"32;)4+,"'&(+3&+,"+("1+,"-C&)/':;+,"-+"5J)&4+/+&("-+"5+((+"
5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(R"+("&2()//+&("1+,"'&(03k(,"=21'(':;+,"+("052&2/':;+,"'&*+,(',$"<.+,(",+;1+/+&(")123,"
:;.'1" ,+3)" =2,,'D1+" -+" 30923/+3" +&" )*)&t)&(" L" =+('(," =),$" >&" D3+9R" '1" +,(" '/=23()&(" -+" 52/=3+&-3+" -)&," :;+11+"
/+,;3+"-)&,"1):;+11+"(2;,"5+,"'&(03k(,"=2;33)'+&("+&(3)*+3";&+":;+152&:;+"'&(+3*+&('2&$"
"
L’EMA et l’impact des populations sur l’intégrité écologique de la Reserve
O.'/=)5("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"-)&,"1)"o2&+":;+"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0+R"0()'("
+&" )==)3+&5+" 1'/'(0R" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" 43W5+" );" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," =2=;1)('2&," /'&'N3+," ,2&(" =+;" &2/D3+;,+,$" G+" =1;,R"
1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+R"(+11+":;.+11+"+,("=3)(':;0+"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"+/=k5J+":;+"1)"923k("
+("1+,",21,",2'+&("-'3+5(+/+&("+&-2//)40,R"/k/+"-;3)&("1+,"J);(+,",)',2&,$"<+1)"-'(R"1+,"&'*+);M"-+"D3;'("+("1)"
=30-)('2&",;3"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+");(2;3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"+("-+,"*'11)4+,"=2;3",;D*+&'3");M"D+,2'&,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"'/=1':;+":;.'1"+M',(+"+&523+"-+,"+/=k5J+/+&(,"L"1.'&(043'(0"L"12&4"(+3/+"-+"1)"70,+3*+R":;)&("
);" -0=1)5+/+&(" -C&)/':;+" -+," =2=;1)('2&,$" %1" 9);(" &2(+3R" /)1J+;3+;,+/+&(R" :;+" /k/+" ,'" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+,"
+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 0()'+&(" /'&'/',0+," =+&-)&(" 1)" =03'2-+" -+" 5+((+" 3+5J+35J+R" '1" +,(" =2,,'D1+" :;+" 1+,"
52&,0:;+&5+," +&*'32&&+/+&()1+," -+" 12&4;+^-;30+" ,2'+&(" =1;," '/=23()&(+," :;+" 5+11+," :;+" &2(3+" 0:;'=+" )"
2D,+3*0+,$"G+"=1;,R"5+,"52&,0:;+&5+,"=2;33)'+&(",.)443)*+3"L"1.)*+&'3$"O+,"'/=)5(,"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+"1.>S8",2&("
-0()'110,"-)&,"1+"<J$"F"-;"3)==23($""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
20
Muhigwa, op sit. 2008. La RNI contient également des dépôts de tourmaline, béryllium et monazite

!A"
Proposer une stratégie de conservation qui tient compte du secteur minier artisanal dans la
RNI
%1" +,(" (3N," =32D)D1+" :;+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" (+11+" :;.+11+" +,(" =3)(':;0+" -)&," 1)" 7[%" =;',,+" 52&('&;+3" -+"
40&03)('2&"+&"40&03)('2&R"5)3"+11+"+,("=+3t;+"52//+";&+"&05+,,'(0"052&2/':;+$"O+,");(+;3,"532'+&(":;.'1"+,("-2&5"
53'(':;+"=2;3"1+,")-/'&',(3)('2&,"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"+("/'&'N3+"52&421)',+,"-.J)3/2&',+3"1+,"+9923(,"=2;3"0()D1'3"
;&+",(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&":;'",2'(",+&,'D1+");M"D+,2'&,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%$"
"
<+=+&-)&(R" 1)" 12'" 52&421)',+" '&(+3-'(" (2;(+" +M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" -)&," ;&+" )'3+" =32(040+$" S)'," 1)" 30)1'(0" +,(" (3N,"
-'9903+&(+$"[.+,(^'1"=),"=2,,'D1+"-+"3+*2'3"1+,"1'/'(+,"-+"1)"7[%"+&"92&5('2&"-+"5+((+"30)1'(0R"0()&("-2&&0":;+"1)"o2&+"
-+"52&,+3*)('2&"'&(043)1+"&.+,("=),")99+5(0+"{"<+1)"+,(";&+":;+,('2&"53'(':;+":;'"-2'("k(3+"+M)/'&0+"=)3"1+,"=)3('+,"
=3+&)&(+,R"C"52/=3',"1+,")4+&5+,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(R"/)',");,,'"=)3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"/'&'N3+,$""
"
8*2'3"3+52;3,");M"+M=;1,'2&,"92350+,"2;",'/=1+/+&("'4&23+3"1+"=32D1N/+"&+",2&("=),"-+,",21;('2&,"52&,(3;5('*+,R"
3)',2&"=2;3"1):;+11+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"-+,"/'1'+;M"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+"1)"304'2&"2&("
D+,2'&"-+"(3)*)'11+3"+&,+/D1+"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"1)",'(;)('2&$"<+1)"-+/)&-+3)"-+"30-;'3+"1.+/=3+'&(+"052124':;+"-+"
1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+",.),,;3+3":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=2;332&("(3)*)'11+3"+&"(2;(+",05;3'(0R"
-)&,"-+,"52&-'('2&,"-.JC4'N&+")55+=()D1+,R"(2;("+&"3+,=+5()&("1+,"&23/+,"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,"+("=2;3"-+,"3+*+&;,"
:;'"1+;3"=+3/+((32&("-+",;D*+&'3"L"1+;3,"D+,2'&,"+("L"5+;M"-+"1+;3,"9)/'11+,$"O+"=3243)//+"-.ASM-PACE )"-+,"
3+52//)&-)('2&," :;'" ,2&(" -',5;(0+," +&" =1;," -+" -0()'1" 5'^-+,,2;,R" /)'," '1" 9);(" &2(+3" :;+" 1+" 30,;1()(" -+" 1.)(+1'+3"
-.ASM-PACE +("-+"bb_"L"d'&,J),)"+&"-05+/D3+"#Y!#")"=23(0",;3";&+"-',5;,,'2&"(3N,"-'9903+&(+$"
"
Des types et classifications d’interventions avec le secteur d’EMA en RNI.
O+," :;+,('2&," +(" (JN/+," ,;'*)&(," 3+=30,+&(+&(" ;&" 5)-3+" -.)==325J+" -+" 1.>S8" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -+,"
/'1'+;M" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" +(" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" +,,)'+&(" -.'&91;+&5+3$" [2;," 1+," )*2&," -'*',0," +&" (32',"
)==325J+,"?-',5;(0,"+&"=1;,"-+"-0()'1"-)&,"1+"523=,"-;"3)==23(@]"
"
! Inciter : \&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =+;(" ,+3*'3" -.'&5'()('2&" =2;3" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," /2-'9'+&(" 2;"
(3)&,923/+&("1+;3"52/=23(+/+&($"<+5'"=+;("'/=1':;+3"-.+&52;3)4+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"
:;'((+3" -+," ,'(+," /'&'+3," ,=05'9':;+," :;'" 2&(" ;&" '/=)5(" '/=23()&(" ,;3" 1)" 30,',()&5+" 052124':;+" -+" 1)"
o2&+$#!"%1"9);(")123,"=2;*2'3",.),,;3+3"-+"3+&-3+"1+",'(+"-+"3+/=1)5+/+&("(3N,")((3)C)&(R"+&",.),,;3)&(":;+R"
9'&)&5'N3+/+&(R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"C"(32;*+&("1+;3"52/=(+$##"
! Influencer :"%1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"9)'3+"=3243+,,+3"1+,"5J2,+,",;'(+"L";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&",'"1.2&"&+"D0&09'5'+"=),"
-.)D23-" -;" ,2;('+&" -+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,$" KD(+&'3" ;&" (+1" ,2;('+&" =+;(" ,+" 9)'3+" +&" -+/)&-)&(" );M"
5J+9," -+," *'11)4+," ?:;'" 2&(" 0(0" '-+&('9'0," -)&," 1+," -+;M" ,+5(+;3," =+&-)&(" 5+((+" 0(;-+@" -+" -2&&+3" 1+;3"
2='&'2&",;3";&+"(+11+"'&(+3*+&('2&R"=;',"+&"2D(+&)&("1+;3"522=03)('2&$"g2;(+92',R"'1"+,("'/=23()&("-+"&+"
=),"2;D1'+3":;+"(2;("30,;1()("*2;1;"-0=+&-3)"-+"1)"D2&&+"*212&(0"-+,"52//;&);(0,"/k/+,$"
! Appliquer les normes ]" >&" (J023'+R" 1)" =;D1'5)('2&" +(" 1.)==1'5)('2&" -.;&" =1;," 43)&-" &2/D3+" -+"
3N41+/+&()('2&,"=+3/+((3)'+&("-+"/+((3+"9'&");M"'/=)5(,"-+"1.>S8"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,"J;/)'&+,",;3"5+("
052,C,(N/+" 53'(':;+$" 8*+5" 1+," :;+,('2&," -+" 5)=)5'(0" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(R" -+" ,;=30/)('+" -;" -32'(" +(" -+"
J'03)35J',)('2&" -+," +M=12'()('2&," '&-;,(3'+11+," +&" 7G<R" '1" +,(" 52&,+'110" -+" 52/D'&+3" 1.)==325J+" -.;&+"
)==1'5)('2&"923(+"-+"1)"104)1'(0")*+5"1+,"(+5J&':;+,"=1;,"104N3+,"-+"1.'&5'()('2&"+("-+"1.'&91;+&5+$"G+"=1;,"+("
=2;3"k(3+"=1;,"30)1',(+R";&+"(+11+")==325J+"=+3/+((3)"=32D)D1+/+&("-.0*'(+3"1)"&2&^522=03)('2&"-+"1)"=)3("
-+,"52//;&);(0,"(2;5J0+,$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
21
Il faudrait plus de recherche pour déterminer quels sites peuvent être fermés et lesquelles peuvent être laissés ouverts
22
Voir l’Annexe D pour des suggestions détaillées sur les interventions techniques d’EMA réussies

!F"
Gestion de la Réserve
62;3" ;&" =3+/'+3" =),R" +(" )*)&(" :;+" (2;(+," );(3+," '&(+3*+&('2&," =;',,+&(" 30;,,'3R" 1)" 70,+3*+" )" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" );"
/'&'/;/" -01'/'(0+" +(R" -)&," 1.'-0)1R" 4030+" +99'5)5+/+&($" <+((+" -01'/'()('2&" -2'(" k(3+" =)3('5'=)('*+|+&" -.);(3+,"
(+3/+,R"1+,"52//;&);(0,|C"52/=3',"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M|-2'*+&("52/=3+&-3+"5+":;'",+"=),,+"+("
)*2'3"1.255),'2&"-+"-2&&+3"1+;3"=2'&("-+"*;+$"%1"+,(");,,'"'/=03)('9":;+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"Z2;',,+&("-+"D0&09'5+,"z
052&2/':;+,R"052124':;+,"+(",25');M|)9'&"-+"522=03+3")*+5"5+"=325+,,;,$"H'R"L"1)"9'&"-+"5+"=325+,,;,R"1+,"=)3('+,"
=3+&)&(+,"=3+&&+&("1)"-05','2&"-+"5+,,+3"1.>S8"+("-+"9)'3+";&+"(3)&,'('2&");M"/2C+&,"-+",;D,',()&5+")1(+3&)('9,R"
)123," 5+" =32Z+(" -+*3)" k(3+" D'+&" 234)&',0" +(" 1+," 1+)-+3," -+*32&(" 3+,=+5(+3" 1+;3," +&4)4+/+&(," +&*+3," 1+,"
52//;&);(0,R"5.+,(^L^-'3+"1+;3"92;3&'3"-+,"/2C+&,")1(+3&)('9"-+",;D*+&'3"L"1+;3,"D+,2'&,$""
"
[2;," 29932&," 5'^-+,,2;," -+," ,;44+,('2&," =2;3" '&51;3+" -)&," 1+" =1)&" -+" 4+,('2&" -.+&,+/D1+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+"-+,"
:;+,('2&,",=05'9':;+,"L"1.>S8"?-0()'110+,"-)&,"1+"3)==23(@"]"
! e()D1'3"-+,"D)33'N3+,"40243)=J':;+,"+(",05;3'()'3+,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"
! <1),,+3"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"-.)=3N,"1+;3"'/=23()&5+",25'2052&2/':;+");",+'&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"
! 8/01'23+3"+(j2;"/+((3+"+&"};*3+"-+,"=3250-;3+,"3+1)('*+,");M"/2-+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"-+,"(+33+,"+("L"1+;3"
);(23',)('2&"L"1.05J+11+"52;(;/'N3+R"+&"*;+" -+"403+3"1.)55N,");M"(+33+,"+("-+"=32/2;*2'3"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"
=3)(':;+,"

Points critiques examinés pendant l’atelier d’ASM-PACE à Bukavu et à Kinshasa

O+,"+M=+3(,"+("1+,"(+5J&'5'+&,")'&,'":;+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&("L"d'&,J),)",2;('+&&+&(";&)&'/+/+&("1)"=2,'('2&",+12&"
1):;+11+" ;&+" 30,+3*+" &+" =+;(" =)," )55;+'11'3" -+," )5('*'(0," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+$" <+1)" 3+=30,+&(+" ;&+"
*'21)('2&"-+"1)"12'R"L"1+;3")*',$"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"C")";&"3',:;+":;+"1+,"+9923(,"92;3&',"Z;,:;.L"=30,+&("-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"
-+"o2&)4+"=)3('5'=)('9"+&"52;3,"+("D),0",;3"1+"=3+,53'("-+"1.)3('51+"I"-;"7N41+/+&("/'&'+3",2'+&("'&;('1+,R"-;"9)'(":;+"
5+,"+9923(,"=2;33)'+&("+&(3)c&+3";&"3+(2;3"L"1)"5),+"-+"-0=)3("=2;3",+&,'D'1',+3"-+"&2;*+);"1+,"52//;&);(0,",;3"
&2;*+11+" 51),,'9'5)('2&" :;.2&" =2;33)" )-2=(+3" =2;3" 1)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+$" 8" 5+(" +99+(R" 1+,"
3+52//)&-)('2&,"92&-0+,",;3"&2,"-2&&0+,"-+"D),+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%",2&(")99+5(0+,"
=)3"5+((+"30)1'(0$"
"
O+,"30)5('2&,"*',"L"*',"-;"3)==23("-+"(+33)'&"=30,+&(0")*)'+&("3+&52&(30"1)",)(',9)5('2&"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"+("=)3('+,"
=3+&)&(+," L" 1.)(+1'+3" -+" B;i)*;" -)&," 1)" /+,;3+" 2n" 5+" 3)==23(" ,;,5'()'(" =1;,'+;3," =2'&(," 52/=10/+&()'3+," +("
52&*+34+&(,$" 8;" 5+&(3+" -+" 1+;3," =30255;=)('2&," ,;34',,)'(" 1+" D+,2'&" -+" ,)*2'3" -)*)&()4+" ,;3" 1)" *'+" ,25'2^
052&2/':;+" -+," 52//;&);(0," +(" 1+;3" 3)==23(" )*+5" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R" )*+5" 1)" =+3,=+5('*+" -+" ,2;J)'(+3" 1)"
-;=1'5)('2&"-+"1)"/k/+"0(;-+"-)&,"1+"3+,(+"-+,"5J+99+3'+,":;'"52;*3+&("1)"7[%$"O)"=30,+&()('2&"-;"3)==23(")*+5"1+,"
3+52//)&-)('2&," -+" 1.)(+1'+3" -+" B;i)*;" );M" =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," +(" 1+," );(23'(0," -)&," 1.)(+1'+3" -+" d'&,J),)" )*)'("
3+(+&;"1+;3")((+&('2&"(2;("+&")&53)&("1)"=30255;=)('2&",;3"1+"3+,=+5("-+,"(+M(+,"104);M"+("1.)==1'5)('2&",(3'5(+"-+,"
12'," 304',,)&(" 1+" ,+5(+;3" /'&'+3" +(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1R" +(" +&" /k/+" (+/=," 0()&(" 52&,5'+&(" -+," -09'," :;+" 1+,"
)-/'&',(3)('2&," /'&'N3+," +(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1+," )9932&(+&($" G+," 2='&'2&," -'*+3,+," +(" -+," =30255;=)('2&,"
=+3('&+&(+,",2&("3+,(0+,"+&",;,=+&,"+&")((+&(+"-+"30=2&,+,"91+M'D1+,"*',^L^*',"-+"1)",'(;)('2&")5(;+11+",;3"(+33)'&$"
O+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,",=05'9':;+,":;'"2&("0(0"9)'(+,"L"d'&,J),)"+("L"B;i)*;",2&("-',5;(0+,"+&"=1;,"-+"-0()'1"-)&,"
1+"3)==23($"
" "

!I"
1 INTRODUCTION
"
O)" 70=;D1':;+" G0/253)(':;+" -;" <2&42" ?7G<@" +,(" 52&&;+" =2;3" ,+," 43)&-+," 30,+3*+," -+" &2/D3+;M" /'&03);M"
)11)&("-+"1.;3)&';/"L"1.23R"+&"=),,)&("=)3"1+,"-')/)&(,"+("1)"5),,'(03'(+$"O)"7G<"52/=(+"VV"/'11'2&,"-.J)D'()&(,#A"
+(":;+1:;+,^;&,"-+,",'(+,"052124':;+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$">&"-0='("-+,"85523-,"-+"H;&"<'(C",'4&0,"
+&" #YY#R" D+);52;=" -.+&-32'(," -)&," 1.+,(" -;" =)C,R" C" 52/=3'," -+," )'3+," =32(040+,R" 3+,(+&(" =+;" ,q3," ,;'(+" L" 1)"
=30,+&5+"-+"432;=+,")3/0,"+(");M"*'21)('2&,"52&('&;+,"-+,"-32'(,"-+"1.J2//+":;.'1,"52//+((+&($#F"
"
O+,"2D,+3*)(+;3,"+M(+3&+,"z"+("1+,"=+3,2&&+,":;'"(3)*)'11+&(",;3"1+"(+33)'&"z"-2'*+&("=3+&-3+"+&"52/=(+"1+"52&(+M(+"
-)&," 1+:;+1" (3)*)'11+&(" 1+," =+3,2&&+," '/=1':;0+," -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M$" O.+,(" -+" 1)"
7G<R";&+"304'2&")99+5(0+"=)3"-+"&2/D3+;M"52&91'(,"D3;();M"-+=;',"=1;,"-+"!V")&,"|"+("-)&,"1):;+11+R",+12&"1.K99'5+"
-+," [)('2&," \&'+," =2;3" 1)" <223-'&)('2&" -+," 899)'3+," u;/)&'()'3+," ?\[" K<u8@R" +&*'32&" -+;M" /'11'2&,"
-.J)D'()&(,"2&("0(0"-0=1)50,"L"5);,+"-+,"52&91'(,"-;3)&("1+,"(32',"-+3&'N3+,")&&0+,"|"1)"/)Z23'(0"-+,"J)D'()&(,"9)'("
(2;("=2;3",;3*'*3+#I$"O+"51),,+/+&("'&+99'5)5+"2;"'&52/=1+("-+,"+,=)5+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&R")")/2'&-3'"+&523+"=1;,"
1.'&(043'(0"-+"5+,"=2'&(,"5J);-,"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"923/+11+/+&("l=32(040,.$"G;"=2'&("-+"*;+"-+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"
1)" =32(+5('2&" -+" 1)" &)(;3+R" 1.%&,('(;(" <2&421)'," =2;3" 1)" <2&,+3*)('2&" -+" 1)" [)(;3+" ?%<<[@" +,(" 52&932&(0" L"
-.0&23/+," -09'," =2;3" 3+/=1'3" ,2&" /)&-)(" +(" 9)'3+" 3+,=+5(+3" 1)" 12'" -)&," 5+" *),(+" =)C," -.'/=23()&5+" 052124':;+"
53;5')1+$"O+"52&(+M(+"-)&,"1+:;+1"5+,"-09',"-2'*+&("k(3+"52/=3',"52&5+3&+R"+&(3+");(3+,R"1)"9)'D1+"'&93),(3;5(;3+"-;"
=)C,R"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"'&(+3&+"-09'5'+&(+R"1+,"2D,()51+,"52&,'-03)D1+,"-+"1)"52//;&'5)('2&R"+("1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"4)3-+,"
/+((+&(" ,2;*+&(" 1+;3" *'+" +&" -)&4+3" L" 5);,+" -+" 1.'&,05;3'(0" :;'" =+3-;3+" -)&," 1+," &2/D3+;,+," )'3+," =32(040+,R"
&2()//+&("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"?7[%@":;'"9)'("1.2DZ+("-+"1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+$"
"
%1"C")"+;";&+"532',,)&5+"'/=23()&(+"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"/'&'+3,"923/+1,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+@"
+("'&923/+1,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+@"-;"=)C,R"+("L"1.J+;3+":;.'1"+,(R"2&",)'(":;+"&2/D3+"
-+,"4',+/+&(,"-+"/'&+3)',"+M=12'(0,",+"(32;*+&("-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"-;"=)C,$"O+"
=30,+&(" 3)==23(" )" 0(0" 52//)&-'(0" =)3" 1+" Central African Regional Programme for the Environment" ?<876>@"
=2;3" *)1'-+3" 1+," 30,;1()(," -;" 3)==23(" -+" #Y!!#V" -.>,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$" +(" -;" bb_R" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+"
)3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," ?6>S8^86><"r" ASM-PACE" +&" )&41)',@" -+" 1)"
70=;D1':;+" G0/253)(':;+" -;" <2&42R" +&" 30)1',)&(" ;&+" 0(;-+" -+" (+33)'&" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1)"
70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"-+"Z;'&"L"Z;'11+("#Y!#$"O.2DZ+5('9"-;"=30,+&("3)==23("+,("-+"923/;1+3"-+,",(3)(04'+,"-+"
52&,+3*)('2&"*')D1+,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+":;'"=3+&&+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&$#T"
<+"3)==23("=+3/+("04)1+/+&("-+"=2;3,;'*3+"=1;,"+&"-0()'1"1+,"3+5J+35J+,"-;"bb_^<876K"+("-;"5)D'&+(^52&,+'1"
>,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$" =)3" 3)==23(" );" =32Z+(" 6>S8^86><R" :;'" 5J+35J+" L" (32;*+3" ;&" 0:;'1'D3+" +&(3+" 1+" =2(+&('+1"
,25'2052&2/':;+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+R" +(" 1.'/=)5(" -+" 5+1;'^5'" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" );" ,+'&" -+,"
052,C,(N/+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$#U"H.'&,53'*)&("-)&,"1+,"2DZ+5('9,"-;"632Z+("d’ASM-PACER"1)"=30,+&(+"
0(;-+"+M=123)(2'3+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%")"=2;3"2DZ+5('9,"]"
"
! G.2993'3" ;&+" /+'11+;3+" 52/=30J+&,'2&" -+" 1.>S8" -)&," 1)" 7[%R" +&" '-+&('9')&(" ,+," 5);,+,R" ,+,"
5)3)5(03',(':;+,"+(",+,"'/=)5(,"r"
! G.'-+&('9'+3" 1+," 1+t2&," ('30+," -.+9923(," =3050-+&(," -)&," 1)" 7[%" +(" );(3+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 052,C,(N/+,"
53'(':;+,R"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3"1+,"-09',"+("-+"('3+3"=)3('"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"),,25'0+,");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"r"+("
! G.'-+&('9'+3" -+," 2==23(;&'(0," -.0(;-+," -+" 5)," +(" -+" =3243)//+," +&" ,2;('+&" 2;" +&" =)3(+&)3')(" )*+5" -+,"
234)&',)('2&,"52&421)',+,"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3"1+,"=32D1N/+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"
"
70)1',+3" ;&+" 0(;-+" +M=123)(2'3+" ,;3" 1+, +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -)&," (2;(+," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+,"
052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," -+" 1)" 7G<" &05+,,'(+3)'(" -.'/=23()&(+," 3+,,2;35+," 9'&)&5'N3+,$" <.+,(" =2;3:;2'" 1.0:;'=+"
,5'+&('9':;+" )" -05'-0" -+" =23(+3" ,2&" )((+&('2&" ,;3" 1)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+R" +(" ,=05'9':;+/+&(" ,;3" -+;M"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
23
UNDESA, 2010
24
Groupe d’experts du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, 2010
25
UN OCHA, 2012
26
Ce rapport a été produit grâce au soutien financier généreux d’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG) dans le cadre
de l’obligation du WWF envers le Groupe de formuler une stratégie de conservation qui prenne l’exploitation minière en
considération
27
Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, 2011
28
Estelle Levin LTD, 2012

!V"
,+5(+;3,"-)&,"1)"7[%R"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"?*2'3"<J$"A^T@$"O)"7[%"+,("&2&",+;1+/+&(";&+"
)'3+"&)(;3+11+"+&"52;3,"-+"-01'/'()('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"?)'3+"=32(040+R"/)',"&2&^-01'/'(0+@R"+11+"3+&9+3/+"04)1+/+&("
-+,"'&(03k(,"/'&'+3,"-+"43)&-+"+("=+('(+"05J+11+,$"%1"C")"1'+;"-+"&2(+3":;+"1+"=30,+&("3)==23("+,(";&+"+&:;k(+"'&'(')1+"
,;3"1)":;+,('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"-+"1)"7G<R"
+(":;.'1"-+*3)'("k(3+"*;"52//+"un point d’entrée dans le débat +&(3+"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+&"*;+"-+"9)t2&&+3";&+"
,(3)(04'+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" :;'" =3+&&+" +&" 52/=(+" 1.>S8" );" ,+'&" -+" 1)" 7[%" +(" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+,"
052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," -+" 1.+&,+/D1+" -+" 1)" 7G<$" G+" =1;,R" '1" +,("'/=23()&("-+" &2(+3" :;+" 1)" 7[%" +,(")99+5(0+" );,,'"
D'+&"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,")3(',)&)1+,":;+"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()('2&,"'&-;,(3'+11+,$"

1.1 Une intervention faisable en RNI ?

70;,,'3" L" 0()D1'3" 1.J)3/2&'+" +&(3+" 52&,+3*)('2&" +(" -0*+12==+/+&(" -)&," 1)" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+,"
-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"1.+&,+/D1+"-+"1)"7G<"&.+,("=),")',0$"G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"=21'(':;+R"1)"7G<"+,("1.;&"-+,"=)C,"1+,"=1;,"
-'99'5'1+,");"/2&-+"=2;3"30)1',+3";&"=32Z+("-+"5+"(C=+$"%1"9);("52//+&5+3"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"+("-+"9)t2&",'/=1+R"+("-+"
1L" )*)&5+3" 1+&(+/+&(" /)'," ,q3+/+&($" 8'&,'R" =1)&'9'+3" ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =)3" 3)==23(" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+"
)3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%"-2'("k(3+"52&,'-030"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"=1;,"1)34+"-+"1)"104)1'(0R"-+"1)",05;3'(0R"-+,"'&(03k(,"-)&,"
1.>S8"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,")C)&("1'+;"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$"
"
~;+,('2&,"L"52&,'-03+3"-)&,"1)"52&5+=('2&"-.;&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"]""
! G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"124',(':;+R"+,(^'1"9)',)D1+"-.'&(+3*+&'3");=3N,"-+,"52//;&);(0,"5'D10+,"{"H'"5+"&.+,("=),"
1+"5),R"52//+&("3+&-3+";&+"(+11+"'&(+3*+&('2&"9)',)D1+"{"
! O)",05;3'(0"-'99N3+^(^+11+",+12&"1+,"-'9903+&(+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"{"6)3"+M+/=1+R"1+,"5J+35J+;3,"=+;*+&(^'1,"
+&(3+3" -)&," 1+," -'9903+&(+," o2&+," -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" {" O+," 52//;&);(0," /'&'N3+," =+;*+&(" 30=2&-3+" );M"
:;+,('2&,"-+,"5J+35J+;3,",)&,"52/=32/+((3+"1+;3",05;3'(0"{"~;+1"+,("1+"3v1+"-+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1)"
5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+,"/'&+3)',"{"~;+1,",2&("1+,"'&(03k(,"-)&,"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("{"
~;+1"'/=)5("1.+/D)342"/'&'+3"-)&,"1.+,("-+"1)"7G<")z(^'1"+;",;3"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1.>S8"
-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"{""
! ~;'" -2'(" :;'((+3" 1.)'3+" =32(040+" {" H.)4'(^'1" ,+;1+/+&(" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" {" Kn" ,+3)^(^'1"
&05+,,)'3+"-+"9)'3+"-0/0&)4+3"5J):;+"432;=+":;'"-0=+&-"-+"1.052&2/'+"/'&'N3+"+(":;'"/+("1)"=3+,,'2&"
,;3" 1.052,C,(N/+" {" >&" 3)==23(" )*+5" 5+1)R" 1)" :;+,('2&" +,(" -+" ,)*2'3" :;'" -.);(3+" -+*3)'(" =)3('5'=+3" L" 1)"
52&5+=('2&"+("1)"/',+"+&"};*3+"-+"1.'&(+3*+&('2&R"+(":;'"-.);(3+"-+*3)'("k(3+"52&,;1(0$"
! ~;+11+,",2&("1+,");(3+,")5('*'(0,"&;','D1+,"L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("(+11+,":;+"1)"5J),,+R"1)"=k5J+"+("1.)43'5;1(;3+"
:;'",+"=),,+&("+&"=)3)11N1+")*+5"1.>S8R"+("52//+&("1+,"30,2;-3+"{"
! O+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," ,+" ,+&(+&(^+11+," 2D1'40+," -+" =3+&-3+" =)3(" L" 5+((+" '&(+3*+&('2&" {" <2//+&("
+&52;3)4+3" 1+," 4+&," L" =3+&-3+" ,2'&" -+" 1+;3" +&*'32&&+/+&(" &)(;3+1" )123," :;.'1," 2&(" -.);(3+," =32D1N/+,"
=1;," '//0-')(," L" 3041+3" {" O+," =2=;1)('2&," 2&(" D+,2'&" -+" *2'3" 1+," D'+&9)'(," -+" 1+;3" 5J)&4+/+&(" -+"
52/=23(+/+&("+("-+"3+,,+&('3":;.+11+,"2&("Z2;0";&"3v1+"-0(+3/'&)&("-)&,"5+"5J)&4+/+&($#X"
! <2//+&(" 1.>S8" +(" 1)" >S%" ?-)&," 5+" 5),^5'" 1)" ,25'0(0" Banro Mining Corporation@" ,+" 5J+*);5J+&(^+11+,"
+M)5(+/+&("{"G)&,":;+11+"/+,;3+"1)",25'0(0"Banro"3+=30,+&(+^(^+11+";&+"=1;,"43)&-+"/+&)5+"L"1.'&(043'(0"
-+"1.)'3+"=32(040+":;+"1.>S8"{""
! O+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.0(;-+"2&(^'1,"0(0"3+,('(;0,"L"(2;(+,"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"'/=1':;0+,"{"O.255),'2&",.+,(^
+11+"=30,+&(0+"{"

1.2 Méthodologies
O)"3+5J+35J+R"1.)&)1C,+"+("1+"52/=(+^3+&-;"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1)"30*','2&"-.;&+"=3+/'N3+"=J),+"?-25;/+&()'3+@"2&("
52//+&50" +&" Z;'&" #Y!!$" G+," )/01'23)('2&,"2&(" 0(0" )==23(0+," +&" 25(2D3+" #Y!!" ,;'(+" L" ;&+" 30;&'2&")*+5"l’Africa
Biodiversity Collaborative Group ?8B<E@" :;'" ,.+,(" (+&;+" L" b),J'&4(2&" G$<$R" +(" ,;'(+" L" ;&+" 0*)1;)('2&" =)3" -+,"
=)'3,"-'3'40,"=)3"h2J&"+("g+3+,+"u)3(R")'&,'":;+"1+,"/+/D3+,"-;"bb_"+&"7G<$"\&+"-+;M'N/+"=J),+"-+"3+5J+35J+"
)"-0D;(0"+&"Z;'&"#Y!#R"123,:;+"1+"5)D'&+(^52&,+'1">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"+("1+"bb_"2&("+&*2C0";&+"0:;'=+"-+"3+5J+35J+"
-)&,"1)"7[%"=2;3"C"/+&+3";&+"0*)1;)('2&",(3)(04':;+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",;3"=1)5+R"+("5+":;+"1+;3"
=30,+&5+"'/=1':;+"=2;3"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$"8'&,'"1+,"3+5J+35J+,",+",2&("=),,0+,"/2C+&&)&("1.)&)1C,+"
-+" -25;/+&(," +(" 1+," (3)*);M" -;" (+33)'&$" O)" 3+5J+35J+" -+" (+33)'&" )" &05+,,'(0" 1)" =)3('5'=)('2&" -+" 432;=+," -+"
-',5;,,'2&R"1)"52&-;'(+"-.+&(3+('+&,"+("1.0()D1',,+/+&("-;"=329'1"-+"!!",'(+,"-.>S8R"C"52/=3',"+&*'32&"XUV"=)3('+,"
=3+&)&(+,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-.>S8R"-)&,"1.+,("+("1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+"?*2'3"1.8&&+M+"B"=2;3";&+"
1',(+"-+,"/0(J2-+,"-+"3+5J+35J+"+("1+,"(C=+,"-+"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"52&,;1(0,@$"O)"3+5J+35J+"L"-',()&5+")"=23(0",;3"
1.0*)1;)('2&" -+" 1)" -25;/+&()('2&" =+3('&+&(+R" C" 52/=3'," 1+," =;D1'5)('2&,R" 1+," ,()(',(':;+,R" 1+," 52&(3'D;('2&,R" 1+,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
29
Mubalama, 2009

!T"
3)==23(," -+" 52&,;1()('2&R" 1+," )3('51+," ,5'+&('9':;+,R" +(" 1+," =;D1'5)('2&," +(" ,()(',(':;+,R" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(R" -+,"
)4+&5+," -+" -0*+12==+/+&(" +(" -+," K[ER" )'&,'" :;+" 1+," 52-+," +(" 1+," 12'," -+" 1.e()(" 52&421)',$" G+," +&(3+('+&," ,+/'^"
,(3;5(;30," +(" +&" =+3,2&&+" )'&,'" :;+" -+," +&(3+('+&," (010=J2&':;+," )*+5" -+," '&923/)(+;3," 510," 52&421)'," 2&("
04)1+/+&("0(0"30)1',0,$"O.)==325J+",5'+&('9':;+":;'")"0(0",;'*'+")"0(0"-',5;(0+")*+5"1+"bb_"+&"7G<"+("1+"bb_^
<876KR":;'"2&("92;3&'";&",2;('+&"52&('&;"-+"1+;3,"D;3+);M",;3"1+"(+33)'&R")9'&"-+"&2;,")'-+3"L"+&(3+3"+&"52&()5("
)*+5"1+,"=)3('+,"'&(03+,,0+,"=+3('&+&(+,$"
"
G)&," 1+" D;(" -+" 52&,21'-+3" 1+," 30,;1()(," -+" 5+((+" +&:;k(+R" 1+" bb_" )" (+&;" L" 234)&',+3" -+;M" )(+1'+3," 2n" 0()'+&("
52&*'0,"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"',,;,"-+"=1;,'+;3,"-2/)'&+,R"&2()//+&("1+,"/'&+,R"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("+("1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+"
)'&,'" :;+" -+," =+3,2&&+," 3+,,2;35+," ?+M=+3(," +&" :;+,('2&," -+" 923k(,R" +&*'32&&+/+&(R" -32'(," -+," 52//;&);(0,R"
+(5$@" <+;M^5'" 2&(" =3'," )5('*+/+&(" =)3(" );M" (3)*);M" -+" 3+,('(;('2&" -+," 30,;1()(," -+" 1.+&:;k(+" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&"
/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"(2;("+&")==23()&("1+;3"52&(3'D;('2&"+&"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)"+("5+R"+&"*;+"-+"1)"
52&,21'-)('2&"-;"3)==23("9'&)1$"O+"=3+/'+3")(+1'+3",.+,("-032;10"L"B;i)*;"1+"##",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#"r"1+"-+;M'N/+")"+;"
1'+;"L"d'&,J),)"1+"#Y"-05+/D3+"#Y!#$""
"
O+"3)==23(")"0(0"+&523+"30*',0"=)3"1+,");(+;3,"+&"'&51;)&("1+,"30=2&,+,"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"-+,"-+;M")(+1'+3,$""
O'/'()('2&,"-+"1)"3+5J+35J+$"
"
O.)==325J+",5'+&('9':;+")-2=(0+")"+&"9)'("0(0"'&91;+&50+"=)3"1.',21+/+&("-+,",'(+,"-+"1.0(;-+"+("1)"1'/'(+"-+"(+/=,"+("
-+," 3+,,2;35+," -',=2&'D1+,$" <.+,(" =2;3" 5+," 3)',2&," :;+" 1)" *','(+" -+" (2;," 1+, +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -+" 1)"
70,+3*+" &.)" =)," 0(0" =2,,'D1+$"G+" =1;,R" 1+" *2C)4+" -+" 3+5J+35J+" )" -q" k(3+")D3040" =2;3" -+," 3)',2&," -+" ,05;3'(0" -+,"
5J+35J+;3,$"8'&,'R"1+,"3+&,+'4&+/+&(,"92;3&',"-)&,"5+"3)==23("&+",2&(":;+"1)"=)3('+"*','D1+"-+"1.'5+D+34"+("&.2993+&("
=),";&+"'/)4+"52/=1N(+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$">&"2;(3+R",;'(+"L"1)",+&,'D'1'(0"-+,":;+,('2&,"(3)'(0+,R"
1+,"5J+35J+;3,"&.2&("=),"(2;Z2;3,"=;"2D(+&'3"5+3()'&,"3+&,+'4&+/+&(,$"K&"&+"=+;(":;.)*)&5+3"-+,"JC=2(JN,+,",;3"
1)"3)',2&"=2;3"1):;+11+"'1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"9)'3+"-+"1)"3+5J+35J+",;3"5+",;Z+("+&"7G<$"\&+"(+11+"JC=2(JN,+",+3)'(":;+"
1.>S8"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"+,(";&+")5('*'(0"'1104)1+R"-)&4+3+;,+"+("=2(+&('+11+/+&("
1;53)('*+R" +(" :;+" 1+," =+3,2&&+," (32=" -',=2,0+," L" +&" =)31+3" =2;33)'+&(" ,+" (32;*+3" +&" -)&4+3" +(" 1+;3," '&(03k(,"
9'&)&5'+3,"/+&)50,$">&9'&R"'1"9);("52/=3+&-3+":;+"1+,"-2&&0+,"3+5;+'11'+,",;3"=1)5+"+("-)&,"1)"-25;/+&()('2&"&+"
,2&(":;.;&"51'5J0"'&,()&()&0"(+/=23+1"+("&+"=+;*+&(",+"3)==23(+3":;.);"/2/+&("2n"+11+,"2&("0(0"3+5;+'11'+,$"O+,"
)5('*'(0,"3+1)('*+,");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"+&"7G<"
,2&(R"L"5+("04)3-R",2;*+&("(3N,"-C&)/':;+,"•"
"
g2;(+" '&(+3*+&('2&" L" 1.)*+&'3" 3+1)('*+" );M" :;+,('2&," -.>S8" +(j2;" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" -+*3)" =),,+3"
=)3"1+"-09'"&2&"/2'&,",'4&'9'5)('9"-;"=32D1N/+"-+"1.)55+,,'D'1'(0"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"-'*+3,",+5(+;3,"L"1.'&(03'+;3"-+"1)"
70,+3*+"&+",2&(")55+,,'D1+,":;.L"='+-R",2;*+&(");"-0(3'/+&("-+"1)",q3+(0"=+3,2&&+11+"-;"5J+35J+;3$"%1"&.C")"=),"-+"
,21;('2&"9)5'1+"L"5+"=32D1N/+$"[2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"-.+99+5(;+3";&+"(3N,",03'+;,+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"+("*03'9'5)('2&")*)&("
-.+&*2C+3";&+"=+3,2&&+"2;";&"432;=+",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"%1"*);("/'+;M"(3)*)'11+3")*+5"-+,"=+3,2&&+,",;3"=1)5+"+&":;'"
2&")"52&9')&5+"+("+&*2C+3"-+,"051)'3+;3,",;3"1+,"5J+/'&,"=2;3",.),,;3+3"-+"1)",q3+(0"-+,"o2&+,"*','(0+,$"

1.3 Grandes lignes du rapport

8"=)3("1+"52&(+M(+"-+"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+&"7G<"=30,+&(0"+&"<J$"#R"1+"
=30,+&(" 3)==23(" 92;3&'(" ;&+" *;+" -+, +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -+" 1)" 7[%" ,=05'9':;+/+&($" g2;(" );" 12&4" -;"
3)==23(R"1+,");(+;3,"=3+&&+&("+&"52&,'-03)('2&"1+,"'&(+3*+&('2&,":;'"2&("0(0"(+&(0+,"?2;"923(;'(+/+&("30;,,'+,@"+&"
*;+" -.)D23-+3" 1)" :;+,('2&" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -)&," 5+(" 052,C,(N/+" 53'(':;+R" )9'&" -+" 3+5;+'11'3" 1+,"
1+t2&," ('30+," -+" (+11+," '&(+3*+&('2&,R" +(" -.+M=123+3" 1+," 2==23(;&'(0," -.+M=12'()('2&" -+," ,;55N," +M',()&(,$" O)"
52&51;,'2&" =32=2,+" -+," 2=('2&," =2;3" 403+3" 1)" ,'(;)('2&" 52/=1+M+" :;+" 3+=30,+&(+&(" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"-)&,"1)"7[%R"+(",+"3)==23(+");M"2DZ+5('9,"-;"632Z+("ASM-PACE$"

1.4 Remarque sur les exploitations minières de grande échelle dans les aires protégées et les écosystèmes critiques de la
RDC
B'+&" :;.'1" +M',(+" -+," =3+;*+," :;+" -+," =+3/'," -.+M=123)('2&" +(" -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )'+&(" 0(0" )((3'D;0," L" -+,"
,25'0(0," -+" =32,=+5('2&R" -.+M=123)('2&"+(" -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" -)&," 1+," 052,C,(N/+,"=32(040,"+(" 53'(':;+," -+" 1)"
7G<R";&+"+&:;k(+"-0()'110+",;3"1+",;Z+(")"0(0"/+&0+"=)3)11N1+/+&("-)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+"1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+$"\&");(3+"
3)==23(" -;" bb_AY" +(" -.);(3+," =)3('5'=)&(," -+" l’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group" ?8B<E@" 2&(" /+&0" -+,"
3+5J+35J+,",;3"1)":;+,('2&$A!"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
30
Voir Hollesen, 2012
31
Voir également Hollesen, 2012

