Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X

Volume 335 – 1er trimestre – janvier 2018 – p. 49-57

RENFORCEMENT DE PANNEAUX DE FIBRES DE BOIS / LE POINT SUR… 49

Hamid R. Taghiyari1
Farzad Arbabi Ghamsari1
Ehsan Salimifard1
Effects of adding nano-wollastonite,
Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training
date palm prunings and two types
1

University
Faculty of Materials Engineering
and New Technologies
Wood Science and Technology
of resins on the physical
Department
Tehran and mechanical properties
Iran

Auteur correspondant /
of medium-density fibreboard (MDF)
Corresponding author:
Hamid R. Taghiyari –
made from wood fibres
htaghiyari@[Link]

A B
C

Figure 1.
Palm orchard in Bushehr province
in Iran (A); a palm grove with some
dried leaved to be pruned (B);
the furnish after former to be hot-
pressed (C).

Doi : 10.19182/bft2018.335.a31517
Droit d’auteur © 2018, Bois et Forêts des Tropiques
Date de publication : 12 mars 2018
Citer l’article / Cite the article
Taghiyari H. R., Ghamsari F. A., Salimifard E., 2018. Effects of adding na-
no-wollastonite, date palm prunings and two types of resins on the physi-
Licence Creative Commons : cal and mechanical properties of medium-density fibreboard (MDF) made
Attribution - Pas de Modification 4.0 International. from wood fibres. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 335: 49-57. Doi: http://
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 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X
Volume 335 – 1st quarter - January 2018 - p. 49-57
50 F O CUS / REINF O RCEMENT O F FIBR EBOA R D

H. R. Taghiyari, F. A. Ghamsari,
E. Salimifard

RÉSUMÉ ABSTRACT RESUMEN

Effets de l’ajout de nano-wollastonite, Effects of adding nano-wollastonite, Efectos de agregar nanowollastonita,
de résidus de palmier-dattier et de date palm prunings and two types of residuos de palma datilera y dos
deux types de résine sur les propriétés resins on the physical and mechanical tipos de resina en las propiedades
physiques et mécaniques de panneaux properties of medium-density fibreboard fisicomecánicas de tableros de fibras
de fibres de bois à densité moyenne (MDF) made from wood fibres de madera de densidad media

