Traité de Documentation par Otlet
Traité de Documentation par Otlet
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Traité de documentation
Le livre sur le livre. Théorie et pratique
Paul Otlet
DOI : 10.4000/[Link].482
Éditeur : Éditions des maisons des sciences de l’homme associées
Lieu d’édition : Paris
Année d’édition : 2021
Date de mise en ligne : 27 mai 2021
Collection : Collection interdisciplinaire EMSHA
ISBN numérique : 979-10-365-6640-0
[Link]
Édition imprimée
Nombre de pages : 450
RÉFÉRENCE NUMÉRIQUE
Otlet, Paul. Traité de documentation. Éditions des maisons des sciences de l’homme associées, 2021,
[Link]
Le format PDF est diffusé sous Licence OpenEdition Books sauf mention contraire.
Le format ePub est diffusé sous Licence OpenEdition Books sauf mention contraire.
RÉSUMÉ
La version du Traité de documentation que nous publions ici reproduit l'original paru en 1934 aux
Editions Mundaneum à Bruxelles. Nous avons choisi de mettre en ligne non seulement la version
HTML intégrale de ce fameux traité mais aussi, pour la première fois, la reconstitution (mise en
page, polices), en format PDF texte, de l'original écrit par Paul Otlet. Nous y avons attaché une
préface d'Olivier Le Deuff et une postface de Bertrand Müller.
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Cet ouvrage est consacré à un exposé général des notions relatives au Livre et au Document, à
l’emploi raisonné des éléments qui constituent la Documentation.
Une rationalisation du Livre et du Document s’impose, partant d’une unité initiale, s’étendant à
des groupes d’unités de plus en plus étendus, embrassant finalement toutes les unités, existantes
ou à réaliser, en une organisation envisageant, à la base, l’entité documentaire individuelle que
forme pour chaque personne la somme de ses livres et de ses papiers.
Le présent ouvrage en donne une esquisse générale et en présente une méthode coordonnée.
Le présent Traité vise avant tout à dégager des faits, des principes, des règles générales et à
montrer comment la coordination et l’unité peuvent être obtenues.
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