!U"
2 CONSERVATION ET GOUVERNANCE MINIERE EN RDC
"
O+",+5(+;3"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+&"7G<"+,("304'"=)3"1+"/'&',(N3+"-+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&(R"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"+("
g2;3',/+R"+("1.%&,('(;("<2&421)',"=2;3"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"?%<<[@$"O.%<<[""+,("4030"=)3"1+"S'&',(N3+":;'"
+,("3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-;"=)C,RA#"52&923/0/+&(");"=3+,53'("-;"G053+("[€!Yj!I"-;"!Y")*3'1"#Y!Y":;'"
-09'&'(",2&"2DZ+5('9",25')1"+("9'M+",+,",()(;(,$"
"
O)"104',1)('2&"=2,(5212&')1+",;3"L"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"+&"7G<"+,("D),0+",;3"1)"O2'"3+1)('*+"L"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"
-+" 1)" &)(;3+" -;" ##" )2q(" !XVXR" 1):;+11+" ,+3(" -+" 4;'-+" =2;3" '&-':;+3" 52//+&(" 403+3" 1+," 30,+3*+," &)(;3+11+,"
'&(043)1+,"+("1.%<<[$"G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"J',(23':;+R"5+((+"12'")"(2;Z2;3,"0(0"'&(+3=30(0+"-+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+"+("'&51;("
1+,"'&(+3-'5('2&,"52&(3+"1+,")5('*'(0,"'&52/=)('D1+,")*+5"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+$">&")2q("#YY#R"1+"<2-+"_23+,('+3"
+,("-+*+&;"12'"+(")"=+3/',"-.0()D1'3"-+,"_23k(,"51),,0+,R"-2&&)&(")'&,'");"S'&',(3+"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(";&"5+3()'&"
=2;*2'3"-+"4+,('2&$"

>&" =1;," -+" 5+," (+M(+," 104',1)('9," 92&-)(+;3,R" 1+," )5('*'(0," :;'" 2&(" ;&" '/=)5(" &04)('9" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" ,2&("
,2;/',+,"L"=1;,'+;3,"52&*+&('2&,"'&(+3&)('2&)1+,"-2&("1)"7G<"+,(",'4&)()'3+R")'&,'":;.L"-.);(3+,")5(+,"Z;3'-':;+,$"
<211+5('*+/+&(R" 5+," (+M(+," =+;*+&(" k(3+" '&(+3=30(0," -.;&+" (+11+" /)&'N3+" :;.2&" =+;(" 52/=3+&-3+" :;.);5;&+"
52&5+,,'2&"/'&'N3+"&+"-2'("k(3+",'(;0+"-)&,";&+")'3+"=32(040+$"
"
O+,"<2&*+&('2&,"'&(+3&)('2&)1+,"=+3('&+&(+,"'&51;+&("]"
! 7)/,)3"?!XXF@"]"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"o2&+,"J;/'-+,"'/=23()&(+,"r"
! <%g>H"?!XTV@"]"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+",);*)4+"+&"-)&4+3"-.+M('&5('2&"r"
! O)"<2&*+&('2&",;3"1)"-'*+3,'(0"D'2124':;+"?!XXF@"r"
! O)"<2&*+&('2&",;3"1+"=)(3'/2'&+"/2&-')1"?!XTI@"r"O)"=32(+5('2&"-+,",'(+,"-;"=)(3'/2'&+"/2&-')1"?-2&("I"
+&"7G<@"r"
! O)"<2&*+&('2&")93'5)'&+",;3"1)"&)(;3+"+("1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"?!XTV@$"
! O)"O2'"&•"!!jYYX"=23()&("63'&5'=+,"92&-)/+&();M"3+1)('9,"L"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(":;'")"0(0"
=32/;14;0+" 1+" X" Z;'11+(" #Y!!R" 1):;+11+" '&(+3-'(" 1+," )5('*'(0," &;','D1+," L" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" +(" 52;*3+" -+"
/)&'N3+" +M=1'5'(+" 1+," )'3+," =32(040+,R" ,=05'9'+" :;+" 1+," )5('*'(0," :;'" &;'3)'+&(" L" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" +(" :;'"
,+3)'+&(" ,'(;0+," -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," &+" -+*3)'+&(" D0&09'5'+3" -.);5;&" -32'($" <+((+" 12'" )" 04)1+/+&("
0()D1'"1+,"52&-'('2&,",;'*)&(+,"]"
! O+"=3'&5'=+",+12&"1+:;+1"P":;'"=211;+"=)'+"Q"?83('51+"!#@"r"
! O.2D1'4)('2&"-+",2;/+((3+";&+">%>H"?83('51+"#!@"r"
! O.2D1'4)('2&"-.+99+5(;+3"-+,");-'(,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M"?83('51+"#A@"r"
! O)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-;"=;D1'5"?83('51+"#F@"r"+("
! O)"530)('2&"-+"92&-,"=2;3"1+,"'&(+3*+&('2&,"052124':;+,"?83('51+"#I@$"
"
%1"+M',(+";&"5+3()'&"&2/D3+"-.2D,()51+,"L"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"+99'5)5+"-;",+5(+;3"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+&"7G<$"O.;&"-+,"
2D,()51+,"=3'&5'=);M"+,(":;+R"D'+&":;+"1+"<2-+">&*'32&&+/+&()1"+("1+,"(3)'(0,"=+3('&+&(,"'&(+3-',+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"
/'&'N3+" +&" (J023'+R" '1" +&" +,(" );(3+/+&(" -)&," 1)" =3)(':;+" +(" 1+," 52&(3)-'5('2&," -)&," 1)" 104',1)('2&" 2993+&("
-.'/=23()&(,"*'-+,"Z;3'-':;+,$"6)3"+M+/=1+R"1)"O2'"3+1)('*+"L"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"-+"!XVX"+("1)"O2'"=23()&("
63'&5'=+," 92&-)/+&();M" 3+1)('9," L" 1)" =32(+5('2&" -+" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" -+" #Y!!" ,2&(" 51)'3," ,;3" 1+" 9)'(" :;.);5;&+"
)5('*'(0"'&52/=)('D1+")*+5"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"&+"-2'(")*2'3"1'+;"-)&,"1+,"=)35,"&)('2&);M"?83('51+"A@R"+("
,;3" 1+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," )5('*'(0," &;','D1+," L" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," ,2&(" '&(+3-'(+," ?83('51+" AA@R"
3+,=+5('*+/+&($""
"
O+"7)==23("-+"67KS%[>HAA"-25;/+&(+"=1;,"+&"-0()'1"1+,":;+,('2&,"(+5J&':;+,"+("124',(':;+,"L"=3+,:;+"(2;,"1+,"
&'*+);M" -+" 42;*+3&)&5+" :;'" +&(3)*+&(" 1)" 5)=)5'(0" '&,('(;('2&&+11+" -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" /'&'+3$" O+" 7)==23(" -;"
63243)//+"-+,"[)('2&,"\&'+,"=2;3"1.>&*'32&&+/+&("?#Y!!@"-25;/+&(+"=1;,"+&"-0()'1"1+,"-'99'5;1(0,"3+&52&(30+,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
32
Conformément à la loi n° 11/009 du 9 juillet 2011 portant principes fondamentaux relatifs à la protection de l’environnement
33
Bawa et Hayes, 2010, voir la section sur ‘la gouvernance du secteur de l’EMA

!X"
=)3"1+,"-'9903+&(,"&'*+);M"-+"42;*+3&+/+&("*',^L^*',"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+&"3+,=+5()&("1+,"
12',"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,$"AF"
"
Sk/+",'"1+,"2D,()51+,"'-+&('9'0,"5'^-+,,;,"3+=30,+&(+&("-+,"43)&-,"-09',R"'1"+,("51)'3":;.'1"+M',(+";&+"923(+"*212&(0"
);",+'&"-+,"-'*+3,"/'&',(N3+,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("-.)/01'23+3"1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"
-;"=)C,R"D'+&":;+"5+("2DZ+5('9",2'("52&(3)'&("=)3";&+"'&93),(3;5(;3+"9)'D1+"+(";&"/)&:;+"-+"92&-,R";&"-2/)'&+",;3"
1+:;+1"1+,"-2&)(+;3,"=2;33)'+&("52&5+&(3+3"1+;3,"+9923(,$"
"

2.1 Aires protégées en RDC !

O+"42;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<")"299'5'+11+/+&("=;D1'0"1.0()D1',,+/+&("-+"FT")'3+,"=32(040+,"?,2'("!!‚"-;"=)C,"2;"=1;,"
-+" #IY" YYY" i/ƒ@R" C" 52/=3'," ,+=(" =)35," &)('2&);M$AI" 62;3" 1+" /2/+&(R" 1.%<<[" +(" );(3+," =)3(+&)'3+," (+1," :;+" 1+"
bb_"7G<"};*3+&("L"1.0*)1;)('2&R"1)"52&,21'-)('2&"+("1)"=1)&'9'5)('2&"-+"1.+M=)&,'2&"-;"30,+);"=2;3")((+'&-3+"!T‚"
-;" (+33'(2'3+" &)('2&)1$AV" %1" ,.)4'(" 1L" -.;&" 010/+&(" 53;5')1" -+" 1)" ,(3)(04'+" -+" bb_^7G<" ,;3" 1.+&,+/D1+" -+," )'3+,"
=32(040+,R":;'"+,("/',"+&"};*3+"-)&,"1+,"=)C,)4+,"=3'23'()'3+,"+("=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+"=3243)//+,"&)('2&);MR"
(+1,":;+"1+"63243)//+"-.8==;'");"70,+);"-+,"8'3+,"632(040+,"?68786@$"<+=+&-)&(R"-)&,";&"3)==23("305+&(R"1+"
6[\>" )" )99'3/0" :;+" 1)" 7G<" ,2;993)'(" -.;&" P"/)&:;+" -+" =3243)//+" 52/=30J+&,'9" -+" 4+,('2&" 92&5'N3+" :;'"
=+3/+((3)'("-.0()D1'3";&"5)-3+",=)(')1"=2;3"23'+&(+3"+("3041+/+&(+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"-+" -0*+12==+/+&($"O+"=32D1N/+"
)==)3)',,)'("51)'3+/+&("-)&,"1)"930:;+&5+"-+,"5),"-.;('1',)('2&,"52&(3)-'5(2'3+,"+("'&52/=)('D1+,R"(+1":;+"1.25(32'"
-+" 52&5+,,'2&," /'&'N3+," );" ,+'&" -.)'3+," =32(040+,$"Q" AT" 89'&" -+" &+" =)," D12:;+3" ,;3" ;&" (+1" =32D1N/+R" '1" +,("
3+52//)&-0" -+" /+((3+" +&" };*3+" ;&" =3243)//+" 52/=30J+&,'9" -+" 4+,('2&" 92&5'N3+" :;'" 9),,+" =)3('5'=+3" +("
52&(3'D;+3"1+,")-/'&',(3)('2&,"510,$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
34
UNEP, 2011
35
Observatoire des forêts d’Afrique centrale, 2008. C’étaient les chiffres les plus sûrs à ce moment-là, bien qu’ils fassent partie
d’un travail de mise à jour continuel
36
Pélissier, communication personnelle avec Weinberg, 2011
37
UNEP, 2011, p. 58

#Y"
 "
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"

"#$#$ %&'(')('*+,!-.)/01'23)('2&!-+!1)!4+,('2&!-+!1)!52&,+3*)('2&!!
\&" 5+3()'&" &2/D3+" -+" =3243)//+," 2&(" 0(0" 52&t;," =2;3" )/01'23+3" 1.+99'5)5'(0" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" );M" &'*+);M"
304'2&)1R" &)('2&)1" +(" 125)1" +&" 7G<$" O+," '&'(')('*+," 0&;/030+," 5'^-+,,2;," ,2&(" 1'0+," L" 1)" 70,+3*+" &)(;3+11+"
-.%(2/Df+$"62;3";&"()D1+);",C&2=(':;+"-.'&'(')('*+,"-+"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+":;'"&+",2&("=),"-',5;(0+,"-)&,"1+"
=30,+&("3)==23(R"*2'3"1.8&&+M+"B$"
"

"#$#" 63243)//+!704'2&)1!-+!1.893':;+!<+&(3)1+!=2;3!1.>&*'32&&+/+&(!?<876>@!
O+"<876>"+,(";&"52&,23(';/"9'&)&50"=)3"\H8%G"+("};*3+"L"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"923k("-;"B),,'&"-;"<2&42":;'",+"
(32;*+" +&" 43)&-+" =)3('+" +&" 7G<R" /)'," 04)1+/+&(" );" <)/+32;&R" );" <2&42^B3)oo)*'11+R" +&" 70=;D1':;+"
<+&(3)93'5)'&+R" );" E)D2&R" +&" E;'&0+" e:;)(23')1+R" );" B;3;&-'R" L" H)2" g2/0" +(" 63'&5'=+R" +(" );" 7f)&-)$" O+"
52&,23(';/"=23(+",2&")((+&('2&"=3'&5'=)1+/+&(",;3"1)"P"30-;5('2&"-;"();M"-+"-043)-)('2&"-+"1)"923k("+("-+"=+3(+"-+"
-'*+3,'(0" D'2124':;+" +&" ,2;(+&)&(" 1)" 5)=)5'(0" )553;+" -+" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+," 125)1+,R" &)('2&)1+," +("
304'2&)1+,$"QAU"O+"<876>"+,("4030"L"=)3('3"-+",2&",'N4+",25')1"L"d'&,J),)$"y"=)3('3"-+"#YYVR"1.\&'2&"%&(+3&)('2&)1+"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
38
IUCN, 2011

#!"
=2;3"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"?\%<[@")"3+Z2'&("1.0:;'=+"-+"4+,('2&"-;"<876>$"O+"=3243)//+"+,("-0,23/)',"
-)&,",)",+52&-+"=J),+"+(R"-+=;',"#YYVR")"=23(0",2&")((+&('2&",;3"1.)/01'23)('2&"-+"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"
&)(;3+11+,"+&"2993)&("-+,"=+('(+,"D2;3,+,");M"&'*+);M"&)('2&)1"+("304'2&)1R"=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+"=2'&(,"925);M"+("
)*+5"=2;3"2DZ+5('9"1.)5JN*+/+&("-.;&"P"=3243)//+"-+"=21'(':;+,j104',1)('2&"-;3)D1+$"QAX"
"
\&" 30,;1()(" '/=23()&(" -+" 1.)==325J+" -;" <876>" +,(" -+" =2;*2'3" -09'&'3" -+" /)&'N3+" =1;(v(" =305',+" 1+," o2&+,"
-.+M(3)5('2&"-)&,"5J):;+"(C=+"-+"=)C,)4+R"C"52/=3',"1+"=)C,)4+"-+"(C=+"!Y"-2&("9)'("=)3('+"1)"7[%$FY"
"

"#$#A 893'5)!B'2-'*+3,'(C!<211)D23)('*+!E32;=!?8B<E@!
O.8B<E" +,(" ;&" 52&,23(';/" 52/=2,0" -+" ,+=(" K[E" '&(+3&)('2&)1+," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" ?-2&(" WWF, Conservation
International, World Resources Institute, Wildlife Conservation Society, Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), African
Wildlife Foundation +( Nature Conservancy@":;'"4N3+&("-+,"=3243)//+,"D),0,"+&"893':;+$"O+"E32;=+"=23(+",2&"
)((+&('2&",;3"P"1+,":;+,('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&")93'5)'&+"0/+34+&(+,"+("L"J);(+"=3'23'(0$"QF!"O.;&+"-+,":;+,('2&,":;+"
1+"E32;=+")D23-+",.)==+11+"P">M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-'*+3,'(0"D'2124':;+"+&"7G<"z"G09',"+("2==23(;&'(0,"Q$"O+,"
234)&',)('2&," /+/D3+," -+" 1.8B<E" ,+" 52&,)53+&(" L" 1)" P"530)('2&" -+" 52&-'('2&," :;'" =+3/+((+&(" -.'&51;3+" 1)"
52&,+3*)('2&" -+" 1)" D'2-'*+3,'(0" +(" 1)" (3)&,=)3+&5+" -)&," 1+," -05','2&," 3+1)('*+," );M" 2=03)('2&," /'&'N3+," +&" 7G<$"
O+,"=J),+,"9;(;3+,"-+"5+"=32Z+("=2;33)'+&(",+"52&5+&(3+3",;3"1)",+&,'D'1',)('2&"+("1+"3+&9235+/+&("-+,"5)=)5'(0,"-;"
42;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" +(" -.);(3+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," 510," :;)&(" );M" '/=)5(," L" 12&4" (+3/+" -+" 1.+M(3)5('2&" -+,"
/'&+3)',",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"QF#"
"

"#$#F 70;&'2&!-+!5223-'&)('2&!+&(3+!1+!E2;*+3&+/+&(!-+!1)!7G<!+(!1+,!234)&',)('2&,!-+!
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>&(3+"1+,"T"+("!V"90*3'+3"#Y!!R"1.%<<[")"'&'('0";&"923;/",;3"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"?:;'")"0(0"9)5'1'(0"=)3"1+"Jane Goodall
Institute@" +&(3+" =1;,'+;3," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +(" -'*+3,+," 234)&',)('2&," =3'&5'=)1+," -+"
52&,+3*)('2&":;'"(3)*)'11+&("-)&,":;)(3+"=32*'&5+,"-;"<2&42"-+"1.>,(R"1+,:;+11+,"52;*3+&("1)"o2&+"-+"-',(3'D;('2&"
-+," 43)&-," ,'&4+,$FA" O+," =)3('5'=)&(," 2&(" -',5;(0" 1)" /)&'N3+" 1)" =1;," +99'5)5+" -+" ,;3*+'11+3" 1+" &2/D3+" )5(;+1" -+,"
43)&-,",'&4+,$"O)",(3)(04'+"'&51;)'("+&(3+");(3+,"-+"=23(+3"1.)((+&('2&",;3"1)"30-;5('2&"-+,"/+&)5+,"/)Z+;3+,"+("-+,"
='3+,"=3)(':;+,"r"-.'-+&('9'+3"1+,"/2C+&,"-+"52&(3v1+"=2,,'D1+,"+(":;'"2&("1+"=1;,"-+"5J)&5+"-.k(3+"+99'5)5+,"r"+("-+"
-0*+12==+3" -+," /+'11+;3+," *2'+," -+" 52//;&'5)('2&" +&(3+" 1+," 234)&',)('2&," +&" *;+" -.'-+&('9'+3" 1+," =32D1N/+,"
=2(+&('+1,"+&(3+"1+,"=32()42&',(+,"-+"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"43)&-,",'&4+,"+("5+;M"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"
avant -.)((3'D;+3" -+," 52&5+,,'2&,$" O+" 432;=+" )" -;" /)1" L" (32;*+3" 1+" /+'11+;3" /2C+&" =2;3" =+3/+((3+" );M"
'&,('(;('2&,"=+3('&+&(+,"?K[ER")-/'&',(3)('2&,R"+(5$@"-+"3+,(+3"+&"52&()5(R"'&923/0+,"+("5223-2&&0+,$FF"g2;(+92',R"
5+" 923;/" +,(" ;&+" D2&&+" '&-'5)('2&" :;+" 1+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" +(" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +,,)'+&(" -+"
5211)D23+3",;3"1+"(+33)'&$FI"
"

"#$#I 8==325J+!-;!52&,23(';/!-)&,!1+,!)'3+,!=32(040+,!-;!<2&42!
\&"52&,23(';/"-+":;+1:;+,"234)&',)('2&,"(3)*)'11+"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-+"1)"7G<R"&2()//+&("1+"b<HR"Dian
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1+,"K[E"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",;3"=1)5+$"<J):;+")&&0+R"1.%<<["-',(3'D;+";&"=3243)//+"-.234)&',)('2&":;'"30,;/+"1+,"
)5('*'(0," +(" 1+," 5'D1+," -+*)&(" k(3+" )D23-0+," ,;3" 1+" (+33)'&$" <J):;+" =)3(+&)'3+" '-+&('9'+" 1+," )5('*'(0," :;.'1" )'/+3)'("
=2;3,;'*3+" +(" 1+," 52&(3'D;('2&," 9'&)&5'N3+," :;.'1" )'/+3)'(" 9)'3+$" y" =)3('3" -+" #Y!!R" O+," 234)&',)('2&," /+/D3+," ,+"
,2&("30;&'+,"Z;,:;.L"-+;M"92',"=)3")&$"O23,"-+"5+,"30;&'2&,R")==+10+,"<2<2H'"?<2/'(0"-+"<223-'&)('2&"-;"H'(+@R"1+,"
=)3('5'=)&(,"-',5;(+&("-+"1+;3,")5('*'(0,R"1)"/',+"+&"};*3+"-+"5+11+,^5'R"1+;3,");(+;3,"+("1+,"=32Z+(,"30)1',0,"Z;,:;+^
1L$" <+," 30;&'2&," =+3/+((+&(" );M" 234)&',)('2&," =)3(+&)'3+," -.'-+&('9'+3" 1+," =32D1N/+," L" ,'4&)1+3" 123," -+" =32Z+(,"
9;(;3,$"
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
39
IUCN, 2011
40
Les auteurs n’ont pas eu accès au plan d’aménagement du CARPE et recommandent vivement de l’examiner afin de voir s’il
existe des chevauchements entre les ZEAs et les aires protégées
41
ABCG Charter, n.d.
42
Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, 2010
43
Liokatis, communication personnelle avec Weinberg 2011
44
Lukuru Foundation, 2011
45
Liokatis, communication personnelle avec Weinberg 2011

##"
2.2 Gouvernance du secteur d’exploitation minière artisanale
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52//+" P"(2;(+" )5('*'(0" =)3" 1):;+11+" ;&+" =+3,2&&+" ,+" 1'*3+" L" ;&+" +M=12'()('2&" -+" =+('(+" ()'11+" +(" =+3/)&+&(+R"
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"

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O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+R"123,:;.+11+"52&5+3&+"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+&"=)3('5;1'+3R"+,("(3N,"-'99'5'1+"L"403+3R"L"
=1;,"923(+"3)',2&"123,:;+"1+,")5('*'(0,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("1'+;"-;3)&("-+,",'(;)('2&,"53'(':;+,"
52/=1+M+,R" -)&," ;&" /'1'+;" -+" =);*3+(0" 40&03)1',0+R" +(" 123,:;+" 1+," 2=('2&," *')D1+," -+" ,2;35+," -+" 3+*+&;," ,2&("

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
46
Ministre de l’environnement, nature et forets, 2006
47
Ministère des Mines RDC, 2003
48
Metalbulletin.com, 2012
49
Ikoli, 2012
50
SAESSCAM, 2010

#A"
1'/'(0+,$" O)" 9)'D1+" 5)=)5'(0" -+," '&,('(;('2&," -+" 1)" 7G<" L" 42;*+3&+3" 1+" ,+5(+;3" /'&'+3" )3(',)&)1" 3+=30,+&(+" ;&"
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"
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12'$" \&+" +&:;k(+" ,;3" 1+," /05)&',/+," -+" (3)&,=)3+&5+" +(" -+" 3+,=2&,)D'1'(0" )" 30*010" 1)" 9)'D1+" -',=2&'D'1'(0" -+,"
-2&&0+,R" ;&+" 43)&-+" -0=+&-)&5+" +&*+3," 1+," K[ER" -+," 3+=23()4+," /0-')(':;+," &2&" =32='5+," );M" -0D)(,R" +(" ;&"
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)-0:;)(");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"O)"5)=)5'(0"+("1)"3+,=2&,)D'1'(0"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+"
=+35+*2'3" -+," '/=v(," +(" -+," =301N*+/+&(," /'&'+3," )" 04)1+/+&(" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+(" -+" 53'(':;+,$" >&" 2;(3+R" 1+" 3)==23(" -;"
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IF"

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g2;(+92'," -+," '&-'5)('2&," /2&(3+&(" :;+" 1)" ,'(;)('2&" ,.)/01'23+R" 43W5+" );M" +9923(," 52&5+3(0," -;" 42;*+3&+/+&("
52&421)'," +(" -+," D)'11+;3," -+" 92&-,$" O+" =3243)//+" 'gH<'" ?International Tin Supply Chain Initiative@IIR" :;'" )"
52//+&50",2&"2=03)('2&"+&"#Y!YR"&05+,,'(+"1)"/',+"+&"};*3+"-+",C,(N/+,"-+"5J)c&+,"-+"-0(+&('2&"52&5+3&)&("1+,"
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=3243)//+"*2'("-0ZL";&+"5)=)5'(0")/01'230+"-+,")4+&(,"-;"H8>HH<8S"+(");(3+,")4+&(,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(R")'&,'"
:;.;&"5+3()'&",+&,"-+"1.23-3+");",+'&"-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,")3(',)&)1+,R"L"(3)*+3,",2&"=3243)//+"-.0(':;+()4+"
+("-+"52&(3v1+"-+,"/'&+3)',$IV"
"

"#"#" >9923(,!)5(;+1,!-+!=30*+&('2&!-+,!52&91'(,!52&421)',!9'&)&50,!=)3!1)!*+&(+!-+,!/'&+3)',!!
G+=;',"1+,")&&0+,"!XXYR"1.),,25')('2&"-+,"/'&+3)',");"52&91'("+&"7G<")")(('30"1.)((+&('2&"+("1+"3+4)3-",53;()(+;3"-+"
1.K[\"+("-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+"234)&',0+R"/)',"04)1+/+&("-;",+5(+;3"-+"1.'&-;,(3'+"+("-+"42;*+3&+/+&(,"0(3)&4+3,R"
,;3" 1.+M(3)5('2&" +(" 1.052&2/'+"=21'(':;+" -;" 52//+35+" /'&03)1" -)&," 1)" 704'2&" -+,"E3)&-," O)5,$" O+," 3)==23(," -;"
432;=+"-.+M=+3(,");"<2&,+'1"-+",05;3'(0"-+"1.K[\"2&("+M=2,0"+&"-0()'1"1)"/'1'()3',)('2&"-+,"5J)c&+,"52//+35')1+,"
-+"1)"304'2&"-+=;',"#YY!$IT"O.'&-;,(3'+")"0(0"=+3,;)-0+"-+"5J+35J+3"-.);(3+,"/2C+&,"-.+99+5(;+3"1.+M(3)5('2&"-)&,"
1)" 304'2&" -+" /)&'N3+" 3+,=2&,)D1+R" ;&+" ,'(;)('2&" (J023':;+/+&(" =2,,'D1+" 43W5+" );M" '&'(')('*+," -+" 5J)c&+" -+"
-0(+&('2&"+("-+"4+,('2&"-+,"3',:;+,"(+11+,":;+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K34)&',)('2&"=2;3"1)"<22=03)('2&"+("1+"G0*+12==+/+&("
>52&2/':;+,"?K<G>@",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"=2;3"-+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("3+,=2&,)D1+,"+&"/'&+3)',"
=32*+&)&(" -+" o2&+," -+" 52&91'(" 2;" L" J);(" 3',:;+R" 1+," <J)c&+," -.>5J)&4+," <+3('9'0+," ?<><@" -+" 1.%&,('(;(" 90-03)1"
)11+/)&-" -+," ,5'+&5+," -+" 1)" (+33+" +(" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+," ?BE7@R" 1.'gH<'" +(" 1+" S05)&',/+" -+" 5+3('9'5)('2&"
304'2&)1"-+"1)"<2&903+&5+"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"-+"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"?%<EO7^7<S@$IU"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
51
Bawa et Hayes, 2010
52
Bawa et Hayes, 2010
53
Bawa et Hayes, 2010, p.38.
54
World Bank, 2008
55
L’iTSCi est une initiative conjointe entre l’ITRI et le Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre (TIC) qui aide les sociétés
en amont (des exploitations minières aux fonderies), ainsi que les individus (comme les exploitants miniers artisanaux) de
toutes les échelles d’exploitation minière et de tous les niveaux de la chaîne d’approvisionnement des exploitations aux
fonderies, « à établir les actions, les structures et les processus requis pour se conformer aux [cinq étapes] du Guide de
l’OCDE sur le devoir de diligence. L’iTSCi, qui couvre les petites, moyennes et grandes entreprises, les coopératives et les
sites d’exploitations minières artisanales, a été conçue pour être utilisée par l’industrie sous la surveillance des agents du
gouvernement qui jouent des rôles clairs. » iTSCi, 2011a
56
ITRI Ltd., 2011
57
United Nations Security Council, 2001-2012
58
Il est important de noter qu’il existe d’autres initiatives de transparence quant aux chaînes d’approvisionnement des minerais
du conflit qui n’ont pas été mentionnées dans le présent rapport, comme par exemple celles qui sont dirigées par l’Organisation
"

#F"
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-.'/=23()('2&"-+"/)35J)&-',+,"52&(+&)&("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"-;"521()&"?5212/D'(+^()&()1'(+@R"-+"1)"f2193)/'(+"2;"-+"
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+("-+"=32;*+3":;+"1+;3,")5J)(,"-+"/'&+3)',"&.2&("=),"52&(3'D;0");"9'&)&5+/+&("-+,"432;=+,")3/0,$IX"O.'&5+3('(;-+"
52&5+3&)&("1+,"'/=1'5)('2&,"+("1+,"3N41+,"-+"1)"<2//',,'2&"-.>5J)&4+"+("-+,"H05;3'(0,"?<>H@"2&("+&"9)'("3+()3-0"1)"
/',+"+&"*'4;+;3"-+"1)"O2'"G2--^_3)&i":;'"0()'("=30*;+"=2;3")*3'1"#Y!!$"O+,"3N41+,"-+"1)"H><"2&("0(0"=;D1'0+,"1+"##"
)2q("#Y!#"+("'&51;+&("1+,"=2'&(,",;'*)&(,"]"52&923/0/+&("L"1)"O2'"G2--^_3)&iR"1+,",25'0(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"
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E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"-+*3)'(",+3*'3"-+"-'3+5('*+");M",25'0(0,"=2;3":;+"5+11+,^5'"=;',,+&(",+"
52&923/+3"L"1)"H+5('2&"!IY#"r"1+,"-0()'11)&(,"P":;'"),,25'+&("1+;3"=32=3+"/)3:;+"L"-+,"=32-;'(,"9)D3':;0,"=)3"-+,"
('+3,"Q"&.2&("=),"D+,2'&"-.+&"3+&-3+"52/=(+"L"1)"H><R"5+":;'"*+;("-'3+":;+",'";&+",25'0(0"&.)"=),"-.'&91;+&5+",;3"1)"
/)&'N3+" -2&(";&" ('+3,")" 9)D3':;0" ,+," =32-;'(,R" 5+((+" ,25'0(0" &.)" =)," D+,2'&" -.+&" 3+&-3+"52/=(+"r" -)&,"1+" 5)," 2nR"
)=3N,")*2'3"=3)(':;0"1)"*03'9'5)('2&"=30)1)D1+"=+&-)&("-+;M")&,R";&+",25'0(0"&+"=+;("=),"-0(+3/'&+3")*+5"5+3('(;-+"
1)",2;35+"-+",+,"/'&+3)',R")123,"5+,"/'&+3)',"=+;*+&("k(3+"=1)50,"-)&,"1)"5)(0423'+"P"52&91'("&2&"-0(+3/'&0"Q");"
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"
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-;"d)()&4)R"1L"2n"1.'gH<'"+,("+&"=1+'&+"=J),+"+M=03'/+&()1+R"=+;*+&("k(3+"*+&-;,");"=3'M"-;"/)35J0");M"92&-+3'+,"
52&5+3&0+,$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+,");(3+,"=32*'&5+,"*+&-+&("1+;3"5),,'(03'(+R"521()&"+("f2193)/'(+"
);" /)35J0" &2'3$" Om23R" =)3" 52&(3+R" ,+" *+&-" +&523+" -+" 9)t2&" 104)1+" -)&," 1+," /)35J0," +;32=0+&," +(" ),')(':;+,R" 5)3"
/k/+" ,m'1" +,(" *+&-;" '1104)1+/+&(" )*)&(" -m)((+'&-3+" 1+," /)35J0," 104'('/+,R"1+" =325+,,;," -+" *03'9'5)('2&" -+" 1)"
=32*+&)&5+"-+"1m23"&m+,("=),"+&"=1)5+"+("1m23"+,("9)5'1+/+&("(3)&,=23(0"+(",23('"+&"52&(3+D)&-+$ "
"
O+," '&'(')('*+," '&(+3&+," 1)&50+," =)3" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" '&51;+&(" 1)" 305+&(+" '&(+3-'5('2&" 3+1)('*+" L"
1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1+,"632*'&5+,"-;"[23-^d'*;R"-;"H;-^d'*;"+("-+"S)&'+/)"1L"2nR"+&",+=(+/D3+"#Y!YR"1+"
630,'-+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" )*)'(" '&(+3-'(" 1+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," '&923/+11+," +(" 1+," )5('*'(0," 52//+35')1+," -+,"
&0425')&(,"+("-+,"52/=(2'3,"-)&,"5+,"632*'&5+,":;'",2&("3'5J+,"+&"23R"+&"f2193)/'(+R"+&"5),,'(03'(+"+("+&"521()&R"+&"
30=2&,+");"-0(2;3&+/+&("-.;&")*'2&^5)342"(3)&,=23()&("-+,"/'&+3)',R"+&")2q("#Y!Y"L"b)1'i)1+");"[23-^d'*;R"=)3"
-+," /'1'()&(,$V!" <+((+" 52;3(+" '&(+3-'5('2&" &.)" -;30" :;+" Z;,:;.+&" /)3," #Y!!$" O.'/=)5(" -+" 1.'&(+3-'5('2&" 0()'("
'//0-')("]"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("1+,"52/=(2'3,",+",2&("(32;*0,",2;-)'&"'&5)=)D1+,"-+"*+&-3+"1+;3,"
=32-;'(,"+(",)&,"92&-,"=2;3"52&('&;+3"1+;3"+M=12'()('2&$"
"
Les initiatives relatives aux minerais de conflit: Une opportunité pour la conservation
8123," :;+" 5+," '&'(')('*+," =2;33)'+&(" D'+&" =32-;'3+" -+," 0*N&+/+&(," '&*212&()'3+," 3+=30,+&()&(" ;&+" /+&)5+" L" 1)"
D'2-'*+3,'(0R");M")'3+,"=32(040+,"+(");M"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"+11+,"2993+&("04)1+/+&(";&+"255),'2&"-+"/+((3+"9'&"
);M"/)35J0,"-+,"/'&+3)',"+M=12'(0,"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,R"*;"?!@"1+"/2&()&("-+,"'&*+,(',,+/+&(,")*)&50,"=)3"
1.'&-;,(3'+"+("1+"42;*+3&+/+&("=2;3"1+,",2;(+&'3R"+("?#@"1)"=2,,'D'1'(0"-.)(('3+3"1.)((+&('2&"-+"5+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"
,;3"1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"432;=+,")3/0,"'3304;1'+3,":;.'1,"5J+35J+&("L"&+;(3)1',+3R"5J+35J+&("930:;+//+&("3+9;4+"-)&,"1+,"
)'3+,"=32(040+,$"8'&,'R"1.'gH<'"+("1+"<><"3+=30,+&(+&("-+;M"2==23(;&'(0,"510,$"
"
Le Guide de l’OCDE sur le devoir de diligence" ]" ,2&" D;(" +,(" -.+&52;3)4+3" P"1+," 5J)c&+," /2&-')1+,"
-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" /'&+3)'," :;'" ,2&(" 3+,=2&,)D1+," =2;3" :;+" 1+," ,25'0(0," =;',,+&(" 3+,=+5(+3" 1+," -32'(," -+"
1.J2//+"+("0*'(+3"-+"52&(3'D;+3");"52&91'("=)3"1+;3,"-05','2&,"+("1+;3,"=3)(':;+,"3+1)('*+,"L"1.)5J)("-+"/'&+3)',"+("
-+"/0();M$"QV#"O+"E;'-+"52;*3+"1+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"5),,'(03'(+R"-+"521()&R"-+"f2193)/'(+"+("-.23$"%1"
52&('+&(";&"5)-3+"-+"(3)*)'1"L"5'&:"0()=+,":;+"1+,",25'0(0,"+&")/2&(VA");,,'"D'+&":;.+&")*)1VF"=+;*+&("'&51;3+"-)&,"
1+;3",C,(N/+"-+"4+,('2&"-+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("P":;'"=+3/+((32&(");M";('1',)(+;3,"+&")*)1"?=)3"+M+/=1+"
1+," ,25'0(0," -.01+5(32&':;+@" -+" 3+5J+35J+3" -+," 92;3&',,+;3,"-)&," 1+," o2&+," )99+5(0+," =)3" 1+," 52&91'(," ?&2()//+&("
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
pour la Coopération et le Développement Économiques (OCDE), le Responsible Jewellery Council, le World Gold Council et la
London Bullion Marketing Association.
59
US Department of State, 2011
60
Voir RJC et LBMA, 2012 pour plus de renseignements sur les Règles
61
Democratic Republic of Congo, 2010
62
OECD 2011, p. 52
63
La section de la chaîne d’approvisionnement des minerais qui va du site minier à la fonderie (ou au raffineur pour l’or)
64
La section de la chaîne d’approvisionnement des minerais qui va de la fonderie (ou du raffineur) à l’utilisateur final

#I"
-)&,"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"-.893':;+@R",)5J)&(":;+"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+");3)"0(0"+99+5(;0R"52&923/0/+&("
);M"3+52//)&-)('2&,"-0*+12==0+,"L"(3)*+3,";&"=325+,,;,"L"=1;,'+;3,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$"QVI"
"
O+,"5'&:"0()=+,"52/=3+&&+&("]VV"
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9'&@"r"
! O.0*)1;)('2&"-+,"3',:;+,"=2;3"(2;("52&91'(R"(3)*)'1"92350"2;")D;,"-+,"-32'(,"-+"1.J2//+":;'")"0(0",'4&)10"r"
! O)"*03'9'5)('2&"52/=()D1+"=)3"-+,"('+3,"'&-0=+&-)&(,"r"+("
! O+"52/=(+"3+&-;")&&;+1",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"-+"1)",25'0(0$"
"
O+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+")"0(0")==32;*0"=)3"1+"E32;=+"-.>M=+3(,"-+"1.K[\",;3"1)"7G<"+("=)3"
1)" H><R" +(" )" 0(0" J)3/2&',0$" H)" /',+" +&" };*3+" ,+" 9)'(" =)3" 1.'&(+3/0-')'3+" -+" /05)&',/+," (+1," :;+" 1+" =32Z+(" -+,"
Chaines d’Echanges Certifiées"-;"BE7R"+("1+",C,(N/+"'gH<'"-+"1.%g7%"+("-;"g%<$"
"
Le projet des Chaînes d’Echange Certifiées (CEC) du BGR +,(" ;&" /05)&',/+" 304'2&)1" :;'" =+3/+(" -+"
52&(3v1+3" +(" 5+3('9'+3" 1.23'4'&+" +(" 1+" 30,;1()(" ,25')1" +(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" +(" -;" 52//+35+" -+,"
3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"?C"52/=3',"1.23@R");",+'&"-+"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,$"%1"2=N3+");"7f)&-)"-+=;',"#YYU"+("
+&"7G<"?H;-^d'*;@"-+=;',"#YYXR"+("*',+"L"52/D)((3+"1.+M=12'()('2&"'1104)1+"-+,"/'&+3)',"=)3"1.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"
(3)&,=)3+&5+R" 1)" (3)t)D'1'(0R" 1+" 3+&-+/+&(" 0(J':;+" +(" 1+" =2(+&('+1" -+" -0*+12==+/+&(" -+" 1)" =32-;5('2&" +(" -;"
52//+35+" -+," /'&+3)',$" y" 5+((+" 9'&R" 1)"5)=)5'(0" -+," '&,('(;('2&," 3+,=2&,)D1+," -+" 1)" 42;*+3&)&5+" -;" ,+5(+;3" -+,"
/'&+3)',"+,(")/01'230+R"52&-;',)&(")'&,'"L"1.)/01'23)('2&"-+"1)"3N41+/+&()('2&"-;",+5(+;3")3(',)&)1R"+("1+,"3+5+((+,"
-+"1.e()("-+,"&)('2&,"+&"*2'+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&(",2&(")553;+,$"O+"<><"*',+"1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8"+("5J+35J+"L")D23-+3"
1+," :;+,('2&," Z;3'-':;+," +(" -+" (3)&,=)3+&5+" -)&," 1+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,R" (2;(" +&" =32(04+)&(" 1+,"
2;*3'+3,R"1+,"52//;&);(0,"+("1.+&*'32&&+/+&($VT"
"
O+,"52&-'('2&,"052124':;+,"-;"/05)&',/+"<><",2&("'&-':;0+,"-)&,"1+"63'&5'=+"&€I"-+,"[23/+,"<><"+("'&51;+&("]"
O.+M',(+&5+" -25;/+&()'3+" -.;&+" e(;-+" -.'/=)5(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1" ?>%>@" =2;3" ,+3*'3" -+" D),+");" 61)&" -+" 4+,('2&"
+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"?6E>@"30)1',(+"r"=)3"l30)1',(+.R"&2;,"+&(+&-2&,"-+,")5('2&,":;'",2&("9)',)D1+,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+,"
53+;,+;3,R"=)3"+M+/=1+";&+"G051)3)('2&"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1VU"r"
g3)'(+3"1+,",;D,()&5+,"-)&4+3+;,+,"+("1+,"-05J+(,"-+"/)&'N3+")==32=3'0+"r"
63',+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&"+("=3',+"-+"-',=2,'('2&,"=2;3"1)"9+3/+(;3+"-+"1)"/'&+"+("1)"3+,();3)('2&"-+,",'(+,$"
g)D1+"!]"<2&-'('2&,"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,"-;"/05)&',/+"<><"
"
O+"=32Z+("-+,"<><"+("1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"2&("0(0"'&51;,"-)&,"1+"S05)&',/+"704'2&)1"-+"
<+3('9'5)('2&"?S7<@"-+"1)"<%7EOR"5+":;'"*+;("-'3+":;+R";&+"92',":;+"1+"S7<");3)"0(0"/',"+&"};*3+R"1+,"-'3+5('*+,"
-;"=32Z+("-+,"<><")'&,'":;+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+",+32&(")==1'5)D1+,"-)&,"(2;(+"1)"704'2&"
-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,$VX"

L’iTSCi70"+,(";&+"'&'(')('*+"52&Z2'&(+"+&(3+"1.%g7%"+("1+"Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre"?g%<@":;'"

)'-+" 1+," ,25'0(0," +&" )/2&(" ?-+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," );M" 92&-+3'+,@R" )'&,'" :;+" 1+," '&-'*'-;," ?52//+" 1+,"
+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M@" -+" (2;(+," 1+," 05J+11+," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" +(" -+" (2;," 1+," &'*+);M" -+" 1)" 5J)c&+"
-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+,"+M=12'()('2&,");M"92&-+3'+,R"P"L"0()D1'3"1+,")5('2&,R"1+,",(3;5(;3+,"+("1+,"=325+,,;,"3+:;',"
=2;3",+"52&923/+3");M"„5'&:"0()=+,…"-;"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+$"O.'gH<'":;'"52;*3+"1+,"=+('(+,R"
/2C+&&+," +(" 43)&-+," +&(3+=3',+,R" 1+," 522=03)('*+," +(" 1+,",'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,R" )" 0(0" 52&t;+"
=2;3"k(3+";('1',0+"=)3"1.'&-;,(3'+",2;,"1)",;3*+'11)&5+"-+,")4+&(,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(":;'"Z2;+&("-+,"3v1+,"51)'3,"QT!"L"
5+(" 04)3-$" >11+" ,+" 52&923/+" );" E;'-+" -+" 1.K<G>" ,;3" 1+" -+*2'3" -+" -'1'4+&5+" +(" P"=3+&-" +&" 52/=(+" 1+,"
3+52//)&-)('2&," -;" <2&,+'1" -+" ,05;3'(0" -+" 1.K[\R" &2()//+&(" -;" 432;=+" -.+M=+3(," -+," [)('2&," \&'+," ,;3" 1)"
7G<R")9'&"-.'&51;3+"-)&,"1+,"=325+,,;,"-+"-'1'4+&5+"3)',2&&)D1+"1+,"30,+);M"53'/'&+1,R"1+,"432;=+,")3/0,R"1+"&2&^
3+,=+5("-+,"4+1,"-+"D'+&,"+("-+,"'&(+3-'5('2&,"-+"*2C)4+3")==1'5)D1+,"L"-+,"'&-'*'-;,"+("-+,"+&('(0,",)&5('2&&0,$"QT#"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
65
UN International Telecommunication Union & Estelle Levin Ltd., 2012.
66
Voir OCDE, 2011 pour plus de renseignements sur le Guide
67
BGR, 2010
68
Un outil que le BGR a dirigé au Chili et mis en œuvre au Rwanda. Voir Ehlers, 2010 pour plus de renseignements
69
BGR, 2012
70
iTSCi, 2011a
71
iTSCi, 2011a
72
iTSCi, 2011a

