964

APPENDIX

TABLE A-15
Properties of air at Iatm pressure
Specific Thermal Thermal Dynamic Kinematic Prandtl
Temp. Density Heat Conductivity Diffusivity Viscosity Viscosity Number
T, °C p. kg/m³ C, kg-K k, W/m-K a, m²/s u,kg/ms V, m²/s Pr
-150 2.866 983 0.01171 4.158 x 10-6 8.636 × 10-6 3.013 x 10-6 0.7246
-100 2.038 966 0.01582 8.036 x 10-6 1.189 x 10-5 5.837 x 10-6 0.7263
-50 1.582 999 0.01979 1.252 x 10-5 1.474 x 10-5 9.319 x 10-6 0.7440
-40 1.514 1002 0.02057 1.356 x 10-5 1.527 x 10-5 1.008 × 10-5 0.7436
-30 1.451 1004 0.02134 1.465 × 10-5 1.579 x 10-5 1.087 x 10-5 0.7425
-20 1.394 1005 0.02211 1.578 x 10-5 1.630 × 10-5 1.169 x 10-5 0.7408
-10 1.341 1006 0.02288 1.696 x 10-5 1.680 × 10-5 1.252 × 10-5 0.7387
1.292 1006 0.02364 1.818 x 10-5 1.729 x 10-5 1.338 × 10-5 0.7362
1.269 1006 0.02401 1.880 x 10-5 1.754 x 10-5 1.382 × 10-5 0.7350
10 1.246 1006 0.02439 1.944 x 10-5 1.778 x 10-5 1.426 x 10-5 0.7336
15 1.225 1007 0.02476 2.009 x 10-5 1.802 x 10-5 1.470× 10-5 0.7323
20 1.204 1007 0.025 14 2.074 x 10-5 1.825 x 10-5 1.516x 10-5 0.7309
25 1.184 1007 0.02551 2.141 x 10-5 1.849 x 10-5 1.562 × 10-5 0.7296
30 1.164 1007 0.02588 2.208 x 10-5 1.872 x 10-5 1.608 × 10-5 0.7282
35 1.145 1007 0.02625 2.277 x 10-5 1.895 x 10-5 1.655 x 10-5 0.7268
40 1.127 1007 0.02662 2.346 x 10-5 1.918 x 10-5 1.702 × I0-5 0.7255
45 1.109 1007 0.02699 2.416 x 10-5 1.941 x 10-5 1.750x 10-5 0.7241
50 1.092 1007 0.02735 2.487 x 10-5 1.963 x 10-5 1.798 x 10-5 0.7228
60 1.059 1007 0.02808 2.632 x 10-5 2.008 x 10-5 I.896 x 10-5 0.7202
70 1.028 1007 0.02881 2.780 x 10-5 2.052 × 10-5 1.995 × 10-5 0.7177
80 0.9994 1008 0.02953 2.931 x 10-5 2.096 x 10-5 2.097 x 10-5 0.7154
90 0.9718 1008 0.03024 3.086 x 10-5 2.139 x 10-5 2.201 x 10-5 0.7132
100 0.9458 1009 0.03095 3.243 x 10-5 2.181 x 10-5 2.306 x 10-5 0.7|11
120 0.8977 1011 0.03235 3.565 x 10-5 2.264 x 10-5 2.522 x 10-5 0.7073
]40 0.8542 1013 0.03374 3.898 x 10-5 2.345 x 10-5 2.745 x 10-5 0.7041
160 0.8148 1016 0,03511 4.241 x 10-5 2.420 x 10-5 2.975 x 10-5 0.7014
180 0.7788 1019 0.03646 4.593 x 10-5 2.504 x 10-5 3.212 x 10-5 0.6992
200 0.7459 1023 0.03779 4.954 x 10-5 2.577 x 10-5 3.455 × 10-5 0.6974
250 0.6746 1033 0.04104 5.890 x 10-5 2.760 x 10-5 4.091 x 10-5 0.6946
300 0.6158 1044 0.04418 6.871 x 10-5 2.934 x 10-5 4.765 x 10-5 0.6935
350 0.5664 1056 0.04721 7.892 x 10-5 3.101× 10-5 5.475 x 10-5 0.6937
400 0.5243 1069 0.05015 8.951 x 10-5 3.261 x 10-5 6.219 x 10-5 0.6948
450 0.4880 1081 0.05298 1.004 × 10-4 3.415 x 10-5 6.997 x 10-5 0.6965
500 0.4565 1093 0.05572 1.117 × 10-% 3.563 x 10-5 7.806 x 10-5 0.6986
600 0.4042 1!15 0.06093 1.352 x J0-4 3.846 x 10-5 9.515 x 10-5 0.7037
700 0.3627 1135 0.06581 1.598 x 10-* 4.111 x 10-5 1.133 × 10-4 0.7092
800 0.3289 1153 0.07037 1.855 x 10-4 4.362 x 10-5 1.326 × 10-4 0.7149
900 0.3008 1169 0.07465 2.122 x 10-+ 4.600 x 10-5 I.529 × 10-4 0.7206
1000 0.2772 1184 0.07868 2.398 x 10-* 4.826 x 10-5 1.741 x 10-4 0.7260
1500 0.1990 1234 0.09599 3.908 x 10-4 5.817 × 10-5 2.922 x 10-4 0.7478
2000 0.1553 1264 0.11113 5.664 x 10-4 6.630 x 10-5 4.270 x J0-+ 0.7539