L’étude porte sur les effets de l’ajout de The effects of adding nano-wollastonite Se estudiaron los efectos de la adición
nano-wollastonite (NW) et de résidus de (NW) and date palm prunings on the de nanowollastonita (NW) y residuos de
palmier-dattier sur les propriétés phy- physical and mechanical properties of palma datilera en las propiedades físi-
siques et mécaniques de panneaux de medium-density fibreboard (MDF) were cas y mecánicas de tableros de fibras
fibres à densité moyenne. Des résines studied here. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) de densidad media. Para producir los
d’urée-formaldéhyde (UF) et d’isocyanate and isocyanate (IC) resins were used to tableros, se utilizaron resinas de urea for-
(IC) ont été utilisées à 10 % et 5 %, res- produce panels at contents of 10% and maldehído (UF) e isocianato (IC) al 10% y
pectivement, du poids sec du matériau 5% respectively, based on the dry weight 5%, respectivamente, del peso seco del
pour produire les panneaux. NW à gra- of the composite material. NW was used material. Se utilizó la NW, con un tamaño
nulométrie < 100 nm a été utilisé à 5 et at the 5% and 10% concentrations based de partícula de <100 nm, al 5 y 10% del
10 % du poids sec des résines, mélangé on the dry weight of the resins, and the peso seco de las resinas, mezclándola
et pulvérisé sur le matériau avant for- results were compared with those for y pulverizándola sobre el material antes
mation du tapis de fibres. Les résultats panels containing no NW. NW with a <100 de la formación de la manta de fibras.
ont été ensuite comparés à ceux pour nm particle size were used. NW was mixed Posteriormente se compararon los resul-
les panneaux sans NW. Ils indiquent and sprayed onto the material prior to for- tados con los de tableros sin NW y éstos
clairement une moindre absorption mation of the mat. The results indicated indican claramente una menor absorción
d’humidité et un moindre gonflement distinctly lower water absorption and de humedad y un menor hinchamiento
en épaisseur pour les panneaux pro- thickness swelling of panels produced en grosor de los tableros producidos
duits avec ajout de résine IC. L’ajout de with IC resin. Adding palm residues signi- con resina IC. La adición de residuos de
résidus de palmier-dattier a augmenté ficantly increased the IB values in panels palma datilera incrementó significativa-
significativement les valeurs IB des pan- with both UF and IC resins. Adding NW mente los valores IB de los tableros con
neaux produits avec les deux résines, UF had the effect of decreasing the mecha- ambas resinas, UF e IC. La adición de NW
et IC. L’ajout de NW a réduit les proprié- nical properties of panels produced with disminuyó las propiedades mecánicas
tés mécaniques des panneaux produits UF resin, but had an increasing effect de los tableros producidos con la resina
avec la résine UF, et amélioré celles des on panels made with IC resin. It was UF y mejoró las de los tableros produci-
panneaux produits avec la résine IC. En concluded that palm leaf residues can be dos con la resina IC. En conclusión, los
conclusion, les résidus de palmier-dattier considered as a potential raw material for residuos de palma datilera pueden con-
peuvent être considérés comme matière producing MDF panels using both UF and siderarse como potencial materia prima
première potentielle pour la production IC resins. Moreover, NW is recommended para la producción de tableros de fibras
de panneaux de fibres à moyenne den- as an additive in composite panels with de densidad media empleando ambas
sité en utilisant les deux résines, UF et 10% of palm residues to compensate in resinas, UF e IC. Además, se recomienda
IC. D’autre part, l’ajout de NW est recom- part for the property losses. añadir NW para la producción de table-
mandé pour la production de panneaux ros compuestos con 10% de residuos
composites avec 10 % de résidus de Keywords: minerals, nano- de palma para compensar, en parte, su
palmier pour compenser en partie leur materials, natural fibres, palm menor resistencia mecánica.
moindre résistance mécanique. leaves, particleboard, thermal
conductivity coefficient, wollastonite, Palabras clave: minerales,
Mots-clés : minéraux, nanomatériaux, wood-composite. nanomateriales, fibras naturales,
fibres naturelles, feuilles de palmier, hojas de palma, tableros de partículas,
panneaux de particules, coefficient de coeficiente de conductividad térmica,
conductivité thermique, wollastonite, wollastonita, material de madera
matériau de bois composite. compuesta.
 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X
Volume 335 – 1er trimestre – janvier 2018 – p. 49-57
RENFORCEMENT DE PANNEAUX DE FIBRES DE BOIS / LE POINT SUR… 51