#V"
O.'gH<'"52;*3+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+("1)"f2193)/'(+"/)',"=),"1.23R"+("(3)'(+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"
-'1'4+&5+"52//+"1.;&"-+",+,"-25;/+&(,"&23/)('9,$"
"
O.'gH<'"52/=3+&-"(32',"010/+&(,"=3'&5'=);M"]"?!@"1+",;'*'"+("1+"-0=',()4+"-+,"52-+,^D)33+,"+("-+,"-25;/+&(,":;'"
,+3*+&(" L" 3+/=1'3" 1)" D),+" -+" -2&&0+," -+" 1.'gH<'R" ?#@" 1.0*)1;)('2&" +(" 1)" 4+,('2&" -+," 3',:;+,R" +(" ?A@" 1.);-'(" =)3" -+,"
('+3,$"O.'gH<'"+,("/',+"+&"};*3+",;3"=1)5+"=)3"1+"=+3,2&&+1"-+"1.'gH<'R")*+5"1+",2;('+&"-+"68<gR"Channel Research"
?,2&"0*)1;)(+;3"-+"3',:;+,@R"1+,"92&5('2&&)'3+,"-+"1.8-/'&',(3)('2&R"+("1+,"52/'(0,"-+"=)3('+,"'&(03+,,0+,"125)1+,R"+&"
5211)D23)('2&")*+5"1+,"-'*+3,"2=03)(+;3,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&($"
"
O.'gH<'"52&('+&(";&+"52&-'('2&",+12&"1):;+11+");5;&",'(+"/'&'+3");",+'&"-.;&+")'3+"=32(040+"&+"=+;("9)'3+"=)3('+"-+"
1.'&'(')('*+$TA" <+" :;'" ,'4&'9'+" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," +&" =32*+&)&5+" -+," )'3+," =32(040+," -0,'4&0+," &+" =+;*+&(" k(3+"
0(':;+(0$"G)&,";&"52&(+M(+"-.0(':;+()4+"40&03)1"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"-+"1)"f2193)/'(+"+("-;"521()&"+&"7G<")*)&("1+;3"
+M=23()('2&" 104)1+" +(" 1+;3" )5:;','('2&" =)3" 1+," =3'&5'=)1+," 92&-+3'+," );(2;3" -;" /2&-+R" +(" -)&," 1+" 52&(+M(+" -+" 1)"
43)&-+" 5)/=)4&+" -+" 923/)1',)('2&" -+," 5J)c&+," -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+," /'&+3)'," =)3" 1+," -2&)(+;3," +(" 1+"
E2;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" -+" /)&'N3+" =1;," 40&03)1+R" 1+," /'&+3)'," &2&" 0(':;+(0," ,2&(" -0,23/)'," =1;," -'99'5'1+," L"
52//+35')1',+3"+("=+3-+&("-+"1+;3"*)1+;3$"<+5'"=+3/+("-.+&52;3)4+3"1+,"2=03)(+;3,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"L"&+"=1;,"2D(+&'3"
1+;3," /'&+3)'," -+" /'&+," ,'(;0+," -)&," -+," )'3+," =32(040+," z" *;" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," &.C" ,2&(" =)," P"0(':;+(0,"Q" z" +("
=+3/+("04)1+/+&("-+"-',,;)-+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,")3(',)&);M"-.C"+M=12'(+3"1+,"/'&+3)',R",2;1)4+)&(")'&,'"z"2&"1.+,=N3+"
z"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-+"1)"=3+,,'2&"+M+350+"=)3"1)"=30,+&5+"J;/)'&+$"
"
Hiérarchisation des donateurs quant à la formalisation et la réglementation du secteur de
l’EMA
G)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+,"+9923(,"=2;3"403+3"1.+M=12'()('2&"'1104)1+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"1)"704'2&"
-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"+("-+"1)"7G<"+&"=)3('5;1'+3R"+("=2;3"1+,"3)',2&,"3+1)('*+,");"52&91'("+("L"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-053'(+,"5'^
-+,,;,R" 5+3()'&," D)'11+;3," 5J+35J+&(" L" )/01'23+3" 1+," &'*+);M" -+" 923/)1',)('2&" +(" -+" =329+,,'2&&)1',/+" -)&," 1+"
,+5(+;3"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"g32',"'&'(')('*+,"+&"=)3('5;1'+3"/03'(+&("-.k(3+"&2(0+,$"
"
Le projet d’assistance technique au Ministère des Mines (PROMINES)" +&" 7G<" +,(" ;&" =3243)//+"
40&03)1" L" =1;,'+;3," ,+5(+;3," +(" 52/=2,)&(+," '&'('0" =)3" 1+" E2;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<R" 1)" B)&:;+" S2&-')1+" +(" 1+"
/'&',(N3+"D3'()&&':;+"-;"G0*+12==+/+&("'&(+3&)('2&)1"?G_%G@R"=2;3"92;3&'3";&+"),,',()&5+"(+5J&':;+");",+5(+;3"
/'&'+3"+(")/01'23+3",)"42;*+3&)&5+R",2&"+99'5)5'(0"+(",)"532',,)&5+"9;(;3+$TF"O.2DZ+5('9"-;"*21+("/'&'+3")3(',)&)1"-+"
67KS%[>H" +,(" P"-.)/01'23+3" 1+" ,()(;(" 104)1R" 1+," =3)(':;+," -+" (3)*)'1" +(" 1+," 3+5+((+," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+"
)3(',)&)1+"+&"7G<R"(2;("+&"0()D1',,)&("-+,"/05)&',/+,"=2;3"1)"30-;5('2&"-;3)D1+"-+",+,"'/=)5(,"&04)('9,",;3"1)"
,25'0(0R" 1)" ,05;3'(0" +(" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"QTI" O)" B)&:;+" S2&-')1+" )" )((3'D;0" †IY" /'11'2&," +(" 1+" G_%G" +&523+" †FY"
/'11'2&," );" =32Z+($TV" <+," 92&-," -+*)'+&(" k(3+" /'," L" 1)" -',=2,'('2&" -;" E2;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" =)3" 1)" B)&:;+"
S2&-')1+"+&"9'&"25(2D3+"#Y!!$TT"O.2DZ+5('9"-+"5+"=32Z+("-+"=1;,'+;3,"/'11'2&,"+,("-.)D23-+3"5+3()'&+,"-+,":;+,('2&,"
510,"-;",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8"+&"7G<R"-2&("]"
"
! O.)/01'23)('2&"-+,"),=+5(,"-+"1)"4+,('2&"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"+(",25')1+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"
+("-+"1)"104',1)('2&"-;",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"-)&,",2&"+&,+/D1+"rTU"
! O.),,;3)&5+" :;+" 1+," 3+5+((+," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 52&(3'D;+&(" );" -0*+12==+/+&(" 125)1" +("
304'2&)1"r"
! O)"30-)5('2&"-.;&+"0(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1")==3292&-'+",;3"1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3r"+("
! O.+M05;('2&" -+" =32Z+(," ='12(+" 2993)&(" P";&+" ),,',()&5+" (+5J&':;+" =2;3" )D23-+3" 1+," =325+,,;," -+"
923/)1',)('2&"Q"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"TX"
"
e()D1'+"+&"90*3'+3"#YYXR"l’International!Task!Force"?%g_@"+,("J0D+340+"L"1.K99'5+"-;"7+=30,+&()&(",=05')1"-+"1.\>"
?>\H7@" L" B3;M+11+,$" <.+,(" ;&" 432;=+" -+" (3)*)'1" '&923/+1" :;'" 52/=3+&-" -+," 42;*+3&+/+&(," +(" -+," '&,('(;('2&,"
/;1('1)(03)1+,"-+"-0*+12==+/+&($"H2&"2DZ+5('9"+,("-+"5223-2&&+3"+("-.J)3/2&',+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"+&(3+"1+,"'&'(')('*+,"
'&(+3&)('2&)1+," +(" &)('2&)1+,R" :;'" )D23-+&(" 1+," :;+,('2&," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" +(" -;" 52//+35+" '1104'('/+," -+,"
3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+," -)&," 1)" 704'2&" -+," E3)&-," O)5,$" O.%g_" +,(" +&" 0(32'(+" 1')',2&" )*+5" 1+" E32;=+" gJ0/)(':;+"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
73
iTSCi, 2011a
74
Pour plus de détails, voir World Bank 2010a et b
75
PACT, 2010.p. 8
76
World Bank, 2010a
77
Mabiola, Paul, conversation avec Levin, 20 septembre 2011.
78
World Bank, 2010b
79
World Bank, 2010b, p.38

#T"
S'&+,"?EgS@"L"d'&,J),)$"O+"EgS"+,(";&"432;=+"-+"(3)*)'1":;'"5223-2&&+"1+,"+9923(,"+&(3+"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"
7G<" +(" 1+," =)3(+&)'3+," '&(+3&)('2&);M" :;'" (+&(+&(" -.)D23-+3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" +(" 1+" 52//+35+" '1104'('/+," -+,"
3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"-)&,"1.+,("-+"1)"7G<$"<+"432;=+"+,("52^=30,'-0"=)3"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<"+("1)"B)&:;+"
S2&-')1+$"y"5+",()-+R"'1",+3)'(",2;J)'()D1+"-.2D(+&'3";&+"/',+"L"Z2;3"-+,")5('*'(0,"-;"432;=+"+("-+",)*2'3"52//+&("
'1")"1.'&(+&('2&"-+",2;(+&'3"1)"4+,('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,$"
"
O+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" -+," >\" ,2;('+&(" 1+," '&'(')('*+," 3+,=2&,)D1+," -+" 3+5J+35J+" -+" 92;3&',,+;3," -)&," 1.+,($" O+"
=3243)//+" =2;3" 1)" *+&(+" 3+,=2&,)D1+" -+," /'&+3)'," ?7Sg@" -+" #Y!Y" +,(" P";&" =3243)//+" -+" 5223-'&)('2&" +(" -+"
/',+"+&"};*3+"-)&,"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"-+"!Y"/'11'2&,"-.\HG"‡"„-2&(…"U"/'11'2&,"-2'*+&(",+3*'3"L"530+3"
;&+"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("+M=03'/+&()1+"1'D3+"-+"(2;("52&91'(R"L"=32/2;*2'3"1+"52&(3v1+"-;",+5(+;3"=)3"1+,"
5'*'1,"L"(3)*+3,"1)"30923/+"-+"1)"3041+/+&()('2&R"+("L"),,;3+3"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"*;1&03)D1+,$"Q"O)"5J)c&+"
-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" /'&+3)'," :;'" );3)" 0(0" *)1'-0+" ,+3)" 52&923/+" );" E;'-+" -+" 1.K<G>" ,;3" 1+" -+*2'3" -+"
-'1'4+&5+$UY" O+," )5('*'(0," '&51;+&(" 1)" 52&,(3;5('2&" -.;&" DW('/+&(" )-/'&',(3)('9R" -.;&" 5+&(3+" 52//+35')1" +(" -.;&+"
32;(+R"+("1)"30&2*)('2&"-.;&"5+&(3+"52//+35')1$">&"=)3)11N1+");"=3243)//+"7Sg",+"(32;*+"1.'&'(')('*+"-+"1.811')&5+"
=;D1':;+^=3'*0+" =2;3" 1+" 52//+35+" 3+,=2&,)D1+" -+," /'&+3)'," ?866@" :;'" )" 0(0" 1)&50+" +&" &2*+/D3+" #Y!!$" <+((+"
'&'(')('*+")"=2;3"D;("-+",2;(+&'3"1+,"2DZ+5('9,"-+"1)"H+5('2&"!IY#"-+"1)"O2'"G2--^_3)&iR"+("52/=3+&-")5(;+11+/+&("
-+,"),,25')('2&,");(2/2D'1+,"52(0+,"L"1.'&(+3&)('2&)1+R":;)(3+"),,25')('2&,"'&-;,(3'+11+,"+(",'M"K[E$"P">11+"5J+35J+"
L" 30=2&-3+" -+" /)&'N3+" =3)(':;+" );M" -09'," :;+" 3+=30,+&(+&(" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+" 52&91'("Q" +&" P",2;(+&)&(" -+,"
=3243)//+," +M=03'/+&();M" -+" 5J)c&+," -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -2&(" 2&" =+;(" (3)5+3" 1.23'4'&+" +(" :;'" ,2&(" *)1'-0,$"
O.'&'(')('*+"-+"1)"668",+3*'3)"04)1+/+&("-+"=1)(+^923/+"=2;3"5+;M":;'"5J+35J+&("-+,"'&923/)('2&,"+("-+,"/)&'N3+,"
-.'&(+3*+&'3"=2;3"1+"52//+35+"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,"/'&+3)',$"QU!"
"
G.);(3+," '&'(')('*+," =+3('&+&(+," '&51;+&(" 1.%&'(')('*+" -+" -')/)&(" +(" -0*+12==+/+&(" ?%GG@R" :;'" };*3+" L" 1)"
923/)1',)('2&"-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"-+"/'&+,")3(',)&)1+,"-+"-')/)&("-)&,"1)"632*'&5+"-;"d),)a"K3'+&()1"+("-;"d),)a"
K55'-+&()1"-+"1)"7G<$""
"
" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
80
Voir US Institute for Peace, 2011
81
Voir Otero et Hormats, 2011

#U"
3 RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE

"
_'4;3+"A]"<)3(+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"

3.1 Profil de conservation

O)"-01'/'()('2&"+M)5(+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"-2'("+&523+"9)'3+"1.2DZ+("-.;&")5523-$"8;,,'R");M"9'&,"-;"
=30,+&(" 3)==23(R" 1+," );(+;3," ;('1',+&(^'1," 1+," -2&&0+," -;" -+3&'+3" ,50&)3'2" =32=2,0" :;'" +,(" 1+" 93;'(" -.;&" (3N," 432,"
(3)*)'1"-+"&0425')('2&,")*+5"1.+&,+/D1+"-+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$"
"
O)" 923k(" +(" 1+," /2&()4&+," ,'(;0+," -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" =32=2,0+" ,2&(" -+," J)D'()(," 53;5');M" =2;3" 1+," &2/D3+;,+,"
+,=N5+,"+&-0/':;+,"+("+&"*2'+"-+"-',=)3'('2&$"G+"=1;,R"1+,"3+,,2;35+,"-+"1)"7[%",+3*+&("-+",2;35+"-+"3+*+&;,");M"
=2=;1)('2&,":;'"*'*+&("L"1.'&(03'+;3"+(");(2;3"-+"5+11+^5'$U#"O)"7[%"+,(",'(;0+"-)&,"1)"632*'&5+"-;"H;-^d'*;"+&(+"
TIY"+("A"FTI"/"-.)1('(;-+"L"1)"1'/'(+"-+"1)"932&('N3+",;-"-+"1)"923k("0:;)(23')1+$"
"

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82
Muhigwa, op sit., 2008

#X"
O)"7[%"+,(";&",'(+"-+"l’Alliance for Zéro Extinction"+("+,("1.;&+"-+,"o2&+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(+,"-;"E3)D+&"81D+3('&"
=2;3" ,+," +,=N5+," +&-0/':;+,$UA" >&" +99+(R" ,;3" 1+," FA" +,=N5+," +&-0/':;+," -;" E3)D+&" 81D+3('&R" AI" *'*+&(" L"
%(2/Df+$UF" O+," +,=N5+," 5'D1+," -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" :;'" *'*+&(" -)&," 1)" o2&+" ,2&(" 1+" 5J'/=)&o0" ?Pan troglodytes
schweinfurthii 2;"marungensis@R"1+"423'11+"-+,"=1)'&+,"-+"1.>,("?Gorilla beringei graueri@"+("1)"5J2;+((+"&2//0+"
=J2-'1+" -+" 63'424'&+" ?Phodilus prigogineiR" :;'" +,(" +&-0/':;+" L" 1)" 923k(" -.%(2/Df+@$" O+" S),,'9" -.%(2/Df+" +,("
52&,'-030"52//+";&"-+,"J)D'()(,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-;"52&('&+&(")93'5)'&"L"5);,+"-+,"-'*+3,+,"+,=N5+,"-.2',+);M"
:;.'1" J0D+34+$UI" 6)3/'" 5+," 2',+);M" 3+/)3:;)D1+,R" 2&" (32;*+" 1+" /)3('&+(" -+" H5J2;(+-+&" ?Schoutedenapus
schoutedeniR":;.2&"&+"(32;*+":;+"-)&,"5+((+"30,+3*+@R"+("1.+&42;1+*+&("-+"63'424'&+"?Caprimulgus prigoginei)$UV""
"
O)"30,+3*+")D3'(+"04)1+/+&(";&"43)&-"&2/D3+"-.+,=N5+,"*040()1+,"]"IVI"+,=N5+,"923+,('N3+,"2&("0(0"+&3+4',(30+,R"C"
52/=3'," -+," +,=N5+," -+" D)/D2;R" -+" ,2;:;0" ?Parinari excelsa@" +(" -+" Carapa grandifoliaR" +&(3+" );(3+,.87" O+,"
/2&()4&+," -.%(2/Df+" L" +11+," ,+;1+," ,+3*+&(" -.J)D'()(" L" IY‚" -+," +,=N5+," -+" /2&()4&+" -.893':;+R" +(" L" XF‚" -+,"
+,=N5+,"-+"=1)&(+,")93'5)'&+,"-+"J);(+")1('(;-+"?:;'",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("+&-0/':;+,"-)&,"1+"E3)D+&"81D+3('&@"z"
-2&("UX‚",2&("+&-0/':;+,"-)&,"1)"7[%$UU"

3.2 Proposition de classement de la Réserve d’Itombwe

>&"25(2D3+"#YYVR"1+"/'&',(N3+"52&421)',"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("?S><[g@")"0/',";&"-053+(UX",+12&"1+:;+1"-+,"=)3('+,"
-;" S),,'9" -.%(2/Df+" -+*3)'+&(" k(3+" 51),,0+," 52//+" )'3+," =32(040+,$" O+" /'&',(N3+" )" +&,;'(+" +99+5(;0" ;&"
51),,+/+&(" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" =)3" =;D1'5)('2&" );" h2;3&)1" K99'5'+1R" :;'" &.)" =)," 0(0" D'+&" 3+t;" =)3" 1+," 52//;&);(0,"
*'*)&("-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"(2;5J0+,R"&'"=)3"5+3()'&+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+$XY"O+"=32D1N/+"=3'&5'=)1"+&(3+"1+"
42;*+3&+/+&("+("1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,",+/D1)'(",+"(32;*+3"-)&,"1+"9)'(":;+"1+"-053+("-051)3)'("+&52;3)4+3"1)"
=)3('5'=)('2&"-+,"52//;&);(0,"-)&,"(2;,"1+,"),=+5(,"-+"1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"o2&+"=32(040+$"G'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"*2;1)'+&("
)*2'3" 1+;3" /2(" L" -'3+" ,;3" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" -+" 1)" 30,+3*+" +(" 5+1)" &.)" =)," 0(0" 1+" 5)," -;3)&(" 1+" =325+,,;," '&'(')1" -+"
51),,+/+&($X!""
"
70,;1()(" -+" 5+," -0D)(,R" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+" o2&)4+" =)3('5'=)('9" 2&(" 0(0" '&'('0+," =)3" 1.%<<[" L" B;i)*;R" 1+" bb_R" +("
-.);(3+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" 125)1+," +(" '&(+3&)('2&)1+,R" +(" :;+1:;+," );(3+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 1)" ,25'0(0"
5'*'1+$X#"O)"70,+3*+"-+*)'("k(3+"-'*',0+"+&"(32',"o2&+,"?[$B$"1)"30=)3('('2&"+&"o2&+,"+,("+&523+"+&"-',5;,,'2&@"]"
"
! \&+"o2&+"L";,)4+"/;1('=1+"-)&,"1):;+11+"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"=+;*+&("+M(3)'3+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,",=05'9':;+,"+("
52&*+&;+," );" =30)1)D1+R" +(" 30521(+3" 5+11+,^5'" -.;&+" /)&'N3+" );,,'" -;3)D1+" :;+" =2,,'D1+$" O+," 3+,,2;35+,"
;('1',0+," )'&,'" =+;*+&(" '&51;3+" 1+" D2'," +(" );(3+," =32-;'(," 923+,('+3,R" 1.+);R" 1+" =2',,2&" +(" 1)" *')&-+" -+"
D32;,,+$"O)"o2&+";,)4+"/;1('=1+"9+3)"1.2DZ+("-.;&"/2-+"-+"4+,('2&"-)&,"1.2;('1"Z;3'-':;+")/+&-+"=23()&("
530)('2&"-+"1)"7[%"+(":;'"-0(+3/'&+3)"1+,"/2-)1'(0,"=3)(':;+,"-.;('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,$""
"
! \&+" o2&+" '&(+3/0-')'3+" 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+" -0*+12==+/+&(" =+;*+&(" k(3+" /',+," +&" *)1+;3" +(" );" ,+'&" -+"
1):;+11+" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," +(" 1+," =+;=1+," );(25J(2&+," =+;*+&(" )/01'23+3" 1+;3," ,2;35+," -+"
3+*+&;,"r" 1+," )5('*'(0," (2;3',(':;+," =2;3" *2'3" 1+," 423'11+," -+," =1)'&+," -+" 1.>,(" -+*32&(" k(3+" 234)&',0+," L"
1.'&(03'+;3"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"
"
! \&+" o2&+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" '&(043)1+" :;'" &+" =+;(" k(3+" ;('1',0+" +&" );5;&+" /)&'N3+" +(" :;'" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+("
-.)5523-,",;3"1)"3041+/+&()('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1)",(3'5(+"=32(+5('2&"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
83
IUCN, 2010
84
Ilambu, op sit., 1999
85
Prigogine, 1985; Collar & Stuart, 1988, in Muhigwa op sit., 2008
86
Ilambu op sit., 1999
87
Voir Ilambu op sit. 1999 pour plus d’espèces en RNI
88
Muhigwa, op sit., 2008
89
N"038/CAB/MIN/ECN-EF/2006
90
Pour un rapport complet sur le processus de publication à l’Officiel de la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe, voir DeJong, 2011
91
DeJong, 2011
92
DeJong, 2011

AY"
 "
_'4;3+"F]"O+",50&)3'2"1+"=1;,"305+&("?#Y!A@"-+"30=)3('('2&"+&"o2&+,"-+"1)"7[%"
"
O)"9'&)1',)('2&"-;"=325+,,;,"-+"-01'/'()('2&")"0(0"3+()3-0+"=2;3";&"5+3()'&"&2/D3+"-+"3)',2&,R"+&(3+");(3+,"]"
"
! O+"D+,2'&"-+"(3)*)'11+3"L"=)3('3"-+"-2&&0+,"H%E"52/=1N(+,",;3"1)"70,+3*+"]"H;3";&"(2()1"-+"IV",+4/+&(,"
'-+&('9'0,R"#T"2&("0(0"-25;/+&(0,"?AA#RY!"i/@"L"5+"Z2;3"+("!X"3+,(+&("L"-25;/+&(+3"-+"9)t2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"
?!I!R#T"i/@$"5+":;'"&05+,,'(+3)"=1;,"-+"(3)*)'1",;3"1+"(+33)'&"=2;3"1+:;+1"1+,"(+5J&'5'+&,"-+*32&("/)35J+3"
-)&,"1+,"!X",+5('2&,"3+,()&(+,$"O+"(3)*)'1",;3"1+"(+33)'&"-+/)&-+";&"'/=23()&("(3)*)'1"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&$"
! O+" /)&:;+" -+" 52&&)',,)&5+," )==3292&-'+," -+" 1)" 40243)=J'+" J;/)'&+" +(" =JC,':;+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+"r" ,)&,"
5+11+,^5'" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -;" /'1'+;" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" &+" ,2&(" =)," +&" /+,;3+" -+" =32=2,+3" ;&"
,50&)3'2"-+"30=)3('('2&"+&"o2&+,"=2;3"1)"70,+3*+$XA"
! O)" -'99'5;1(0" -+" 52//;&':;+3" )*+5" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," :;'" ,.'&:;'N(+&(" -+" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" -+" 1)"
70,+3*+"r"g+3)J"G+h2&4R"52&,;1()&("-+"bb_"+&"7G<R"9)'("3+/)3:;+3":;.'1"3+,(+"L"0()D1'3";&"/05)&',/+"
-+"52//;&'5)('2&"+99'5)5+"=2;3"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+("=1;,"=)3('5;1'N3+/+&("+&(3+"5+;M":;'",.255;=+&("
-+"1)"-01'/'()('2&"+("1+,"52//;&);(0,"-+"1)"70,+3*+$XF"
! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," =2=;1)('2&," -.%(2/Df+" &+" =)31+&(" =)," -.;&+" ,+;1+" *2'M" 3+&-" -'99'5'1+" 1)" (W5J+" -+"
3),,+/D1+3"+("30=2&-3+");M"D+,2'&,"+("-+"30,2;-3+"1+,"-'9903+&-,"-+,"-'*+3,+,"52//;&);(0,":;'"30,'-+&("
-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"=32=2,0+$XI"
"
O+," 52//;&);(0," :;'" *'*+&(" -)&," 1)" 7[%" ,.'&:;'N(+&(" -+," :;+,('2&," -+" =32(+5('2&" -+" 1)" &)(;3+$XV" >11+,"
,.'&:;'N(+&("04)1+/+&("-+"1+;3",05;3'(0"+("-+"/)'&(+&'3";&"&'*+);"-+"*'+"-0=),,)&("1)",'/=1+",;D,',()&5+$"G.)=3N,"
G+h2&4R"5+3()'&,",2&("1),"-+"1)"52//;&);(0"052124':;+R"-q");"3+()3-"-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"-01'/'()('2&R"/)',",2&("
=3k(,"L"9'&)1',+3"1)"-01'/'()('2&"+("1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+R"L"52&-'('2&":;+"1+"(2;(",+"9),,+"-+"/)&'N3+")==32=3'0+"
+(",2'("=32=3+/+&("=1)&'9'0$XT"
"

3.3 La délimitation de la RNI à l’avenir: Problèmes et opportunités

O+,"-',5;,,'2&,"3+1)('*+,");M"-'9903+&(,",50&)3'2,"-;"o2&)4+"-+"1)"7[%"2&("+M=12'(0"1)"=2,,'D'1'(0"-+"-0*+12==+3";&"
/05)&',/+"+99'5)5+"=2;3";&"/2-+"-+"4+,('2&"1'0"L"1m+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+$"<m+,("Z;,(+/+&("52/=(+"(+&;"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
93
DeJong, 2011
94
DeJong, 2011
95
DeJong, 2011
96
DeJong, 2011
97
DeJong, 2011

A!"
-+" 1m+M',(+&5+" -;" 52&(+&;" -+" 1m83('51+" I" -;" 7N41+/+&(" /'&'+3" ?#YYA@" ,;3" 1+," o2&+," +/='0()&(" ,;3" -+," o2&+," -+"
70,+3*+":;'",('=;1+"&2()//+&("mG+,"-32'(,"/'&'+3,"2;"-+"5)33'N3+,"=+;*+&("k(3+"25(32C0,",;3"-+,"=03'/N(3+,":;'"
+/='N(+&(",;3"-+,"o2&+,"-+"30,+3*+$"g2;(+92',R"1+,"=1)&,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M"=2;3"1+,"2=03)('2&,"+&"*+3(;"-+"(+1,"
-32'(,"-2'*+&("&2(+3"1.+M',(+&5+"-+"5+,"o2&+,"-+"30,+3*+R"3+52&&)c(3+"1+;3"3)',2&"-.k(3+R"+("52/=3+&-3+"-+,"/+,;3+,"
)-0:;)(+,"=2;3")((0&;+3"1+,"+99+(,"&;','D1+,"-+,"2=03)('2&,",;3"1)"o2&+"-+"30,+3*+"52&5+3&0+")'&,'":;+",;3"1.2DZ+5('9"
+&"3)',2&"-;:;+1"1)"o2&+"-+"30,+3*+")"0(0"0()D1'+m$XU"
"
<+((+" 9)t2&" -+" *2'3" -)&," 1+" =325+,,;," -+" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" +&" 52;3," -+" 1)" 7[%" )" 0(0" 305+//+&(" ,2;(+&;+" =)3" 1+,"
52&51;,'2&," -+," (3)*);M" -+" 1)" H25'0(0" 5'*'1+" ,;3" 1)" 30*','2&" -;" <2-+" /'&'+3" +(" 1'D+110+" 52//+" ,;'(" ]" P" \&" 52-+"
/'&'+3"'&5'()('9"+(")((3)5('9"-+,"'&*+,(',,+/+&(,R"4)3)&(',,)&("1)",2;*+3)'&+(0"&)('2&)1+"+("=32/2;*)&("1+,"'&(03k(,"
-+" 1.>()(" +(" -+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," r" 92&-0" ,;3" 1)" (3)&,=)3+&5+R" 1)" 3+5+*)D'1'(0" ,25')1+" +(" 1)" =)3('5'=)('2&" -+,"
52//;&);(0," 125)1+," -)&," 1)" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," /'&'N3+," r" +(" 9)*23',)&(" 1+" -0*+12==+/+&(" -;3)D1+" -+" 1)"
70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42"Q$"XX"
"

A#A#$ O)!,(3)(04'+!P!<O%6!Q!?<2&,+&(+/+&(!O'D3+R!%&923/0!+(!630)1)D1+@!
%1",'+-"-+"&2(+3":;+"-+,"*2'M"-+"=1;,"+&"=1;,",m01N*+&("=2;3"*2'3"1m0/+34+&5+"-m;&"52-+"/'&'+3"=3+&)&("+&"52/=(+"
1+,"=3'&5'=+,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M";&'*+3,+11+/+&("3+52&&;,R"&2()//+&("^?'@"1+"=3'&5'=+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("-;3)D1+"
r" ?''@" 1+" =3'&5'=+" -.'&923/)('2&" +(" -+" =)3('5'=)('2&" -;" =;D1'5" );" =325+,,;," -+" =3',+" +(" ?'''@" 1+" =3'&5'=+" <O%6"
?<2&,+&(+/+&("O'D3+R"%&923/0"+("630)1)D1+@$"" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
98
Le Président de la République, 2003: p.5
99
Le Président de la République, 2003: p.5

A#"
4 PROFIL DES EXPLOITANTS MINIERS ARTISANAUX EN RNI

"
_'4;3+"I]"O+,",'(+,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+&:;k(0,"=+&-)&("5+"=32Z+("
"
O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+",.+,("30*010+"k(3+";&+",2;35+"'&(043)1+"-+"3+*+&;,"=2;3"&2/D3+"-+"=2=;1)('2&,"
:;'"*'*+&("-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"-+"&2/D3+;M"5),R"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+,("1)"seule"
/)&'N3+"-.0*'(+3"1)"=);=03',)('2&$"85(;+11+/+&(R"1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+,("'1104)1+$"<.+,("1L";&+"-+,"&2/D3+;,+,"
:;+,('2&,":;'"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"'&51;,+,"-)&,";&+"D2&&+",(3)(04'+"-+"4+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+(R"
-)&,";&+"/2'&-3+"/+,;3+R"1.23R",2&("1+,"=3'&5'=);M"/'&+3)',"+M=12'(0,"-+"/)&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$!YY"
[2,"3+5J+35J+,"-+"(+33)'&"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.>S8");",+'&"-;",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"/2&(3+&("
:;+"5+",2&( la cassitérite et l’or qui font l’objet d’exploitation minière artisanale dans ces zones. Pendant cette
phase"-+"3+5J+35J+R"'1"&.C")*)'("=),";&"/2C+&"-.0()D1'3";&+"=32=23('2&"+&"(+3/+,"-+"=2;35+&()4+"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"
-+,">S8"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+("-.23$"O)"3)',2&"=2;3"5+1)"+,(":;+"5+"=32Z+("&.)"=),";('1',0";&+")==325J+":;)&('()('*+$">&"
=1;,R"1+,"-2&&0+,"+,('/)('*+,",;3"1+,"=32-;5('2&,"-.23"&+",2&("=),"-',=2&'D1+,$"
"
S;J'4f)"op cit"?#YYU@"&2(+":;+"5+3()'&,"4',+/+&(,"/'&'+3,"'/=23()&(,",+"(32;*+&("+&"-+J23,"-;"=03'/N(3+"-+"1)"
7[%$R" !Y!" !Y#" K&" 3+/)3:;+" );,,'" :;.+&*'32&" TY‚" -+," ,'(+," );3'9N3+," ,+" (32;*+&(" -)&," 1.+,(" -+" 1)" 7[%R" )123," :;+"
1.2;+,("52/=23(+"UY‚"-+,",'(+,",()&&'9N3+,$""
"

4.1 Une note sur l’exploitation industrielle

O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"&+"-2'("=),"k(3+"52&92&-;+")*+5"1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+R":;'"+11+R"+,("+99+5(;0+"
104'('/+/+&(" =)3" -+," 43)&-+," ,25'0(0," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" =329+,,'2&&+11+," +&" *;+" -+" 9)'3+" -+," D0&09'5+,$"
O.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"+,("5)3)5(03',0+"=)3";&"&'*+);"01+*0"-+"/05)&',)('2&"+("-+"5)='()1',)('2&R"+(";&+"9)'D1+"
'&(+&,'(0"2;*3'N3+$""
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
100
Muhigwa, op sit., 2008. La RNI contient également des dépôts de tourmaline, béryllium et monazite
101
Muhigwa, op sit., 2008
102
Muhigwa, op sit., 2008

AA"
4.2 Histoire de l’exploitation minière à Itombwe103
O+,"=2=;1)('2&," =3)(':;+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1)" o2&+"=32=2,0+" -+"1)" 7[%" -+=;'," 1+," )&&0+,"
!X#YR"=)3)11N1+/+&("L"1)"S'&'N3+"-+,"E3)&-,^O)5,"?SEO@R";&+",25'0(0"-.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+$!YF"O.+M=12'()('2&"
)3(',)&)1+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",.+,("=3)(':;0+");",'(+")3(',)&)1"-.8=)&4)"+("=1;,'+;3,");(3+,",'(+,");(2;3"-+"S'i'R"-)&,"
1.+,(" -+" 5+" :;'" +,(" );Z2;3-.J;'" 1)" 7[%$" O)" 5),,'(03'(+" )" 04)1+/+&(" 0(0" +M=12'(0+" );M" ,'(+," -+" `2/D+R" O;4;&-;" +("
S'o)"-)&,"1)"=)3('+"K;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+"0()'("+M=12'(0+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("+&",2;(+33)'&$"
"
<.+,("+&"!XVA":;.2&")"52//+&50"L"*2'3"-+,"5J)&4+/+&(,"-)&,"1)"4+,('2&"-+,"2=03)('2&,"/'&'N3+,$"O+,"B+14+,"2&("
30-;'("1+,"2=03)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"+(",+",2&("9)'("3+/=1)5+3"=)3"-+,"52&421)',":;'"0()'+&(")123,",;=+3*',0,"L"=)3('3"-+"1)"
D),+"-+"Sf+&4)$">&"!XVFR"1+"42;*+3&+/+&(")"&)('2&)1',0"1+",+5(+;3"-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,"-+"43)&-+"05J+11+"
-)&," 1+," =32*'&5+," -+," d'*;" +(" -+" S)&'+/)$!YI" O+," ,25'0(0," /'&'N3+," =3'&5'=)1+," :;'" +M=12'()'+&(" -)&," 1+,"
=32*'&5+,"-;"d'*;R",2'("<KB>OS%[R"d%[K7>g%[R"d\[G8S%[>HR"S%[>7E8"+("SEOR"2&("0(0"52&,21'-0+,"=)3"
-053+(" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +&" !XTVR" 923/)&(" )'&,'" 1)" H25'0(0" S'&'N3+" +(" %&-;,(3'+11+" -;" d'*;" ?HKS%[d%@" -2&(" 1)"
=)3('5'=)('2&" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" /2&()'(" L" #U‚$!YV" HKS%[d%" 0()'(" 1+" =32=3'0()'3+" -+" 52&5+,,'2&," /'&'N3+," -)&,"
-'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"-;"H;-^d'*;R"C"52/=3',"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-+"gf)&4'o)R"B'2&4)"?-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"O;1'&4;@R")'&,'":;+"
-+"[o2*;"+("KD)C+"?-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"b)1'i)1+@R"=3N,"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$!YT"
"
7+52&&)',,)&(":;+"1.>S8"&.)11)'("=),"-',=)3)c(3+R!YU"1)"HKS%[d%")");(23',0"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"
53+;,+3" -)&," 5+3()'&+," =)3('+," -+" ,+," 52&5+,,'2&,R" 1L" 2n" 1.+M=12'()('2&" '&-;,(3'+11+" &.0()'(" =)," *')D1+$!YX" G)&,"
5+3()'&,"5),R"1)"HKS%[d%")"92;3&'"-+"1.+);");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"H'&2&R"-+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+R"'1"&.C")"
=),"+;"-+",2;('+&")5('9"-+"5+":;'R"-)&,"1.+&,+/D1+R",.)*03)'("k(3+";&+")5('*'(0"'1104)1+$!!Y"
"
O)"53',+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-+"!XUI")"+;";&"+99+("-0*),()(+;3",;3"1)"HKS%[d%$"O)",25'0(0")"=;"(+&'3"1+"52;="Z;,:;.+&"
!XXVR" 1.)&&0+" 2n" +11+" )" -q" *+&-3+" ,+," FI" 52&5+,,'2&," ?3+52;*3)&(" =1;," -.;&" /'11'2&" -.J+5()3+,@!!!" L" 1)" ,25'0(0"
/'&'N3+"5)&)-'+&&+"Banro Congo Mining.!!#"H;'(+");"3+&*+3,+/+&("-;"-'5()(+;3"h2,+=J"S2D;(;"1)"/k/+")&&0+R"
O);3+&("G0,'30"d)D'1)")";&+"92',"-+"=1;,"+,,)C0"-+"&)('2&)1',+3"1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3$"B)&32")"+&4)40"-+,"=2;3,;'(+,"
52&(3+" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" 52&421)'," +(" )" )'&,'" =;" 3+=3+&-3+" 1)" =32=3'0(0" -+," 52&5+,,'2&," );3'9N3+," -+" gf)&4'o)R"
d)/'(;4)R"O;4;,Jf)"+("[)/2C)"+&"#YY#"?1+"42;*+3&+/+&(")C)&("4)4&0"1+,"52&5+,,'2&,",()&&'9N3+,@"]"(2;(+,"5+,"
52&5+,,'2&,",+"(32;*+&("L"=32M'/'(0"-+,"1'/'(+,"=32=2,0+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+"&)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$!!A""
"

4.3 Exploitation minière artisanale

O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-+"1.23"+("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"0()'("-0ZL"+&"=1)5+"D'+&")*)&("1+,"+M=12'()('2&,">S%$"
[2/D3+"-+"5+;M":;'",+",2&("1)&50,"-)&,"1.>S8"1.2&("9)'(",2;,"1)"=32(+5('2&"+(")*+5"1+",2;('+&"-+"/'1'5+,")3/0+,R"C"
52/=3',"1+,"S;1+1+^S)'"S)'$!!F"O)"9+3/+(;3+"-+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"D+14+,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+&"!XVI")"0(0"
;&+"255),'2&"=2;3"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+"1)"304'2&"-+",.);(2&2/',+3$"O.>S8")"52&('&;0"Z;,:;+"-)&,"1+,")&&0+,"!XTY"
-)&," 1)" 304'2&"-+" S;1+1+R" +(" ,.+,(" 30=)&-;+"-)&," -.);(3+," o2&+," 2n" ,+" (32;*)'+&(" -+," 52&5+,,'2&," -.+M=12'()('2&"
/'&'N3+" )11;*')1+" )D)&-2&&0+,R" )'&,'" :;+" -)&," -+," o2&+," ',210+," 2n" '1" 0()'(" -'99'5'1+" -+" /+&+3" -+," 2=03)('2&,"
-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"=1;,"43)&-+,$!!I"O.>S8"-)&,"5+((+"o2&+"0()'("+("+,("(2;Z2;3,"5)3)5(03',0+"=)3";&"/)&:;+"-+"
-0*+12==+/+&("r" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +M=12'(+&(" -+," o2&+," :;'" 2&(" -0ZL" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+(" -.+M=12'()('2&,"
-)&,"1+"=),,0$
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
103
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MGL, juillet 2012
104
Muhigwa op sit., 2008
105
Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011
106
Ancien géologue de SOMINKI se référant à « l’Encyclopédie minière du Congo Belge ». International Alert, 2010
107
Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011. Après que le KBNP a été agrandi en
1975, le secteur des plaines de ce parc coïncidaient avec les concessions de Lilungu and d’Obaye de la SOMINKI qui
existaient déjà
108
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012
109
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012
110
Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011
111
Wells, 2011
112
Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011
113
Mubalama, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011
114
Les Mulele Mai-Mai sont un groupe de rebelles congolais qui s’est soulevé durant la crise politique dans les années 1960. Il
a été créé par Pierre Mulele qui soutenait l’idéologie fédéraliste du Premier Ministre de l’époque qui était Patrice Lumumba. Les
milices Mai-Mai qui œuvrent en RDC aujourd’hui descendent des Mulele Mai-Mai
115
Résumé d’entretien avec un ancien géologue de la SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août, 2011

