French Grammar Topics:
1. Conditionnel du Présent (Conditional Present):
Formation:
The conditional present tense in French is formed by adding the appropriate endings to
the future stem of regular verbs. The future stem is the infinitive form of the verb.
Regular Verb Endings:
For -er verbs: infinitive root + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
For -ir and -re verbs: infinitive root + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient
Irregular Verbs:
Irregular verbs have unique stems. Common irregular verbs include être, avoir, faire, and
aller. Their stems are used with the same endings as regular verbs.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Je parlerais
Tu parlerais
Il/elle/on parlerait
Nous parlerions
Vous parleriez
Ils/elles parleraient
Avoir (to have):
J'aurais
Tu aurais
Il/elle/on aurait
Nous aurions
Vous auriez
Ils/elles auraient
2. Futur Antérieur (Future Perfect):
Formation:
The future perfect tense is formed by using the future tense of the auxiliary verb "avoir"
or "être" (depending on the main verb) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
J'aurai parlé
Tu auras parlé
Il/elle/on aura parlé
Nous aurons parlé
Vous aurez parlé
Ils/elles auront parlé
Aller (to go):
Je serai allé(e)
Tu seras allé(e)
Il/elle/on sera allé(e)
Nous serons allé(e)s
Vous serez allé(e)(s)
Ils/elles seront allé(e)s
3. Plus-que-Parfait (Pluperfect):
Formation:
The pluperfect tense is formed by using the imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "avoir"
or "être" (depending on the main verb) followed by the past participle of the main verb.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
J'avais parlé
Tu avais parlé
Il/elle/on avait parlé
Nous avions parlé
Vous aviez parlé
Ils/elles avaient parlé
Venir (to come):
J'étais venu(e)
Tu étais venu(e)
Il/elle/on était venu(e)
Nous étions venu(e)s
Vous étiez venu(e)(s)
Ils/elles étaient venu(e)s
4. Subjonctif (Subjunctive):
Formation:
The subjunctive mood is formed using the present tense of the third person plural
(ils/elles) with specific endings for -er, -ir, and -re verbs. Irregular verbs often have
unique conjugations.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Que je parle
Que tu parles
Qu'il/elle/on parle
Que nous parlions
Que vous parliez
Qu'ils/elles parlent
Avoir (to have):
Que j'aie
Que tu aies
Qu'il/elle/on ait
Que nous ayons
Que vous ayez
Qu'ils/elles aient
5. Pronom Relatif Simple et Composé (Relative
Pronouns Simple and Compound):
Pronom Relatif Simple:
Masculine Feminine Plural
Qui Qui Qui
Pronom Relatif Composé:
Masculine Feminine Plural
Lequel Laquelle Lesquels/Lesquelles
6. Pronom Personnel (Personal Pronouns):
COD (Complément d'Objet Direct):
Singular Plural
Me (me) Nous (us)
Te (you) Vous (you)
Le (him, it - masculine) / La (her, it - feminine) Les (them)
COI (Complément d'Objet Indirect):
Singular Plural
Me (to me) Nous (to us)
Te (to you) Vous (to you)
Lui (to him, to her) Leur (to them)
Y and En:
Y (there) En (some, any)
J'y J'en
Tu y Tu en
Il/elle/on y Il/elle/on en
Nous y Nous en
Vous y Vous en
Ils/elles y Ils/elles en
Pronom Tonique (Emphatic Pronouns):
Singular Plural
Moi (me) Nous (us)
Toi (you) Vous (you)
Lui/Elle (him/her) Eux/Elles (them)
7. Trouvez la Question (Question Formation):
In French, questions are often formed by inverting the subject and the verb.
Interrogative words such as "qui," "quoi," "où," "quand," "comment," and "pourquoi" are
used to form more complex questions.
Examples:
Statement: Tu parles français. (You speak French.)
Question: Parles-tu français? (Do you speak French?)