Introduction

Trees produce valuable constructional materials with Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have been effec-
unique properties; they help humankind keep sustainable tive to improve properties of many materials and overcome
development; and they provide beauty and clean air for some of their drawbacks (Majidi, 2016; Matinise et al., 2016;
both human and wildlife (Daly-Hassen et al., 2014; Arce Harsini et al., 2017; Pethig, 2017; Suganya et al., 2017). In
and Moya, 2015; Gbètoho et al., 2017). Moreover, they this regard, nano-wollastonite (NW) was reported to improve
provide raw materials for many other products and compo- thermal conductivity coefficient of composite mats (Taghiyari
sites (Altuntas et al., 2017; Fernandes et al., 2017; Hubbe et al., 2013ab), physical and mechanical properties, biolo-
et al., 2017). However, it has also some drawbacks, like gical resistance against wood-deteriorating fungi, and fire
dimensional instability, vulnerability to biological deteriora- resistance of solid wood species and composites (Karimi et
ting agents, and fire (Adamopoulos et al., 2012; Chan-Hom al., 2013; Taghiyari et al., 2014ab). NW was also reported to
et al., 2017; Esmailpour et al., 2017; He et al., 2016; Hill, make bonds with wood chemical components (Taghiyari et
2006; de Medeiros et al., 2016; Schmidt, 2006; Schmidt et al., 2016b). Moreover, it was reported that wollastonite has
al., 2016), and therefore, many modification methods were no health hazards for human or wildlife (Huuskonen et al.,
studied to overcome the drawbacks (Bastani et al., 2016; 1983ab; Maxim and McConnell, 2005; Taghiyari and Sarvari
Hosseinpourpia et al., 2016, 2017; Behr et al., 2017). One Samadi, 2016). Therefore, separate sets of panels were pro-
other drawback is that boards with large dimensions are duced with NW mixed in the resin before being sprayed on
not readily available at large quantities due to limitation in the composite furnish.
time and space for cultivation and harvesting of large trees
(Fernandez-Puratich and Oliver-Villanueva, 2014; Andrade Experimental methods
et al., 2016). A suitable substitute for wood boards is wood
composite panels. Therefore, composite panels were also Composite panel production
elaborated from different aspects as a substitution (Valen-
zuela et al., 2012; Candan and Akbulut, 2014; Tajvidi et al., A dry process was used to produce the MDF panels. In
2016; Lu et al., 2017). In this connection, different resins order to do this, industrial defibrated fibers were purchased
and modified resins were also studied to improve the quali- from Sanaye Choobe Khazar Company, Iran. The fibers
ties of wood composite panels (Sheikholeslami et al., 2016; were composed of beech (Fagus orientalis), alder (Alnus
Mantanis et al., 2017). glutinosa), maple (Acer hyrcanum), hornbeam (Carpinus
The constant need of composite manufacturing facto- betulus), and three poplar species (Populus nigra, Populus
ries for raw materials made way to the utilization of a variety deltoides, and Populus euroamericana). The resin and NW
of lignocellulosic materials as well as different natural and had solid contents of 60% and 40%, respectively. The resin/
synthetic fibers. In this connection, camel-thorn, different NW mixture was sprayed on the wood fibers and thoroughly
nuts, pruned branches, straws, kenaf, and even chicken- mixed in a rotating drum before hot pressing. Average mois-
feathers were reported to be successfully used in composite ture content at the time of pressing was 7.5%. The blended
production (Parkinson, 1998; Koch, 2006). However, the fibers were manually poured into a 45 × 45 cm frame to form
main portion of composite panels consists of wood chips the mat which was then pressed at 170° C and 160 bar for
or fibers from fast-growing trees and trees with lower wood 4 minutes to produce 16 mm thick panels with a target den-
quality (Mendes et al., 2013; Behling et al., 2017). sity of 700 kg/m3. Four replicate boards were made for each
Iran is not rich in forest land but 220,000 hectares of treatment and the panels were conditioned at 25±2° C and
date palm cultivation out of 770,000 hectares around the 42±3% relative humidity for three weeks after pressing. The
world are located in Iran (Hosseinkhani, 2015). Date palm outer 40 mm around each panel was cut away before the
leaves should be pruned regularly to keep them healthy final specimens were cut to eliminate source of bias as a
and fertile; in fact, each date palm tree produces 10-20 kg result of lower consolidated panel material that might not be
pruned residues annually (Hosseinkhani, 2015), making representative of each treatment panel.
an abundant source of lignocellulosic raw material to be
used for industrial purposes. Date palm pruned residues Palm leave preparation
were reported to be successful in production of MDF at pilot
plant scale and using 100% pruned leaves of date palm Date palm pruned leaves from Phoenix dactylifera L.
(Hosseinkhani, 2015). However, Iran’s MDF manufactu- were cut and dried from Borazjan city (Dashtestan) located in
ring plants are designed for production of MDF with wood Bushehr province in Iran (latitude: 29º 16’ 11» N, longitude:
fibers; therefore, a percentage of date palm pruned leaves 51º 13’ 7» E, elevation above sea level: 70 m), and they were
to be mixed with wood fibers would be a practical method taken to Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University for defibra-
to provide a portion of the raw material in each production tion (figure 1). They were first washed and then cooked in
batch, and to use the same machinery for MDF production boiling water for two hours before being defibrated in refiner
at the same time. Similar procedure was reported to have in two runs. The defibrated palm fibers were added to wood
promising results for Camel-thorn (Alhagi maurorum) fibers fibers at 10% w/w basis. Separate sets of MDF panels were
in MDF (Taghiyari et al., 2016a). produced with 0% palm content as control specimens.
 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X
Volume 335 – 1st quarter - January 2018 - p. 49-57
52 F O CUS / REINF O RCEMENT O F FIBR EBOA R D