AF"
O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-)&,"1)"325J+"-;3+",+"=3)(':;)'("-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.8=)&4)"+("-+"S'i'"-)&,"
1.+,("-.%(2/Df+R")'&,'":;+"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-+"`2/D+R"O;4;&-;"+("S'o)"-)&,"1.2;+,($"G;"9)'("-+,"5J)&4+/+&(,"-)&,"1)"
4+,('2&"/'&'N3+"L"=)3('3"-+"!XVAR"1+"=+3,2&&+1"52&421)',")"52//+&50"L"52&(3v1+3"1)"D),+"-+"S'i'$"O)"9+3/+(;3+"-+,"
)5('*'(0," /'&'N3+," D+14+," -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+" )" =+3/'," );M" 5J+9," 52&421)'," -+" 52//+&5+3" L" 403+3" 1+,
+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"'1104);M"-+"1)"304'2&$!!V"
"
O+," )5('*'(0," -.>S8" &.2&(" Z)/)'," *3)'/+&(" 0(0" -'3'40+," -)&," 1)" =)'M" )D,21;+$" G+" !XVI" L" !XUYR" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("0(0"/)1(3)'(0,"+("1+;3,"/'&+3)',"+("/)(03'+1"52&9',:;0,"=)3"1.e()(":;'"5J+35J)'("L"'&(+3-'3+"
1.>S8$!!T"O)"923k("-.%(2/Df+")",+3*'"-+"D),+");M"3+D+11+,":;'"2&("+,,)C0"-+"-0,()D'1',+3"1+"304'/+"-+"S2D;(;$"O+,"
)&&0+,"!XXY"2&("0(0"/)3:;0+,"=)3"1)"30D+11'2&"-+"1.8_GO"?1.811')&5+"-+,"_235+,"G0/253)(':;+,"=2;3"1)"O'D03)('2&"
-;" <2&42^`)a3+@" +(" =)3" 1+," 52&91'(," +&(3+" 1+," 52//;&);(0," -2&(" 1+," D+11'403)&(," )*)'+&(" 5300" -+," D),+," -)&," 1)"
304'2&"-.%(2/Df+$!!U"[2/D3+"-+"432;=+,")3/0,":;'",+",2&(",2;1+*0,"-)&,"1+"H;-^d'*;",+",2&("5)5J0,"-)&,"1)"923k("
-.%(2/Df+R" (2;(" 52//+" 1.2&(" 9)'(R" =1;," 305+//+&(R" 1+," d)=2=2" S)'^S)'R" 1+," _GO7" ?_235+," G0/253)(':;+," -+"
O'D03)('2&"-;"7f)&-)@"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-;"7f)&-)R"1+,"_[O"?_235+,"[)('2&)1+,"-+"O'D03)('2&@"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-;"
B;3;&-'R"+("-+,"432;=+,"=1;,");",;-"-+"1)"30,+3*+"(+1,":;+"1+,"[4;/'&)"L"S'&+/Df+$!!X"
"

F#A#$ O+,!+M=12'()&(,!/'&'+3,!)3(',)&);M !
O)" -0/243)=J'+R" 1+," /'&+3)'," +M=12'(0,R" 1.05J+11+" )'&,'" :;+" 1+," /0(J2-+," -+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,"
-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"L"1.+,("+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"L"1.2;+,(",2&("-'9903+&(,$"O+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"
0(;-'0,"L"%(2/Df+",2&("1+,",'(+,"-+"S'i'R"-.8=)&4)R"-+"S)i+&-)R"-+"g;1)/D2R"-+"g;/;&4;"+("-+"H)f+"?04)1+/+&("
52&&;" ,2;," 1+" &2/" -+" d)(2(+1)@$" y" %(2/Df+R" 1)" /)Z23'(0" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +,(" =),,0+" -+"
1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"L"5+11+"-+"1.23"z",);9"-)&,"1+",'(+"-.8=)&4)"2n";&"=+('("432;=+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"52&('&;+"1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"z",;'(+"L"1)"D)',,+"-;"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+,"
/)35J0,$" O)" =2=;1)('2&" /'&'N3+" +,(" =1;," =+('(+" L" %(2/Df+" :;.L" B),'1+R" +(" 1+," ,'(+," /'&'+3," &.C" ,2&(" =)," );,,'"
=+3/)&+&(,":;.L"B),'1+"=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+,",'(+,",2;(+33)'&,$"O.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1.23"52&5+3&+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.23"
)11;*')1" :;'" ,+" (32;*+" -)&," 1+," 3'*'N3+," +(" 1+," 52;3," -.+);$" G)&," 1.+&,+/D1+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"
*'+&&+&("-+"1)"(3'D;"-+,"B),J'$"
"
G)&," 1)" 5J+99+3'+" -+" B),'1+" L" 1.2;+,(R" &2;," )*2&," 0(;-'0" 1+," ,'(+," -+" `2/D+R" O;4;&-;R" Sf)(+&-+" +(" df)f+&4)$"
G)&," 5+((+" =)3('+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" =3)(':;+&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&"
,2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R",);9"-)&,"1+,"-+;M",'(+,"-+"Sf)(+&-+"+("df)f+&4)"2n"'1,"+M=12'(+&("1.23")11;*')1$"
"
O.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" =30,+&(+" (2;(" -+" /k/+" :;+1:;+," ,'/'1)3'(0,"-)&," 1+," -+;M" ,+5(+;3,R" 52//+" 1+"
9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+,"J2//+,"-+"&)('2&)1'(0"52&421)',+"W40,"-+"!I"L"
IY" )&,$" gC=':;+/+&(R" 5.+,(" 1+" 432;=+" -+," J2//+," -.W4+" /2C+&" );M" =1;," W40," :;'" -'3'4+&(" 1+," =J),+," 2;" 1+,"
)5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"5)3"'1,"2&("=1;,"-.+M=03'+&5+"+(",.255;=+&("-+,"(W5J+,"(+5J&':;+,"(+11+,":;+"1.+M(3)5('2&"-;"
,)D1+"+("-+"1)"325J+"2;"1+"D125)4+"-+,"52;3,"-.+);$"<+",2&("+;M":;'"1)*+&("1+",)D1+");3'9N3+"2;"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-;3)&("
1+,"-+3&'+3,",()-+,$"O+,"=1;,"Z+;&+,":;)&("L"+;MR"+99+5(;+&("(2;(+,",23(+,"-+"(W5J+,"-2&("1.+M5)*)('2&R"1.2;*+3(;3+"
-+,"5)&);M"-.+);"+("1+"/)3(N1+/+&("-+,"325J+,")*)&("1+"1)*)4+"L"43)&-+"+);"+("L"1)"D)(0+$"
"
O+"5)1+&-3'+3",)',2&&'+3"5'^-+,,2;,"/2&(3+"1)"-'*','2&"(C=':;+"-+,"3v1+,"+("-+,"3+,=2&,)D'1'(0,"-+,"52//;&);(0,"
/'&'N3+," -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+$" O+," 9+//+," ,2&(" /2'&," '/=1':;0+," -)&," 1.>S8" :;+" 1+," J2//+," :;'"
=3)(':;+&("1.+M=12'()('2&",)',2&&'N3+R"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-;3)&("1)",)',2&"-+,"=1;'+,"?123,:;.'1,"=+;*+&(";('1',+3"(2;(+"
1.+);":;.'1,"(32;*+&(@$"
"
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
116
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012
117
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012
118
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012
119
Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012
120
Les renseignements suivants proviennent d’entretiens qualitatifs et de groupes de discussion réalisés en juillet 2012 au sein
du secteur d’Itombwe et de la chefferie de Basile

AI"
 Janvier!à!février
Pluies!légères,!percées!de!soleil
Tous!les!hommes!travaillent!à!
l'EMA!intensive.!L'exploitation!de!
l'étain!continue!tout!au!long!de!
Septembre!à!décembre l'année.!Les!hommes!réparent!les!
puits!et!les!canaux.
Saison!des!pluies
Les!hommes!reprennent!l'EMA!à! Les!femmes sèment!les!graines!de!
haricots!et!les!pommes!de!terre.!Les! Mars!à!mai
plein!temps.!Les!travailleurs!
immigrés!reviennent!pour! récoltes!se!feront!en!juin.! Pluies!légères
exploiter!les!minerais!d'or!et! Pour!les!hommes,!les!activités!
d'étain!(cassitérite).! des!exploitants!miniers!
En!septembre!les!femmes artisanaux ralentissent!dû!à!la!
commencent!à!planter!les!semis.! baisse!du!niveau!des!eaux.!
Toutes!s'occupent!des!activités! L'exploitation!de!l'étain!
agricoles!alors!que!les!hommes! (cassitérite)!continue.
Juin!à!août
passent!tout!leur!temps!à!l'EMA.! Les!femmes s'occupent!des!
Certaines!femmes!s'occupent! Saison!sèche récoltes!dans!les!champs.
également!de!transporter!le!sable! Les!hommes pratiquent!
et!de!recueillir!l'argent!lorsqu'il!y!a! l'agriculture!sur!brûlis.!Les!
un!pic!des!activités!d'EMA. exploitants!miniers!artisanaux
migrants!rentrent!chez!eux.!L'EMA!
de!l'étain!(cassitérite)!continue.
Les!femmes s'occupent!du!
ménage!et!de!ramasser!du!bois.!
En!août,!elles!commencent!à!
brûler!les!champs!pour!déblayer!
les!débris!de!végétation.

AV"
"

"

4.4 Secteur d’Itombwe

y"1.+,(R"1+,"B),J'"=3)(':;+&("1.>S8"-+=;',";&"5+3()'&"(+/=,$"g3)-'('2&&+11+/+&(R"1+,"B),J'"92&("-;"52//+35+"+("
=3)(':;+&("1)"/'43)('2&"052&2/':;+$"%1,"'//'43+&("-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"=)35+":;+"1+,",21,"-+"1+;3"304'2&"
,2&(" (32=" =);*3+," +(" 52&('+&&+&(" =+;" -+" 3+,,2;35+," /'&03)1+,$!#!" O+," B),J'" 0/'43+&(" -)&," 1)" 304'2&" -.%(2/Df+"
123,:;+",2&",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"52&&)c(";&"+,,23$"8;"-0D;("-+,")&&0+,"!XUYR"5.+,(";&+"3;0+"*+3,"1.23":;'")")/+&0"1)"
(3'D;"L"%(2/Df+$"y"5+"Z2;3R"1+,"B),J'"52&('&;+&("-.0/'43+3"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+$"705+//+&(R"&2;,"
)*2&," (32;*0" ,'M" +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" &2;*+11+/+&(" +&3+4',(30," -)&," 1+" ,'(+" -+" 1)" /'&+" -+" H)f+R" +("
:;)(3+"-)&,"5+1;'"-+"g;1)/D2$"O+"(3)&,=23("?);,,'"1;53)('9":;+"1.+M=12'()('2&@"-+",)5,"-+"5),,'(03'(+"-+"1)"*'11+"-+"
S'i'" L" 5+11+" -.\*'3)" 2;" -+" d)o'D)" ?5+&(3+" -+" (3)&,'(" -+" =32-;'(," /'&'+3," *+3," B;i)*;@" +,(" 04)1+/+&(" 1.;&+" -+,"
3)',2&," =2;3" 1+,:;+11+," 5+3()'&," (C=+," -m+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 0/'43+&(" L" %(2/Df+" 123,:;+" 1+" ,+5(+;3"
/'&'+3"C"52&&)c(";&"+,,23$"<+"432;=+"4)4&+"+&*'32&"TY†"=)3",)5"-+"IYi4$"B+);52;="-+,"B),J'",+"1'*3)'+&("L"5+((+"
)5('*'(0"=+&-)&("1+"D22/"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+$"O+,"B),J'",.255;=)&("-;"(3)&,=23("-+,"=32-;'(,"/'&'+3,",2&("+&"40&03)1"
;&" 432;=+" -'99N3+&(" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" :;'" ,.+&" ('+&&+&(" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+$" <+" 432;=+"
-.2=03)(+;3,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(",+3)"-053'("=1;,"+&"-0()'1"-)&,"1+,"=)4+,":;'",;'*+&($""
"
O+," B),J'" =3)(':;+&(" 1.>S8" 1+" 12&4" -+," *'11)4+," )43'521+,$!##" B'+&" :;+" 1)" =32-;5('2&" /'&'N3+" -)&," 1)" o2&+"
-.%(2/Df+"&+",2'("=),"(3N,"01+*0+R"'1,"5J2',',,+&("-+"3+,(+3"-)&,"5+",+5(+;3"=)35+":;.+11+"&.+,("=),"(32="012'4&0+"-+"
5J+o"+;MR"+("=)35+":;+"5+1)"1+;3"=+3/+("-.052&2/',+3",;3"1+,"93)',"+("1+"(+/=,"-+"(3)&,=23("-+,"/)35J)&-',+,":;.'1,"
+&*2'+&("5J+o"+;MR"52/=)30,"L"-.);(3+,"+&-32'(,"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-;"432;=+"-+,"
B),J'" (3)*)'11+&(" L" =1+'&" (+/=," (2;(" );" 12&4" -+" 1.)&&0+" +(" +&*2'+&(" -+" 1.)34+&(" L" 1+;3," 9)/'11+," );" *'11)4+$" >&"
40&03)1R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -+" 5+" ,+5(+;3" (3)*)'11+&(" =+&-)&(" =1;,'+;3," )&&0+," L" 1)" 92'," =;',"
3+&(3+&(" 5J+o" +;M" ;&+" 92'," :;.'1," 2&(" 4)4&0" ),,+o" -.)34+&($!#A" %1," 3+(2;3&+&(" -)&," 1+;3," 9)/'11+," =2;3" ;&" 5+3()'&"
(+/=,"=;',"3+*'+&&+&("+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'"L"%(2/Df+$"O)"-'9903+&5+"+&(3+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"
1.+,(" +(" -+" 1.2;+,(" +,(" :;+" 5+;M" -+" 1.+,(" 52&(3'D;+&(" =1;," :;+" 5+;M" -+" 1.2;+,(" -.;&" =2'&(" -+" *;+" 052&2/':;+" );M"
/)35J0,"125);M"+("-2&5");"-0*+12==+/+&("125)1$"O)"=2=;1)('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"5+",+5(+;3"
52/=(+"+&(3+"UIY"+("!"YYY"=+3,2&&+,R!#F",+12&"1+"&'*+);"-+"=32-;5('*'(0"-+,",'(+,$"
"

F#F#$ S2('*)('2&,!!
%1"+M',(+"-'*+3,+,"3)',2&,"=2;3"1+,:;+11+,"1+,"4+&,"=309N3+&("(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.+,("2;"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"1+"
,+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+R"1)"o2&+"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+,("),,+o"',210+"+("2993+"=+;"-.2==23(;&'(0,"=2;3"4)4&+3",)"*'+$"
H+12&" 5+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);MR" 1+" =2(+&('+1" -+" 40&03)('2&" -+" 3+*+&;," +,(" =1;," 923(" -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -+"
1.>S8" :;+" -)&," 5+1;'" -+" 1.)43'5;1(;3+$" O+," 52//;&);(0," B),J'" 2&(" 0()D1'" ;&+" 3+1)('2&" )*+5" 1)" (+33+" +(" 2&("
-0*+12==0"-+,"52/=0(+&5+,$"\&"/'&+;3"L":;'"2&")"-+/)&-0"=2;3:;2'"'1"=30903)'("(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.>S8")"30=2&-;"
PZ.+M=12'(+"1+"/'&+3)'"=)35+":;+"5.+,("(2;("5+":;+"Z+",)',"9)'3+$"<.+,("-+"5+((+"/)&'N3+":;+"Z+"=+;M"9)'3+"-+"1.)34+&("
=2;3" =)C+3" 1.0-;5)('2&" ,+52&-)'3+" +(" =+;(" k(3+" /k/+" ;&'*+3,'()'3+" -+" /+," +&9)&(,$" 8*+5" 5+," 3+*+&;,R" Z+" =+;M"
)5J+(+3"-+,"/0-'5)/+&(,"-)&,"1+"5),"2n"/)"9)/'11+"(2/D+"/)1)-+"z":;+1:;+"5J2,+":;+"Z+"&+"=2;33)',"=),"9)'3+",'"
Z+"&+"4)4&)',"=),"-.)D23-"-+"1.)34+&("+&"*+&-)&("/+,"/'&+3)',$!#I"Q"O.;&"-+,"5J+9,"-;",'(+"-+"Of'&-'")"+M=1':;0"
:;+"1)"5'35;1)('2&"-+"1.)34+&("-)&,"1+,"*'11)4+,")-Z)5+&(,");M",'(+,"/'&'+3,");4/+&()'("(2;Z2;3,"123,:;.'1"C")*)'("-+,"
)5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"]"=1;,"-+"/)35J)&-',+,"0()'+&("*+&-;+,"125)1+/+&(R"5+":;'")*)'(";&"'/=)5("=2,'('9",;3"1)"=2,'('2&"
052&2/':;+"-+"1)"52//;&);(0"+&('N3+$"
"
O.)43'5;1(;3+"+,("/2'&,"3+&()D1+"]"1+,",21,"&+",2&("=),"-+"D2&&+":;)1'(0"+("1+,")43'5;1(+;3,"-2'*+&("52&,()//+&("
=3)(':;+3" 1.)43'5;1(;3+" ,;3" D3q1'," +(" -0(3;'3+" =1;," -+" 923k(" )9'&" -+" =2;*2'3" =1)&(+3" -+," 30521(+,$!#V" O+," =32-;'(,"
)43'521+," &+" ,2&(" =)," 9)5'1+/+&(" 52//+35')1',)D1+," +(" &+" =+;*+&(" =)," )((+'&-3+" 1+," 52&,2//)(+;3," L" (+/=," L"
5);,+"-+"1.',21)('2&"-;",+5(+;3$!#T"O+"(3)&,=23("-+,"=32-;'(,"&+",+3)'(")D,21;/+&("=),"3+&()D1+"=2;3"1.)43'5;1(+;3"
:;'"C"=+3-3)'("-+"1.)34+&("+&"+,,)C)&("-+"*+&-3+",+,"104;/+,"+&"*'11+$"Q!#U"
"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
121
Communication personnelle avec le Chef de camp de Makenda, juillet 2012, validé par le Chef de camp de Tulambo, juillet
2012
122
Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012
123
Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012
124
Compte rendu oral obtenu par l’équipe de recherche de Basile, juillet 2012
125
Juillet 2012. Ce mineur a préféré rester anonyme
126
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012
127
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012
128
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012

AT"
"

4.5 Chefferie de Basile

G)&," 1)" 5J+99+3'+" -+" B),'1+" L" 1.2;+,(R" 1)" (3'D;" -+," 7+4)!#X" )'&,'" :;.;&" =+('(" &2/D3+" -+" B),J'" +(" -.J)D'()&(," -+"
B;i)*;"+("-+"Sf+&4)"=3)(':;+&("1.>S8$"O+,",'(+,"-+,"/'&+,"-+"5+",+5(+;3",2&(",'(;0,"-)&,";&+"o2&+"',210+$"O)"
=2=;1)('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"5+((+"304'2&"/2&(+"L"VIY"123,"-+,"=03'2-+,"255;=0+,R"9)',)&("
)'&,'";&+"52&(3'D;('2&"052&2/':;+"=2(+&('+11+");M"*'11)4+,"3+1)('*+/+&("012'4&0,"-;",+5(+;3$!AY"~;)(3+^*'&4(^-'M"
=2;35+&("-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&"/'&'N3+"+M=12'(+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-)&,"1+",'(+"-+"`2/D+$""
"

F$I$! S2('*)('2&,!-+!1.+M=12'()&(,!/'&'+3,!)3(',)&);M"
G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+"L"1.2;+,(R"1+,"J)D'()&(,",2&("'&*+,(',"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8"=)35+":;.'1"3+=30,+&(+";&+"
,2;35+",()D1+"-+"3+*+&;,":;.'1,"=+;*+&("+&*2C+3"5J+o"+;M$!A!"O+,"D0&09'5+,":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
92&("43W5+"L"1.>S8"1+;3,"=+3/+((+&("-+"=)C+3"1+,"93)',"-+",521)3'(0"-+"1+;3,"+&9)&(,"+("1+,"&2(+,"/0-'5)1+,"-+"1+;3,"
9)/'11+,$"%1,"1+;3"=+3/+((+&("04)1+/+&("-.)*2'3"1.)34+&("&05+,,)'3+"=2;3"-0/0&)4+3",'"D+,2'&"+("52//+&5+3"1+;3,"
=32=3+,"52//+35+,"(+1":;+"1)"*+&(+"-.)3('51+,"/0&)4+3,$"<+3()'&,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"(3)*)'11+&("-)&,"
5+((+"o2&+"-+=;',"-+,"-05+&&'+,"+("&.2&(");5;&+"'&(+&('2&"-.)11+3")'11+;3,$!A#""
"

4.6 Groupes vulnérables

F#T#$ O+,!9+//+,!!
%1" +,(" 3)3+" :;+" 1+," 9+//+," =)3('5'=+&(" -'3+5(+/+&(" );M" )5('*'(0," -.>S8R" 5+" :;'" +,(" -q" +&" =)3('+" );M" 52;(;/+,"
(3)-'('2&&+11+,"3+,(3'5('*+,"L"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"+("+&"=)3('+");"9)'(":;.'1"&.C")"=),")5(;+11+/+&("-+"D22/"/'&'+3"
=2;3"=+3/+((3+");M"9+//+,"-+"52//+&5+3"L"(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.>S8$!AA"
"
8123,":;+"1)"=1;=)3("-+"5+;M":;'",2&("'/=1':;0,"-'3+5(+/+&("-)&,"1+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+,"/'&+3)',"
-+"1)"7G<",2&("-+,"J2//+,R"1+,"9+//+,":;)&("L"+11+,"Z2;+&("1+"3v1+"-+"(3)&,=23(+;,+,$"O23,"-+,"923(+,"=03'2-+,"
-.)5('*'(0" /'&'N3+" -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+R" :;+1:;+," 9+//+," Z2;+&(" -+," 3v1+," ,+52&-)'3+," -)&," 1+," )5('*'(0,"
/'&'N3+,R"52//+"=)3"+M+/=1+"123,:;.+11+,"2&("1)"(W5J+"-+"(3)&,=23(+3"1+",)D1+")11;*')1"-+*)&("k(3+"1)*0")'11+;3,":;+"
,;3"=1)5+$"G.);(3+,"9+//+,"-)&,"1+,"/'&+,"-.+M=12'()('2&",()&&'9N3+"3),,+/D1+&(R"52&5),,+&("+("1)*+&("1+,"='+33+,$"
>11+,"=+;*+&("+M+35+3"-.);(3+,")5('*'(0,"52//+",+"=32,('(;+3R"Z)3-'&+3R"*+&-3+"-+"1)"&2;33'(;3+"2;"9)'3+"-+"1)"D'N3+"
125)1+$" O+," 9+//+," -;" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+" (3)*)'11+&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" -)&," 1+" -2/)'&+" -+" 1.)43'5;1(;3+" -+"
,;D,',()&5+$"O+,"9+//+,":;'"-0,'3+&(")332&-'3"1+;3,"9'&,"-+"/2',"=2;3")5J+(+3"-+,"=32-;'(,"-+"D),+":;'((+&("1+,"
5J)/=,"+&"9'&"-.)=3N,^/'-'R"*2&(");M",'(+,"/'&'+3,"1+,"=1;,"=325J+,"=2;3"C"3)/),,+3"+("(3)'(+3"-+,"='+33+,$"
"
Motivations
O+,"9+//+,"92&(",2;*+&("=)3('+"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1.>S8"=)35+":;.+11+,"5J+35J+&("-+,"/2C+&,"
-+" ,+" 9)'3+" -+" 1.)34+&(" =2;3" -'*+3,'9'+3" 1)" &2;33'(;3+" :;.+11+," ,+3*+&(" L" 1+;3," 9)/'11+,$" 6)3" +M+/=1+R" ;&" 3+*+&;"
,;==10/+&()'3+"1+;3"=+3/+("-.)5J+(+3"-;"=2',,2&",)10R"-+"1)"*')&-+",)10+"+(");(3+,"&2;33'(;3+,":;.2&"&+"(32;*+"=),"
9)5'1+/+&("-)&,"1)"D32;,,+$""
"

F#T#" O+,!+&9)&(,!+(!1+,!=+3,2&&+,!U40+,!
K&"(32;*+"3)3+/+&("-+,"+&9)&(,"-+"/2'&,"-+"!#")&,":;'"=)3('5'=+&(");M")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,$!AF"O+,"Z+;&+,"J2//+,"
-+"!V")&,"+("=1;,"+99+5(;+&("1+,"/k/+,"(W5J+,":;+"1+,"J2//+,"-)&,"1+;3"*'&4()'&+$"
"
K&"(32;*+"(3N,"=+;"-+"=+3,2&&+,"W40+,"?5.+,(^L^-'3+");^-+,,;,"-+"VI")&,@":;'"=)3('5'=+&("L"1.>S8"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"
-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+$!AI"
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
129
Les Rega sont originaires des zones de Basile, de Lwindi et de Mwenga
130
Entretien avec le Chef de Camp de Zombe, Lugundu et autres sites miniers, juillet 2012
131
Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012
132
Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012
133
Communication personnelle avec le Chef du village de Kalundu, juillet 2012
134
Observation personnelle, juillet 2012
135
Observation personnelle, juillet 2012

AU"
"

F#T#A 62=;1)('2&,!);5J(2(2&+,!!
O)" 70,+3*+" ,+3(" -+" 30,'-+&5+" L" =1;,'+;3," =2=;1)('2&," );(25J(2&+," ?68@" +(" );(3+," 432;=+," 3;3);MR" C" 52/=3'," 1+,"
/+/D3+,"-+,"(3'D;,"B+/D+"+("7+4)$"8==)3+//+&(R"1+,"(3'D;,"B)*'3)"+("B)9;1''3;"L"1.+,("=)3('5'=+&("L"1.+M=12'()('2&"
/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;,"-'*+3,'9'0+,R"(2;("52//+"1+,"(3'D;,"B)&C'&-;"+("B),J'");"
&23-$"
"
>&*'32&"F"YYY"6C4/0+,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+"1)"g3'D;"-+,"B)(f)@"*'*+&("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+(");(2;3"-+"5+11+^5'$!AV"O)"
=2=;1)('2&" -+," g;(,'" B)&C)/;1+&4+" =)3('5'=+3)'(" 04)1+/+&(" L" 1.>S8" -)&," 1+" 5)-3+" -+" ,2;35+," -+" 3+*+&;"
-'*+3,'9'0+,$!AT"O+,"g;(,'"B)&C)/;1+&4+",2&("-+,"01+*+;3,"-+"D0()'1":;'"*'*+&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&(",;3"1+,"J);(+;3,"-;"
/),,'9R"+("-2&("5+3()'&,",2&("1+,"-+,5+&-)&(,"-+"7f)&-)',"'&,()110,")*)&("1)"=03'2-+"5212&')1+$"
""
O)"(3'D;"-+,"B)&C)/;1+&4+"+,(";&"432;=+"/'&23'()'3+":;'")",2;*+&("0(0",('4/)(',0"-)&,"1+,"632*'&5+,"-+,"d'*;,"+("
:;'R"J',(23':;+/+&(R")*)'("-+,"-210)&5+,":;+"1+,"/'1'5+,"2&("+M=12'(0+,"=2;3"'&5'(+3");"52&91'($!AU"%1"C")"+;"-+,"5),"
-+"52&(+,()('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1.255;=)('2&"-+"(+33)'&,R"&2()//+&("-q");"9)'(":;+"1+,"52/D)(,"2&("9'&'"=)3"-0=1)5+3";&"
&2/D3+" )553;" -+" =+3,2&&+,$!AX" %1" 9);-3)" 04)1+/+&(" -0(+3/'&+3" 1)" /+,;3+" -)&," 1):;+11+" 1+," =2=;1)('2&,"
);(25J(2&+,"=)3('5'=+&(");M">S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+(",'"5+11+,^5'",+3*+&("-+"=2'&("-.)==;'");M"/'43)&(,$"
"
O.234)&',)('2&" 125)1+" )==+10+" 85('2&" <2//;&);()'3+" =2;3" 1)" 632/2('2&" -+" 1)" H)&(0" +&" /'1'+;" 3;3)1" ?8<6H@" )"
'-+&('9'0" -.);(3+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -'3'40," =)3"1+," =2=;1)('2&," );(25J(2&+," -)&," 1+," ,+5(+;3," -+"
Of'&-'" +(" B;3J'&C'" -)&," 1+" &23-" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+$" O.8<6H" &2;," )" 04)1+/+&(" '&923/0" :;+" -+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 1)"
,25'0(0" 5'*'1+" 1;'" )*)'+&(" ,'4&)10R" '1" C" )" ;&" 5+3()'&" (+/=,R" :;.'1" C" )*)'(" +;" -+," 52&91'(," ,;'(+" L" 1.+M=;1,'2&" -+"
=2=;1)('2&," );(25J(2&+," -+" ,'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" :;.+11+," )*)'+&(" 1.J)D'(;-+" -.+M=12'(+3R" =)3" -+," 5J+9,"
-0,23/)'," '&91;+&(," -;" (+33'(2'3+" Of'&-'$" %1" C" )" +;" )==)3+//+&(" ;&" =325+,,;," -+" /0-')('2&" -;3)&(" 1+:;+1" 1+"
432;=+" *;1&03)D1+" -+," 6C4/0+," ,.+,(" 3+(32;*0" +&" =2,,+,,'2&" -.;&" ('(3+" =2;3" 1)" (+33+" 52&(+,(0+$" [0)&/2'&,R" 1)"
=30,+&(+"0(;-+"&.)"+&:;k(0":;+"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+$"O+,"=2=;1)('2&,");(25J(2&+,"*'*)&("-)&,"
5+,"-+;M"o2&+,"&.2&("=),")55+=(0"-+"=)31+3");M"0:;'=+,"-+"3+5J+35J+$"
"

4.7 Gouvernance des sites miniers

>&" #YYUR!FY" 5J)5;&" -+," ,'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" ?+(" 1+;3," 5)/=," 5233+,=2&-)&(,@" -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" )*)'(" 1)"
,(3;5(;3+"J'03)35J':;+",;'*)&(+"]""
"
! Le chef de cellule, le chef de pirogue, le chef de secteur ou autre acteur de direction
(dénommé PDG)."<J):;+"/'&+;3"-2'("=)C+3";&"'/=v("-+"†!Y"5J):;+"/2',");"6GE"=2;3"D0&09'5'+3"-+"
,)",;=+3*','2&"+("-+"1)"/)'&(+&)&5+"-+"1)"/'&+"+("-;"5)/="r"
! Le chef de cellule, le conseiller, le chef de camp, l’administrateur délégué général (ADG),
le délégué général (DG) ou le vice-PDG.">&":;)1'(0"-.)-Z2'&(R"5.+,("1;'":;'"+&3+4',(3+"1+"&2/D3+"-+"
+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);MR" 1+;3" =32-;5('2&" +(" );(3+," ,()(',(':;+," +(" '/=v(," 53;5');M" ,;3" ;&+" D),+"
Z2;3&)1'N3+"r"
! Le secrétaire" *03'9'+" 1+" &2/D3+" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" :;'" ,2&(" =30,+&(," ,;3" 1+" ,'(+" L" ;&"
/2/+&("-2&&0"+("+&3+4',(3+"1)"=32-;5('2&"Z2;3&)1'N3+"r"'1"+&(3+('+&("-+,"3+1)('2&,")*+5"1+,")5(+;3,"J23,"
-;"5)/="r"
! Le chef de quartier, le caissier ou le trésorier."<.+,("1;'":;'"*+&-"1)"=32-;5('2&R"4N3+"1+,"52/=(+,"
+("/)'&('+&("1)",05;3'(0"-.+&,+/D1+"-;"5)/="r"
! L’administrateur ou chef de site" /)'&('+&(" 1)" ,05;3'(0"-;" 5)/=R" +("&2;33'(" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M$"
"
%1" 9);(" &2(+3" :;.);" /2/+&(" -+" 1)" 30-)5('2&" -;" =30,+&(" 3)==23(R" 5+((+" J'03)35J'+" &.0()'(" =1;," 1)" /k/+" -)&,"
D+);52;="-+,",'(+,"-.>S8"0(;-'0,R"5+":;'"+,("-q");"&2/D3+"30-;'("-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&"-)&,"1)"=1;=)3("-+"5+,",'(+,"?L"
1.+M5+=('2&"-;",'(+"-+"`2/D+"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+R"2n"1.2&"(32;*+");M")1+&(2;3,"-+"VYY"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"-+"5),,'(03'(+@$"
"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
136
Muhigwa op cit., 2008
137
Muhigwa op cit., 2008
138
Muhigwa, op cit., 2008.
139
Prunier, 2009
140
Les auteurs n’ont pu trouver de données considérables sur les exploitants miniers artisanaux dans la RNI qui soient plus
récentes que 2008

AX"
"

G+=;'," :;+" 1)" =2,,'D'1'(0" -+" 52//+35')1',)('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" )" D)',,0R" 1)" 70,+3*+" )D3'(+" /2'&," -.+M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"5),,'(03'(+":;.+&"#YYU$">&"52&,0:;+&5+R"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,",'(+,"-+"1)"/'&+",.+,(":;+1:;+"
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"

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/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"52&5+3&)&("1)"-01'*3)&5+"-+"=+3/',"1+,");(23',)&("L"+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'"-+"/)&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"
?5+," =+3/'," ,2&(" -01'*30," =)3" 1+" S'&',(N3+@R" =2;3" +99+5(;+3" -+," 3+5+&,+/+&(," );=3N," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M" +(" 52/=()D'1',+3" 1+;3," =32-;5('2&," ?+99+5(;0," =)3" 1+" H8>HH<8S@$" <+," )5('*'(0," )-/'&',(3)('*+,"
3+=30,+&(+&(";&+"255),'2&"=2;3"1+,",+3*'5+,"=;D1'5,"-.)99'3/+3"1+;3"52&(3v1+",;3"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,",()&&'9N3+,$"O)"
G'*','2&"=3+&-"AI"\HG"-)&,"1+,",'(+,",()&&'9N3+,"L"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+"?5.+,(^L^-'3+"L"`2/D+"+("O;4;&-;@"=2;3"
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+(" 1+" H8>HH<8S" &+" ,2&(" 104)1+/+&(" =)," 52/=0(+&(," =2;3" 3+5;+'11'3" -+," '/=v(," &'" -01'*3+3" -+," =+3/'," -.>S8"
<+=+&-)&(R"'1"9);("&2(+3":;+"1+,"-2&&0+,"-;"<)-),(3+"S'&'+3"-+"#Y!Y"/2&(3+&(":;+"(32',"-+/)&-+,"-0=2,0+,"=2;3"
1+,"`>8",'(;0+,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"=32=2,0+",2&("+&"52;3,$"

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)550-+3j+M=12'(+3"5+11+^5'$"O+,"5J+9,"+/=12'+&("-+,"4+&,"=2;3"403+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"+("1)"=32-;5('2&R"+("
=2;3" 52/=()D'1',+3" 1+" &2/D3+" -.'//'430," +(" -m+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" ,;3" 1+;3," (+33+,$" O.'/=v(" 1+" =1;,"
3+,=+5(0"+,("5+1;'":;'"+,("=)C0");"<J+9"(3)-'('2&&+1"]"123,:;+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&+"30;,,',,+&("=),"
L" 40&03+3" -+," 3+*+&;," L" 5);,+" -.;&+" /);*)',+" =32-;5('2&R" -.);(3+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 9+32&(" ;&+"
5211+5(+" L" 5+((+" 9'&$" O+," );(23'(0," )-/'&',(3)('*+," &.2&(" 40&03)1+/+&(" =)," -+" =32D1N/+," )*+5"5+," ,(3;5(;3+,"
(3)-'('2&&+11+,R" +&" -0='(" -;" 9)'(" :;+" 5J)5;&+" -+" 5+," );(23'(0," '/=2,+" ,2&" =32=3+" ,C,(N/+" 9',5)1$" <.+,(" 1.);(23'(0"
(3)-'('2&&+11+":;'")"1+"=2;*2'3"-+"9+3/+3"2;"-.2;*3'3";&",'(+"-+"/'&+$"
"

4.8 Procédures d’accès aux sites

O.)55N,");M",'(+,"52&5+3&+"1+"=325+,,;,",+12&"1+:;+1";&"&2;*+);"/'&+;3",+"=30,+&(+"L"1)"-'3+5('2&"-;"5)/=+/+&("
2;");"5J+9"-;"1'+;"-)&,"1.+,=2'3"-+"3+5+*2'3"1)"=+3/',,'2&"-.+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'$"%1"+,("3)3+":;.;&"&2;*+);"/'&+;3"
,+"*2'+"3+9;,+3";&+"(+11+"=+3/',,'2&$"\1(03'+;3+/+&(R"(2;,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("'&,53'(,"=)3"1+"
52/'(0" -+" 4+,('2&" 2;" 1+" ,+530()'3+" -;" 1'+;$" O+" =)'+/+&(" -.)55N," &.+,(" =)," '/=2,0" '//0-')(+/+&(" +(" =+;(" k(3+"
3+()3-0"Z;,:;.L"5+":;+"1+"/'&+;3")'("+;"1.255),'2&"-+"4)4&+3"-+,"3+*+&;,",;99',)&(,$"
"
K&"(32;*+"-'9903+&(,"(C=+,"-.'/=v(,"+("-.2D1'4)('2&,"=2;3"5J):;+"234)&',)('2&$"<+3()'&,"'/=v(,"52&5+3&+&("(2;,"
1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M")123,":;+"-.);(3+,"&+"52&5+3&+&(":;+"1+,"=32=3'0()'3+,"-+"=;'(,$"O+,"'/=v(,",+"
=)'+&(",;3";&+"D),+"/+&,;+11+"2;")&&;+11+$"62;3"0*'(+3"1+,"52&91'(,R"5J):;+"(C=+"-.'/=v("+,("=2;3";&+"2D1'4)('2&"+("
;&+" -;30+" 9'M+,$" H2;*+&(R" -)&," 1+," ,'(+," -+" 9)'D1+" =32-;5('2&" 2n" '1" +,(" -'99'5'1+" -+" 3+(32;*+3" 1)" *)1+;3" -+" 1)"
=32-;5('2&R" 1+," 2D1'4)('2&," &+" ,2&(" =)," /',+," +&" *'4;+;3" (2;(" 1+" (+/=,$" O+," =+35+=(+;3," 52&*'+&&+&(" )123,"
);(2/)(':;+/+&("-.;&"9239)'(":;+"1+",'(+"-2'("=2;*2'3"3),,+/D1+3"'//0-')(+/+&($"
"
O+" ()D1+);" 5'^-+,,2;," '11;,(3+" +&" -0()'1" 1+," -'*+3,+," 3+-+*)&5+,R" -32'(," +(" '/=v(," :;+" 1+," );(23'(0," -;" ,'(+R" 1+,"
+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("1+,")5J+(+;3,"-2'*+&("=)C+3$"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
141
DeJong, 2011

FY"
"

Redevances,
Nom du Impôts et
site droits Somme/ Période Payeur Bénéficiaire Objet Niveau de légalité

Secteur d’Itombwe

7+-+*)&5+," #i4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3"C" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" 855N,"L"1)"(+33+" %1104)1"

j/2'," 52/=3',"1+"5J+9"-+"
=;'(,"
"
Apanga G32'(," #†j+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," <J+9"-+"=;'(,"+(" H8>HH<8S" 7+5+&,+/+&("-+," >M(3)104)1"
)3(',)&);Mj/2'," 5J):;+"/'&+;3" +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"
G32'(," I†j"/'&+;3j)&" <J):;+"/'&+;3" 7+=30,+&()&("-+"1)" 6)'+/+&("=2;3"1)"5)3(+"-+" >M(3)104)1"5)3");5;&+"5)3(+"
G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+," /'&+;3"" &.+,("Z)/)',"-',(3'D;0+"+("
1+,"5)3(+,"104)1+,"52q(+&("
!Y†"
7+-+*)&5+," !"('4+"-.23j/'&+;3j/2'," <J):;+"/'&+;3"C" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" 855N,"L"1)"(+33+" %1104)1"
52/=3',"1+"5J+9"-+"
=;'(,"
Miki %/=v(" Y$I†jIYi4"=):;+(j5)34)',2&" g3)&,=23(+;3" H+5(+;3"" %/=v(" %1104)1"
G32'(," I†j)5J+(+;3j5)34)',2&" 85J+(+;3" H8>HH<8S" 8-/'&',(3)('2&"G32'(," %1104)1"
G32'(," I†j)&" <J):;+")5J+(+;3" 7+=30,+&()&("-+"1)" <)3(+"-.)5J+(+;3" >M(3)104)1"
G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"
Makenda %/=v(" #†j/2',j/'&+;3"?)==+10" <J):;+"/'&+;3" H+5(+;3"" G32'(,"-+"3+5+&,+/+&(" %1104)1"
l*'4&+((+.@"
7+-+*)&5+," #†j/2',j+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," <J):;+"/'&+;3" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(,"-.)55N," %1104)1"
)3(',)&);M"
G32'(," I†j/2',j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" H8>HH<8S" G32'(,"-.)-/'&',(3)('2&"" %1104)1"
G32'(," I†j/2',j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" 7+=30,+&()&("-+"1)" <)3(+"-+"/'&+;3" >M(3)104)1"
G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"
G32'(," I†j/2',j5)/=" <211+5(+"-)&,"1+"5)/=" H>8HH<8Sj<J+9"-+" H05;3'(0",;3"1+",'(+" %1104)1"
/'&'+3"?B),J'" *'11)4+"
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7+-+*)&5+," !†j/'&+;3"j/2'," <J):;+"/'&+;3" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(,"-.)55N," %1104)1"
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B;3+);"-+"1)"G'*','2&"

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/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
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G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"+("
-;"H8>HH<8S"
" " " " " "
Secteur de
Basile

7+-+*)&5+," !Y‚"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"D3;(+" g2;(+" 1.0:;'=+" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(," -.)55N,j;('1',)('2&" %1104)1"

/'&'N3+" -+"1)"(+33+"
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Zombe G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+," -32'(," =2;3" 1)" 5)3(+" -+"
and /'&+;3"
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G32'(," !$V†" <J):;+"/'&+;3" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(,"-.)55N," %1104)1"
<J+9"-+"*'11)4+"
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and -+"1)"(+33+"
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=32-;5('2&"-.;&"/'&+;3"2;"-.;&+"0:;'=+"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"-+,"=32-;'(,"-.;&"(3)&,=23(+;3"2;"-;"5)342"-.;&")5J+(+;3$"G+;M'N/+/+&(R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"'&-'*'-;+1,"&+",2&("=),"2D1'40,"-+"=)C+3");()&(");M");(23'(0,"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"?C"52/=3',"/)',",)&,",.C"1'/'(+3");M"5J+9,"(3)-'('2&&+1,R"1+,")4+&(,"-;"H8>HH<8SR"1+,"
5J+9,"-+"*'11)4+,"2;"1+,")4+&(,"-+",05;3'(0"-;",'(+"/'&'+3@":;+"1+,"0:;'=+,"+&('N3+,"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"1+,")5J+(+;3,"2;"1+,"5J+9,"-+"=;'(,"?)==+10,"6GE@$">&9'&R"1+,"
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k(3+"/2'&,"'/=23()&(,R"5.+,(^L^-'3+"+&(3+"!"\HG"+("I"\HG$

F#"
"

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:;'"=+3/+("-+"4;'-+3"1.)((0&;)('2&"-+,"52&91'(,",;3"=1)5+$"O+,"52&91'(,",2&("30,21;,"=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+",(3;5(;3+,"
/',+,"+&"=1)5+",;3"1+"(+33)'&"+("-'3'40+,"=)3"1+"5J+9"-+"5)/="+(",+,"52&,+'11+3,$"6)3"+M+/=1+R";&")5J+(+;3")"=3k(0"-+"
1.)34+&("L";&"/'&+;3":;'"&+"=+;("=),"1+"3+/D2;3,+3$"O.)99)'3+"=),,+"-+*)&("1+"5J+9"-+"5)/=":;'"=3+&-";&+"-05','2&"
,;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" +(" 1)" =03'2-+" -+" 3+/D2;3,+/+&(" -;" /'&+;3$" H'" 1+" /'&+;3" &+" 30;,,'(" =)," L" (2;(" 3+/D2;3,+3" L"
1.)5J+(+;3"L"1)"-)(+"-.05J0)&5+R"1.)99)'3+"=),,+"-+*)&("1+"5J+9"-+"*'11)4+"2;"1+"5J+9"-+"432;=+/+&($"O23,:;.'1",.)4'("
-.;&+"'&93)5('2&"=1;,",03'+;,+R"1+"5J+9"-+"432;=+/+&("3+&*2'+"1.)99)'3+"-+*)&("1+"(3'D;&)1"-+"Sf+&4)"2n"+11+",+3)"
Z;40+"=)3"1)"12'"52&421)',+$!F#"
"
"