8. Discours Direct et Indirect (Direct and Indirect
Speech):
Discours Direct:
In direct speech, the exact words spoken are enclosed in quotation marks.
Discours Indirect:
In indirect speech, the reported words are introduced by a conjunction, and there is no
need for quotation marks.
Examples:
Direct Speech: Il a dit, "Je viens demain." (He said, "I am coming tomorrow.")
Indirect Speech: Il a dit qu'il viendrait demain. (He said that he would come tomorrow.)
9. Négatifs (Negatives):
Formation:
Negatives in French are formed by placing "ne" before the conjugated verb and "pas"
after it.
Examples:
Affirmative: Il parle français. (He speaks French.)
Negative: Il ne parle pas français. (He doesn't speak French.)
10. Possessifs - Adjectifs et Pronoms (Possessives -
Adjectives and Pronouns):
Possessive Adjectives:
Singular Plural
Mon (my) Notre (our)
Ton (your) Votre (your)
Son (his/her/its) Leur (their)
Possessive Pronouns:
Singular Plural
Le mien / La mienne (mine) Les miens / Les miennes (mine)
Le tien / La tienne (yours) Les tiens / Les tiennes (yours)
Le sien / La sienne (his/hers/its) Les siens / Les siennes (his/hers/theirs)
11. Démonstratifs - Adjectifs et Pronoms
(Demonstratives - Adjectives and Pronouns):
Demonstrative Adjectives:
Masculine Feminine Plural
Ce (this) Cette (this) Ces (these)
Demonstrative Pronouns:
Masculine Feminine Plural
Celui-ci / Celui-là (this one / that Celle-ci / Celle-là (this one / that Ceux-ci / Ceux-là (these ones / those
one) one) ones)
12. Verbes (Verbs):
Présent (Present):
Present tense conjugations vary for -er, -ir, and -re verbs.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Je parle
Tu parles
Il/elle/on parle
Nous parlons
Vous parlez
Ils/elles parlent
Futur Simple (Simple Future):
The simple future tense is formed by adding specific endings to the infinitive.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Je parlerai
Tu parleras
Il/elle/on parlera
Nous parlerons
Vous parlerez
Ils/elles parleront
Impératif (Imperative):
The imperative mood is used for giving commands.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Parle (Speak - singular)
Parlons (Let's speak - plural)
Parlez (Speak - plural)
Futur Proche (Near Future):
The near future tense is formed by using the present tense of the verb "aller" followed
by the infinitive of the main verb.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Je vais parler
Tu vas parler
Il/elle/on va parler
Nous allons parler
Vous allez parler
Ils/elles vont parler
Passé Composé (Past Perfect):
The passé composé is formed using the auxiliary verb "avoir" or "être" and the past
participle of the main verb.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
J'ai parlé
Tu as parlé
Il/elle/on a parlé
Nous avons parlé
Vous avez parlé
Ils/elles ont parlé
Imparfait (Imperfect):
The imperfect tense is used for ongoing actions, descriptions, and habitual actions in the
past.
Examples:
Parler (to speak):
Je parlais
Tu parlais
Il/elle/on parlait
Nous parlions
Vous parliez
Ils/elles parlaient
Adjectifs Démonstratifs
(Demonstrative Adjectives):
Formation:
Demonstrative adjectives in French agree in gender and number with the noun they
modify.
Masculine Feminine Plural
Ce (this) Cette (this) Ces (these)
Examples:
1. Ce livre (This book)
2. Cette chaise (This chair)
3. Ces enfants (These children)
Trouvez la Question (Question
Formation):
Formation:
Questions in French are often formed by inverting the subject and the verb.
Interrogative words such as "qui," "quoi," "où," "quand," "comment," and "pourquoi" are
used to form more complex questions.
Examples:
1. Statement: Tu parles français. (You speak French.)
Question: Parles-tu français? (Do you speak French?)
2. Statement: Il aime le cinéma. (He likes the cinema.)
Question: Aime-t-il le cinéma? (Does he like the cinema?)