Physical and mechanical testing

Table I. Specimens were cut from the panels for physical and
Composition of the Wollastonite Gel mechanical tests in accordance with the dimensions and
(Taghiyari et al., 2013bc) evaluated in the study. procedures described in ISIRI Standard 9044 PB Type 2; this
standard is compatible to procedures described in ASTM
Standard D-1037 (table II). Two specimens for each physical
Component Proportion (% w/w) and mechanical tests were cut from each panel replicate.
Center point loading tests were carried out on an Ins-
tron 4486 Universal Testing machine over a 380 mm span.
CaO 39.77 The loading speed was adjusted at a rate of 2 mm per
SiO2 46.96 minute; data were registered to calculate modulus of elasti-
city (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR).
Al2O3 3.95
Internal bond strength was determined by gluing alu-
Fe2O3 2.79 minum blocks to each face of the test sample using hot-melt
TiO2 0.22 glue; pulling force was then applied to the aluminum blocks.
Internal bond strength (IB) was calculated as the maximum
K2O 0.04 load required to fail the sample over the surface area.
MgO 1.39 Water absorption was measured by weighing samples
before and after 2 or 24 hours of soaking in distilled water.
Na2O 0.16 Thickness swelling was determined on the same samples by
SO3 0.05 measuring thickness at five pre-determined points on each
sample before and after the water immersion. The five points
Water 4.67
comprised of four points on each corner, and one in the center.

Statistical analysis

Wollastonite and resin application A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried
out using SAS software, version 9.2 (2010) at a 95% level of
Nano-Wollastonite (NW) emulsion with solid content confidence. Duncan multiple range test was then performed
of 40% and particle size of < 100 nm was purchased from to determine groupings for each properties. Hierarchical
Mehrabadi Machinery (Mehrabadi Machinery Mfg. Co., Iran); cluster analysis, including dendrograms and Ward methods
the chemical composition of NW is explained in table I. NW with squared Euclidean distance intervals, was carried out
was blended with urea formaldehyde (UF) and isocyanate (IC) using SPSS/18 (2010). Fitted-line, contour, and surface
resins at three levels (0, 5, and 10 % w/w) based on the dry plots were made using Minitab software, version 16.2.2
weight of resins. These two NW-content levels were chosen (2010) (Taghiyari et al., 2017).
based on previous projects (Taghiyari et al., 2014ab; Taghiyari
and Sarvari Samadi, 2016). The resin contents were 10% and Results and discussion
5% for UF and IC resins, respectively, based on the dry weight
bases of the fiber content of composite panels. The UF resin Flexural properties
was purchased from Sari Resin Manufacturing Company, Sari,
Iran. It contained 10% of UF with a viscosity of 200-400 cP, The highest and lowest modulus of rupture (MOR)
47 seconds of gel time, and a density of 1.277 g/cm3. values were found in the W100-IC (16.3 MPa) and NW10%-IC
(9 MPa) treatments, respectively (figure 2). Addition of palm
fibers to panels also resulted in a decrease
in MOR values of panels without NW content
and in panels produced both with UF and IC
resins. This was as a result of weaker stren-
Table II.
Dimensions of specimens prepared for testing according gth of palm fibers. Addition of NW resulted in
to specifications of ISIRI Standard 9044 PB Type 2 a decrease in MOR values in panels without
(compatible to ASTM Standard D-1037). date palm pruning residues, produced with
both UF and IC resins. This was because NW
particles absorbed part of the resin around
Test Sample Dimensions (mm) themselves (Taghiyari et al., 2013a), preven-
ting this part of resin to be actively involved in
the process of sticking fibers together. Howe-
Center Point Loading (MOR/MOE) 400 × 75 (loading span: 370) ver, addition of NW had an improving effect
Internal Bond Strength (IB) 75 × 75 on MOR values in panels with 10% palm fiber
Water absorption/Thickness Swelling 75 × 75 content. It is hypothesized that NW could
 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X
Volume 335 – 1er trimestre – janvier 2018 – p. 49-57
18
RENFORCEMENT DE PANNEAUX DE FIBRES DE BOIS / LE POINT SUR… 53
A A
A AB
16 AB
B B B
Modulus of rupture (MPa)

14
C C better be integrated with palm fibers; however, chemical
12 CD studies should be carried out to finalize the reasons for
10 D this improvement.
Results of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) tests
8
demonstrated that the highest (1,411 MPa) and lowest
6 (1,090 MPa) MOE values were found in the same treat-
4 ments as the highest and lowest MOR values (figure 3).
2 The addition of NW resulted in a decrease in panels wit-
0
hout palm residues, and in an increase in MOE values of
panels containing palm fibers; the fluctuations were not
Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%
statistically significant in all cases. The increasing and
W100 W90+Palm10 W100 W90+Palm10
decreasing trends were similar to MOR values, though
UF Iso-Cyanate the proportions were not the same for the addition of
NW5% and NW10%.
Figure 2.
Effects of addition of date palm pruning residues (Palm) and/ Internal bond strength
or nano-wollastonite (NW) on modulus of rupture of MDF
panels (values represent averages of eight replicates) (Letters
on each column represent Duncan Multiple Range Groupings The highest and lowest internal bond (IB) values
at 95% level of confidence). were found in the Palm10%-NW10% with UF resin
(0.43 MPa) and W100%-NW5% with IC resin (0.21
1600
A A A A MPa) panels, respectively (figure 4). A general trend
A A
1400 was obvious in that the addition of palm pruning resi-
B B
Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