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142
Communication personnelle avec le chef de groupement, juillet 2012

FA"
"

5 LA CHAINE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT DE L’EMA EN RNI

"
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'/=23()&(" -+" 52/=3+&-3+" 1)" /+,;3+" -)&," 1):;+11+" (2;," 5+," '&(03k(," =2;33)'+&(" +&(3)*+3" ;&+" :;+152&:;+"
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O.+M=12'()('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" ,+" 9)'(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" L" =)3('3" -+" 1)" 325J+" )123," :;+" 1.23" +,(" )11;*'2&&)'3+$" G)&,"
1.+&,+/D1+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" ,2&(" -+," J2//+," Z+;&+," +(" -.W4+" /2C+&R" =32*+&)&(" ,;3(2;(" -+,"
(3'D;," B),J'" 7+4)" +(" B+/D+$" O+," 9+//+," +(" 1+," +&9)&(,R" 123,:;.'1," ,2&(" =30,+&(,R" )'-+&(" )*+5" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+"
(3)'(+/+&(" -;" /'&+3)'R" (+1" :;+" 1+" D32C)4+" +(" 1+" 1)*)4+$" O+," )5J+(+;3," ,2&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" -+," =+3,2&&+,"
52&421)',+,":;'"2&("-+,"52&()5(,"-)&,"1+,"=)C,"*2','&,R"&2()//+&("1+"B;3;&-'"+("1.K;4)&-)R"5+,"-+3&'+3,"0()&("L"
1+;3" (2;3" 52&&+5(0," L" -+," 9'1'N3+," -.+M=23()('2&" '&(+3&)('2&)1+$" O.e()(" ,;3*+'11+" =+;" 1+," 5J)c&+,"
-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+("-+"1.23")'&,'":;+"1+,"5J)c&+,"-+"(3)t)D'1'(0$"O+",5J0/)"5'^-+,,2;,"2993+";&+"
*;+" -.+&,+/D1+" -+," -'*+3,+," 0()=+," -+," 5J)c&+," -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" 1.23" +(" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+"]" +M=12'()('2&R"
(3)'(+/+&(R")5J)(R",23('+"+&"52&(3+D)&-+"+("+M=23()('2&"-)&,"1+"/2&-+$"

FF"
"

Nature des
gisements CASSITÉRITE À
OR RIVERAIN SABLE ET REJETS
Acteurs ROCHE DURE
ALLUVIAL MINIERS
EXPLOITATION SOUTERRAIN
ALLUVIAUX (OR &
MINIÈRE CASSITÉRITE@""

TRAITEMENT "g3)*)'1"+99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"
g3)*)'1"+99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"
+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,"1'(,"-+," g3)*)'1"+99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"
)3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,"=;'(,"
3'*'N3+," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",;3"1+,"3'*+,"+("
=)3/'"1+,"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,"
"

O+"/'&+3)'"+,("*+&-;");M"52//+&t)&(,j=+('(,"&0425')&(,"-)&,"
1+,"5)/=+/+&(,"2;"1+,"/)35J0,$"" %/=23()(+;3,"-+"1)"
COMMERCE <%7EO"]"
"?7f)&-)R"B;3;&-'R"
K;4)&-)"+("d+&C)@"

procédures d’exportation
O+"/'&+3)'"+,("3)99'&0"+("+/=):;+(0"-)&,"-+,"(2&&+1+(,"
2;"+&"1'&42(,"-.23"+&"=30,+&5+"-+,",+3*'5+,"/)&-)(0,"-+"
1.e()($"O+"/'&+3)'")5:;'+3("+&,;'(+"1)"5+3('9'5)('2&"-;"
<>><"=2;3",2&"+M=23()('2&$""
EXPORTATION IMPORTATEURS
(Destinations internationa1+,) ÉTRANGERS (p.ex. en
" Europe, Chine, Malaisie,
" Inde)
" G0-2;)&)4+"+("=)'+/+&("-+"1)"()M+"L"1.+M=23()('2&$"O)"
" 5),,'(03'(+"+,("5J)340+"-)&,"-+,"5)/'2&,"+&"=30,+&5+"-+,"
" ,+3*'5+,"-+"1.e()(")*)&("-+"=),,+3"1)"932&('N3+$"
"
"
"
"
"
"

FI"
"

5.1 Exploitation minière143

\&+"-+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+"+,(":;.2&"C"
(32;*+";&"&2/D3+"3+,(3+'&("-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"5+":;'",m+M=1':;+"=)3"1)"9)'D1+,,+")5(;+11+"-;"/)35J0"
-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+")'&,'":;+"=)3"1)",)',2&",N5J+"2n"1.+);"-+"1)*)4+",+"9)'("3)3+$"O+"9)'(":;+"1)"3+5J+35J+")"0(0"/+&0+"
-;3)&(" 1)" ,)',2&" ,N5J+" +M=1':;+" =2;3:;2'" &2;," )*2&," 2D,+3*0" -+," &2/D3+," +&523+" =1;," 3+,(3+'&(," -m+M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$">&"+99+(R"'1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"(32;*+3"1.+);"-+"1)*)4+"-+,"/'&+3)',"+("1+,");(25J(2&+,",.)-2&&+&("
=1;,");M"(3)*);M"-.)43'5;1(;3+"?-093'5J+/+&("-+,"5J)/=,@$
y" 1.2;+,(R" &2;," )*2&," 2D,+3*0" ;&+" ,'(;)('2&" :;'" 3+,,+/D1)'(" =1;," L" ;&+" 3;0+R" )*+5" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M":;'"*+&)'+&("-.);(3+,"=)3('+,"-;"=)C,$"y"1.+,(R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"*'+&&+&("-+,"+&*'32&,"
+("1.J',(2'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"125)1+"3+/2&(+"L"(3N,"12&4(+/=,$"O.J',(2'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"
=)3('+" 2;+,(" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" +,(" D+);52;=" =1;," 305+&(+"]" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" ,2&(" *+&;," ,.'&,()11+3"
-)&,"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"S'i'$"G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+R"1+"&2/D3+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M" =+;(" /2&(+3" Z;,:;.L" !" YYY" =+3,2&&+," -)&," 1+" ,+;1" ,'(+" -+" `2/D+" -;3)&(" 1)" J);(+" ,)',2&$" G;3)&(" 1)"
,)',2&"/2'&,"=32-;5('*+R"L"5);,+"-;"/)35J0"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"&2/D3+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=+;("
-+,5+&-3+"Z;,:;.L"VIY"=2;3"(2;(+"1)"=)3('+"2;+,($
"
G)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+R" 1+," 4+&,"+M=12'(+&(" 1+," 3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,"+(" 1+,"=1)&," -.+);" =3'&5'=)1+/+&($" O+,"0:;'=+,"
/'&'N3+,",2&("=1;,"=+('(+,":;+"5+11+,":;.2&"(32;*+"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+"5+":;'"+,("-q");M"+99+(,"=1;,"=32&2&50,"
-+" 1)" ,)',2&" ,N5J+" L" %(2/Df+" ?+M=12'()('2&" ,;3(2;(" L" 5'+1" 2;*+3(@" :;.L" B),'1+" ?+M=12'()('2&" ,;3(2;(" ,2;(+33)'&+@$"
O.0:;'=+/+&(";('1',0"=2;3"1.>S8"-)&,"1+,"-+;M",+5(+;3,"'&51;("-+,"2;('1,"-+"D),+"52//+"-+,"=+11+,R"-+,"='&5+,"L"
1+*'+3"+("-+,"/)3(+);M$"
"

I#$#$ >M=12'()('2&!,2;(+33)'&+!-+!1)!5),,'(03'(+!
O.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"&05+,,'(+":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+M(3)'+&("1+,"='+33+,"+("1+,"(3)&,=23(+&("
-)&,"-+,",)5,"+&"-+J23,"-+,"=;'(,"+("Z;,:;.);"5)/=+/+&("=2;3"k(3+"52&5),,0+,$"O)"=2;-3+"2D(+&;+"+,(")123,"1)*0+"
-)&,";&+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"O+"/'&+3)'"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+,("+&9'&",05J0",;3";&+"9+;'11+"-+"/0()1"=2;3",+"-0D)33),,+3"-+,"
'/=;3+(0,$"
"

I#$#" >M=12'()('2&!)11;*')1+!-+!1.23!
O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"D12:;+&("1+"52;3,"-.+);")*+5"-+,"(32&5,"-.)3D3+R"-+," ='+33+,"+("-+"1)"(+33+$"O+"
(3)*)'1"-.+M5)*)('2&"52&,',(+"+&,;'(+"L"+&(),,+3"1+",)D1+",;3"1+"5v(0"(2;("+&"3+('3)&("1.+);"3+,()&(+$"\&+"(3)&5J0+"-+"
-+;M" L" 5'&:" /N(3+," +,(" )123," 53+;,0+R" -)&," 1):;+11+" 2&" 1)',,+" 52;1+3" 1.+);" +(" 1+" ,)D1+" +&(),,0$" s;" :;+" 1+" /'&+3)'"
);3'9N3+"+,("12;3-"+(",+"-0=2,+"=)3"43)*'(0R"1+",)D1+"52&5+&(30")'&,'"2D(+&;"+,("1)*0"L"1)"D)(0+"=2;3"305;=03+3"1.23"
,)&,";('1',+3"-+"/+35;3+$"
"

I#$#A >M=12'()('2&!)11;*')1+!-;!,)D1+!+(!-+!3+X+(,!/'&'+3,!?=2;3!1.23!+(!1)!5),,'(03'(+@!
O+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -0D1)'+&(" 1)" *040()('2&" +(" 3+('3+&(" 1+," /23(,^(+33)'&,R" =;'," 53+;,+&(" -)&," 1+"
,)D1+"+(" 1.+&(),,+&("=3N," -.;&"=1)&" -.+);$" %1," 53+;,+&(" +&,;'(+" ;&+" (3)&5J0+" -+" 5'&:"L" -'M" /N(3+," =2;3" -'3'4+3" 1+"
52;3," -+" 1.+);" +(" Z+((+&(" 1+" ,)D1+" -)&," 1)" (3)&5J0+$" O+," /'&+3)'," );3'9N3+" +(" ,()&&'9N3+" 0()&(" =1;," 12;3-,R" '1," ,+"
-0=2,+&("-)&,"1+"92&-"-+"1)"(3)&5J0+R"=2;,,)&("1+",)D1+"L"1)",;39)5+$"<+((+"/0(J2-+"-.+M(3)5('2&"-+"1.23"+("-+"1)"
5),,'(03'(+"=+3/+("-+"&+"=),";('1',+3"-+",;D,()&5+,"5J'/':;+,$""
"

5.2 Broyage
I#"#$ <),,'(03'(+!!
<J):;+" 0:;'=+" -.+M=12'()('2&" ,()&&'9N3+" =1)&'9'+" 1+" =325+,,;," -;" D32C)4+" ,+12&" ,2&" 05J+11+" -+" =32-;5('2&$" O+"
=325+,,;,"+,("52//+",;'("]""
! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+M(3)'+&("1)"='+33+"+("1)"(3)&,=23(+&("Z;,:;.);"5)/=+/+&($"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
143
La description de ce processus provient d’observations personnelles et des explications reçues des exploitants miniers
artisanaux sur place

FV"
"

! \&+"92',":;.'1,"2&("3),,+/D10";&+":;)&('(0"-0,'3)D1+R"-+,"/+/D3+,"-+"1.0:;'=+"D32'+&("1)"='+33+"-)&,";&"
/23('+3")*+5";&"='12&"+&"9+3R"Z;,:;.L"5+":;.'1,"2D('+&&+&(";&+"=2;-3+"9'&+$"
! O+"6GE"&2//+";&"/+/D3+"L":;'"'1"9)'("52&9')&5+"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"+(",(25i+3"1+,"/'&+3)',"=+&-)&(":;+"1+,"
);(3+,"(3)*)'11+&("-)&,"1+"=;'(,$"
! O)"=2;-3+"+,(",(25i0+"Z;,:;.L"5+":;+"(2;("1+"D32C)4+")'("0(0")552/=1'$"

I#"#" K3!
G)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+R"1.23"+,("=3'&5'=)1+/+&(")11;*'2&&)'3+"+(",.+M(3)'("-+,"=1)&,"-.+);"+("-+,"
,)D1+," )11;*');M" +M(3)'(," -+," /)305)4+," +(" -+," 3+Z+(," /'&'+3,$" O.+M(3)5('2&" +(" 1+" 1)*)4+" -+" 1.23" ,+" 92&("
=3'&5'=)1+/+&(",;3"=1)5+$"
"

5.3 Lavage144
I#A#$ <),,'(03'(+!
K&"(32;*+"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+,"D),,'&,"+("-+,"5)&);M"-.+);":;'",+3*+&(");"1)*)4+"
-;"/'&+3)'$"<J):;+"0:;'=+",5;1=(+";&"(32&5"-.)3D3+"52;3D0"L"5+((+"9'&$"O+"=325+,,;,"-;"1)*)4+",+"=),,+"52//+"
,;'("]"
"
! G+;M"/+/D3+,"-+"1.0:;'=+"(3)*)'11+&(")*+5";&"(32&5"-.)3D3+"52;3D0"?:;'"3+,,+/D1+"L";&+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+@R"
=2;3"1)*+3"1+"/'&+3)'$"
! O)"=2;-3+"+,("=1)50+"-)&,"1+"D),,'&"-+"1)*)4+");",+'&"-+"1)"/k/+")'3+"-+"(3)*)'1"2;"-)&,"1)"(3)&5J0+"L"+);"
53+;,0+"=2;3"5)&)1',+3"1.+);$"
! 8;"&'*+);"-;"D),,'&R";&"/'&+;3"*+3,+"-+"1.+);"52&('&;+11+/+&(",;3"1+"(32&5"52;3D0"=+&-)&(":;.;&");(3+"
/'&+;3"/01)&4+"1)"=2;-3+$"O.+);"52;1+"-)&,"1+"D),,'&R"+&(3)c&)&("1+",)D1+":;'"+,("1.010/+&("1+"=1;,"104+3"
-+"1)"=2;-3+$"E3W5+"L"1)"43)*'(0R"1)"5),,'(03'(+"=1;,"12;3-+",+"-0=2,+",;3"1+"92&-"-+"1)"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"
! <+((+" 2=03)('2&" +,(" 30=0(0+" );()&(" -+" 92'," :;.'1" +,(" &05+,,)'3+" =2;3" 2D(+&'3" ;&+" 923(+" 52&5+&(3)('2&" -+"
5),,'(03'(+$"
! O+" 52&5+&(30" +,(" ,05J0" );" ,21+'1" 2;" ,;3" ;&+" =1):;+" -+" /0()1" 5J);990+" ?1)" -+;M'N/+" /0(J2-+" +,(" =1;,"
3)='-+@$"
! O23,:;+"1+"/'&+3)'"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+,(",+5R"1+,"/+/D3+,"+M=03'/+&(0,"-+"1.0:;'=+"52&('&;+&("1+"=325+,,;,"
-+" 52&5+&(3)('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" +&" ,2;991)&(" ,;3" -+," =+('(+," :;)&('(0," -+" /)('N3+" -)&," ;&+" D)(0+R"
=+3/+(()&(")'&,'"-+",0=)3+3"1)"=2;,,'N3+"+("1+",)D1+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+$"
! \&")'/)&("+,(";('1',0"L"1)"9'&"-;"=325+,,;,"=2;3"01'/'&+3"(2;,"1+,"010/+&(,"9+33+;M"=30,+&(,"-)&,"1+"12(R"
)9'&"-.2D(+&'3";&+"(+&+;3"+&"5),,'(03'(+"-+"VI‚"/'&'/;/$"
! O)"5),,'(03'(+",2;,"923/+"-+"=32-;'("9'&'"+,("-'*',0+"+("=)3()40"+&(3+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"
1)"9'&"-;"=325+,,;,R")=3N,")*2'3"=+,0"1.+&,+/D1+"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&$"

I#A#" K3!
K&"(32;*+"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+,"D),,'&,"+("-+,"5)&);M"-.+);":;'",+3*+&(");"1)*)4+"
-;" /'&+3)'$" <J):;+" 0:;'=+" 52&,(3;'(" ;&+" D2c(+" 5J'&2',+" L" 5+((+" 9'&" L" =)3('3" -.;&" (32&5" 52;3D0$" O+" =325+,,;," -;"
1)*)4+",+"=),,+"52//+",;'("]"
"
! 8=3N,":;.;&"(),"-+",)D1+")"0(0"+M(3)'(R"1.0:;'=+"53+;,+";&+"(3)&5J0+"-+"5'&:"L"*'&4("/N(3+,"=2;3"5)&)1',+3"
+("5)=(+3"1.+);");,,'"12'&":;+"=2,,'D1+$"
! O.+);"+,("5)&)1',0+",;3";&+"=+&(+"104N3+"123,:;.+11+"=),,+"L"5v(0"-;"(),"-+",)D1+R"=2;3"9'&'3"-)&,";&"53+;M"
-.;&+"=3292&-+;3"-+"AY"L"IY"5/"+("-.;&+",;=+39'5'+"/'&'/;/"-+"!/ƒ$"""
! O23,:;.'1" &.+,(" =)," =2,,'D1+" -.2D(+&'3" ;&+" =+&(+R" 1+" (32&5" 52;3D0" -.;&+" 92;4N3+" 40)&(+" ?Cyathea
manniana@",+3("-+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"
! G)&," (2;," 1+," 5),R" '1" 9);(" 53+;,+3" ;&+" 12&4;+" (3)&5J0+" -+" ,23('+" +&" )*)1" -;" 53+;M" :;'" ,+3(" -+" -05J)34+"
=2;3"0*)5;+3"1)"D2;+"+("1.+);",)1+"-)&,"1+"52;3,"-.+);$"O+",)D1+"+("1+,"='+33+,",2&("-05J)340,"1+"12&4"-+"1)"
(3)&5J0+$"
! O23,:;+" 1.+);" =),,+" -)&," 1+" 5)&)1R" ;&" /'&+;3" =3+&-" -;" ,)D1+" -;" ()," )*+5" ;&+" =+11+" +(" 1+" Z+((+" -)&," 1)"
(3)&5J0+R"1+"/01)&4+)&(")*+5"1.052;1+/+&(R";&"=+;"+&")/2&("-;"53+;M$"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
144
La description de ce processus provient d’observations personnelles et sur les explications reçues des exploitants miniers
artisanaux sur place

FT"
"

! O23,:;+"1+"(),"-+",)D1+"+,("9'&'R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"3+('3+&("1+",)D1+":;'"3+,(+"-)&,"1+"53+;M"
+(" 3+923/+&(" ;&" ()," )*+5R" =;'," 3+52//+&5+" (2;(" 1+" =325+,,;," Z;,:;.L" 5+" :;.'1," 2D('+&&+&(" 5+" :;.'1,"
)==+11+&(";&"l52&5+&(30.$"
! G)&,"5+3()'&,",'(+,R"1)"(+&+;3"+&"23"+("1)"43)&;12/0(3'+",2&(",'"9)'D1+,":;+"1.23"3+5'35;1+"-)&,"1.+);"-;3)&("
1+"1)*)4+$"
! O+,"-+;M"0()=+,",;'*)&(+,":;'"&05+,,'(+&("1.;('1',)('2&"-;"/+35;3+",2&("3)3+,"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"-+"3+5J+35J+R"
5)3"1)"=1;=)3("-;"(+/=,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"1)*+&("1+;3"23"L"1.+);"+("L"1)"D)(0+$"O+"/+35;3+"
&+",+"(32;*+"=),"9)5'1+/+&(",;3"1+"/)35J0"=3N,"-+"1)"7[%"+(R"123,:;.'1"C"+&")R"'1"+,("5J+3$"
! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M";('1',+&("1+"/+35;3+"=2;3")/)14)/+3"1.23"+&"9)'D1+"(+&+;3$"
! O+"D3q1)4+"-+"1.)/)14)/+",+"9)'("5J+o"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("1+"/+35;3+"+,(",2;*+&("3+5C510"
=2;3"k(3+";('1',0"L"&2;*+);"-)&,"1)"=325J)'&+"2=03)('2&$"
"

5.4 Autres niveaux de la chaine d’approvisionnement de l’EMA

"

I#F#$ O+,!(3)&,=23(+;3,!+(!);(3+,!92;3&',,+;3,!-+!,+3*'5+,!!
K&"&+"52&&)c("=),"1+"&2/D3+"+M)5("-+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"+(");(3+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"(+1,":;+"1+,"&0425')&(,$"%1"
+M',(+" -+;M" (C=+," -+" (3)&,=23(+;3,"]" 1+" =3+/'+3" (C=+" +,(" 52/=2,0" -+" 9+//+," :;'" (3)&,=23(+&(" 1+" ,)D1+" =2;3" 1+"
1)*+3"r" 1+" -+;M'N/+"(C=+"+,(" 52&,('(;0" -.J2//+," :;'"(3)&,=23(+&(" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+"=2;3" 1)" *+&-3+"+("1.+M=23(+3$" O+,"
(3)&,=23(+;3," ,2&(" =)C0," =2;3" (3)&,=23(+3" -+," =32-;'(," -+" S'i'" L" \*'3)" ?+&*'32&" !IY" i/@"r" !" IYY" <G_ji4" ˆ"
+&*'32&"!$V"\HGji4$"O+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"J)D'(;+11+/+&("=23(+&("-+,",)5,"-+"AY"i4"L"IY"i4",;3"1+;3"-2,"2;"1+;3"(k(+$"
O+"(3)Z+("*+3,"d)o'D)"52/=23(+3)'(";&"52q("-;"/k/+"23-3+$"
"
Motivations
O)" /2('*)('2&" :;'" =2;,,+" 1+," 92;3&',,+;3," -+" ,+3*'5+," L" 9)'3+" 5+" :;.'1," 92&(" +,(" ,'/'1)'3+" L" 5+11+," -+," +M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"]"1+,"5J2'M"=2;3"4)4&+3",)"*'+",2&("3+,(3+'&(,$"G+"/k/+R"1+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"&.2&("=),"
1+," 52/=0(+&5+," 3+:;',+," =2;3" +M=12'(+3" 1+" /'&+3)'" +(" 5J2',',,+&(" -2&5" -.2993'3" -+," ,+3*'5+," &05+,,)'3+," -)&," 1+"
,+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8$"
"

I#F#" 85J)(!
O)"=)3('+"3+1)('*+"L"1.)5J)("-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("+,("(3)&,=)3+&(+"+("51)&-+,('&+"L"1)"92',$"B+);52;="
-+," =325+,,;," +(" -+," 0()=+," L" ,;'*3+" ,2&(" ;&+" :;+,('2&" -+" &2(23'0(0" =;D1':;+" =2;3" 1+," 4+&," '/=1':;0," -)&," 1+"
,+5(+;3" -+" 1.>S8$" O.'&(+3-'5('2&" -+" 52//+35')1',+3" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+" 1.+,(" -+" 1)" 7G<" )" 9)'(" 5J;(+3" 1+," =3'M" -+" 1)"
5),,'(03'(+" 923t)&(" 1+," &0425')&(," -+" 1+" 9)'3+" ,23('3" ,2;*+&(" -+" H;-" d'*;" +&" 52&(3+D)&-+" =2;3" k(3+" *+&-;+" );"
B;3;&-'R");"7f)&-)"+(",;==2,0/+&("+&"K;4)&-)"R"+&"43)&-+,":;)&('(0,$"O.23R"=)3"52&(3+R"+,(")5J+(0"+("*+&-;"+&"
:;)&('(0,"*)3')D1+,R",+12&"1+,"D+,2'&,"=05;&')'3+,"-;"*+&-+;3"+("1+"(C=+"-.)5J+(+;3$"O.23"+,("=1;,"9)5'1+"L",23('3"+&"
52&(3+D)&-+" :;+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" +&" 5+" ,+&," :;.;&+" =+('(+" :;)&('(0" -.23" ,;99'3)" (2;Z2;3," L" 3+&()D'1',+3" ;&" *2C)4+"
(3)&,932&()1'+3$"O)"5),,'(03'(+",+"*+&-"+&"/2C+&&+"+&(3+"#"YYY"<G_"L"#"IYY"<G_"1+"i'12!FI"L"S'i'"+("`2/D+"?5+":;'"
0:;'*);(" L" +&(3+" #R!T" +(" #RTY" \HG@$" <+" =3'M" 3+=30,+&(+" +&*'32&" !U" \HG" -+" /2'&," :;+" 1+" =3'M" L" 1)" B2;3,+" -+,"
/0();M"-+"O2&-3+,$!FV"[2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"=;"2D(+&'3"-.'&923/)('2&,",;3"1+,":;)&('(0,"-.23"=32-;'(+,"+("*+&-;+,"+&"
5+",+&,":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"J0,'()'+&("L"92;3&'3"5+"4+&3+"-.'&923/)('2&,")*)&("-.)*2'3"0()D1'";&+"
3+1)('2&" D),0+" ,;3" 1)" 52&9')&5+" )*+5" &2(3+" 0:;'=+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 0()&(" (3N," -',53+(,R" /k/+"
+&(3+"+;M"=)3",2;5'"-+",05;3'(0$"O+"=3'M"-+"1.23"L"%(2/Df+"0()'("-+"FA"YYY"<G_"?,2'("+&*'32&"FT"\HG"=)3"43)//+@"
);"/2/+&("-+"1.0(;-+$"
"
La commercialisation de la cassitérite
O+,"6GE"2;"630,'-+&(,"G'3+5(+;3,"E0&03);M"?:;'",2&("04)1+/+&("1+,"=32=3'0()'3+,"-+,"=;'(,@!FT",2&("1+,"=3'&5'=);M"
)5J+(+;3," 5)3" '1," ,2&(" 9'&)&50," =)3" 1+," J2//+," -.)99)'3+," -+" B;i)*;$!FU" %1," D0&09'5'+&(" )'&,'" -.;&+" ,2;35+"
=+3/)&+&(+" -.)34+&(" +&" +,=N5+," +(" -.'&923/)('2&," )5(;)1',0+," ,;3" 1+" =3'M" -.)5J)(" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+$" O+,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
145
Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux d’étain, juillet 2012
146
Reuters, 2012
147
À Bunia et à Ituri, un PDG est propriétaire d’un grand site et alloue des puits à d’autres. Le PDG doit obtenir la permission
d’un chef pour être le propriétaire d’un site minier
148
Communication personnelle avec le PDG d’Itombwe; validé par un autre PDG à Miki, juillet 2012

FU"
"

52//+3t)&(,":;)&("L"+;M")5JN(+&("+("05J)&4+&("1+"/'&+3)'"52&(3+"-+,"/)35J)&-',+,R"/)',"1)"()'11+"-+"1+;3"5)='()1"
&.+,("=),");,,'"'/=23()&(+":;+"5+11+"-+,"6GE$!FX"O+,"/)35J)&-',+,"299+3(+,"=+;*+&("*)3'+3"+&"4+&3+"+("+&"&2/D3+$
"
>&"-0='("-+"1.'&(+3-'5('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1)"*+&(+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+&"-+J23,"-;"=)C,R"+("-+"1.'/=03)('9"*',)&("L"3+&-3+"1)"
5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"=1;,"(3)&,=)3+&(+R"1)"5),,'(03'(+"9)'("+&523+"1.2DZ+("-.;&+"+M=12'()('2&"
/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("-+"52&(3+D)&-+"=2;3"k(3+"*+&-;");"7f)&-)"+(");"B;3;&-'$!IY"O+"=3'M")5(;+1"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"
+,("(3N,"D),R",;3"=1)5+"+(",;3"1+"/)35J0"/2&-')1$!I!"8*)&("1.'&(+3-'5('2&"-+"#Y!YR"!"i4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"52q()'("+&*'32&"
V"\HG");",'(+" /'&'+3"-+"`2/D+")'&,'":;.L"S'i'$"8;Z2;3-.J;'R" !"i4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"3)==23(+");"/'&+;3"+&(3+"#RIY"
\HG"+("A"\HG"-)&,"5+,"/k/+,",'(+,R"+("=)392',"+&523+"/2'&,";&+"92',":;+"1)"5),,'(03'(+")33'*+"L"B;i)*;"+("L"\*'3)$"
<+",2&("1+,")5J+(+;3,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+,"52&(3+D)&-'+3,@":;'"'/=2,+&("1+,"=3'M$"%1"&.+M',(+"=),"-+"30903+&5+"=2;3"
1+"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+"/)35J0"-+=;',":;+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<")"+/=k5J0"1+,"+M=23()(+;3,");(23',0,"
-+"9)'3+"1+"52//+35+"-;"/'&+3)'$!I#""
"
O+,")5J+(+;3,",2&(",'(;0,"L"\*'3)"2n"'1,"2&("-+,"D;3+);M$!IA"8;"B;3;&-'R"1+,"4+&,")5JN(+&("L"\*'3)"1)"5),,'(03'(+":;'"
23'4'&+11+/+&("*'+&("-+"S'i'$!IF"%1"+M',(+"(2;(";&"30,+);"-.)5J+(+;3,"-+"5),,'(03'(+$!II"O+"30,+);"+&(3+"1)"7G<"+("1+"
7f)&-)" +,(" ,'/'1)'3+$" O)" 5),,'(03'(+" +,(" *+&-;+" L" d'4)1'" +&" =),,)&(" =)3"Sf+&4)" +(" B;i)*;$!IV" O+"(3)9'5" ,+"9)'(" L"
(3)*+3,"1)"3'*'N3+"7;o'o'"+("1+"1)5"d'*;"+&"52&(3+D)&-+"1)"&;'($!IT""
"
La commercialisation de l’or
O+"52//+35+"-+"1.23"+,("-+"&)(;3+"(3N,"51)&-+,('&+$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&+"-0*2'1+&("=),"123,:;.'1,"
2&(" -+" 1.23R" /k/+" =)," +&(3+" +;M$" O)" *+&(+" -+," =32-;'(," /'&'+3," ,+" 9)'(" -',53N(+/+&(" 5J+o" ,2'$" O+," +M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" *+&-+&(" 1+;3" 23" );M" &0425')&(," :;'" 1+" 3+*+&-+&(" L" \*'3)" 2n" '1," 2&(" -+," 51'+&(," 304;1'+3," :;'"
=+;*+&("1+;3"9)'3+"-+,"D2&,"=3'M$!IU"O+"30,+);"-+,")5J+(+;3,"+,("52&421)',$"H+12&"1+,"30,+);M"-.)5J+(+;3,R"1.23"+,("
+&,;'(+",23('"+&"52&(3+D)&-+"=2;3"k(3+"3+*+&-;"L"d)/=)1)"+&"K;4)&-)"+("L"B;Z;/D;3)");"B;3;&-'$"
"
O+,"52//+3t)&(,"-.23",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-.23'4'&+"52&421)',+"+("&+",+"(32;*+&(":;+"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"<+"
432;=+" -+" =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," )" (+&-)&5+" L" k(3+" =1;," =+('(" :;+" 5+1;'" -+," &0425')&(,$" O+;3" (3)*)'1" -+/)&-+" :;.'1,"
&0425'+&(";&",)5"-+",;53+"2;");(3+,")3('51+,"/0&)4+3,"52&(3+";&+"=+('(+":;)&('(0"-.23$"s;":;+"1+,"52//+3t)&(,",+"
92&("=)C+3"+&"23R"2&"&+"1+,"*2'(":;+"-;3)&("1+,"=03'2-+,"-+"J);(+"=32-;5('2&$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
:;'" =),,+&(" ;&+" =03'2-+" -+" =32-;5('2&" D),,+" &.);32&(" =)," 1+," /2C+&," -.)5J+(+3" -+," =32-;'(," ,=05');M" -+,"
52//+3t)&(,R"52//+"-;"=2',,2&",05J0$""
O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+&:;k(0+,"-+"1)"7[%"+,("5)3)5(03',0+"=)3"-+,"J);(+,"+("D),,+,",)',2&,$"O+,"
,)',2&,"-+"=1;'+",2&("40&03)1+/+&("J);(+,"-)&,"1)"=)3('+"+,("-+"1)"7[%R"=+&-)&("1+,:;+11+,"'1"C")";&"43)&-"&2/D3+"
-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"O+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"-.+M=12'()('2&"-.23"52&&)',,+&("52&,0:;+//+&("-.'&(+&,+,"
2=03)('2&,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"Z;,('9'0+,"=)3"1)"9)5'1'(0"-+"(32;*+3",;99',)//+&("-.+);"=2;3"1)*+3"1+,"/'&+3)',$"
O+,"J);(+,",)',2&,"=)3")'11+;3,",'4&'9'+&("04)1+/+&("1)"43)&-+"-+/)&-+"-+,"/'&+3)',R"1+"D22/$"63'&5'=)1+/+&("2&"
52&&)'(" ;&+" 3;0+" *+3," 1+," ,'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+R" 5+" :;'" '/=1':;+" &05+,,)'3+/+&(" -.'&(+&,+,"
2=03)('2&,"-.+M(3)5('2&"/'&'N3+$""
"
O+," ,)',2&," ,N5J+," ,2&(" D),,+," =;',:;+" 5.+,(" )123," :;+" 1+," 23=)'11+;3," /'43)&(," 3+&(3+&(" -)&," 1+;3," /'1'+;M"
-.23'4'&+" +(" 1+," );(25J(2&+," ,.255;=+&(" -+," )5('*'(0," )43'521+,$" >&" 5+((+" =03'2-+" '1" +,(" -'99'5'1+" -+" =3250-+3" );"
1)*)4+" -+," /'&+3)'," =)3" /)&:;+" -.+);" -)&," =1;,'+;3," ,'(+," /'&'+3,$" G)&," -.);(3+," 5),R" 1)" =+3(+" -+" 1)" *)1+;3"
/)35J)&-+" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" 5);,+" ;&+" D),,+" ,)',2&" 5+" :;'"9)'(" :;+" 1+," ,'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" ,2&("
:;),'")D)&-2&&0,"+("1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",.'&(03+,,+&("/2'&,"L",2&"+M=12'()('2&$"
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
149
Communication personnelle avec des commerçants, juillet 2012
150
Entretien avec les transporteurs d’étain en dehors d’Uvira, juillet 2012
151
Le prix moyen de l’étain sur le marché de l’étain de Londres était d’environ 27,40 USD/kg en 2011, comparé à environ 20
USD/kg en 2012
152
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux d’étain à Miki et Zombe ; validés par des transporteurs à Uvira, juillet
2012
153
Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012
154
Les services des mines à Miki et à Mwenga ont des statistiques sur l’exploration de ces minerais
155
Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012
156
Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012
157
Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012
158
Communication personnelle avec un négociant à Miki, juillet 2012

FX"
"

I#F#A Y0425')&(,!!
K&" (32;*+" -'9903+&(," (C=+," -+" &0425')&(,$" %1" C" )" 1+," =+('(," &0425')&(," :;'" )5JN(+&(" L" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"+&"=+('(+,":;)&('(0,"+(":;'"3+*+&-+&(");M"&0425')&(,"L"/2C+&&+"05J+11+":;'",2&("D),0,"L"B;i)*;"+("L"
\*'3)$"<+,"-+3&'+3,",23(+&(")123,"1.23"+&"52&(3+D)&-+R"L"='+-R"+&"*2'(;3+"2;"+&"D)(+);"*+3,"1+,"5)='()1+,"-+"1)"304'2&"
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"
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:;)&('(0,");"52/=(2'3":;'"9)'("1)"-+/)&-+");"42;*+3&+/+&("=2;3"2D(+&'3"-+,"-25;/+&(,"-.+M=23()('2&$"O.23"+,("
)123," (3)&,=23(0" +(" =),,+" 1)" 932&('N3+" l104)1+/+&(.$" <+=+&-)&(R" *;" :;.L" 1)" 932&('N3+" 1+," 4+&," &.2&(" =)," D+,2'&" -+"
-051)3+3"1)":;)&('(0"-.23":;.'1,"(3)&,=23(+&(R"/k/+"1LR")*+5";&"=+3/',"-.+M=23()('2&R";&+"=1;,"43)&-+":;)&('(0"-.23"
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"
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+("6)3',@"+("-.8,'+"?G;D)a@R"2n"'1"-+*'+&("'-+&('9')D1+"+("-2&("2&"=+;("(3)5+3"1.23'4'&+$!V!"
"
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)3(',)&);M"=309N3+&("*+&-3+";&+"=+('(+"=)3("-+"1+;3"23"=2;3")5J+(+3"-+"1)"&2;33'(;3+$"O+,"&0425')&(,":;'")5JN(+&("
1.23"+&"=+('(+,":;)&('(0,"-)&,"1+,"5)/=+/+&(,"+("1+,"*'11)4+,")==)3('+&&+&("(C=':;+/+&("L"1.+(J&'+"-+,"B+/D+"+("
2&("1+;3,"=32=3+,"/)35J0,"-)&,"1+,:;+1,"'1,"3+*+&-+&("1.23$!VA"O+,":;)&('(0,"=1;,"'/=23()&(+,",+32&("*+&-;+,"=)3"
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"
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*','(0," -;3)&(" 1)" =J),+" -+" 3+5J+35J+R" +(" ,;3" 1+;3," '/=)5(," ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" :;+" &2;," )*2&," =;" 2D,+3*+3$

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159
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux et des acheteurs, juillet 2012
160
Communication personnelle avec un membre du Ministère des Mines, 2011
161
Voir le schéma de la chaîne d’approvisionnement ci-dessus pour un résumé du processus relatif à l’exploitation, le
traitement, l’achat et l’exportation
162
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux et des négociants, juillet 2012
163
Entretiens avec des acheteurs, juillet 2012

IY"
"

Ethnie
Historique et Nombre total prédo Impacts sur
vue d’orpailleurs Nombre de Production minan l’environnem
Site minier d’ensemble (sur place) puits Minerais estimée te ent
Secteur d’Itombwe
Miki S'i'")"1)"=1;,"43)&-+" >&*'32&"!TY" FI"=;'(,"?-2&("AI" K3]"+M(3)5('2&" 632-;5('2&" B),J'"" O.'/=)5(",;3"
923k("-+"1)"304'2&"+(" +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," =32-;5('9,"+("!Y" )11;*')1+"-+"1)" /+&,;+11+"-.+&*'32&" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-)&,"
;&"5+&(3+"52//+35')1" )3(',)&);M"?,+12&" 3+('3)&("1+"/23(^ 3'*'N3+"-+"S'i'"+(" F"d'5J+1+"L"XY" 5+",'(+"+,("9)'D1+R"+&"5+"
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164
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-.0(+&-;+," -+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," =+;*+&(" 5J)&4+3" L" 1.)*+&'3R" ,;'(+" );M" 5J)&4+/+&(," -)&," 1+," /)35J0,"
,()&&'9N3+,"+("-)&,"1+,"&'*+);M"-+",05;3'(0"-+"1)"o2&+$"G+"/k/+R"-)&,"1+"5),"2n"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"30,+3*+",+3)'("
9'&)1',0+R"'1"C");3)"-+,"=32D1N/+,"-+"-0=1)5+/+&(,"-+"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"L"30,2;-3+$""
"
" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
165
Toutefois, il faut noter que Sawe est un site plus récent (il n’existe que depuis 2003). Les exploitants miniers artisanaux y
ont exploité le minerai dans le passé mais ont dû fuir pour des raisons de sécurité. Il s’agit également d’un ancien site de MGL

VF"
"

6 L’EMA ET L’IMPACT DES POPULATIONS SUR L’INTÉGRITÉ

ÉCOLOGIQUE DE LA RÉSERVE
"
O.'/=)5("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"-)&,"1)"o2&+":;+"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0+R"0()'("
+&")==)3+&5+"/'&'/+R"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("43W5+");"9)'(":;+"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+,",2&("=+;"&2/D3+;,+,$"G+"=1;,R"
1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+R"(+11+":;.+11+"+,("=3)(':;0+"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"+/=k5J+":;+"1)"923k("
+(" 1+," ,21," ,2'+&(" 923(+/+&(" +&-2//)40,R" /k/+" -;3)&(" 1+," J);(+," ,)',2&,$" <+1)" -'(R" 1+," &'*+);M" -+" D3;'(" +(" 1)"
=30-)('2&",;3"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+");(2;3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"+("-+,"*'11)4+,"=2;3",;D*+&'3");M"D+,2'&,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"'/=1':;+":;.'1"+M',(+"+&523+"-+,"+/=k5J+/+&(,"L"1.'&(043'(0"L"12&4"(+3/+"-+"1)"70,+3*+R":;)&("
);" -0=1)5+/+&(" -C&)/':;+" -+," =2=;1)('2&,$" %1" 9);(" &2(+3R" /)1J+;3+;,+/+&(R" :;+" /k/+" ,'" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+,"
+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 0()'+&(" /'&'/',0+," =+&-)&(" 1)" =03'2-+" -+" 5+((+" 3+5J+35J+R" '1" +,(" =2,,'D1+" :;+" 1+,"
52&,0:;+&5+," +&*'32&&+/+&()1+," -+" 1)" 12&4;+^-;30+" ,2'+&(" =1;," '/=23()&(+," :;+" 5+11+," :;+" &2(3+" 0:;'=+" )"
2D,+3*0+,$"G+"=1;,R"5+,"52&,0:;+&5+,"=2;33)'+&(",.)443)*+3"L"1.)*+&'3$""
"
O+,"=3'&5'=);M"'/=)5(,",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(":;'"2&("0(0"2D,+3*0,"'&51;+&("]""
"
! O+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1+,"3'*'N3+,"+("1+,"52;3,"-.+);",2&("*','D1+,"/)',"1'/'(0,");M"/k/+,"3'*'N3+,":;+"5+11+,":;+"
1+,"B+14+,")*)'+&("+M=12'(0+,"-)&,"1+"=),,0"r");5;&+"+M=12'()('2&"&.)"0(0"0(+&-;+"Z;,:;.L"-.);(3+,"3'*'N3+,"
L"5+"Z2;3$"
! y" 1)" 7'*'N3+" O;D'D'" 2;" ,+" (32;*+" 1+" ,'(+" /'&'+3" -+" H)f+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -0*'+&(" 1+"
52;3,"-+"1.+);":;'R"+&",+"93)C)&(";&"=),,)4+R"-043)-+"1+",21"+("1)"*040()('2&$"
! O)" =211;('2&" -+" 1.)'3" =)3" 1+," =2;,,'N3+," +,(" 9)'D1+R" 5+" :;'" 3+91N(+" 1)" 9)'D1+" 05J+11+" -.+M(3)5('2&" +(" -+"
52&5),,)4+"-+"1)"325J+$""
! G+," (3)5+," -+" -043)-)('2&" -;" ,21" 123,:;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +M=12'(+&(" L" 5'+1" 2;*+3(R"
52//+"-)&,"1+,"/)305)4+,"-+"S'i'"+("L"g;1)/D2$"y"1.05J+11+")5(;+11+R"5+=+&-)&(R"1.'/=)5("+,("C"3+,(3+'&($"
! s;"1.0(+&-;+"+("1.05J+11+"-+,")5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+")11;*')1+R"1.'/=)5("-+"1.>S8",;3"1)"923k("+,("
/2-030$" O.05J+11+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" ,()&&'9N3+" '&51;(" 1.+M=12'()('2&" -+" 3+Z+(," /'&'+3," 2n" &2;," )*2&,"
2D,+3*0" ;&+" 5+3()'&+" -043)-)('2&" -;" ,21" +(" -+" 1)" 9123+$" G)&," 5+" 5),^5'R" 1.'/=)5(" =2;33)'(" -+*+&'3"
'/=23()&(",'"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+*)'(",.'&(+&,'9'+3$"
! O.;('1',)('2&" -;" /+35;3+" +,(" (3N," 1'/'(0+R" 5+" :;'" +,(" -q" );" 9)'(" :;+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" );3'9N3+" +,("
=3'&5'=)1+/+&(" )11;*')1+R" 1):;+11+" &+" &05+,,'(+" =)," 1.;('1',)('2&" -+" /+35;3+$" g3N," =+;" -+" +M=12'()&(,"
/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",+",+3*+&("-;"/+35;3+"=2;3"+M(3)'3+"1.23$"