Négatifs (Negatives):
Formation:
Negatives in French are formed by placing "ne" before the conjugated verb and "pas"
after it.
Examples:
1. Affirmative: Il parle français. (He speaks French.)
Negative: Il ne parle pas français. (He doesn't speak French.)
2. Affirmative: Nous avons du temps. (We have some time.)
Negative: Nous n'avons pas de temps. (We don't have any time.)
Pronoms (COD, COI):
Pronom COD (Complément d'Objet Direct):
Singular Plural
Me (me) Nous (us)
Te (you) Vous (you)
Le (him, it - m) / La (her, it - f) Les (them)
Pronom COI (Complément d'Objet Indirect):
Singular Plural
Me (to me) Nous (to us)
Te (to you) Vous (to you)
Lui (to him, to her) Leur (to them)
Examples:
1. COD: J'aime ce livre. (I like this book.)
COI: Je lui donne ce livre. (I give him/her this book.)
2. COD: Tu vois les chiens. (You see the dogs.)
COI: Tu leur donnes à manger. (You give them food.)
Verbes (Verbs):
Présent (Present):
Present tense conjugations vary for -er, -ir, and -re verbs.
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
Je parle Je finis Je vends
Tu parles Tu finis Tu vends
Il/elle/on parle Il/elle/on finit Il/elle/on vend
Nous parlons Nous finissons Nous vendons
Vous parlez Vous finissez Vous vendez
Ils/elles parlent Ils/elles finissent Ils/elles vendent
Futur Simple (Simple Future):
The simple future tense is formed by adding specific endings to the infinitive.
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
Je parlerai Je finirai Je vendrai
Tu parleras Tu finiras Tu vendras
Il/elle/on parlera Il/elle/on finira Il/elle/on vendra
Nous parlerons Nous finirons Nous vendrons
Vous parlerez Vous finirez Vous vendrez
Ils/elles parleront Ils/elles finiront Ils/elles vendront
Impératif (Imperative):
The imperative mood is used for giving commands.
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
Parle (Speak - singular) Finis (Finish - singular) Vends (Sell - singular)
Parlons (Let's speak) Finissons (Let's finish) Vendons (Let's sell)
Parlez (Speak - plural) Finissez (Finish - plural) Vendez (Sell - plural)
Futur Proche (Near Future):
The near future tense is formed by using the present tense of the verb "aller" followed
by the infinitive of the main verb.
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
Je vais parler Je vais finir Je vais vendre
Tu vas parler Tu vas finir Tu vas vendre
Il/elle/on va parler Il/elle/on va finir Il/elle/on va vendre
Nous allons parler Nous allons finir Nous allons vendre
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
Vous allez parler Vous allez finir Vous allez vendre
Ils/elles vont parler Ils/elles vont finir Ils/elles vont vendre
Passé Composé (Past Perfect):
The passé composé is formed using the auxiliary verb "avoir" or "être" and the past
participle of the main verb.
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
J'ai parlé J'ai fini J'ai vendu
Tu as parlé Tu as fini Tu as vendu
Il/elle/on a parlé Il/elle/on a fini Il/elle/on a vendu
Nous avons parlé Nous avons fini Nous avons vendu
Vous avez parlé Vous avez fini Vous avez vendu
Ils/elles ont parlé Ils/elles ont fini Ils/elles ont vendu
Imparfait (Imperfect):
The imperfect tense is used for ongoing actions, descriptions, and habitual actions in the
past.
Parler (to speak) Finir (to finish) Vendre (to sell)
Je parlais Je finissais Je vendais
Tu parlais Tu finissais Tu vendais
Il/elle/on parlait Il/elle/on finissait Il/elle/on vendait
Nous parlions Nous finissions Nous vendions
Vous parliez Vous finissiez Vous vendiez
Ils/elles parlaient Ils/elles finissaient Ils/elles vendaient