BC BC dues resulted in an increase in IB values. This was as a

1200 C BC
result of higher slender ratio of palm leaves fibers (Hos-
1000
seinkhani, 2015), making the core section of panels
800 more integrated and more strongly bonded together.
600 Similar improvement in IB values was also reported in
MDF panels containing camel-thorn chips with higher
400
slender ratio (Taghiyari et al., 2016a). However, no
200 clear trend was found as a result of the addition of NW
0
or palm residues, indicating that two mechanisms were
simultaneously interacting. The first mechanism was the
Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

formation of bonds between NW with cellulosic compo-

W100 W90+Palm10 W100 W90+Palm10 nents of wood and palm fibers (Taghiyari et al., 2016b),
UF Iso-Cyanate resulting in an increase in IB values. The second mecha-
nism was the absorption of resin by NW particles, resul-
Figure 3. ting in a decrease in IB values.
Effects of addition of date palm pruning residues (Palm) and/
or nano-wollastonite (NW) on modulus of elasticity of MDF
panels (values represent averages of eight replicates) (Letters Water absorption
on each column represent Duncan Multiple Range Groupings
at 95% level of confidence). Results of WA measurement showed distinct diffe-
0,45 A rence between panels produced with IC resin in compa-
AB
B rison to their UF-resin counterparts (figure 5). Addition
0,4
C of NW tended to decrease WA both in panels with IC and
0,35 C
CD CD UF resins; the decreasing trend was more obvious in IC
CD CD
Internal bond (MPa)

0,3 D D panels. This decrease was attributed to the formation

0,25 E
of bonds between NW components with wood cell wall
0,2
polymers (Taghiyari et al., 2016b). Addition of palm to
the mat did not have significant effect on WA values. As
0,15
to the panels produced with IC resin, addition of NW and
0,1 palm did not significantly affect WA values.
0,05
0
Thickness swelling
Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Addition of NW and palm residues has nearly the

W100 W90+Palm10 W100 W90+Palm10 same effects on thickness swelling (TS) values as they
UF Iso-Cyanate had on WA values (figure 6). TS values also illustrated
distinctly lower values for panels produced with IC-resin
Figure 4.
Effects of addition of date palm pruning residues (Palm) and/
in comparison to panels with UF-resin, though IC-resin
or nano-wollastonite (NW) on internal bond of MDF panels
(values represent averages of eight replicates) (Letters on
each column represent Duncan Multiple Range Groupings at
95% level of confidence).
 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X
Volume 335 – 1st quarter - January 2018 - p. 49-57
54 F O CUS / REINF O RCEMENT O F FIBR EBOA R D

120
WA 2h
A A
WA 24h
100 A AB
B B
Water absorption (%)

80

60
D
E
40 E E E E

20

A
0
B
Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%
W100 W90+Palm10 W100 W90+Palm10
UF Iso-Cyanate
Figure 5.
Effects of addition of date palm pruning residues (Palm)
and/or nano-wollastonite (NW) on water abruption (WA)
of MDF panels (values represent averages of eight
replicates) (Letters on each column represent Duncan
Multiple Range Groupings at 95% level of confidence).

30
TS 2h
A TS 24h
25
B
Thickness swelling (%)

B B
C Figure 7.
20 C C Cluster analysis of the twelve treatments based on only
D D physical (A) and all physical and mechanical properties (B)
15 D D D (IC=isocyanate resin; UF=urea-formaldehyde resin; W=wood;
P=palm residues; N=nanowollastonite).
10

5
addition of NW and palm residues did not significantly affect
0 dimensional stability and water absorption of panels. Howe-
Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