VI"
"

_'4;3+"V]"8/)14)/+"-+"1.23");",'(+"-+"g;1)/D2"
"
>&"30,;/0R"1+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("'&51;+&("]"
"
! O)" -0923+,()('2&" ]" 1.>S8" ;('1',+" -+," (32&5," -.)3D3+," =2;3" 3+&9235+3" 1+," =;'(," -+" /'&+,R" 1+" D2'," =2;3"
5;','&+R" +(" 5+3()'&+," +,=N5+," -.)3D3+," ,2&(" 052350+,R" 1+;3," 05235+," ,+3*)&(" L" 1)" 9)D3'5)('2&" -+" D2c(+,"
5J'&2',+,"=2;3"1)*+3"+("305;=03+3"1+"/'&+3)'$"H)&,"1+;3"05235+R",+,")3D3+,"9'&',,+&("=)3",.),,05J+3"r"
! 6)392',"-+,"'&-'*'-;,")D)&-2&&+&("1.)43'5;1(;3+"=2;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+R"5+":;'"/+("1)"(+33+"+&"93'5J+R"
/k/+",'"5+"&.+,(":;+"(+/=23)'3+/+&("r!VV"
! O+"-0(2;3&+/+&("-+,"3'*'N3+,"=2;3"1)*+3"1+"/'&+3)'"+("1)"=211;('2&"-+"1.+);"=2()D1+R"&2()//+&("-)&,"1)"
*)110+"-+"g;1)/D2",;3"1+,"Hauts-Plateaux ;167"
! O+"D3)52&&)4+"-.)&'/);M"=2;3"52&,2//+3"1)"*')&-+"-+"D32;,,+":;'"+,(";&+"/)&'N3+")D23-)D1+"=2;3"1+,"
+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -.2D(+&'3" -+," =32(0'&+,$" [2;," &.)*2&," =)," (32;*0" -+" 432,,+," (3)5+," -+"
D3)52&&)4+"-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+";"
! O+,"5)/=+/+&(,"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2D,(3;+&("1+,"J)D'()(,"+("1+,"=)352;3,"-+"=W(;3)4+"-+,"
)&'/);M"r"+("
! O+,")&'/);M"?+("1+,"k(3+,"J;/)'&,@"3',:;+&("-+",+"(32;*+3"-)&,"1+,"1'4&+,"-+"('3"-+,"5J),,+;3,")3/0,$""
"
O+,"'/=)5(,",25'2052&2/':;+,"'&51;+&("]""
"
! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+*'+&&+&(" 1)" D),+" -+" 1)" 532',,)&5+" +(" -;" -0*+12==+/+&(" 052&2/':;+," -+,"
52//+35+,",+52&-)'3+,"r"
! O+,"52&-'('2&,"JC4'0&':;+,"=305)'3+,":;.2&"=+;("(32;*+3"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"r"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
166
Muhigwa op cit., 2008
167
Muhigwa op cit., 2008

VV"
"

! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2'+&(",2;*+&("L"1)"/+35'"-+,"=3'M"9'M0,"=)3"1+,")5J+(+;3,"+("
);(3+,"'&(+3/0-')'3+,"r"
! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"9+//+,"+("1+,"+&9)&(,"3',:;+&("1+"*'21"+(");(3+,")D;,"-+"1+;3,"-32'(,"r"
! O.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"=32,('(;('2&"r"
! O.)D,23=('2&"-+,"5Jv/+;3,"r"
! O)" D)',,+" -;" ();M" -+" 53'/'&)1'(0" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 3;3)1+," +(" ;3D)'&+," r" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )(('3+" -+"
&2/D3+;M"432;=+,":;'")D)&-2&&+&("1+;3,")5('*'(0,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,"r"+(""
! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -0=+&,+&(" ,2;*+&(" 1+;3" )34+&(" +&" )15221R" +&" )3('51+," -+"
*)1+;3"(+1,":;+"-+,"D'Z2;MR")'&,'":;.+&",+3*'5+,"-+"=32,('(;('2&"r"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&.2&("
=),"1.J)D'(;-+"-.052&2/',+3$""
! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&.2&("=),";&"&'*+);"-.0-;5)('2&"01+*0",;'(+");"();M"01+*0"-+"
-0=+3-'('2&" ,521)'3+" );" =329'(" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" r" 1+" 9)'D1+" &'*+);" -.0-;5)('2&" -+" 1)"
/)Z23'(0"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&+"9)5'1'(+"=),"1+"-',5+3&+/+&("-+"1)"/+&)5+"30+11+"-;"s%u^
H%G8"+(");(3+,"/)1)-'+,"(3)&,/',,'D1+,"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"
! O.+M=12'()('2&" )11;*')1+" +(" ,2;(+33)'&+" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" +(" -+" 1.23" -)&," 1.0()(" )5(;+1" -+," 5J2,+," &+"
3+=30,+&(+"=),";&"432,"-)&4+3"=2;3"1.'&(043'(0"052124':;+"-+"1)"70,+3*+R",'"1.05J+11+"+("1.0(+&-;+"-+"1.>S8"
&+"5J)&4+&("=),$"[0)&/2'&,R"1+"&2/D3+"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"
-.'/=23()&5+" 052124':;+" -+*3)'(" 9)'3+" 1.2DZ+(" -.;&" 52&(3v1+" =3;-+&(" =)3" 3)==23(" );" =2(+&('+1"
-.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"-+/)&-+"+&"/'&+3)',$"
! O.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"325J+"-;3+"3',:;+3)'("-.);4/+&(+3"L"S)i+&-)R"g;1)/D2"+("S'i'R")(('3)&(")'&,'";&+"
=1;,"432,,+"=2=;1)('2&"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"-q"L"1.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"/)'&"-.};*3+"3+:;',+"
=2;3"5+"4+&3+"-.+M=12'()('2&$">11+"=2;33)'("/k/+"52&-;'3+"L";&+"3;0+"*+3,"1.23",.'1",.)*03)'(":;+"1+,"9'12&,"
0()'+&(" =)3('5;1'N3+/+&(" 3'5J+,$" O+," 4+&,R" :;'" ,+/D1+&(" 5+3()'&," -+" 1.+M',(+&5+" -+" 5+," 9'12&," /)'," :;'"
&.2&(" =)," +&523+" (32;*0" 1+" /2C+&" -+" 1+," +M=12'(+3R" *'+&&+&(" -+" 1.2;+,(" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" L" 5+((+" 9'&$" \&"
/'&+;3" +M=03'/+&(0" =+;(" L" &.'/=23(+" :;+1" /2/+&(" (32;*+3" +(" 2;*3'3" 5+," 9'12&,$" O+," 234)&',)('2&," -+"
=32(+5('2&" -+" 1)" &)(;3+" +(" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" -+*3)'+&(" )&('5'=+3" ;&" =1)&" -.)((0&;)('2&" )9'&" -+" ,.),,;3+3"
:;+"1.>S8",+"=),,+3)"-)&,"1+,"/+'11+;3+,"52&-'('2&,"+&"5),"-+"3;0+$"
"

6.1 Autres sources de revenu en RNI

T#$#$ <J),,+!!
G+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+R"1)"5J),,+"9)',)'("=)3('+"-+"1)"5;1(;3+"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+,"o2&+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+":;+"&2;,")*2&,"
*','(0+,$" O+" 4'D'+3" ,+" 9)'(" /)'&(+&)&(" 3)3+R" /)'," 1+," );(23'(0," 52;(;/'N3+," 2&(" ,+&,'D'1',0" 1+," 52//;&);(0," L"
)33k(+3" 1)" 5J),,+" -+," 43)&-," /)//'9N3+," +(" =3'/)(+,$" \&" 5J'/=)&o0" )" 0(0" (;0" +(" /)&40" =)3" ;&" /'&+;3"
305+//+&("&2&"12'&"-+"`2/D+$"<+"/'&+;3"5J),,+");"9;,'1"/)',"(32;*+"3)3+/+&("-;"4'D'+3$"6)3")'11+;3,R"1+,"B),J'"
&+"5J),,+&("=),"1+,")&'/);M",);*)4+,$!VU""
"
O)"5J),,+"9)'("=)3('+"-+"1)"5;1(;3+"-+,"(3'D;,"7+4)"+("B+/D+$"O+,"5J+9,"-+"5+,"(3'D;,")C)&("'&(+3-'("1)"5J),,+"-+,"
43)&-,")&'/);MR",+;1,"1+,"=+('(,"32&4+;3,"=+;*+&("k(3+"5J),,0,$"G)&,"5+3()'&+,"=)3('+,"-+"1)"304'2&R"1.'&(+3-'5('2&"
-+"5J),,+3"9)'(",;'(+");M"5)/=)4&+,"-+",+&,'D'1',)('2&"-;"bb_"+("d’Africapacity$"<+3()'&,"-+,"'&(+3*'+f0,"&2;,"
2&("+M=1':;0":;+",;'(+"L"1.'&(+3-'5('2&"-+"5J),,+3R"'1,"-2'*+&("-0,23/)',"-0=+&-3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"=2;3"
,;3*'*3+$"
"

T#$#" O+!D3)52&&)4+!-+!1.'*2'3+!!
%1" &.C" )" =)," +;" -+" 3)==23(," -.'&5'-+&(," -+" D3)52&&)4+" -+" 1.'*2'3+" -)&," 1+,"-+;M" 304'2&," :;+" &2;," )*2&," 0(;-'0,$"
<+5'"+,("=32D)D1+/+&(")((3'D;)D1+");"9)'(":;+"1)"=1;=)3("-+,"010=J)&(,"-+"1)"304'2&"*','(0+"2&("-0ZL"0(0"(;0,$""

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168
Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux du secteur d’Itombwe, juillet 2012

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"

T#$#A 632-;5('2&!-+!5J)3D2&!-+!D2',!!
[2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"2D,+3*0"-.)5('*'(0"3+1)('*+"L"1)"9)D3'5)('2&"-+"5J)3D2&"-+"D2',R"=32D)D1+/+&("-q");"9)'(":;+"1+,"
,'(+,"/'&'+3,",2&("12'&"-+,"/)35J0,R":;+"1+;3"(3)&,=23(",+3)'("-'99'5'1+"5)3"1+"5J)3D2&"-+"D2',"=N,+"12;3-"+(":;+"1+,"
-',()&5+,"+&(3+"1+,",'(+,"+("1+,"/)35J0,",2&("(32="43)&-+,$!VX"
"

T#$#F Z('1',)('2&!-+,!3+,,2;35+,!923+,('N3+,!!
O.;('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"3+,(+"'&:;'0()&(+"-)&,"1)"=)3('+"2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O.05235+"-+,")3D3+,"+,("
;('1',0+" =2;3" 9)'3+" -+," D2c(+," 5J'&2',+," )'&,'" :;+" -+," ='N4+," =2;3" )((3)=+3" -+," )&'/);M$" O+," )3D3+," ,2&(" 1)"
3+,,2;35+" 923+,('N3+" 1)" =1;," ;('1',0+" -)&," 1+," )5('*'(0," /'&'N3+," +(" 1)" 52&,(3;5('2&" -+" J;((+,$" O.05235+" -+"
1.u)3;&4)&)"?Harungana montana@",+3("-+"/)(+1),"r"1)"92;4N3+"?Cyathea manniana)",+3("L"52&,(3;'3+"1+,"/;3,"
-+"J;((+,")'&,'":;+"-+,"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,$"O+,")3D3+,"Polycia fulva +( Musanga cecropioides",+3*+&("04)1+/+&("L"
9)'3+" -+," D2c(+," 5J'&2',+," =2;3" 1+" 1)*)4+" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+$" B+);52;=" -.);(3+," +,=N5+," -.)3D3+," ,2&(" 04)1+/+&("
;('1',0+,"-)&,"1)"52&,(3;5('2&R"1+"3+&9235+/+&("-+,"4)1+3'+,"+("-)&,"1+"-0(2;3&+/+&("-+,"3'*'N3+,$"

_'4;3+"T]"83D3+"052350"-+"Harungana montana"-)&,"1)"304'2&"-+"`2/D+"
"

T#$#I 843'5;1(;3+!+(!;('1',)('2&,!923+,('N3+,!!
[2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"-+"/+((3+"+&"};*3+"2;R"123,:;+"-+,"=21'(':;+,"+M',(+&("-0ZLR"-+"9)'3+"3+,=+5(+3"1+,"=21'(':;+,"
=2;3"1'/'(+3"1)"5;1(;3+",;3"D3q1',$"G)&,"1.+,(");,,'"D'+&":;+"-)&,"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"1+,"/0(J2-+,")43'521+,",2&("
D),0+," ,;3" 1+" -093'5J+/+&(" -.;&+" )'3+" -+" 923k(" );,,'" 43)&-+" :;+" =2,,'D1+R" 5+" :;'" *+;(" -'3+" :;+" 1+," )43'5;1(+;3,"
52;=+&("1)"*040()('2&"+(")D)((+&("-+,")3D3+,"-+"=+('(+"+("/2C+&&+"()'11+,$"8=3N,"1+"-093'5J+/+&(R";&"9+;"+,(")11;/0"
=2;3" &+((2C+3" 1)" ,;39)5+R" =;'," 1+," 9+//+," =+;*+&(" =1)&(+3" 1+" /)a,R" 1+," J)3'52(," +(R" -)&," 5+3()'&," +&-32'(,R" -;"
/)&'25$"O+,")43'5;1(+;3,"92&("1)"30521(+";&+"2;"-+;M"92',"=;',")D)&-2&&+&("5+"5J)/="=2;3";&+");(3+"=)3('+"-+"1)"
923k(R"=+&,)&(":;+"1+,",+5('2&,"*'+34+,"-+"1)"923k(",+32&("=1;,"9+3('1+,$"6)392',"1+,")43'5;1(+;3,"3+(2;3&+&("-)&,";&"
-+" 1+;3," )&5'+&," 5J)/=," -+" 923k(R" (32'," )&," =1;," ()3-R" +(" 3+52//+&5+&(" 1)" 5;1(;3+" ,;3" D3q1',$" 6)3(2;(" -)&," 1)"
70,+3*+"2&"(32;*+"-+,"43)&-,"+,=)5+,"-+"923k("=3'/)'3+":;'"2&("0(0"D3q10,R"1)',,)&("1+,"43)&-,")3D3+,$""
"
""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
169
Entretiens avec des chefs du secteur d’Itombwe et de la chefferie de Basile, juillet 2012

VU"
"

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Recommandations sur la chasse et l’élevage
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170
Voir l’Annexe C pour plus de renseignements sur les autres projets du WWF relatifs aux autres sources de revenu visant les
communautés de la région d’Itombwe

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171
Bawa et Hayes, 2010
172
Voir Stark et Levin, 2010 sur les normes relatives aux impacts de l’exploitation minière sur les aires protégées

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"

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173
Ce sujet est traité plus en détail dans deux autres publications du WWF. Veuillez consulter DeJong, 2011 et Hollesen, 2012

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"

7 PROPOSER UNE STRATEGIE DE CONSERVATION QUI TIENT

COMPTE DU SECTEUR MINIER DANS LA RNI
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,2;35+" -+" 3+*+&;," -0(+3/'&)&(+" =2;3" 1+," 52//;&);(0," -+" 1)" 304'2&" -+=;'," 1)" =03'2-+" 5212&')1+$" G;" 9)'(" -+"
1.',21+/+&("-+"1)"o2&+R"1+,")5('*'(0,":;'"=2;33)'+&("2993'3"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"-.+/=12'"+(");(3+,",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
174
UNEP, 2011
175
Veuillez consulter DeJong, 2011 pour plus d’information sur la délimitation de la RNI, son histoire, et ses perspectives pour
l’avenir

T#"
"

(+11+,":;+"1.)43'5;1(;3+R"1+"52//+35+"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,"3+&()D1+,"2&("D+);52;="-+"/)1"L",+"-0*+12==+3$"~;+1:;+,"
,21;('2&,"=2;3"=)3+3"L"1.',21+/+&(",2&("-',5;(0+,"5'^-+,,2;,$">&"-0='("-+"1)"3'5J+"-'*+3,'(0"052124':;+"-+"1)"923k(R"
5+((+"3'5J+,,+"&+"=+;("=),"2993'3"-.0-;5)('2&R"-+",05;3'(0"2;"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("052&2/':;+",'4&'9'5)('9$""
"
[2(3+" 3+5J+35J+" -+" (+33)'&" )" 30*010" :;+" 1.>S8" -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" &.+,(" =)," ,;3" 1+" =2'&(" -+" 5+,,+3" -)&," ;&" )*+&'3"
=325J+$" 8*2'3" 3+52;3," );M" +M=;1,'2&," 92350+," 2;" ,'/=1+/+&(" '4&23+3" 1+" =32D1N/+" &+" ,2&(" =)," -+," ,21;('2&,"
52&,(3;5('*+,R"3)',2&"=2;3"1):;+11+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"-+,"/'1'+;M"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+"
1)"304'2&"+("-+"1)"&)('2&"+&('N3+"2&("D+,2'&"-+"(3)*)'11+3"+&,+/D1+"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"1)",'(;)('2&$"<+1)"-+/)&-+3)"-+"
30-;'3+" 1.+/=3+'&(+" 052124':;+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" +(" -+" ,.),,;3+3" :;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"
=2;332&(" (3)*)'11+3" +&" (2;(+" ,05;3'(0R" -)&," -+," 52&-'('2&," -.JC4'N&+" )55+=()D1+,R" (2;(" +&" 3+,=+5()&(" 1+," &23/+,"
+&*'32&&+/+&()1+," +(" =2;3" -+," 3+*+&;," :;'" 1+;3" =+3/+((32&(" -+" ,;D*+&'3" L" 1+;3," D+,2'&," +(" L" 5+;M" -+" 1+;3,"
9)/'11+,$"6;',:;+"5+,"52//;&);(0,"2&("D+,2'&"-.+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'"=2;3",;3*'*3+R"1)"/+'11+;3+"*2'+"L",;'*3+"+,("
-+",.),,;3+3":;.+11+,"1+"9),,+&("mieux$"O+"=3243)//+"d’ASM-PACE")"-+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,":;'",2&("-',5;(0+,"+&"
=1;," -+" -0()'1" 5'^-+,,2;,R" /)'," '1" 9);(" &2(+3" :;+" 1+" 30,;1()(" -+" 1.)(+1'+3" d’ASM-PACE" +(" -+" bb_" L" d'&,J),)" +&"
-05+/D3+"#Y!#"?-',5;(0");"5J)='(3+",;'*)&(@")"=23(0",;3";&+"-',5;,,'2&"(3N,"-'9903+&(+$""
"

7.1 Des types et classifications d’interventions avec le secteur d’EMA en RNI

O+," :;+,('2&," +(" (JN/+," ,;'*)&(," 3+=30,+&(+&(" ;&" 5)-3+" -.)==325J+" -+" 1.>S8" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -+,"
/'1'+;M" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" +(" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" +,,)'+&(" -.'&91;+&5+3$" [2;," 1+," )*2&," -'*',0," +&" (32',"
)==325J+,"]"

! Inciter : \&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =+;(" ,+3*'3" -.'&5'()('2&" =2;3" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," /2-'9'+&(" 2;"
(3)&,923/+&("1+;3"52/=23(+/+&($"<+5'"=+;("'/=1':;+3"-.+&52;3)4+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"
:;'((+3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,",=05'9':;+,":;'"2&(";&"'/=)5("'/=23()&(",;3"1)"30,',()&5+"052124':;+"-+"1)"o2&+$"
%1" 9);(" )123," =2;*2'3" ,.),,;3+3" -+" 3+&-3+" 1+" ,'(+" -+" 3+/=1)5+/+&(" (3N," )((3)C)&(R" +&" ,.),,;3)&(" :;+R"
9'&)&5'N3+/+&(R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" C" (32;*+&(" 1+;3" 52/=(+$!TV" <+((+" 3+125)1',)('2&" &+"
=2,+3)'(" =)," -+" =32D1N/+R" ()&(" :;+" 1)" 52//;&);(0" +,(" -.)5523-" =2;3" 0=)34&+3" 1+," /'1'+;M"
052124':;+/+&("'/=23()&(,$"<+=+&-)&(R";&"-09'"+,(":;+"-)&,"5+,"o2&+,"L";,)4+,"/;1('=1+,"'1"C")"(2;Z2;3,"
1)"=30,+&5+"-+,"43)&-,"=3'/)(+,"+(";&"52;*+3("923+,('+3"'/=23()&(R"5+":;'")/N&+"1+,"4+,('2&&)'3+,"-+"1)"
70,+3*+"L"*',+3"(2;Z2;3,"1.;('1',)('2&"-;3)D1+"-+"5+,"3+,,2;35+,"D'+&":;.+&"o2&+"L";,)4+"/;1('=1+$"<+((+"
0(;-+" &.)" =)," +M)/'&0" +&" -0()'1" -+," );(3+," 5)&-'-)(," -+" ,'(+," /'&'+3," 2n" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M"=2;33)'+&("-0/0&)4+3$"\&+"0(;-+"-+"5+"4+&3+"&05+,,'(+3)";&+"0:;'=+":;'"'&51;(";&"402124;+"
:;'"=2;33)'("(32;*+3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,")==32=3'0,R"/)',");,,'";&+"=+3,2&&+":;'"=2;33)"9)'3+";&+"+M=+3(',+"
-+" D'2-'*+3,'(0" )9'&" -+" -0(+3/'&+3" 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0," /'&'N3+," =2;33)'+&(" )*2'3" 1'+;" ,)&," 5);,+3" -+"
-2//)4+,",03'+;M"L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($""
! Influencer :"%1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"9)'3+"=3243+,,+3"1+,"5J2,+,",;'(+"L";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&",'"1.2&"&+"D0&09'5'+"=),"
-.)D23-" -;" ,2;('+&" -+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,$" KD(+&'3" ;&" (+1" ,2;('+&" =+;(" ,+" 9)'3+" +&" -+/)&-)&(" );M"
5J+9," -+," *'11)4+," ?:;'" 2&(" 0(0" '-+&('9'0," -)&," 1+," -+;M" ,+5(+;3," =+&-)&(" 5+((+" 0(;-+@" -+" -2&&+3" 1+;3"
2='&'2&",;3";&+"(+11+"'&(+3*+&('2&R"=;',"+&"2D(+&)&("1+;3"522=03)('2&$"g2;(+92',R"'1"+,("'/=23()&("-+"&+"
=),"2;D1'+3":;+"(2;("30,;1()("*2;1;"-0=+&-3)"-+"1)"D2&&+"*212&(0"-+,"52//;&);(0,"/k/+,$"KD(+&'3"1+"
,2;('+&"-.;&"5J+9"+,(";&"=3+/'+3"=),R"/)',"'1"+,("04)1+/+&("'/=23()&("=2;3"1+,"=)3('+,"'&(+3*+&)&(+,"-+"
/)'&(+&'3"-+,"3+1)('2&,"5211+5('*+,"+("52//;&'5)('*+,"?/2C+&&)&("1+",2;('+&"-;"5J+9"+&":;+,('2&@")*+5"
1+,"/+/D3+,"'&-'*'-;+1,"-+,"52//;&);(0,"(2;5J0+,$"O)"52//;&);(0"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"(3)*)'11+",;3"5+("
),=+5("-+=;',";&"5+3()'&"(+/=,")*+5"1+,"5J+9,"52;(;/'+3,"+("1+,",+3*'5+,"0()(':;+,",;3(2;("+&"/)('N3+"-+"
()M+," +(" 3+-+*)&5+," )99+5()&(" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M$!TT" E)4&+3" 1)" 52&9')&5+" -+,"
52//;&);(0," *'*)&(" -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" +(" 0()D1'3" ;&" ,C,(N/+" -+" 52//;&'5)('2&" *')D1+" )*+5" +11+," ,2&("
+,,+&('+1,"=2;3"=2;*2'3"-01'/'(+3"+("403+3"1)"70,+3*+"-+"/)&'N3+"+99'5)5+$""
! Appliquer les normes ]" \&+" :;+,('2&" '/=23()&(+" :;'" 3+*'+&(" ,2;*+&(" +,(" 1+" 9)'(" :;+" 1)" 5)=)5'(0"
-.)==1'5)('2&"-+,"3N41+/+&(,"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"104)1"3+,=+5('9"-+,"234)&+,"52&421)',"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"
+("-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+,("9)'D1+$!TU">&"(J023'+R"1)"=;D1'5)('2&"+("1.)==1'5)('2&"-.;&"=1;,"43)&-"&2/D3+"-+"
3N41+/+&()('2&,"=+3/+((3)'+&("-+"/+((3+"9'&");M"'/=)5(,"-+"1.>S8"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,"J;/)'&+,",;3"5+("
052,C,(N/+" 53'(':;+$" 8*+5" 1+," :;+,('2&," -+" 5)=)5'(0" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(R" -+" ,;=30/)('+" -;" -32'(" +(" -+"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
176
Voir l’Annexe D pour des suggestions détaillées sur les interventions techniques d’EMA réussies.
177
DeJong, 2011 discute cette question dans le détail
178
Des cadres de travail qui devraient être harmonisés encore plus, mais il s’agit-là d’une question qui n’entre pas dans le
champ de la présente recherche

TA"
"

J'03)35J',)('2&" -+," +M=12'()('2&," '&-;,(3'+11+," +&" 7G<R" '1" +,(" 52&,+'110" -+" 52/D'&+3" 1.)==325J+" -.;&+"
)==1'5)('2&"923(+"-+"1)"104)1'(0")*+5"1+,"(+5J&':;+,"=1;,"104N3+,"-+"1.'&5'()('2&"+("-+"1.'&91;+&5+$"G+"=1;,"+("
=2;3"k(3+"=1;,"30)1',(+R";&+"(+11+")==325J+"=+3/+((3)"=32D)D1+/+&("-.0*'(+3"1)"&2&^522=03)('2&"-+"1)"=)3("
-+,"52//;&);(0,"(2;5J0+,$"
"

V#$#$ E+,('2&!-+!1)!70,+3*+![!%&5'(+3R!'&91;+&5+3!+(!)==1':;+3!1+,!&23/+,!!
62;3" ;&" =3+/'+3" =),R" +(" )*)&(" :;+" (2;(+," );(3+," '&(+3*+&('2&," =;',,+&(" 30;,,'3R" O)" 70,+3*+" )" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" );"
/'&'/;/" -01'/'(0+" +(R" -)&," 1.'-0)1R" 4030+" +99'5)5+/+&($" <+((+" -01'/'()('2&" -2'(" k(3+" =)3('5'=)('*+|+&" -.);(3+,"
(+3/+,R"1+,"52//;&);(0,"-2'*+&("52/=3+&-3+"5+":;'",+"=),,+"+(")*2'3"1.255),'2&"-+"-2&&+3"1+;3"=2'&("-+"*;+$"%1"
+,(");,,'"'/=03)('9":;+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"*2'+&("1+,"D0&09'5+,"z052&2/':;+,R"052124':;+,"+(",25');M|-+"522=03+3"
)*+5" 5+"=325+,,;,$" H'R" L" 1)" 9'&" -+" 5+"=325+,,;,R" 1+," =)3('+,"=3+&)&(+," =3+&&+&(" 1)" -05','2&" -+" 5+,,+3" 1.>S8" +(" -+"
9)'3+";&+"(3)&,'('2&");M"/2C+&,"-+",;D,',()&5+")1(+3&)('9,R")123,"5+"=32Z+("-+*3)"k(3+"D'+&"234)&',0"+("1+,"1+)-+3,"
-+*32&(" 3+,=+5(+3" 1+;3," +&4)4+/+&(," +&*+3," 1)" 52//;&);(0R" 5.+,(^L^-'3+" 1+;3" 92;3&'3" ;&" /2C+&" )1(+3&)('9" -+"
,;D*+&'3"L"1+;3,"D+,2'&,$"
"
"[2;," 29932&," 5'^-+,,2;," -+," ,;44+,('2&," =2;3" '&51;3+" -)&," 1+" =1)&" -+" 4+,('2&" -.+&,+/D1+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+"-+,"
:;+,('2&,",=05'9':;+,"L"1.>S8"]"
"
! Établir des barrières géographiques et sécuritaires dans la Réserve :" O.);4/+&()('2&" -+" 1)"
,05;3'(0");",+'&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"=+3/+((3)'("-.)/01'23+3"1)",'(;)('2&")5(;+11+"-;"/)&:;+"-+"42;*+3&)&5+$"
6)3" +M+/=1+R" );(3+" :;+" 1.%<<[R" '1" &.C" )" =)," D+);52;=" -+" =30,+&5+" -+" 1)" =)3(" -+" 1)" =21'5+" &)('2&)1+R" -+"
1.)3/0+"304;1'N3+"2;"-.;&+":;+152&:;+"'&,('(;('2&"-+"1.e()("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$"<+((+"0:;'=+"=2;33)'("'&51;3+"
1+,")4+&(,"-+"1.%<<[R";&+")4+&5+"-+"1.>()("+(";&+");(23'(0"52;(;/'N3+R"52//+R"=)3"+M+/=1+R";&"5J+9"-+"
432;=+/+&($" \&+" -+," 52&,0:;+&5+," -+" 5+((+" ,'(;)('2&" +,(" :;+" (2;(+" =+3,2&&+" :;'" &.+,(" =),"
23'4'&+11+/+&("-.%(2/Df+"&+"-2'(":;+",+"9)'3+")552/=)4&+3"=)3";&+"=+3,2&&+"-;",+5(+;3"?;&+"=+3,2&&+"
:;'" -+*3)" ,+" 9)'3+" =)C+3" +(" :;'" =2;33)" '&923/+3" 1+" 3+,(+" -+" 1)" 52//;&);(0" -+" 1)" =30,+&5+" -+" 5+((+"
=+3,2&&+@$"G)&,"-.);(3+,"5),R"1.0(3)&4+3"-2'(",+"9)'3+")552/=)4&+3"=)3";&"/+/D3+"-+"1)"/'1'5+"-+,"S)'^
S)'$!TX"\&"(+1"/2-N1+"-+*3)'("k(3+"0*'(0"5)3"'1"-2&&+"(32="-+"=2;*2'3"&2&"3N41+/+&(0"L";&+"=+3,2&&+"2;"
;&"432;=+"+&"=)3('5;1'+3":;'"=+;(")123,"-05'-+3"2;"&2&"L",2&"=32=3+"430"-+"1)',,+3"1.0(3)&4+3"(3)*+3,+3"1+"
,+5(+;3$"8'&,'R"1)"(3)&,/',,'2&"-+,"'&923/)('2&,"52&5+3&)&("1)"70,+3*+"+("1+,"52//;&);(0,":;'"C"*'*+&("
+,(" 3+,(3+'&(+" +(" 9'1(30+R" 5+" :;'" 3+&-" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" )*',0+" +(" 1+," '&(+3*+&('2&," /'&'N3+," 5211)D23)('*+,"
D+);52;=" =1;," -'99'5'1+,$" H'" 1+," 234)&+," -+" 1.e()(" =2;*)'+&(" 0()D1'3" -+," D)33'N3+," -+" ,05;3'(0" -)&," 1)"
70,+3*+R" 5+1)" =+3/+((3)'(" -.2;*3'3" 1.)55N," L" 1)" o2&+" +&" *;+" -+" (3)&,/+((3+" 1+," '&923/)('2&," =1;,"
1'D3+/+&($"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"9);(")*2'3"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"9'&)1',0+R":;'"-2&&+";&+"52/=30J+&,'2&"
-+," D)33'N3+," 40243)=J':;+,R" )*)&(" :;.;&" 432;=+" -+" 1.>()(" =;',,+" 403+3" +(" ,05;3',+3" 1+," D)33'N3+," +&"
:;+,('2&$""
! Classer les sites miniers d’après leur importance socioéconomique");",+'&"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"%1"
9);-3)'("9+3/+3"1+,",'(+,":;'"3+=30,+&(+&(";&+"/+&)5+"L"1.'&(043'(0"052124':;+"?(+11+":;+"1)"/'&+"-+"H)f+@"
+(" :;'" &+" 3)==23(+&(" =)," ,;99',)//+&(" );M" *'11)4+,$" G)&," 5+" 5),R" 1)" =3+/'N3+" 5J2,+" L" 9)'3+" =2;3"
52&*)'&53+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"-0/0&)4+3"-)&,"-.);(3+,",'(+,"-0,'4&0,",+3)'("-.)33'*+3"
L" 52&*)'&53+" 1+," 5J+9," -+" *'11)4+$" <2//+" =325J)'&+" 0()=+R" '1" 9);-3)'(" +&(3+=3+&-3+" ;&+" 0(;-+" =1;,"
-0()'110+"-+,"52&-'('2&,"-+"D),+"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,"+("052&2/':;+,R")'&,'":;.;&+"+&:;k(+"-+"9)',)D'1'(0"
)9'&" -+" -0(+3/'&+3" 1+:;+1" -+," ,'(+," -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" =+;*+&(" +(" -2'*+&(" k(3+" 9+3/0," +(" 1+,:;+1," -+*3)'+&("
9)'3+"1.2DZ+("-.;&+"4+,('2&"+&"()&(":;+"P"/'&+^=32Z+("='12(+"Q$!UY"%1"9);(",2;1'4&+3":;.;&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"-+"
5+"(C=+"-2'(")D,21;/+&("k(3+"=3050-0+"=)3"1.0()D1',,+/+&("-+"1)"52&9')&5+"-+"1)"=)3("-+,"52//;&);(0,"
-+,"+M=12'()&(,")3(',)&);M"=)3"04)3-");M")5(+;3,":;'"30)1',+32&("1.'&(+3*+&('2&$"H'&2&R"5+((+")5('*'(0",+3)'("
-)&4+3+;,+"+("(32="3',:;0+$"
! Améliorer et/ou mettre en œuvre des procédures relatives aux modes d’exploitation des
terres et à leur autorisation" L" 1.05J+11+" 52;(;/'N3+R" +&" *;+" -+" 403+3" 1.)55N," );M" (+33+," +(" -+"
=32/2;*2'3"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,$"
"
"
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
179
DeJong, 2011
180
Veuillez consulter l’exemple du Processus Durban (The Durban Process) qui offre un exemple plus détaillé d’une pratique
exemplaire de mine « pilote ». Durban Process, 2006

TF"
"

Amélioration des pratiques des exploitants miniers artisanaux: Inciter et influencer

O.>S8"-)&,"5+3()'&+,"o2&+,"-+"1)"7[%"+,("=+3t;+"52//+";&+")5('*'(0"'/=23()&(+"-+"40&03)('2&"-+"3+*+&;,"+("1+,"
=+3,2&&+," :;'" +&" -0=+&-+&(" 0(32'(+/+&(" J0,'(+3)" 5+3()'&+/+&(" L" C" 3+&2&5+3$" O.)==325J+" /0(J2-2124':;+" :;+"
&2;," 3+52//)&-2&," =3+&-3)'(" +&" 52/=(+" 1+" &'*+);" -+" -0=+&-)&5+" +&*+3," 1.>S8" +(" 1+" /2&()&(" -+," 3+*+&;,"
4)4&0,R" +(" ,;44N3+3)'(" -+," )1(+3&)('*+," *')D1+," +&" -+J23," -+" 1.>S8$" g2;(+92',R" 123,:;.);5;&" );(3+" /2C+&" -+"
,;D,',()&5+"&.+M',(+R"5+":;'"=2;33)'("k(3+"1+"5),"-)&,"1)"o2&+"+&":;+,('2&R"1.'&(+3*+&('2&"-+*3)'(")123,"+&52;3)4+3"
1.>S8",+12&"-+,"meilleures"=3)(':;+,$!U!"G+"=1;,R"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"o2&+"-+"=32(+5('2&"'&(043)1+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"
+&" 52;3," -2'(" 52&,'-03+3" 1+," o2&+," 1+," =1;," '/=23()&(+," =2;3" 1+," >S8$" ~;+1:;+," ,;44+,('2&," ,;3" 52//+&(" 2&"
=2;33)'(")/01'23+3"1+,"=3)(':;+,"-+,">S8",2&("1',(0+,"5'^-+,,2;,"]"
! Les organisations non gouvernementales et de la société civile centrées sur la
conservation et l’EMA devraient mener des campagnes de sensibilisation publique. O+,"
52//;&);(0," -+" 1.>S8" 2&(" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" '&,(3;'(+," ,;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" -.+M=12'(+3" 1+," /'&+3)'," -.;&+"
/)&'N3+"=1;,"=32-;5('*+"+("052124':;+$!U#"s;":;+"1.>S8"&+"*)"=),"-',=)3)c(3+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"-;"Z2;3");"
1+&-+/)'&R"'1"+,("-2&5"&05+,,)'3+"-+"403+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"-+"/)&'N3+"L"5+":;.+11+,")'+&(";&"'/=)5("
/'&'/+" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" );" ,+'&" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+R" +(" -+" /)&'N3+" L" 5+" :;.+11+," =+3/+((+&(" );M"
+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"4)4&+3"-+,"3+*+&;,")55+=()D1+,"+("-+"D0&09'5'+3"-.;&"+&*'32&&+/+&("
,q3$" <+," 5)/=)4&+," '&,(3;5('*+," =2;33)'+&(" '&51;3+"1)" 923/)('2&" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +&"
/0(J2-+," :;'" 1+;3," =+3/+((+&(" &2&" ,+;1+/+&(" -+" =32-;'3+" =1;,R" /)'," 04)1+/+&(" -+" 30-;'3+" 1+;3"
+/=3+'&(+" 052124':;+$" 6)3" +M+/=1+R" 1+" 9'12&" -.23" :;'" &.)" (2;Z2;3," =)," 0(0" -052;*+3(" -)&," 1.+,(" -+" 1)"
70,+3*+" =2;33)'(" ,+3*'3" -+" /'&+" +M=03'/+&()1+" -)&," 1):;+11+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" &+"
(3)*)'11+3)'+&(":;.+&",;'*)&("1+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"-.>S8$!UA"O.0:;'=+":;'"4N3+"1.'&(+3*+&('2&"=2;33)'("
=3k(+3"1+,"2;('1,");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("+&"05J)&4+R"1+,">S8"=2;33)'+&(")55+=(+3"-+"&+"=),"
9)'3+"1.+M=12'()('2&",;3"1+,");(3+,",'(+,$"
! >&"*;+"-.)/01'23+3"1+,"=3)(':;+,"-.>S8"-)&,"5+3()'&+,"o2&+,"&2&^'&(043)1+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+R"5+,"-+3&'N3+,"
2&(" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" );,,'" (3)&,=)3+&(+," :;+" =2,,'D1+$" <+" :;'" *+;(" -'3+" :;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M" 2&(" D+,2'&" -;" ,2;('+&" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" =2;3" 923/)1',+3" +(" 104)1',+3" 1+;3" ,'(;)('2&$" <+((+"
5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(",+3)'("04)1+/+&("=1;,"(3)&,=)3+&(+"=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+"403+3"1+,"52&91'(,"+("1+,"
)D;," -+," -32'(," -+" 1.J2//+R" /)'," 04)1+/+&(" =2;3" /'&'/',+3" 1.'/=)5(" -+" 5+," =3)(':;+," ,;3"
1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"<.+,("'5'":;+"1)"124':;+"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"(+11+,":;+"5+11+,"-+,"[23/+,"3+1)('*+,"
);M"S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"+("-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+,"=2;33)'+&(",.)==1':;+3"?Fairtrade-Fairmined, *2'3"
5'^-+,,2;,@$"
! Les organismes devraient chercher à mettre en œuvre une EMA basée sur les meilleures
pratiques )9'&" -+" 403+3" 1+," '/=)5(," &04)('9," ,;3" 1+," 3'*'N3+," +(" 1+," ,21," 123," -+"1.+M=12'()('2&" -+" 325J+"
-;3+$" 8'&,'R" =)3" +M+/=1+R" ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" +&(3)c&0+" =)3" 1+," /)35J0," (+11+" :;+" 1)" [23/+" 3+1)('*+" );M"
S'&+3)'," -.+M(3)5('2&" +(" -+" 52//+35+" 0:;'()D1+," =+;(" 2993'3" -+," ,;44+,('2&," ,;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" -2&(" 1+,"
23=)'11+;3," =+;*+&(" 403+3" 1+," -05J+(," :;.'1," 40&N3+&(" +(" 30J)D'1'(+3" 1+," ,'(+," -.>S8" -2&(" '1," 2&(" 9'&'"
1.+M=12'()('2&$!UF" <+," =3)(':;+," =2;33)'+&(" k(3+" )-)=(0+,$" g2;(+92',R" '1" 9);-3)'(" &2(+3" :;+" 1)" [23/+"
3+1)('*+");M"S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"+("-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+,"+(");(3+,"&23/+,"&+",.)==1':;+&(":;.+&"5),"
-.+M=12'()('2&" 104)1+R" 5+" :;'" &.+,(" =)," 1+" 5)," -+" 1.>S8" L" %(2/Df+$" <+," =3)(':;+," =2;33)'+&(" k(3+"
3+=32-;'(+,R"/)',"+11+,"&05+,,'(+3)'+&(";&+"5+3()'&+"*212&(0"-+"1)"=)3("-+"1.e()("+("-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"
)3(',)&);M" =2;3" =2;*2'3" 52//+&5+3" L" 923/)1',+3" 1+;3," )5('*'(0," +(" L" 1+," 104)1',+3$" 62;3" :;+" 1)" [23/+"
3+1)('*+");M"S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"+("-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+,",2'("2=03)('2&&+11+R"'1"9);(":;+"1+,"D2&&+,"
=21'(':;+," ,2'+&(" +&" =1)5+$" 6)3" +M+/=1+R" =2;3" :;+" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" 2;" ;&+" K[E" +/D);5J0+" =)3" 1+"
42;*+3&+/+&("=;',,+"/+((3+"+&"};*3+"-+"(+11+,"=21'(':;+,R"'1"9);(":;.'1j+11+"=;',,+"2993'3";&+"),,',()&5+"
(+5J&':;+"L"(2;,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"?+("=),",+;1+/+&(");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
104)1',0,@" =2;3" :;+" (2;," *2'+&(" 1.)*)&()4+" -+" ,+" 104)1',+3$" <+((+" /0(J2-+" &05+,,'(+" :;+"1)" 5)/=)4&+"-+"
923/)1',)('2&" ,.+&4)4+" );=3N," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" :;'" ,2&(" )5(;+11+/+&(" '1104'('/+," +("
-2&("1+,"=3)(':;+,"&;',+&("L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("+(");M"=2=;1)('2&,$!UI"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
181
Voir le paragraphe précédent
182
Voir Hollestelle, 2012 (publication à venir) pour un compte rendu sur des pratiques d’EMA ‘plus vertes’ et plus durables d’un
point de vue social
183
L’histoire du Processus de Durban dans le Parc national de Kahuzi-Biega pourrait informer cet effort. Le Projet devrait être
soumis à une évaluation complète. Voir Villegas, Weinberg, Levin et Hund, 2012. Voir le tableau sur les diverses interventions
relatives aux creusures artisanaux dans les PACE à l’Annexe 2
184
Alliance for Reponsible Mining & the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (ARM-FLO), 2010. Cette Norme est actuellement
soumise à une révision par les pairs et ARM-FLO demande conseil aux experts de la conservation pour sa section sur la
référence écologique
185
Pour plus de renseignements sur les interventions techniques chez les communautés d'exploitants miniers artisanaux, voir
Wotruba, Hentschel, Livan, Hruschka et Priester, 2002

