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Traité de Documentation par Otlet

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0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
102 vues781 pages

Traité de Documentation par Otlet

Transféré par

armellemabe330
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Nous prenons très au sérieux les droits relatifs au contenu. Si vous pensez qu’il s’agit de votre contenu, signalez une atteinte au droit d’auteur ici.
Formats disponibles
Téléchargez aux formats PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd

Éditions des maisons des sciences de l’homme

associées

Traité de documentation
Le livre sur le livre. Théorie et pratique

Paul Otlet

DOI : 10.4000/[Link].482
Éditeur : Éditions des maisons des sciences de l’homme associées
Lieu d’édition : Paris
Année d’édition : 2021
Date de mise en ligne : 27 mai 2021
Collection : Collection interdisciplinaire EMSHA
ISBN numérique : 979-10-365-6640-0

[Link]

Édition imprimée
Nombre de pages : 450

RÉFÉRENCE NUMÉRIQUE

Otlet, Paul. Traité de documentation. Éditions des maisons des sciences de l’homme associées, 2021,
[Link]

Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 24 avril 2024.

Le format PDF est diffusé sous Licence OpenEdition Books sauf mention contraire.

Le format ePub est diffusé sous Licence OpenEdition Books sauf mention contraire.

RÉSUMÉ
La version du Traité de documentation que nous publions ici reproduit l'original paru en 1934 aux
Editions Mundaneum à Bruxelles. Nous avons choisi de mettre en ligne non seulement la version
HTML intégrale de ce fameux traité mais aussi, pour la première fois, la reconstitution (mise en
page, polices), en format PDF texte, de l'original écrit par Paul Otlet. Nous y avons attaché une
préface d'Olivier Le Deuff et une postface de Bertrand Müller.
___
Cet ouvrage est consacré à un exposé général des notions relatives au Livre et au Document, à
l’emploi raisonné des éléments qui constituent la Documentation.

Une rationalisation du Livre et du Document s’impose, partant d’une unité initiale, s’étendant à
des groupes d’unités de plus en plus étendus, embrassant finalement toutes les unités, existantes
ou à réaliser, en une organisation envisageant, à la base, l’entité documentaire individuelle que
forme pour chaque personne la somme de ses livres et de ses papiers.

Le présent ouvrage en donne une esquisse générale et en présente une méthode coordonnée.

Le présent Traité vise avant tout à dégager des faits, des principes, des règles générales et à
montrer comment la coordination et l’unité peuvent être obtenues.

Cette coordination, cette unité, l’Institut International de Bibliographie, l’Office International


joint à lui, les Instituts qui coopèrent au Palais Mondial, le Mundaneum, s’efforcent depuis leur
fondation en 1893, en 1895 et en 1920, de les étudier, de les définir, d’en faire une réalité vivante
et tangible. Les Congrès internationaux de ces organismes, et d’autres, ont arrêté déjà un
ensemble important de données régulatrices.

L’objectif est de préparer ainsi de nouvelles ententes, de nouvelles standardisations, de nouvelles


œuvres à établir et à sanctionner en commun.
1

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

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Olivier Le Deuff

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0. Fundamenta

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1. La Bibliologie ou Documentologie. Sciences du Livre et de la Documentation

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Traité de documentation
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Traité de documentation
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Traité de documentation
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231.1 Le titre.
231.11 Notions.

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44 )RXUULHU  OɛLQYHQWHXU  GHV  V«ULHV  DIIHFWLRQQDLW  SDUPL  HOOHV  OD  V«ULH  FRQMXJX«H  6HV
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231.13 Caractéristiques du titre.

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231.15 Desiderata des titres.

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231.16 Titres curieux et indésirables.

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231.18 Les titres et les notices bibliographiques.

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231.19 Régime juridique du titre.

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231.2 L’auteur.

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234 Tables, Index.
234.1 Notions.

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234.2 Historique.

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234.3 Espèces de tables et index.

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234.4 Tables systématiques.

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234.5 Index alphabétique.

235 1RWLRQəD /ɛLQGH[«WDEOLSDURUGUHDOSKDE«WLTXHGHVPRWVRXGHVQRPVGRQQHOH


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237 'DQV  FHUWDLQHV  GH  VHV  SDUWLHV  OɛLQGH[  FRQVWLWXH  XQH  VRUWH  GH  YXH  V\QRSWLTXH  VXU  OD
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238 E )DLUHXQLQGH[HVWWRXWXQDUWXQDUWGLIILFLOHFRPSOLTX«HWGRQWOHVSULQFLSHVHWOHV
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242 /HJHQGV  EHTXHDWKHG  E\  &D[WRQ  UDWKHU  mb6DFUD  /HJHQGDb}  WKDQ  mb*ROGHQ  /HJHQGVb}
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243 /HLJKWRQ$OH[DQGHUSURFODPDWLRQIRUKLVFDSWXUH
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248 G 7URSVRXYHQWOHVLQGH[IRQWSHUGUHGXWHPSVTXDQGLOVVRQWPXOWLSOHVFO¶WXUDQW
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234.6 Autres tables et index.

254 ,OHVWXQJUDQGQRPEUHGHWDEOHVJ«Q«UDOHV(OOHVYLVHQWODSRVVLELOLW«GɛXWLOLVDWLRQGH
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256 /DWHUUHVHVDVSHFWVVDVWUXFWXUHVRQ«YROXWLRQSDU$XJ5RELQ3DULV/DURXVVH
257 ,QGH[DOSKDE«WLTXHLOOXVWU«GHWRXVOHVWHUPHVJ«RJUDSKLTXHVRXJ«RORJLTXHVHWGHWRXV
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258 E 7DEOHVFKURQRORJLTXHVə(QXQHVHXOHV«ULHVRQWSU«VHQW«HVOHVGDWHVDFFRPSDJQ«HV
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260 +HQUL0D]HOD«PLVOHYüXGHYRLUGUHVVHUXQHFKURQRORJLHKLVWRULTXHGHV«Y«QHPHQWV
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261 F /LVWHVGHVDXWHXUVə/LVWHVGHVDXWHXUVGRQWOHVRSLQLRQVVRQWGLVFXW«HVRXFLW«HVGDQV
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262 G 7DEOHVGHSHUVRQQDJHVə,OVɛDJLWQRQGHVDXWHXUVQLGHVSHUVRQQHVPHQWLRQQ«HVPDLV
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234.7 Tables et index d’après les sciences.

270 'ɛDSUªV  OHV  VFLHQFHV  HW  OHV  WHFKQLTXHV  OHV  7DEOHV  RQW  GHV  IRUPHV  HW  SU«VHQWHQW  XQH
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234.8 Place et forme matérielle des tables.

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241 Documents dits bibliographiques.


241.1 Œuvres spécialisées.

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241.211 NOTIONS.

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