Control

NW5%

NW10%

ver, cluster analysis based on all physical and mechanical

properties showed that although there was a clear distinc-
W100 W90+Palm10 W100 W90+Palm10 tion between the two resins, but within-group variations also
UF Iso-Cyanate occurred (figure 7B). This indicated that opposite to physi-
Figure 6. cal properties, mechanical properties of composite panels
Effects of addition of date palm pruning residues (Palm) depended on a variety of factors involved in the production
and/or nano-wollastonite (NW) on thickness swelling process like NW-content and palm residues. In other words,
(TS) of MDF panels (values represent averages of eight addition of NW and palm residues had significant effect on
replicates) (Letters on each column represent Duncan
Multiple Range Groupings at 95% level of confidence).
the overall mechanical properties of the panels; and they
had both increasing and decreasing effects on different
treatments, depending on the components of panels.
Contour plot of IB values versus WA24 and TS24 clearly
content was only half of UF-resin content in all treatments. showed an inverse relationship with both WA24 and TS24
In this connection, IC is classified as a WBP (weather and properties (figure 8A). Surface plot also demonstrated
boil proof) adhesive; therefore, the significant difference decreasing trends of both WA24 and TS24 properties as the
between IC and UF demonstrated significant effect of resin IB values increased (figure 9). Contour plots of IB versus MOR
type on the overall physical properties of composite panels. and MOE values illustrated that IB had a direct relationship
with MOR values, indicating that as IB increased, so did
Cluster analysis MOR values. However, no particular trend could be observed
between IB and MOE values. Fitted-line plot between WA24
Cluster analysis of the twelve treatments based on the and TS24 values showed rather high and statistically signi-
physical properties showed clear distinct grouping of treat- ficant Re-square (77%) between the two properties (figure
ments with IC-resin versus treatments with UF-resin (figure 10). However, neither high and nor significant R-square
7A). Within-group clustering of either of resins showed very values were found between any other properties studied in
close grouping of the treatments (figure 7A). This implied the this research project.
 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN : L-0006-579X
Volume 335 – 1er trimestre – janvier 2018 – p. 49-57
RENFORCEMENT DE PANNEAUX DE FIBRES DE BOIS / LE POINT SUR… 55

A. Contour Plot of IB vs WA24; TS24 120 -

IB
< 0.25 110 -
40 - 0.25 - 0.30
0.30 - 0.35 100 -
0.35 - 0.40
37 - > 0.40 90 -

80 -
WA24

35 -

WA24
70 -

32- 60 -

50 -
30 - S 15.8499
40 - R-Sq 77.7%
R-Sq(adj) 75.4%
30 -
-

13 14 15 16 -17
TS24
A

-
12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TS24
B
B. Contour Plot of IB vs MOE; MOR
IB
< 0.25 Figure 10.
1,400 - 0.25 - 0.30
0.30 - 0.35 Fitted-line plot between water absorption (WA) and thickness
0.35 - 0.40 swelling (TS) values after 24 hours of immersion in water.
> 0.40
1,300 -
MOE

1,200 -
Conclusion
Medium-density fiberboard (MDF) panels were pro-
1,100 -
duced in the present research project with two different
resins of urea-formaldehyde (UF) at 10% content, and iso-
-

10 11 12 13 14 15 16
MOR cyanate (IC) at 5% content. In order to find new sources of
fibers to satisfy the increasing needs for raw material for
Figure 8. composite industry, 10% palm leaf residues was added to
Contour plots between internal bond (IB) versus water
absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS) values after the composite mat to be compared with those panels with
24 hours of immersion in water (A), and between IB versus pure wood fibers. Moreover nano-wollastonite was added to
modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) the mat at two contents of 5% and 10% to improve some
values (B). of the draw-backs of composite panels. Results showed
that IC-resin has a significantly lower water absorption and
thickness swelling while mechanical properties varied case
Surface Plot of WA24 vs TS24; IB by case. Addition of NW had a decreasing effect on the
mechanical properties of panels produced with UF resin, but
it had an increasing effect on panels with IC resin. Addition
of palm residues had a significant increasing effect on IB
values in panels with both UF and IC resins. It was concluded
that palm leaf residues can be considered a potential source
40 of raw material for MDF panels produced with both UF and IC
resins. Moreover, NW is also recommended to be added in
WA24
35 composite panels with 10% of palm residues to compensate
for part of the property losses.
30 40

35 TS24 Acknowledgments
0.2 30
The authors acknowledge constant scientific support of Prof.
0.3 Olaf Schmidt from the University of Hamburg, as well as the
IB 0.4
support of Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung.
"

Figure 9.
Surface plot between internal bond (IB) versus water
absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS24) values
after 24 hours of immersion in water.
 Bois et Forêts des Tropiques – ISSN: L-0006-579X
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56 F O CUS / REINF O RCEMENT O F FIBR EBOA R D

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