TI"
"

! Faire participer les chefs traditionnels" :;'" 2&(" -+" 1.'&91;+&5+" +&" 1)" /',+" +&" };*3+" +(" 1)"
-',,0/'&)('2&"-+,"=21'(':;+,"-+"D2&&+,"=3)(':;+,"]"+&",+"D),)&(",;3"1+"=2'&("=3050-+&(R"1)"=3+/'N3+"5J2,+"
L"9)'3+"=2;3"52&*)'&53+"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"+,("-+"52&*)'&53+"1+,"5J+9,$"[2;,")*2&,"-0ZL"*;"L"5+("04)3-"
1.+99+(":;.2&("1+,"5J+9,",;3"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"125)1+,"123,:;.'1,"2&("'&(+3-'("1)"5J),,+"+("1)"52&,2//)('2&"-+,"
43)&-,"/)//'9N3+,R"5+":;'")"0(0";&"432,",;55N,"=2;3"1)"5)/=)4&+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"/+&0+"L"5+((+"9'&$"O+,"
+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+(");(3+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"-+"1.>S8":;+"&2;,")*2&,"52&,;1(0"-;3)&("1)"
3+5J+35J+" ('+&&+&(" 52/=(+" -+" 5+((+" '&(+3-'5('2&$" O+," 5J+9," -+," -+;M" o2&+," 0(;-'0+," 2&(" D+);52;="
-.);(23'(0$"
! Politiques relatives à l’utilisation des ressources forestières dans les opérations d’EMA :"
-+" (+11+," =21'(':;+," -+*3)'+&(" '&(+3-'3+" 1)" 52&9+5('2&" -+" D2c(+," 5J'&2',+," +(" 1.;('1',)('2&" -.)3D3+,"
,=05'9':;+,"=2;3"1)"52&,(3;5('2&"-+,"J;((+,R"(2;("+&"+&52;3)4+)&("1.;('1',)('2&"-.);(3+,"/)(03');M"(+1,":;+"
1)"(v1+$"[2;,")*2&,"(32;*0":;+"5.+,("+&";('1',)&("1+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+":;+"1.>S8")"1+"
=1;,"432,"'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=2;33)'+&("k(3+"+&52;3)40,"L"
(+33),,+3"-+,"-3)'&,"+&"4;',+"-+"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,"-'3+5(+/+&("-)&,"1+",21"?L"52&-'('2&":;.2&"1+;3"-2&&+"
1.0:;'=+/+&("+("1)"923/)('2&"&05+,,)'3+,"L"5+((+"9'&@$"
"

7.2 Autres questions à considérer

O+,"9235+,"+("1+,"9)'D1+,,+,"-.'&(+3*+&('2&,"=3050-+&(+,"+,,)C)&("-+"30,2;-3+"1+,"=32D1N/+,"+&(3)c&0,"=)3"1.>S8"
-)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," =+;*+&(" ,+3*'3" -+" 1+t2&," '/=23()&(+," =2;3" (2;(+" 9;(;3+"
,(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",+&,'D1+");M"D+,2'&,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"2;"=3243)//+"-.;('1',)('2&"-+,"
,21,"=2;3"1)"7[%$"g2;("+9923("9;(;3"-+*3)"=3k(+3")((+&('2&");M"=2'&(,",;'*)&(,"]"1+,"-0D)(,":;'",+",2&("-0ZL"(+&;,"r"
1+,"-09',":;+"1+,"-'*+3,")5(+;3,"2&("-q")9932&(+3"123,"-+"1.'&(+3*+&('2&"r")'&,'":;+"1+,"(+&-)&5+,"+("1+,"52/=2,)&(+,"
-+" 1)" 5J)c&+" -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+," /'&+3)'," :;'" =+;*+&(" 2;" &2&" )*2'3" 5J)&40" -+=;'," ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&"
)&(03'+;3+"-2&&0+$"[2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"-.+99+5(;+3";&+"/',,'2&"-.'&,=+5('2&"3)='-+",;3"=1)5+R"-)&,"1)"7[%R")9'&"
-+"=+3/+((3+");M"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"-.0()D1'3",'"-.);(3+,"'&'(')('*+,",2&("+&"=1)5+"=2;3",.+&4)4+3");=3N,"2;"403+3"
-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"+("-+"('3+3"-+,"1+t2&,"-+"
(+11+,"'&'(')('*+,R"/k/+,",'"+11+,"&+"52&5+3&+&("=),"1)"52&,+3*)('2&",=05'9':;+/+&($"
"

V#"#$ 62=;1)('2&,!);(25J(2&+,!+(!1)!52&,+3*)('2&!
O+,"-32'(,"+("1+"D'+&^k(3+"-+,"=+;=1+,");(25J(2&+,"92&("=)3('+"'&(043)&(+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&$!UV"%1"+,("+,,+&('+1"-+"
52&,;1(+3" 1+," =2=;1)('2&," );(25J(2&+," 123," -+" (2;(+" 3+5J+35J+" 2;" '&(+3*+&('2&" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+,"
052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+,$" G+" =1;,R" '1" ,+3)'(" ;('1+" -.0(;-'+3" 1)" /+,;3+" -)&," 1):;+11+" 5+," =2=;1)('2&," =)3('5'=+&(" L"
1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"-.%(2/Df+"!UT"+(")'11+;3,$"" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
186
UNEP, 2011
187
Cet aspect n’a malheureusement pas été saisi lors de la recherche sur le terrain

TV"
"

8 CONCLUSIONS ET POINTS CRITIQUES EXAMINES PENDANT

L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE A BUKAVU ET A KINSHASA
"
O+"D;("-+"5+((+"0(;-+"0()'("-.)D2;('3"L";&+",(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",+&,'D1+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+$"
<+((+",(3)(04'+")"0(0"-09'&'+"-)&,"1+"5J)='(3+"=3050-+&(R"D),0+",;3"&2,"-052;*+3(+,"L"=)3('3"-+,"-2&&0+,"-+"D),+"+("
=3+&)&("+&"52/=(+"1+,"/2('*)('2&,"052&2/':;+,"+("1+"/)&:;+"-.2==23(;&'(0"-.);(3+,",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;"=2;3"1+,"
=2=;1)('2&," -)&," 5+" /'1'+;$" [2;," &+"=2,,0-2&," =)," (2;(+" 1.'&923/)('2&"402124':;+" ,;3" 1+" /'1'+;" -+" 1)" =32=2,0+"
70,+3*+" r" -+," 0(;-+," ,;==10/+&()'3+," -+*3)'+&(" k(3+" /+&0+," =2;3" -0(+3/'&+3" 1+," +&-32'(," 1+," =1;," *')D1+," =2;3"
1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+$" O+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +;M^/k/+," &2;," 92;3&',,+&(" :;+1:;+,"
'&-'5)('2&,"?'1,"&+",+3)'+&("=),"+&"(3)'&"-.+M=12'(+3"-)&,";&",'(+",.'1"&.C")*)'("=),"=30,+&5+"-+"/'&+3)',@"/)',";&+"
0(;-+" 402124':;+" =32=3+/+&(" 9'&)&50+" )'-+3)'(" L" 52/=10(+3" 5+((+" '/=),,+" -.'&923/)('2&,$" O+" =2'&(" +,(" :;.'1" +,("
'/=2,,'D1+"-+"-0=1)5+3";&"4',+/+&("/'&'+3"3'5J+r")'&,'R",'"5.+,("1+"5),":;+"1)"o2&+"'&(043)1+"-+"1)"D'2-'*+3,'(0"-)&,"
1)" 7[%" +/='N(+" ;&" 4',+/+&(" /'&'+3" '/=23()&(R" )123," '1" C" );3)" (2;Z2;3," 3',:;+" :;+" 1.)5('*'(0" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+"
52&('&;+$"O)",+;1+"9)t2&"-.)33k(+3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,";&+")'3+"=32(040+"5.+,("-.C"0()D1'3"+&('N3+/+&(";&+"
J);(+",05;3'(0"r"5+5'"+,(",(3)(04':;+/+&("-'99'5'1+"-)&,"1.>,("-+"1)"7G<R"2n"1.)3/0+"+("1+,",+3*'5+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"
-+"1)"&)(;3+",2&("(2;,",0*N3+/+&("=+;"9'&)&50,"+("+&"/)&:;+"-+"=+3,2&&+1$!I">&"=1;,R"1+,"+M=03'+&5+,"*05;+,"-)&,"
1+,");(3+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+&"7G<"?+M$"-)&,"1+"6)35"&)('2&)1"-+"d)J;o'^B'+4)@";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"92350+"L"1.04)3-"-+,"
52//;&);(0,"*'*)&("-)&,"1.)'3+"=32(040+",.+,("J+;3(0+");"/)&:;+"-+"52&9')&5+R"L"1)"521N3+R"+("-)&,"5+3()'&,"5),R"L"
1)" 3'=2,(+$!V" 8" 5+(" +99+(R" &2," 3+52//)&-)('2&," -)&," 1+" 5J)='(3+" =3050-+&(" =30,+&(+&(" :;+1:;+," ,50&)3'2," -+" 1)"
9)t2&"-2&(";&+",'(;)('2&"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"4030+",+3)'("+&*',)40+",;3"(+33)'&$"
"
<+=+&-)&(R",.+&4)4+3"-+"D),+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%",2&(")99+5(0+,"=)3"5+((+"30)1'(0$"

A Bukavu les participants ont fait les recommandations suivantes:188

! O.0(;-+" 8HS^68<>" )" 30*010" ;&+" &2;*+11+" '&923/)('2&R" /)'," +11+" &.)==23(+" =)," 1.'/)4+" +&('N3+" -+"
1.)5('*'(0" J;/)'&+" z=)3('5;1'N3+/+&(" 1'0" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+^" -)&," 1)" 7[%$" <+=+&-)&(R" -.);(3+,"
0(;-+," 2&(" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" /+&0$" 6)3" +M+/=1+]" %1" C" )" +&" 52;3," ;&" o2&)4+" =)3('5'=)('9" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" )*+5"
1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +,(" '1104)1" +(" 1.%<<[" L" d'&,J),)" &+" *+;(" =),"
,.+&4)4+3"-)&,");5;&+"/)&'N3+");(3+":;+"1.+M=;1,'2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"O+,"+M=+3(,"+("
1+," (+5J&'5'+&," )'&,'" :;+" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" ,2;('+&&+&(" ;&)&'/+/+&(" 1)" =2,'('2&" 23(J2-2M+" ,+12&"
1):;+11+";&+"30,+3*+"&+"=+;("=),")55;+'11'3"-+,")5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+$"<+1)"3+=30,+&(+"
;&+"*'21)('2&"-+"1)"12'R"L"1+;3")*',$"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"C")";&"3',:;+":;+"1+,"+9923(,"92;3&',"Z;,:;.L"=30,+&("-)&,"
1+"=325+,,;,"-+"o2&)4+",2'+&("'&;('1+,R"-;"9)'(":;+"5+,"+9923(,"=2;33)'+&("+&(3)c&+3";&"3+(2;3"L"1)"5),+"-+"
-0=)3("=2;3",+&,'D'1',+3"-+"&2;*+);"1+,"52//;&);(0,"L"1)"&2;*+11+"51),,'9'5)('2&":;.2&"=2;33)")-2=(+3"
=2;3"1.%(2/Df+$"8"5+("+99+(R"1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,"D),0+,",;3"&2,"-2&&0+,":;'",+"9)'("+&(3+"bb_R");(3+,"
234)&',)('2&," 125)1+," +(" '&(+3&)('2&)1+,R" 1.%<<[" H;-^d'*;" +(" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,$" g2;," 1+,"
+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"),,25'0,"L"5+"=325+,,;,"
o O+," 0()=+," ,;'*)&(+,"]" /+&+3" -.);(3+," 0(;-+," =2;3" -0(+3/'&+3" 1.05J+11+" +(" 1+," '/=)5(,"
?+&*'32&&+/+&();MR"052&2/':;+,"+(",25');M@"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"5J):;+"
o2&+" -+" 1)" =32=2,0+" 70,+3*+" ?=$" +M$" +,(^5+" :;+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )" 1'+;" -)&," 1)" o2&+"
'&(043)1+" 2;" 5.+,(" ,+;1+/+&(" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0," J;/)'&+," ,2&(" =+3/',+," ,+12&" 1+"
,50&)3'2"I"-+"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"7[%"{@$"
! >M=123+3"1+,"*2'+,"-.)*2'3"%<<["d'&,J),)"'/=1':;0"-)&,"5+"=325+,,;,"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"
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)5('*'(0," -.>S8" ,;3" 1)" ,)&(0" -+," =2=;1)('2&," 125)1+,R"(2;(" +&" 9)',)&(" ;&+" -',('&5('2&" +&(3+" 1+," )((3'D;(,"
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1)"=+3(;3D)('2&"-+,"3'*'N3+,",;3"1+,"3+,,2;35+,"J)1'+;(':;+,"+("1+"&'*+);"-+"1)"=k5J+"
! S+&+3" ;&+" 0(;-+" ,'/'1)'3+" );" &23-" -+" 1)" 7[%" =2;3" +M)/'&+3" 1+," '/=)5(," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+"
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""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
188
Le sommaire de l’atelier à Bukavu est listé en Annexe 5

TT"
"

"
G+"=1;,R"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"-+"1.)(+1'+3"2&("0(0"-.)5523-")*+5"&2,",;44+,('2&,":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
-2'*+&("k(3+"+&(3)'&0,"L"9)'3+"1.+M=12'()('2&")*+5"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,$"%1"C")*)'("+;";&+",;44+,('2&"-+",211'5'(+3"
1)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-.;&"432;=+"-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,";&+"/'&+"='12(+R"52//+"5+"9;("(+&(0"+&"-+J23,"
-;"6)35"[)('2&)1"-+"d)J;o'^B'+4)"=)3"1+"=3243)//+"P"=325+,,;,"-+"G;3D)&"Q"-+"The Gorilla Organisation.""
"
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A Kinshasa, les participants ont fait les recommandations selon les thèmes suivants :
O)"=32D10/)(':;+"-;"=325+,,;,"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"-+"1)"7[%"+("1.)==1'5)('2&"-+"1)"12'"/'&'N3+]"
! %1" 9);(" (32;*+3" ;&+" 9)t2&" -+" *)1'-+3" 1+" =325+,,;," -+" =1)&'9'5)('2&" =)3('5'=)('*+" );=3N," -+" 1.%<<[" L"
d'&,J),)""
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k(3+"J)3/2&',0,$"6)3"+M+/=1+R"1.)3('51+"I"-;"3N41+/+&("/'&'+3"&05+,,'(+";&+"-',5;,,'2&"=2;3"52/=3+&-3+"
1+," '&(+&('2&,"=2;3,;'*'+," =)3" 1+" 104',1)(+;3$" G+" =1;,R" L" 1.)3('51+" V" -;" 52-+" /'&'+3R" '1" C" )" 04)1+/+&(" ;&+"
D3N5J+"-+"-',5;,,'2&,"=2;3"1+,"'&-;,(3'+,"+M(3)5('*+,":;'"2&("+;"-+,"('(3+,")*)&("1)"530)('2&"299'5'+11+"-+"1)"
70,+3*+$"%1"9);("-2&5"30-'4+3";&"3)==23(",;3"5+",;Z+(R",'"5+1)"&.)"=),"+&523+"0(0"9)'(""
! %1"9);(")==1':;+3"1)"12'"
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"
<2//+"L"B;i)*;R"-+,"0(;-+,")--'('2&&+11+,"2&("0(0"3+52//)&-0+,"]"
"
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=2=;1)('2&"?=$"+M$R"1+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1+;3",)&(0R"+(",'(;)('2&"052&2/':;+"+(",25')1+@""
! \&" =)3('5'=)&(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1',(+" )" 3+52//)&-0" ;&+")==325J+" -+" 3+5J+35J+" L" 1.)*+&'3" =2;3" (32;*+3"
-+," ,21;('2&," ,;3" 1+," =32D1N/+," -+" 1.>S8"]" 5+5'" =+;(" /'+;M" ,+" 9)'3+" +&" +&:;k()&(" ,;3" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"
/'43)&(,");"1'+;"-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&"125)1+"
! O+" S+/D3+" -;" =)31+/+&(" )" );,,'" 3+52//)&-0" :;.;&+" 0(;-+" ,2'(" 30)1',0+" )9'&" -+" -0/2&(3+3" 1+,"
)1(+3&)('*+,"=)3"3)==23(");M")5('*'(0,")43'521+,"+("01+*)4+"
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-+,"+9923(,")5(;+1,"-+"1.%6H%H",;3"1)"5)3(243)=J'+"-+,"52&91'(,");"H;-"d'*;$"G',5;(+3"-.)D23-"5+",;Z+(")*+5"
1)"SK[\H<K$"<+((+"234)&',)('2&")"=1;,"-+"-0()'1,",;3"1+,")5('*'(0,"-+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1)"304'2&$"
"

8.1 Discussion
O+,"30)5('2&,"*',"L"*',"-;"3)==23("-+"(+33)'&"=30,+&(0")*)'+&("3+&52&(30"1)",)(',9)5('2&"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"+("=)3('+,"
=3+&)&(+," L" 1.)(+1'+3" -+" B;i)*;" -)&," 1)" /+,;3+" 2n" 5+" 3)==23(" ,;,5'()'(" =1;,'+;3," =2'&(," 52/=10/+&()'3+," +("
52&*+34+&(,$" 8;" 5+&(3+" -+" 1+;3," =30255;=)('2&," ,;34',,)'(" 1+" D+,2'&" -+" ,)*2'3" -)*)&()4+" ,;3" 1)" *'+" ,25'2^
052&2/':;+" -+," 52//;&);(0," +(" 1+;3" 3)==23(" )*+5" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" -)&," 1)" =+3,=+5('*+" -+" ,2;J)'(+3" 1)"
-;=1'5)('2&"-+"1)"/k/+"0(;-+"-)&,"1+"3+,(+"-+,"5J+99+3'+,":;'"52/=2,+&("-+"1)"7[%$"O)"=30,+&()('2&"-;"3)==23("
)*+5"1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"B;i)*;");M"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"+(");M");(23'(0,"-)&,"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)"
)*)'("3+(+&;"1+;3")((+&('2&"(2;("+&")&53)&("1)"=30255;=)('2&",;3"1+"3+,=+5("-+,"(+M(+,"104);M"+("1.)==1'5)('2&",(3'5(+"
-+,"12',"304',,)&("1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"+("+&*'32&&+/+&()1R"+("+&"3+,()&("52&,5'+&("-+,"-09',":;+"1+,")-/'&',(3)('2&,"
/'&'N3+,"+("+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,")9932&(+&($"G+,"2='&'2&,"-'*+3,+,"+("-+,"=30255;=)('2&,"=+3('&+&(+,",2&("3+,(0+,"
+&",;,=+&,"+&")((+&(+"-+"30=2&,+,"91+M'D1+,"L"1)",'(;)('2&")5(;+11+",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"
"
" "

TU"
"

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h$"s),(+3,"?BE7@R"6$"H5JŽ((+"?BE7@")&-"6$"[)i)&'i)"?[7G@$""
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u'5i,R"g$R"+(")1$"?#Y!Y@$"g3)-+"'&"23=J'&,")&-"D;,J/+)("(J3+)(+&,"2&"29"(J+"G3/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"(J+"<2&42.,"
/2,("'/=23()&("=2=;1)('2&,"29">),(+3&"<J'/=)&o++,"?Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii@$"African Primates, 7 (1):
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u244R"h$"?#Y!!)@$"<2&42"/'&+3,",;99+3"),"(3)5+)D'1'(C"3;1+"D'(+$ Reuters, I"S)C"#Y!!$ 7+(3'+*+-"2&"#T"h;&+"#Y!!"
932/"J((=]jjfff$3+;(+3,$52/j)3('51+j#Y!!jYIjYIj52&42^-+/253)('5^/'&+3)1,^'-\HOG>TFA!\E#Y!!YIYI$""
"
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u211+,+&R"6$"?#Y!#@$"7+=23("2&"1)34+^,5)1+"/'&'&4"'&"(J+"%(2/Df+"7+,+3*+$"bb_$""
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u211+,(+11+R"S$"?#Y!#@$"83(',)&)1")&-"H/)11^,51)+"S'&'&4"'&"632(+5(+-"83+),")&-"<3'('5)1">52,C,(+/,"?8HS^
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3+52//+&-)('2&,"923"E)D2&+,+"=21'5C/)i+3,"(2")(()'&"+52124'5)1")&-",25'2^+52&2/'5)11C"3+,=2&,'*+")3(',)&)1"
)&-",/)11^,5)1+"/'&'&4$"bb_"6;D1'5)('2&$"Forthcoming. 811')&5+"923"7+,=2&,'D1+"S'&'&"H+3'+,"2&"7+,=2&,'D1+"
8HSR"[2$"A$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"A!"8;4;,("#Y!#"932/""
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u3;,5Ji)R"_$R")&-">5J)*)33')R"<$"?#Y!!@$"Rock-Solid Chances for Responsible Artisanal Mining.
J((=]jjfff$52//;&'(C/'&'&4$234j)(()5J/+&(,jYIX‹7H<‹_%[8O‹f+D‹12f$=-9$

%D;5f)R"h^6$"?#Y!Y@$"Democratic Republic of the Congo: The search for consensus on the Itombwe
Forests. b7S"B;11+('&$"
"
%i21'R"h$"?#Y!#@$"Presentation on the Status of Mining in the DRC by the Director of Cabinet Adjoint, Ministry of
Mines DRC."'gH<'"<2&91'5("S'&+3)1,"H+/'&)3$"<)=+"g2f&$"#V"8=3'1"#Y!#$"
"
%1)/D;R"K$R"2=",'($"?!XXX@$"gJ+"%(2/Df+"S),,'9R"G+/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"<2&42]"D'2124'5)1",;3*+C,")&-"
52&,+3*)('2&R"f'(J")&"+/=J),',"2&"E3);+3.,"423'11)")&-"D'3-,"+&-+/'5"(2"(J+"81D+3('&+"7'9($"K3CM"AAR"AY!^A##$"
"
%&(+3&)('2&)1"81+3($"?#Y!Y@$ The Role of the Exploitation of Natural Resources in Fuelling and Prolonging Crises
in the Eastern DRCR"h)&;)3C"#Y!Y$"
"
%&(+3&)('2&)1"<3',',"E32;="?#Y!Y),Conflict in Congo."B3;,,+1,")&-"b),J'&4(2&]"%&(+3&)('2&)1"<3',',"E32;=R"
" 7+(3'+*+-"!F"K5(2D+3"#Y!Y"932/"J((=]jjfff$53',',432;=$234j+&ji+C^',,;+,j52&91'5(^'&^52&42$),=M"
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%g7%"O(-$"?#Y!!@$"%g7%"H;==1C"<J)'&"%&'(')('*+"?'gH<'@$"63+,+&()('2&"DC"d)C"['//2"923R"Great Lakes Region
Supply Chain Activities-Panel Presentations: Implementation of regional sourcing and tracking mechanisms.
%&]"E+H%")&-">%<<"<2&91'5("S'&+3)1,"H;==1C"<J)'&"b23i,J2="s%%$"B3;,,+1,]"!X"H+=(+/D+3"#Y!!$""
"
'gH<'"?#Y!!@$"iTSCi Guidance."\&=;D1',J+-"3+=23(R"#Y!!$"
"
%\<["?!XXF@$"Guidelines for Protected Area management categories."%\<["<2//',,'2&"2&"[)('2&)1"6)3i,")&-"
632(+5(+-")3+),"f'(J"(J+"),,',()&5+"29"(J+"b231-"<2&,+3*)('2&"S2&'(23'&4"<+&(3+$"%\<[R"E1)&-R"Hf'(o+31)&-$"
"
%\<[$"?#YYU@$"Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. G;-1+CR"[$"?+-@$"E1)&-"]"%\<[$""
"

UY"
"

%\<[$"?#Y!Y@$"Parcs et Réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Évaluation de l'efficacité de la

Gestion des Aires Protegées$"E1)&-]"%\<[$"
"
%\<[$"?#Y!!@$"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"!T"8;4;,("#Y!!"932/"
J((=]jjfff$';5&3+-1',($234j$""
"
d;Z'3)if'&Z)R"G$"+(")1$"?#Y!Y@$"Healing the Rift: Peacebuilding in and around protected areas in the Democratic
Republic of Congo’s Albertine Rift. \&=;D1',J+-"7+=23("(2"\H8%G$""
"
d'i;i)/)R"%$"?#Y!Y@$"Itombwe highly threatened by mining exploitation. U"_+D3;)3C"#Y!Y$"bb_"63+,,"7+1+),+$""
"
O2&-2&"S+()1">M5J)&4+"?#Y!#@$"OS>"g'&"63'5+,$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"A!"8;4;,("#Y!#"932/"
J((=]jjfff$/+()1=3'5+,$52/j/+()1j('&j1/+^('&^5),J^299'5')1$""
"
O;i;3;"_2;&-)('2&"?#Y!!@$"b23i,J2=",;//)3C"923"<2<2,'R"T^!V"_+D3;)3C"#Y!!$""
"
S+()1D;11+('&$52/"?#Y!#@$"DRC mining code revision set to raise taxes, increase state ownership | Metal Bulletin$"
„b+D,'(+…"8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jjfff$/+()1D;11+('&$52/j83('51+j#XTUYF!jG7<^/'&'&4^52-+^3+*','2&^,+(^(2^3)',+^
()M+,^'&53+),+^,()(+^2f&+3,J'=$J(/1"„855+,,+-]"#V"h;1"#Y!#…$"
"
S'&',(3+"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"&)(;3+R"+);M"+("923ê(,$"?#YYV@$"Arrêté Ministériel N038/ CAB/MIN/ECN-EF/2006
DU portant création d’une Réserve Naturelle dénommée Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe. « RNI ». "
"
S;D)1)/)R"O$"?#YYX@$"Report of the Internal Review of the PROJECT “Participatory Gazettment and Forest
Management of the Itombwe Massif” Democratic Republic of the Congo$"?[K78G"632Z+5("[2$]"EOK^YIjA!#^!V"
?[K78G@R"<GYY!A$Y!"?bb_@R"IY!V"?bb_^[23f)C@$"
"
S;J'4f)R"h$"2=",'($"?#YYU@$"Le massif d’Itombwe: Le peuple et la terre."B;i)*;]"B;3+);"-.>(;-+,"H5'+&('9':;+,"+("
g+5J&':;+,"
"
SC+3,R"[$R"+(")1$"?#YYY@$"B'2-'*+3,'(C"J2(,=2(,"923"52&,+3*)('2&"=3'23'('+,$"Nature, 403. #F"_+D3;)3C"#YYY]"==$"
UIA^UIU$""
"
KD,+3*)(2'3+"-+,"923k(,"-.893':;+"5+&(3)1+"?#YYU@$"P"H()(+"29"(J+"923+,("#YYU$"Q"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"932/"
J((=]jjfff$2D,+3*)(2'3+^52/'9)5$&+(j+-9#YYU$=J={1ˆ+&""
"
K><G"?#Y!!@$"OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected
and High-Risk Areas. K><G"6;D1',J'&4"?[B$"(J+"E21-",;==1+/+&("(2"(J+"E;'-)&5+"f),"=;D1',J+-"'&"#Y!#@"
"
K1,2&R"G$"S$")&-"G'&+3,(+'&R">$"?#YY#@$"‰gJ+"E12D)1"#YY]"63'23'(C">523+4'2&,"923"E12D)1"<2&,+3*)('2&Š"'&"Annals
of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, s$"UX]"==$"!XX^##F$""
"
K/)3'"%$R"+(")1$"?!XXX@$"The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of Congo: biological surveys and conservation,
with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift$"K3CM"AA]F"==$"AY!^A##"
"
K(+32R"S$")&-"u23/)(,R"7$"?#Y!!@$"‰h2'&'&4"(24+(J+3"(2"52/D)("52&91'5("/'&+3)1,$Š"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"
932/"J((=]jjD124,$,()(+$42*j'&-+M$=J=j,'(+j+&(3CjZ2'&'&4‹(24+(J+3‹(2‹52/D)(‹52&91'5(‹/'&+3)1,$""
"
61;/=(3+R"8$R"+(")1$"?#YYX@$"H;3*+C"'&"%(2/Df+$"Gorilla Journal, 39."G+5+/D+3"#YYX$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!U"8;4;,("#Y!!"
932/"J((=]jjfff$D+34423'11)$-+j'&-+M$=J={'-ˆ!YVXxOˆ!x(M‹((&+f,"=+35+&(IB((‹&+f,"
=+35+&(IGˆAF!x5u),Jˆ!T9T!!)VI+TT-XXA+V!5AA-!9++T59-U$""
"
630,'-+&("-+"1)"70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42$"?#YYA@$"Règlement minier. Décret N 038/2003 du 26 mars
2003 portant règlement minier.

63;&'+3R"E$"?#YYX@$"Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a
Continental Catastrophe."KM923-]"KM923-"\&'*+3,'(C"63+,,$"
"

U!"
"

7h<"x"(J+"OBS8"?#Y!#@$"Responsible Jewellery Council and London Bullion Market Association convene an

industry briefing at Baselworld 2012$"„G3)9("=3+,,"3+1+),+$…"7+(3'+*+-"2&"YX"S)35J"#Y!#"932/"
J((=]jjfff$3+,=2&,'D1+Z+f+11+3C$52/j9'1+,j7h<^OBS8^%&-;,(3C^B3'+9'&4^=3+,,^3+1+),+‹YU$YA$!#$=-9$"
"
7+;(+3,"?#Y!#@$"‰%&-2&+,')&"('&"=32-;5+3,"5;("+M=23(,"-;+"(2"12f"=3'5+,$Š"b3'((+&"DC"_+34;,"h+&,2&R"!V"8;4;,("
#Y!#$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"A!"8;4;,("#Y!#"932/"
J((=]jj)9$3+;(+3,$52/j)3('51+j52//2-'('+,[+f,j'-8_OF>UhE#!s#Y!#YU!V$""
"
H8>HH<8S$"?#Y!Y@$"Identification des sites miniers institués en ZEA. "
"
H'+4+1R"H$")&-"s+'4)R"S$S$"?#YYX@$"83(',)&)1")&-",/)11^,5)1+"/'&'&4"),"+M(3)1+4)1"+52&2/C]"G+"H2(2")&-"(J+"
3+-+9'&'('2&"29"‰923/)1'o)('2&RŠ"K&1'&+"h2;3&)1R"Resources Policy]"==$AFI!^IV$""
"
H()3iR"8$")&-">$"O+*'&$"?#Y!Y@$"Benchmark Study of Environmental and Social Standards in Industrialised
Precious Metals MiningR"%,,;+-"S)35J"#Y!!$"H21'-)3'-)-$"
"
\&'*+3,'(C"29"KM923-R"G+=)3(/+&("29"H25'2124C"?#Y!A@$"‰>MO+4']">M(3)^1+4)1"42*+3&)&5+"'&,('(;(+$Š"„2&1'&+…"
8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jjfff$+M1+4'$2M$)5$;ij"„855+,,+-]"#Y"S)3"#Y!A…$""
"
\[G>H8"?#Y!Y@$"World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision$"„2&1'&+…"8*)'1)D1+")(]"
J((=]jj+,)$;&$234jf==j;&==j=)&+1‹=2=;1)('2&$J(/"„855+,,+-]"!T"8;4"#Y!#…$"
"
\[>6"?#Y!!@$"The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Post-conflict environmental assessment synthesis for
policy makers.
"
\[>H<K"?#Y!!@$"Biodiversity Conservation in Regions of Armed Conflict: Protecting World Heritage in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"!I"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"fJ5$;&+,52$234j+&j)5('*'('+,jUAj$""
"
\[H<"?#YY!^#Y!#@$"Publications on the Democratic Republic of the Congo-Security Council Report$"„2&1'&+…"
8*)'1)D1+")(]"
J((=]jjfff$,+5;3'(C52;&5'13+=23($234j,'(+j5$41dbO+Sg%,EjD$#FYYVXAji$>FYVj6;D1'5)('2&,‹2&‹(J+‹G+/253)(
'5‹7+=;D1'5‹29‹(J+‹<2&42$J(/"„855+,,+-]"!T"8;4"#Y!#…$"\&'(+-"[)('2&,"H+5;3'(C"<2;&5'1R"#YY!$"Report of the
Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic
Republic of Congo$"7+(3'+*+-"I"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$;&$234j[+f,j-Jj1)(+,(j-352&42$J(/$"
"
\[H<"E32;="29">M=+3(,"?#Y!Y@$"Letter dated 26 October 2010 from the Group of Experts on the Democratic
Republic of the Congo addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to
resolution 1533 (2004)."Hj#Y!YjIXV$"[+f"w23i]"\&'(+-"[)('2&,$"
"
\&'(+-"[)('2&,"%&(+3&)('2&)1"g+1+52//;&'5)('2&"\&'2&"x">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"?#Y!#@$"g2f)3-,"43++&'&4"52&91'5("
/'&+3)1,",;==1C"5J)'&,"'&"(J+"893'5)&"E3+)("O)i+,"7+4'2&]"gJ+"5),+"923"43+)(+3"-;+"-'1'4+&5+"DC"(J+"%<g",+5(23")&-"
(J+"&++-"(2"925;,"2&"(J+"+&*'32&/+&($""
"
\&'(+-"[)('2&,"K99'5+"923"(J+"<223-'&)('2&"29"u;/)&'()3')&"899)'3,"?#Y!#@$"‰G7"<2&42]"H(+=='&4";=",;==23("923"
(f2"/'11'2&"-',=1)5+-$Š"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"932/"J((=]jjfff$;&25J)$234j(2=^,(23'+,j)11^,(23'+,j-3^
52&42^,(+=='&4^,;==23(^(f2^/'11'2&^-',=1)5+-""
"
\HE"?#Y!!@$"H+5('2&"!IY#R"932/"‰G2--^_3)&i"b)11"H(3++("7+923/")&-"<2&,;/+3"632(+5('2&"85($Š"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!T"
K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$,+5$42*j)D2;(j1)f,jf)11,(3++(3+923/^5=)$=-9"
"
\H"G+=)3(/+&("29"H()(+$"?#Y!!@$"Statement concerning implementation of Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank
legislation concerning conflict minerals due diligence."b),J'&4(2&R"G$<$"#YI#Y$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!U"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"
932/"J((=]jjfff$,()(+$42*j-25;/+&(,j234)&'o)('2&j!VUUI!$=-9"
"
\H"%&,('(;(+"923"6+)5+"?#Y!!@$"Launch of Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Minerals Trade"„f+D=)4+…$"
7+(3'+*+-"2&"!!"G+5+/D+3"#Y!!"932/]"J((=]jjfff$;,'=$234j+*+&(,j1);&5J^=;D1'5^=3'*)(+^)11')&5+^3+,=2&,'D1+^
/'&+3)1,^(3)-+\H8%GR"#Y!!$""
"
s'11+4),R"<$"b+'&D+34R"7$R"O+*'&R">$")&-"u;&-R"d$"?#Y!#@$"Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in and Around
Protected Areas and Critical Ecosystems: Global Scoping & Solutions Studies. 8&"8HS^68<>"6;D1'5)('2&$"
"

U#"
"

b+11,R"h$"?#Y!!@$"S'&'&4"(J+"<2&42]"E21-+&"2==23(;&'(C$"The Toronto Star. !Y"h;1$"#Y!!$"I"==$""

"
b231-"B)&i"?#YYU@$"Democratic Republic of Congo. Growth with Governance in the Mining Sector$"7+=23("[2$"
FAFY#^`7$"S)C"#YYU$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#T(J"H+=(+/D+3"#Y!!"932/"
J((=]jj,'(+3+,2;35+,$f231-D)&i$234j%[gKES<j7+,2;35+,jAAVYXX^
!!IVXII!YT!TYj-35432f(J42*+3&)&5++&41',J$=-9$""
"
b231-"B)&i"?#Y!Y)@$"Project Appraisal document on a proposed grant in the amount of SDR 33.1 million
(US$50 million equivalent) to the Democratic Republic of Congo for a Growth with Governance in the mineral
sector technical assistance project. !X"S)C"#Y!Y$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!!"K5(2D+3"#Y!!")("J((=]jjfff^
f-,$f231-D)&i$234j+M(+3&)1j-+9);1(jbGH<2&(+&(H+3*+3jbGH6j%Bj#Y!YjYVjYTjYYYAAAYAT‹#Y!YYVYTYY!!AU
j7+&-+3+-j6G_jIA!!VY68GY6!YV!Y!K99'5')1Y\,+YK&1C!$=-9$"
"
b231-"B)&i"?#Y!YD@$"World Bank Approves a Grant of US$50 Million for Growth with Governance in the
Mineral Sector Project (PROMINES) in the Democratic Republic of Congo."63+,,"7+1+),+"[2]#Y!!jYYIj8_7$"
7+(3'+*+-"!,("K5(2D+3"932/"
J((=]jjf+D$f231-D)&i$234jbBH%g>j>•g>7[8Oj[>bHjYRR52&(+&(SGd]##VAVFVV•=)4+6d]VF#ITYFA•='6d]F
ATATV•(J+H'(+6d]FVYTRYY$J(/1{5'-ˆAYY!‹#$"
"
b2(32D)R"u$R"u+&(,5J+1R"g$R"+(")1$"?!XXU@$"Environmental Management in Small-Scale Mining. O)"6)oR"B21'*')]"
S>GS%["x"<KH\G>$"AIF==$"
"
bb_"?#Y!!@$"Protecting gorillas in a conflict zone."7+(3'+*+-"2&"!A"h;1C"#Y!!"932/"
J((=]jjff9$=)&-)$234jfJ)(‹f+‹-2jfJ+3+‹f+‹f23ij52&42‹D),'&‹923+,(,jff9‹,21;('2&,j52&42‹f'1-1'9+‹/)&
)4+/+&(j52&42‹423'11),j$"
"

UA"
"

ANNEXE A: CALENDRIER DE RECHERCHE ET PARTIES

PRENANTES CONSULTÉES
"
8;"(2()1"!Y",'(+,"/'&'+3,"2&("0(0"+&:;k(0,"=)3"1+,"-+;M"0:;'=+,"-+"3+5J+35J+$">&"(2;(R"I#"'&(+3*'+f,"'&-'*'-;+11+,"
2&(" 0(0" 52&-;'(+," +(" #F" 432;=+," -+" -',5;,,'2&" 2&(" +;" 1'+;$" G)&," 1)" /0(J2-2124'+" -.0*)1;)('2&" -;" ,'(+" /'&'+3R"
+&*'32&"!A#"=;'(,"/'&'+3,"2&("0(0"2D,+3*0,"C"52/=3',"5+;M")D)&-2&&0,"+("+&")5('*'(0,$"
"
Itinéraire de la mission de terrain du Groupe 1 : Secteur d’Itombwe (à l’est de la Réserve)
"
<J+35J+;3,",;3"1+"(+33)'&"]"81)'&"<J',J;4'"xO'2&+1"%(2&4f)"
"
O.0:;'=+")"*','(0"1+,",'(+,"-.>S8"-+"S)i+&-)R"S'i'R"H)f+R"8=)&4)R"g;1)/D2"+("g;/;/D;",;3"!I"Z2;3,"+&"Z;'11+("
#Y!#R"+(")"*2C)40"L"='+-"+("L"/2(2"L"(3)*+3,"1)"=)3('+"+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"5J+35J+;3,"2&("=;"52&,;1(+3"-'*+3,+,"
=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+&"234)&',)&("-+,"+&(3+('+&,"'&-'*'-;+1,"+("+&"432;=+")'&,'":;+"-+,"432;=+,"-+"-',5;,,'2&")*+5"]""
! O+,"<J+9,"?de localité, de groupement, de camp etc.@"r"
! O+,">M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"r"
! O+,"432;=+,"*;1&03)D1+,"r"
! O+,"K[E"+("KH<"125)1+,"?D),0+,"-)&,"1+,"*'11+,"=325J+,"-.\*'3)"+("-+"B;i)*;@"
! O+,"0:;'=+,"-+"-09+&,+"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"r"
! O+"5J+9"-+"1)",05;3'(0"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"r"
! \&"3+=30,+&()&("-+"1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"r"
! \&"3+=30,+&()&("-;"H8>HH<8S"r"
! G+,"&0425')&(,"r"
! G+,"52//+3t)&(,"r""
! G+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"?C"52/=3',"-+,"=32,('(;0+,@"r"
! G+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"-+"/'&+3)',$"
"
O.0:;'=+")"04)1+/+&("=;"9)'3+",+,"=32=3+,"2D,+3*)('2&,"123,"-+"1.+&:;k(+"+/='3':;+"-.;&",'(+"/'&'+3$"
"
Itinéraire de la mission de terrain du Groupe 2 : Chefferie de Basile (à l’ouest de la Réserve)
"
<J+35J+;3",;3"1+"(+33)'&"]"S$"B+&Z)/'&"b'12&-Z)"

O+" 5J+35J+;3" )" *','(0" 1+," ,'(+," /'&'+3," -+" `2/D+R" O;4;&-;R" Sf)(+&-+" +(" df)f+&4)$" O+" ,'(+" -+" S'o)" 0()'("
04)1+/+&(",;3"1)"1',(+"-+,",'(+,"L"*','(+3"/)',"1+"5J+35J+;3")"2=(0"-+"&+"=),"C")11+3"=2;3"-+,"3)',2&,"-+",05;3'(0$"O+"
5J+35J+;3")"=;"52&,;1(+3"-'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+&"234)&',)&("-+,"+&(3+('+&,"'&-'*'-;+1,"+("+&"432;=+")'&,'"
:;+"-+,"432;=+,"-+"-',5;,,'2&")*+5"]"
! O+,"<J+9,"?de groupement et de localité) ; "
! \&"432;=+"-+"6GE"r"
! G'*+3,+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+R"-2&("-+,"041',+,"+("-+,"0521+,"r"
! G+,"432;=+,"-+"9+//+,"+(");(3+,"432;=+,"*;1&03)D1+,"r"
! O+"52//)&-)&("-+,"_87G<"r"
! G+,"&0425')&(,"+("-+,"52//+3t)&(,"r"
! G+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"r"
! G+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"C"52/=3',"-+,"5J+9,"-.0:;'=+,$"
"
O+"5J+35J+;3")"04)1+/+&("=;"9)'3+",+,"=32=3+,"2D,+3*)('2&,"123,"-+"1.+&:;k(+"+/='3':;+"-.;&",'(+"/'&'+3"

UF"
"

ANNEXE B: AUTRES INITIATIVES DE CONSERVATION EN RDC189

"
" CARPE NORAD (RNI) WWF-NL WWF-SW/AIDS
Titre du projet Landscape 10 Classement et La protection des La protection des
(Maiko-Tayna- Gestion de la Forêt grands singes dans grands singes et de
Kahuzi-Biega) du Massif le Massif d’Itombwe leur habitat dans
Programme sur 1+, d’Itombwe dans la 1+, forêts
paysages forestiers, République montagnardes du
Macro Zone des Démocratique du fossé albertin
Communautés Congo
forestières
d’Itombwe
Objectifs clés G.'5'" #Y!!R" =1)&" -+" ~;+,('2&," G.'5'" 1)" 9'&" #Y!!R"
H.),,;3+3" :;+" 1+,"
4+,('2&" ,25'2052&2/':;+," -2&&0+,"
,()(;(" 104)1" -+" 1)"
!YY‚" 52&t;" +(" #Y‚" 52/=3',+,R" -.)&5'+&&+,"
52&,+3*)('2&R" %<<["
/',"+&"};*3+" ,50&)3'2," +&:;k(+," ,2&("
3+&92350R" =32(+5('2&"
?,+12&" 1)" 9'5J+" -+" -0*+12==0,R" [7S" '&51;,+," -)&," 1+,"
52&(3+" 1+" 52//+35+"
(3)*)'1"-+"#Y!!@" =32/;R" ,50&)3'2,R" 1+,"
'1104)1" -+," ,'&4+,"
52//;&);(0," =)3(+&)3')(," =;D1'5^
?*2'3"logframe@"
125)1+," J)D'1'(0+,R"
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52//;&'5)('2&" 3+*+&;," +(" );(3+,"
?*2'3"logframe@" /2C+&," -+"
,;D,',()&5+
Prévision B;-4+(" -+" !XF" IA#" B;-4+(" -+" !FA" YT#" B;-4+(" -+" !IY" YY#" B;-4+(" &2&"
budgétaire \HG" \HG" \HG" -',=2&'D1+" -+" V#"
IYY"\HG"
Dates #YYV^#Y!!" #YYT^#Y!!" #YYX^#Y!F" #YYX^#Y!F"
Documents clés #Y!Y"g67" 632=2,'('2&" -+" g67" 52//;&" "
#Y!!"g67"-+"V"/2'," =32Z+(" u211)&-+j[23*N4+"
G+3&'+3"g67" #Y!Y"
g)D1+"#]"70,;/0"-+,"=32Z+(,"510,]"
"
‘"<2/='10")*+5"1.)'-+"-+"EJ',1)'&"d)i;1+"S;,;D)2R"52/=()D1+"-;"bb_^B;i)*;$"
‘‘"O+,"92&-,"-;"<876>"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-;"-+3&'+3"+M+35'5+"D;-40()'3+"&.2&("=),"0(0"-0=+&,0,R"5+":;'")"+&(3)c&0"
;&+")55;/;1)('2&"-+"AIF"VF!"\HG"-;3)&("1.)&&0+"D;-40()'3+")5(;+11+"?)&&0+"I@",'"5+,"92&-,",2&("=3',"+&"52/=(+$"
‘‘‘"O+,"92&-,"-;"[K78G"&.0()'+&("=),"-',=2&'D1+,"5+((+")&&0+"=2;3"3+/D2;3,+/+&($"
"
>M(3)'("-+"G+"h2&4R"#Y!!"
"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
189
De Jong, 2011

UI"
"

ANNEXE C: CAMPAGNES D’INFORMATION SUR LES AUTRES

SOURCES DE REVENUS DANS LA RNI
"
Type Lieux Partenaires locaux Observations
e1+*)4+" S'i'R" d'1+/Df+R" d),'i)R" \G>_%R"8OHs%R"86G%d" y" d),'i)R" -+," 5JN*3+," 2&("
S'i+&4+" -',=)3;" 123," -+,"
'&5;3,'2&,"3+D+11+,"
_)D3':;+,"=2;3"9+//+," d'(2=2R" d('(D'&4'R" d),'i)R" " y" d),'i)R" 1+," 9)D3':;+,"
S;4;&-)R"d'1+/Df+" 2&(" 0(0" +&-2//)40+,"
-;3)&("1+,"=3+/'+3,"Z2;3,"
<+&(3+" 52//;&);()'3+" d',;/D)" 6%G6" 61)&" =2;3" 1.)5J)(" -+" ARI"
=2;3"1+,"=C4/0+," J+5()3+," +(" 52&,(3;'3+" ;&"
5+&(3+" 52//;&);()'3+"
?=32*',2'3+/+&("
'&(+332/=;,@"
BW('/+&(" d),'i)R"d'D;/D)" " y" d),'i)R" 1)" 52&,(3;5('2&"
-;" DW('/+&(" +,(" 52/=1N(+"
+(" 1+" DW('/+&(" +,(" 255;=0"
=)3"1+,"_87G<"
H)&(0" S)&-Z)R" d)1)/D'R" O;,'1;R" " %&52&&;$" K&" -'(" :;+"
S),)&o+" 5+3()'&," DW('/+&(," &+"
,2&(" =)," 52/=1+(," ?,)&,"
(2'(,@"
"
g)D1+"A]">M+/=1+,"-.);(3+,",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;,"
"
>M(3)'("-+"G+"h2&4R"#Y!!"
"

UV"
"

ANNEXE D: INDICATEURS SUGGÉRÉS D’UNE INTERVENTION

TECHNIQUE D’EMA RÉUSSIE
"
Facteurs à considérer lorsqu’on considère des interventions technologiques au sein des
exploitants miniers artisanaux
Type de facteur Critère d’évaluation d’une solution technique
H25')1"+("5;1(;3+1" ! \('1+");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
! >,(")55+=(0"+(")==32;*0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"
! 63+&-"+&"52/=(+"1+,"/0(J2-+,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,";('1',0+,"-)&,"1.>S8""
! _)5'1'(+"1+"(3)*)'1"
! <+"=325+,,;,"=+3/+(");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"*2'3"+("-.2D,+3*+3"1+"
=325+,,;,R"+("-+"5+"9)'("-+"4)3-+3"1+"52&(3v1+"*','D1+"-+"1+;3,"/'&+3)',$""
! O+"=+3,2&&+1"&05+,,)'3+"+,("-',=2&'D1+"=2;3")552/=1'3"1)"(W5J+"?+&":;)&('(0"+("+&"
:;)1'(0",;99',)&(+,@"
! O.0:;'=+/+&(";('1',0"&+"-+*3)'("=),"52&(3)3'+3"1+,"52;(;/+,"&'"1+,"532C)&5+,"-+,"
432;=+,"*',0,"
! O+"&2;*+);"=325+,,;,"&+"-+*3)'("=),"&05+,,'(+3"-+"43)&-,"5J)&4+/+&(,",(3;5(;3+1,"
?J'03)35J'+R"3+,=2&,)D'1'(0,"+(5$@"
g+5J&':;+"" ! 8;4/+&(+"1)"=32-;5('2&"
! 8;4/+&(+"1)"305;=03)('2&"
! O+,"52q(,"-.'&*+,(',,+/+&(",2&("/'&'/+,"
! O+,"93)',"-.+M=12'()('2&",2&("/'&'/+,""
! O+"&2;*+1"0:;'=+/+&("-+*3)'("k(3+"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1.)&5'+&""
! O+,",21;('2&,"-+*3)'+&("=2;*2'3"k(3+"'&(0430+,"-)&,"1+,"=325+,,;,")5(;+1,""
! O+,"='N5+,"-+,"&2;*+);M"0:;'=+/+&(,j2;('1,",2&(^'1,"-',=2&'D1+,",;3"1+"/)35J0"{"
! O)"9)D3'5)('2&"125)1+"+,(^+11+"=2,,'D1+"{""
! O+"&2;*+1"0:;'=+/+&("+,(^'1"9)5'1+"L"403+3"+("L"/)'&(+&'3"{""
! O.0:;'=+/+&("-2'("k(3+"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1+,",2;35+,"-.0&+34'+"-',=2&'D1+,",;3"=1)5+"
! O.0:;'=+/+&("-2'(")*2'3";&"12&4"5C51+"-+"*'+"
e52124':;+" ! 70-;'("1.'/=)5("-+"1.>S8",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("
! 632(+5('2&"052124':;+")/01'230+")*+5"=+;"-+"(3)*)'1"+("L";&"52q("/'&'/+"
! 8;4/+&(+"52&,'-03)D1+/+&("1)",q3+(0"-+,"2;*3'+3,"
! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("30=2&-3+");M"&23/+,"052124':;+,"&)('2&)1+,"
! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("=+3/+((3+");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-.2D(+&'3"-+,"
5+3('9'5)(,"+("-+,"=+3/',"104'('/+,R",)&,"k(3+"52&(3)3'0,"L"5+((+"9'&"
! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("=2;*2'3"9)'3+"D)',,+3"1+,"93)',"052124':;+,"L"1.)*+&'3"
S',+" +&" };*3+" -;" ! [05+,,)'3+"L";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"'&(0430+":;'"*',+"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"1)"
=32Z+("" =32-;5('2&R"1)",)&(0R"1.;('1',)('2&"-.0&+34'+"+(5$""
! O)",21;('2&"-2'("=2;*2'3")/01'23+3"1+,"/0(J2-+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"-+,"9+//+,"+("-+,"
J2//+,"+("30-;'3+"1+,"'/=)5(,"-+"1.>S8",;3"1)",)&(0"+("1)",q3+(0",=05'9':;+,");M"
4+&3+,""
! O.)==1'5)('2&"-+"1)",21;('2&"-2'("k(3+")552/=)4&0+"-+"1)"923/)('2&"-;"432;=+"*',0"
! O+,"+,,)',"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"30)1',0,"3)='-+/+&("=2;3"40&03+3"-+,"-05','2&,"
! O+"432;=+"*',0"-+*3)'("=)3('5'=+3"L"1)",01+5('2&R"1.+,,)'"+("1.)-)=()('2&"-+,",21;('2&,"
! O+,",21;('2&,"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"/2-;1)D1+,"+&"*;+"-+"1+;3"-'99;,'2&"+99'5)5+"-)&,"1)"o2&+"
*',0+""
! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+*3)'+&(")==32;*+3"1+"52&5+=("-+"1)",21;('2&"
);=)3)*)&(""
! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("k(3+"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1+,"30)1'(0,"9'&)&5'N3+,$""
"
8-)=(0"-;"()D1+);"-)&,"b2(3;D)R"u$R"u+&(,5J+1R"g$R"O'*)&R"d$"et al."?!XXUR"(3)-;'("+&"#YY#@$"s2'3"1)"=)4+"!VT"-)&,"
1)"*+3,'2&"-+"#YY#$"
"

UT"
"

ANNEXE E : RAPPORT DE L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE À BUKAVU,

OCTOBRE 2012
Atelier sur l’exploitation artisanale des minerais dans la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe (RNI).
B;i)*;R"7G<R"#!",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#""
"
CONTEXTE
>&"#YYVR";&+"=)3('+"-;"/),,'9"923+,('+3"-.%(2/Df+")"2D(+&;"1+",()(;("-.;&+")'3+"=32(040+",2;,"1)"-0&2/'&)('2&"-+"
70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+" 4030+" =)3" 1.%<<[" )*+5" 1.)==;'" -+" bb_" :;'" *',+" 1)" =32(+5('2&" +(" 1+" /)'&('+&" -+" 1)"
D'2-'*+3,'(0" =2;3" ;&+" 4+,('2&" -;3)D1+" -+" =1;,'+;3," 3'5J+,,+," 9);&':;+," +(" 9123',(':;+," -052;*+3(+," -+=;',"
=1;,'+;3,")&&0+,$"
"
O)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+" ?7[%@" 255;=+" ;&+" =1)5+" ,(3)(04':;+" -)&," 1+" Landscape" !Y" -;" =3243)//+"
<876>!XY$" >11+" ,+" (32;*+" );" ,;-" -;" 6)35" [)('2&)1" -+" d)J;o'^B'+4)" +(" );" &23-" -+," 923k(," -+," S2&(," S',2(,J'^
d)D2D2":;'"(2;,"/',"+&,+/D1+R"255;=+&(";&+"=1)5+"'/=23()&(+"-)&,"1+"7'9("81D+3('&$"
"
K;(3+" 1+," 3'5J+,,+," D'2124':;+," -2&(" 3+4234+" 1)" 7[%R" 2&" C" 2D,+3*+" =1;,'+;3," 3'5J+,,+," /'&03)1+," 52//+" 1.23R" 1)"
5),,'(03'(+R" 1)" 5212/D2^()&()1'(+R" 1)" f2193)/'(+R" +(5$" E0&03)1+/+&(R" <+," /'&+3)'," 2&(" (2;Z2;3," 0(0" +M=12'(0," -+"
9)t2&")3(',)&)1+"=)3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"+(");(25J(2&+,"D'+&":;.;&+"+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+")"9)'(",;39)5+"
-+=;',":;+1:;+,")&&0+,"-+=;',"1)"o)a3')&',)('2&"+&"!XVV$"
"
O.+M=12'()('2&" L" =+('(+" 05J+11+" -+," /'&+3)'," 0=)3='110+" -)&," 1)" 7[%" +,(" 1.;&+" -+," /+&)5+," '/=23()&(+," =2;3" 1)"
52&,+3*)('2&" -.%(2/Df+$" <+3(+,R" 5+11+^5'" *)" 52&('&;+3" L",2&" 52;3," &23/)1" -)&," 1)" /+,;3+" 2nR" 1+," 52//;&);(0,"
125)1+,")5523-+&(";&+"'/=23()&5+"L"5+((+")5('*'(0$"<.+,("-)&,"1)"=+3,=+5('*+"*',)&("1)"3+5J+35J+"-.;&+",21;('2&"L"5+"
4+&3+" -+" =32D1N/+" :;+" 1+" 632Z+(" ASM-PACE" :;'" +,(" ;&" =3243)//+" 52//;&" -;" bb_^<876K" +(" -;" 5)D'&+(^
52&,+'1" >,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$R" )" 0(0" /'," ,;3" ='+-R" +(" -2&(" 1.2DZ+5('9" +,(" -.)D23-+3" 1+," =32D1N/+," 1'0," L" 1.'/=)5(" -+"
1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" +(" L" =+('(+" 05J+11+" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" ?8HS@R" (2;(" +&" ('3)&(" =)3('" -+" ,2&"
=2(+&('+1"052&2/':;+R",25')1"+("-+"3+,=2&,)D'1',)('2&"-)&,"1+,"052,C,(N/+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$"<+"
632Z+(" =23(+" +M51;,'*+/+&(" ,;3" 1+, ASM" ,'(;0+," L" 1.'&(03'+;3" +(" );(2;3" -+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" -+," 052,C,(N/+,"
53'(':;+,$"
"
O+,"(3)*);M"-+"3+5J+35J+"2&("0(0"+99+5(;0+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&"+("-)&,"1+,"43)&-,"5+&(3+,",'(;0,"-)&,"+(");(2;3"-+"1)"
70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+" )9'&" -+" 53+;,+3" -)*)&()4+" 1)" :;+,('2&" -.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" -+," /'&+3)'," ?1+,"
'/=)5(," +&*'32&&+/+&();MR" 1+," D0&09'5')'3+,R" 1)" 9'1'N3+R" +(5$@"r" -2&(" 1)" =1;," 43)&-+" +M=0-'('2&" +,(" 5+11+" -+" Z;'11+("
#Y!#$""
"
<+(" )(+1'+3" ,.'&,53'(" -)&," 1+" 5)-3+" -+" 1)" 52&,;1()&5+" bb_^>,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$R" -2&(" 1.+M05;('2&" -+," (+3/+," -;"
52&(3)(")"0(0"9)'(+"=)3">,(+11+"O+*'&$"
"
G)&,"1+"D;("-+"52&,21'-+3"1+,"30,;1()(,"-+"5+((+"+&:;k(+R"1+"bb_")"(+&;"L"234)&',+3";&")(+1'+3"2n"0()'+&("52&*'0,"
1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"',,;,"-+"=1;,'+;3,"-2/)'&+,R"&2()//+&("1+,"/'&+,R"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+")'&,'":;+"1+,"
=+3,2&&+,"3+,,2;35+,"?+M=+3(,"+&":;+,('2&,"-+"923k(,R"+&*'32&&+/+&(R"-32'(,"-+,"52//;&);(0,@R"+(5$"<+;M^5'"2&("
=3',")5('*+/+&("=)3(");M"(3)*);M"-+"3+,('(;('2&"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.+&:;k(+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"
(2;(" +&" )==23()&(" 1+;3" 52&(3'D;('2&" +&" =+3,=+5('*+" -+" 1.)(+1'+3" -+" d'&,J),)" +(" 5+R" +&" *;+" -+" 1)" 52&,21'-)('2&" -;"
3)==23("9'&)1$"
"
OBJECTIF DE L’ATELIER
O+,"2DZ+5('9,"=2;3,;'*',"=)3"5+(")(+1'+3",2&("1+,",;'*)&(,"]"
• s)1'-)('2&"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.0(;-+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+R")*+5";&")55+&("
=)3('5;1'+3",;3"1.)&)1C,+"-+"1.0(;-+"-+"5),"-;"/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+"r"
• %-+&('9'5)('2&"-+"1.'&923/)('2&"/)&:;)&(+"+("5211+5(+"-+"1.'&923/)('2&")--'('2&&+11+"r"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
190
“Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment”, financé par l’USAID

UU"
"

• %&(03'23',)('2&"-+,"'/=3+,,'2&,"+("=2'&(,"-+"*;+"-+"-'9903+&(+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"-)&,"1)"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"
1+;3"+M=12'()('2&");"&'*+);"&)('2&)1"123,"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)$"
B3+9R"1+,"+M=+3(,"+(")5(+;3,"'/=1':;0,"-)&,"1+,":;+,('2&,"-+,"/'&+3)',R"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"2&("
0(0")==+10,"L"=)3()4+3"+("*)1'-+3"1+"3)==23("-+,")5('*'(0,"30)1',0+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&"=+&-)&("1+"/2',"-+"Z;'11+("#Y!#$"
"
RESULTATS ATTENDUS
8"1.',,;+"-+"5+(")(+1'+3R"1+,"30,;1()(,"5'^)=3N,"0()'+&(")((+&-;,"]"
• 8/01'23+3" 1)" 52/=30J+&,'2&"-+," =32D1N/+," +(" -+," :;+,('2&," 3+1)('9," L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+"
-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"r""
• 6)3()4+3"1+,"3091+M'2&,",;3"1+,",21;('2&,"=2(+&('+11+,"L"12&4"(+3/+"-)&,"1)"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"
-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,",+&,'D1+"L"1)":;+,('2&"/'&'N3+"r"
• 833'*+3"L"923/;1+3";&"/+,,)4+"51)'3"-+"1)"D),+");",2//+("52&5+3&)&("1+,"-'9903+&(+,"=+3,=+5('*+,",;3"1)"
:;+,('2&"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+&"3)==23(")*+5"1)"4+,('2&"-;3)D1+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"
[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$"

LIEU ET DUREE DE L’ATELIER

• O.)(+1'+3"-+"3+,('(;('2&"-+"1.0(;-+",;3"1)"=+('(+"/'&+"L"%(2/Df+",.+,("(+&;"+&"-)(+"-;"#!",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#"
-)&," 1)" 43)&-+" ,)11+" -+" 30;&'2&" -+" 1.uv(+1" S2&(" d)J;o'" ,'," !#X" )*+&;+" 6)(3'5+" >/+3C" O;/;/D)R"
52//;&+"-.%D)&-)R"*'11+"-+"B;i)*;R"=32*'&5+"-;"H;-^d'*;R"70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42$"
• O.)(+1'+3")"52//+&50"L"U"J+;3+,"FY"/'&;(+,"+(")"=3',"9'&"L"!T"J+;3+,"FI"/'&;(+,"-;")*+5"1+,")1125;('2&,"
3+,=+5('*+," -.2;*+3(;3+" +(" -+" 51v(;3+" -+" ,2&" >M5+11+&5+" S2&,'+;3" 1+" S'&',(3+" =32*'&5')1" -+"
1.>&*'32&&+/+&(R"899)'3+,"92&5'N3+,R"-+"1.\3D)&',/+R"-+"1.u)D'()("+("-+,"g3)*);M"6;D1'5,$"

PARTICIPANTS
• O+," =)3('5'=)&(," L" 5+(" )(+1'+3" 0()'+&(" );" &2/D3+" -+" A!" =+3,2&&+," ,;'*)&(" 1)" 1',(+" +&" 8&&+M+" !" +("
3+432;=0+,"+&"5)(0423'+,",;'*)&(+,"]"
• ^">:;'=+"-+"1.+&:;k(+"ASM-PACE"7[%r"
• ^"621'(':;+"-;"-2/)'&+"/'&'"
• +3"+("+&*'32&&+/+&("r"
• ^"8-/'&',(3)('2&"+(",+3*'5+,"(+5J&':;+,"-+,"/'&+,"+("-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("r"
• ^"85(+;3,"};*3)&("-)&,"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"r"
• ^"g3)9':;)&(,"+("&0425')&(,"-+,"/'&+3)',"r"
• ^" 6+3,2&&+," 3+,,2;35+," ]" 52&,;1()&(," +(" )5(+;3," -+," K[E" -+" -0*+12==+/+&(" +(" -09+&,+" -+," -32'(," -+,"
52//;&);(0,"3;3)1+,"r"
• ^"O+,"9)5'1'()(+;3,]"H()99"bb_$"
• 62;3"1+,"-0()'1,R"*2'3"1)"1',(+"-+"=30,+&5+",'4&0+"=)3"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,")&&+M0+"L"5+"3)==23($"%1"C")"1'+;"-+"
&2(+3" :;+" 1.)(+1'+3" &.)" =)," =;" D0&09'5'+3" -+" 1.+M=+3(" -;" G0=)3(+/+&(" -+" 402124'+" /'&'N3+" +&" -0='(" -+"
1.'&*'()('2&":;'")*)'("0(0")-3+,,0+"L"5+("+99+($"

DE L’ATELIER PROPREMENT-DIT
" "
" Ouverture officielle de l’atelier
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2;*+3(,"=)3",2&">M5+11+&5+"1+"S'&',(3+"632*'&5')1")C)&("1.>&*'32&&+/+&("-)&,",+,")((3'D;('2&,R"+&"1)"=+3,2&&+"-+"
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EXPOSE 1 : RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE : BREF APERÇU HISTORIQUE, PROCESSUS DE
LA DELIMITATION ET ENJEUX DES ACTIVITES MINIERES

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"
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! H+5(+;3"%&-;,(3'+1"]"II‚"-+"1)"30,+3*+"52;*+3(+"=)3"-+,"=+3/',"-.+M=12'()('2&"+(j2;"-.+M=123)('2&"/'&'N3+"
L"43)&-+"05J+11+"?B8[7KR"g78[H8_7%<8@$"

XA"
"

EXPOSE 2 : EXPLOITATION MINIERE ARTISANALE ET A PETITE ECHELLE DANS LES AIRES

PROTEGEES ET LES ECOSYSTEMES CRITIQUES EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU
CONGO (ASM-PACE DRC)

6)3"]"81)'&"<u%Hu\E%R"<2&,;1()&(">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"

O+"<2&,;1()&(":;'")"52&-;'("1.+&:;k(+")"0(0"'&(32-;'("=)3"1+"S2-03)(+;3"-+"1)",0)&5+$"%1")"52//+&50",2&"=32=2,"
=)3"1)"=30,+&()('2&"-+"1)"/)',2&">,(+11+"O+*'&")*)&("1+"3)==23("-+"1.+&:;k(+"-2&("5J):;+"=)3('5'=)&("-0(+&)'(";&+"
52='+$"

>,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$" +,(" ;&" 5)D'&+(^52&,+'1" +&" -0*+12==+/+&(" '&(+3&)('2&)1" :;'" 2993+" -+," ,+3*'5+," -+" 3+5J+35J+R"
-.)&)1C,+"+("-+"52&,+'1,"52&5+3&)&("1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+("1+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("
-;3)D1+,$" %1" )'-+" ,+," -'*+3," 51'+&(," +(" 1+;3," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," L" ,+" 530+3" ;&" 9;(;3" -;3)D1+" +&" 1+;3" 2993)&(" -+,"
52&,+'1," ,;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" -+" /2D'1',+3" 1+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+," +&" *;+" -+" 1+;3" -0*+12==+/+&(" +(" 1+;3," )/D'('2&,"
52//+35')1+,R"(2;("+&"4)3)&(',,)&(";&+"5+3()'&+"3+,=2&,)D'1',)('2&"+(";&+"=32(+5('2&"052124':;+$"
"
%1"(3)*)'11+")*+5"1+,"/+/D3+,"-+"5+"5)D'&+(^52&,+'1"-+=;',"V")&,"-)&,"=1;,'+;3,"0(;-+,"-+"3+5J+35J+"+("+&:;k(+,"+&"
%(;3'"+("u);(^\010R");"d)()&4)R"+&"`)/D'+"+(");"d'*;",;3"1+,"),=+5(,",25'2^052&2/':;+,"+("+&*'32&&+/+&();M"-;"
,+5(+;3"/'&'+3"83(',)&)1$"
"
<.+,("-)&,"5+"5)-3+":;+"1)"52&-;'(+",;3"1+"(+33)'&"-+"1.0(;-+",;3"1)"=+('(+"/'&+"L"%(2/Df+"1;'")"0(0"52&9'0+"+("-2&("
1+,"30,;1()(,",+"432;=+&(");(2;3"-+,"=2'&(,":;'",;'*+&("]"
"
Objectifs du rapport

O+,"2DZ+5('9,"-;"=30,+&("3)==23("-.0(;-+",+"=30,+&(+&("52//+",;'(]""
! \&+"/+'11+;3+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"
! \&+"'-+&('9'5)('2&"-+,"1+t2&,"('30+,"-.+9923(,"=3050-+&(,R"+(""
! \&+"'-+&('9'5)('2&"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"-.0(;-+,"-+"5),"+("-+"=3243)//+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&$""
"

XF"
"

Exploitation minière dans la RNI

8$ <);,+,"]"F"43)&-+,"5);,+,"2&("0(0"0='&410+,"=)3"1.0(;-+R"'1",.)4'("-+"]"
! H05;3',)('2&"-+"3+*+&;,"r"
! >M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"52//+")5('*'(0"J',(23':;+"r"
! O)"=);*3+(0"r"
! O+"/)&:;+"-.2==23(;&'(0,$"
B$ <)3)5(03',(':;+,"]"
8"1.05J+11+"&)('2&)1+"
! O+,"/'&+3)',"-;"52&91'("r"
! >M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"9)5+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"r"
! <2&9;,'2&"+&(3+")5('*'(0,"104)1+,"+("923/+11+,"r"
! 6),"),,+o"-+"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"1)",)&(0R"1)",q3+(0"+("1)",05;3'(0"=2;3"1+,")3(',)&,"/'&'+3,"r"
! 8;(3+,")5('*'(0,"-043)-)&("1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"
! G+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"
"
8"1.05J+11+"-+"1)"7[%"
! g32',"(C=+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"
! 85('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"30-;'(+,""
! <)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"
! <)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1.23""
! O+,"-+;M"/'&+3)',"?5),,'(03'(+"+("23@"=),,+&("=2,,'D1+/+&("+&"52&(3+"D)&-+""
"
<$ O+,")5(+;3,"
G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"?+&('(0,"52&5+3&0+,"=)3"1.0(;-+@"
! G+;M"(C=+,"-.+M=12'()&(,"
! O+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+,",+3*'5+,"
! O+,"/'43)&(,"052&2/':;+,"
! %&(+3-'5('2&",(3'5(");M"9+//+,"-.)550-+3"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"
! 84+,"]"-+"!I"L"IY")&,"+&*'32&,"
"
S2('*)('2&,]"=3'&5'=)1+"(3)*)'1"&2D1+"=2;3"1+,"125);M"+("4',+/+&(,"*')D1+,""
! E32;=+"-+,"*;1&03)D1+,"
! O+,"9+//+,"r"
! O+,"+&9)&(,"r"
! O+,"=+;=1+,");(25J(2&+,"+("1+,"*'+'11)3-,$"
"
Gouvernance dans le secteur
"
8;"&'*+);"-+"1)"D),+R"1)"=30,+&5+"-+,")4+&(,"5'^)=3N,"+,("*','D1+"]"
! 8;(23'(0"52;(;/'N3+"?<J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(R"5J+9"-+"*'11)4+R"+(5$@"
! H8>HH<8Sj,+3*'5+"-+,"/'&+,"?H+3*'5+"(+5J&':;+"-+"1.>()("+&"5J)&4+"-+"1.+&5)-3+/+&("-+,"53+;,+;3,"+("
+M=12'()&(,")3(',)&);M@$"
! O+,"5J+9,"-+,"5+11;1+,j52/'(0"-+"4+,('2&"
! O+,"6GE,R"=32=3'0()'3+,"-+,"(32;,j=;'(,"
! O+,",+3*'5+,"-+",05;3'(0"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"
"
>()=+,"L",;'*3+"=2;3"2=03+3"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"?=+('(+"/'&+@"
! 63+/'N3+"0()=+"]">&3+4',(3+/+&(");=3N,"-;"5J+9"-+"5+11;1+";&+"92',",;3"1+"1'+;R"=2;3"1+,"/'43)&(,$"
! G+;M'N/+"0()=+"]"H.)&&2&5+3");"=3N,"-;"5J+9"52;(;/'+3"*')",2&"3+=30,+&()&("4)3)&(',,)&("1+,"=)C+/+&(,"
-;,$""
! g32','N/+"0()=+"]"H.'&,53'3+"-)&,";&+"0:;'=+"
"
La chaîne"d’approvisionnement

\&+" 5J)c&+" =)3()&(" -+," 53+;,+;3," Z;,:;.);" /)35J0" '&(+3&)('2&)1" )" 0(0" -032;10+" =)3" 1.23)(+;3" )*+5" 1+,"
5)3)5(03',(':;+,",=05'9':;+,"-+"5J):;+"&'*+);$"
"

XI"
"

!€"8;"&'*+);"-;",'(+"2n"&2;,")*2&,"1.+M(3)5('2&"+("1+"(3)'(+/+&(R"&2;,"(32;*2&,"1+,"53+;,+;3,");"=3+/'+3"=1)&$"8"5+"
&'*+);R"'1",.2D,+3*+"5+":;'",;'("]""
! H'(+,"&2&"0()D1',"299'5'+11+/+&("=)3"1+"<)-),(3+"/'&'+3"r"
! S)&:;+"-+"3041+/+&()('2&"*',^L^*',"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("r"
! H05;3'(0"=305)'3+"=2;3"1+,"=+3,2&&+,"+("1+;3,"D'+&,"r"
! 8==1'5)('2&"-.'/=v(,"'1104);M"r"
! <2&-'('2&,",)&'()'3+,"=305)'3+,$"

#€" 8;" &'*+);" -+" (3)&,=23(" );" &'*+);" 125)1" +(" '&(+3&)('2&)1R" &2;," )*2&," 1+," &0425')&(," +(" 1+," 52/=(2'3," 2n" 1.2&"
2D,+3*+"]"
['*+);"125)1"
! S2-+"-+"(3)&,=23("L"='+-"+("*0J'5;1+,"104+3,"=)3"1+,"=+('(,"&0425')&(,""
! g3)t)D'1'(0"-+"1.23'4'&+"-+,"/'&+3)',"-'99'5'1+$"
! 855N,"-'99'5'1+");M",'(+,"/'&'+3,"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"1+"(3)&,=23("-+,"/'&+3)',$"
! H05;3'(0"=305)'3+"-)&,"1+,"*2'+,"-+"(3)&,=23("
! 8==1'5)('2&"-.'/=v(,"'1104);M"

['*+);"'&(+3&)('2&)1"
! >99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"52/=(2'3,"299'5'+1,""
! <2&(3v1+":;)1'(0"+(":;)&('(0"52&-;'("=)3"1+,",+3*'5+,"-+"1.)-/'&',(3)('2&"=;D1':;+"

A€"S)35J0"%&(+3&)('2&)1"2n"1.2&"3+&52&(3+"-+;M"5),"]"
! >M=23()('2&"(3)&,=)3+&(+"?85J+(+;3,"'&(+3&)('2&);M]"8,'+R">;32=+@"
! >M=23()('2&"+&"52&(3+"D)&-+"?85J+(+;3,"304'2&);M"=3'&5'=)1+/+&(]"7f)&-)R"B;3;&-'R"K;4)&-)R"d+&C)@$"

Les impacts environnementaux de l’exploitation artisanale des minerais

8$ 7+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"]";('1',0+,"=2;3"9)D3':;+3"1+,"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,R"-)&,"1+;3,")5('*'(0,"
-+"(2;,"1+,"Z2;3,R"'1,";('1',+&("1+,"05235+,R"9+;'11+,R"/235+);M"-+,")3D3+,"=2;3R",2'("1+,"D+,2'&,"-'3+5(,");"
(3)'(+/+&("-+,"/'&+3)',R",2'("-+,"D+,2'&,"'&-'3+5(,"1'+,"L"5+((+"+M=12'()('2&$"
B$ H2;35+,"-.+);M :"-0*')('2&"-+,"52;3,"-.+);"r""
<$ H21]"%1"C")*)'("=3+;*+"-+"-043)-)('2&"-;",21"1L"2n"1+,"53+;,+;3,"+M=12'(+&("L"5'+1"2;*+3("?52//+"-)&,"1+,"
/)3)'," -+" S'i'" +(" S)i+&-)r" +(" 1+" 9'12&" -+" g;1)/D2@$" <+=+&-)&(" L" 1.05J+11+" )5(;+11+" 5+," '/=)5(," ,2&("
1'/'(0,$"
G$ O.J)D'()("-+,")&'/);M",);*)4+,"+,("-03)&40"=)3"1)"=30,+&5+"J;/)'&+"52//+"L"H)f+"r"
>$ S2'&-3+"52&,2//)('2&"-+"*')&-+"-+"4'D'+3"3+,(3+'&(");M"32&4+;3,"r""
_$ S+35;3+"=+;";('1',0r"
E$ G0*+12==+/+&("-;"9'12&"-.23]"'/=)5(,"=2(+&('+1,"-0,),(3+;M$"

Les impacts sociaux

%/=)5(,"=2,'('9,"]"
"
! \&+"532',,)&5+"+("-0*+12==+/+&("052&2/':;+"
! "O.)D,23=('2&"-+,"5Jv/+;3,""
! "O)"D)',,+"-;"();M"-+"53'/'&)1'(0"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"3;3)1+,"+(";3D)'&+,""
"
%/=)5(,"&04)('9,]"
"
! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+*'+&&+&(" 1)" D),+" -+" 1)" 532',,)&5+" +(" -;" -0*+12==+/+&(" 052&2/':;+," -+,"
52//+35+,",+52&-)'3+,"r"
! O+,"=);*3+,"52&-'('2&,"JC4'0&':;+,":;.2&"=+;("(32;*+3"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"r"
! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"/'&+;3,",2'+&(",2;*+&("L"1)"/+35'"-+,"=3'M"9'M0,"=)3"1+,")5J+(+;3,"+(");(3+,"'&(+3/0-')'3+,"
r"
! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"9+//+,"+("1+,"+&9)&(,"3',:;+&("1+"*'21"+(");(3+,")D;,"-+"1+;3,"-32'(,"r"
! O.)D,23=('2&"-+,"5Jv/+;3,"r"
! O)" D)',,+" -;" ();M" -+" 53'/'&)1'(0" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 3;3)1+," +(" ;3D)'&+," r" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )(('3+" -+"
&2/D3+;M"432;=+,":;'")D)&-2&&+&("1+;3,")5('*'(0,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,"r"
! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"/'&+;3,"-0=+&,+&(",2;*+&("1+;3")34+&("+&")15221R"+&")3('51+,"-+"*)1+;3"(+1,":;+"-+,"D'Z2;MR"

XV"
"

)'&,'":;.+&",+3*'5+,"-+"=32,('(;('2&"r"1+,"/'&+;3,"&.2&("=),"1.J)D'(;-+"-.052&2/',+3"r"
! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"/'&+;3,"&.2&("=),";&"&'*+);"-.0-;5)('2&"01+*0"-q");"();M"01+*0"-.0(;-')&(,":;'"=309N3+&("
(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"r"O+"();M"01+*0"-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&":;'")"=+;"-.0-;5)('2&",+"
(3)-;'(" =)3" ;&+" 9)'D1+" 52/=30J+&,'2&"-+"1)" /+&)5+" -;" s%u" +(" );(3+," /)1)-'+," (3)&,/',,'D1+," -)&," 1+,"
,'(+,"/'&'+3,$"

XT"
"

Leçons apprises après l’enquête RNI

G+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+R"(32',"1+t2&,"2&("0(0"('30+,")=3N,"1.0(;-+"/+&0+"-+3&'N3+/+&("-)&,"1+"7[%$"[2;,"5'(2&,"]"
! O.+M=12'()('2&"&+"=2;33)"=),"5+,,+3R"-2&5"+&*',)4+3"1+,"9)t2&,"-+"*'*3+")*+5"-.;&+"/)&'N3+"52&,(3;5('*+"r"
! g3N,"=+;"-.)1(+3&)('*+"-+",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;"r"
! 8123,"'1"&+"9);-3)"=),"+M=;1,+3"1+,")3(',)&);M^"'1"9);(",.+&4)4+3")*+5"+;M"r"
! 8,,;3+3"-+,",'(+,"-+"3+/=1)5+/+&("2;");(3+,")5('*'(0,"=1;,")((3)C)&(+,"r"
! <J+35J+3"1.)==;'"-+,"5J+9,"+("1)"522=03)('2&"-+,"52//;&);(0,r"+&"=3'*'104'+3"1)"52//;&'5)('2&"+&(3+"1+,"
=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$"
! _)'3+"3+,=+5(+3"1+,"3N41+/+&(,"=)3";&+")==325J+"-+"522=03)('2&"+("-+"-')124;+$"

Quelques pistes des solutions

[2;,"=+&,2&,":;+"(2;(+",(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",+&,'D1+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+*3)'(")*2'3"1+,")((3'D;(,"
,;'*)&(,"]"
• \&+"=21'(':;+",+&,0+"3+1)('*+"L"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+(",)"/',+"+&"};*3+"r"
• %&91;+&5+3" 1.0-;5)('2&" +(" 1+" 3+&9235+/+&(" -+," 5)=)5'(0," =2;3" '&5'(+3" 1+," /'&+;3," L" =2;3,;'*3+"
-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"r"
• %&51;3+"(2;(+,"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"r""
• _)'3+"=)3('5'=+3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"=2;3":;.+11+,"(32;*+&(" -+,"/2C+&,"-.0:;'1'D3+3"1+;3,"
D+,2'&,")5(;+1,"-+",;D,',()&5+")*+5"1+;3"3v1+"-+"304',,+;3"-+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"=)3"04)3-"
=2;3"1+,"40&03)('2&,"9;(;3+,"-+"1)"7G<"+("-;"3+,(+"-;"/2&-+"r"
• >11+"-+*3)'(",2;(+&'3"1.%<<["+("1+"=325+,,;,"-+"o2&)4+"=32=2,0"=2;3"1)"7[%"r"
• >11+"-+*3)'("=)3('5'=+3"L"1.)5(;)1',)('2&"-;"<2-+"S'&'+3"&)('2&)1$""

Notes conclusives

O.23)(+;3")"(+3/'&0",)"=30,+&()('2&",;3"-.);(3+,"),=+5(,"53'(':;+,"L"52&,'-03+3"-)&,"5+((+"(J0/)(':;+$"%1",.)4'("
+&(3+");(3+,"]"855+,,'D'1'(0"-'99'5'1+"-+,"o2&+,"52&5+3&0+,R"E32;=+,")3/0,R"1+,"'&(03k(,"=)3('5;1'+3,R"1.+/D)342"
'/=2,0" ,;3" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+" 1.>,(" -;" =)C,R" );(3+," )5('*'(0," J;/)'&+," :;'" 2&(" ;&" '/=)5(R" 1.+M=12'()('2&"
'&-;,(3'+11+"=30,+&(+"-0ZLR"1+,"6+;=1+,"8;(25J(2&+,R"g3)&,=)3+&5+"+&(3+"1+,"=)3(+&)'3+,"'&(+3*+&)&(,$"
>&"9'&R"'1",.+,("-',=2,0"=2;3"30=2&-3+");M":;+,('2&,"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,$""

DEBATS

!$ 61;,'+;3,"30)5('2&,"L"1.04)3-"-+"-+;M"+M=2,0,"2&("0(0"1.2DZ+("-+,":;+,('2&,"+(j2;"2D,+3*)('2&,"(+11+,":;+"]"
#$ \&"4+&,"-+"1)"H25'0(0"<'*'1+")"/2&(30":;+"1+"('(3+"-;"3)==23("&+"5233+,=2&-"=),"L"5+":;'")"0(0"=30,+&(0"2;"
L"1.2DZ+("-+"1.)(+1'+3"+(")",;44030":;.'1"+,("/'+;M"-+"/+&('2&&+3":;+"5+((+"0(;-+"+,(";&"5),"(C=+"-+"1)"7[%"
+("&2&"=),"1)"5'352&,53'3+"L"(2;(+,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-+"1)"7G<$"
)$ %1" )" );,,'" *2;1;" ,)*2'3" 1+" =2;3:;2'" -+" 925)1',+3" 1.0(;-+" ,;3" -+;M" +&('(0," ,+;1+/+&(" ,;3" &+;9"
52&5+3&0+,"=)3"1)"7[%$"O+"=32D1N/+"-.05J)&('112&&)4+",+"=2,+$"
D$ 61;,'+;3,")532&C/+,"+(",'41+"+&"8&41)',":;'"-2'*+&("k(3+"(3)-;'(,"+&"93)&t)',$"
5$ 70=2&,+"]" '1" +,(" *3)'" :;+" 1.0(;-+" +,(" +&523+" L" ,+," -0D;(,R" 1+," );(3+," +&('(0," ,+32&(" (2;5J0+,"
5+3()'&+/+&($"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"&+"9);("=),"2;D1'+3"1+,"52&(3)'&(+,"-+",05;3'(0":;'"=30*)1+&("+&523+"
-)&,"D+);52;="-+"o2&+,"-)&,"+(");(2;3"-+"1)"7[%$"
A$ \&"4+&,"-;"S'&',(N3+"=32*'&5')1"-+,"/'&+,")"-'(":;.)=3N,")*2'3"1;"1+"3)==23(R"'1")"52&,()(0":;.2&")*)'("9)'("
)11;,'2&" );M" =1;,'+;3," -',=2,'('2&," 104)1+," :;'" 3N41+/+&(+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+$" [0)&/2'&,R" 5+((+"
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TRAVAUX EN CARREFOURS

Groupe thématique 1"]"Critique profonde de l’étude avec un accent particulier sur ses buts "
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=1)&"52;(;/'+3"{""
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104)1{"
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/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+"{""
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XX"
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RESTITUTION EN PLENIERE DES TRAVAUX EN CARREFOURS

Premier Groupe :

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"
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!YF"
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