Aote: For ideal gases, the properties <, . k, H. and Pr are independent of pressure. The properties p. t. and a at apressure P(in atm) other than Iatm are determined by
multiplying the values of P at the given temperature by p and by dividing vand a by P.
Souree: Data generated from the EES software developed by S. A. Klein and F. L. Alvarado. Original sources: Keenan, Chao, Keyes, Gas Tables, Wiley. 1984, and
P.Thermophy sical Propertiesof Matter. Vol. 3: Thermal Conductivity. Y.S. Touloukian, P.E. Liley. S. C. Saxena, Vol. I1: Viscosiy. Y. S.Touloukian, S.C. Saxena, and
Hestermans, lFUPlenun, NY, 1970, ISBN 0-306067020-8.
 958
APPENDIX

TABLE A-9
Properties of saturated water

Density Enthalpy
Specific
Heat
Thermal
Dynamic Viscosity
Prandtl
Volume
Saturation p. kg/m ot
Conductivity Nurnber
Expansion
Pressure
k. W/m-K 4,kg/m:s Pr Coefficient
Temp Vaporization B, 1/K
P kPa Liguid Vapor hkJ/kg Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid Vapor Liquid
0.01 0.6113 999,8 0.0048 2501 4217 1854 0.561 0.0171 1.792 x 10-3 0.922 × 10-5 13.5 1.00 -0.068 x 10-3
0.8721 0.0068 2490 4205 1857 0.571 0.0173 1.519 × 10-3 0.934 x 10-5 11.2 1.00 0.015 x 10-3
1.2276 999,7 0.0094 2478 4194 1862 0.580 0.0176 1.307 x 10-3 0.946 x 10-5 9.45 L.00 0.733 x i0-3
1.7051 999.1 0.0128 2466 4185 1863 0.589 0.0179 1.138 x 10-3 0.959 x 10-5 8.09 1.00 0.138 x 10-3
2.339 998.0 0.0173 2454 4182 1867 0.598 0.0182 1.002 x 10-3 0.973 x 10-5 7.01 1.00 0.195 x 10-3
3.169 997.0 0.0231 2442 4180 1870 0.607 0.0186 0.891 x 10 0.987 x 10-5 6.14 L00 0.247 x 10-3
30 4.246 996.0 0.0304 2431 4178 1875 0.615 0.0189 0.798 x 10-3 1.001x 10-5 5.42 1.00 0.294 × 10-3
35 5.628 994.0 0.0397 2419 4178 1880 0.623 0.720 x 10-3 1.016 x 10-5 4.83 1.00
0.0192 0.337 x 10-3
40 7.384 992.1 0.0512 2407 4179 0.653 x 10-3 1.031 x 10-5
1885 0.631 0.0196 4.32 1.00 0.377 x 10-3
45 9.593 990.1 0.0655 2395 0.596 x 10-3
4180 1892 0.637 0.0200 1.046 x 10-5 3.91 1.00 0.415 x 10-3
50 12.35 988.1 0.0831 2383 4181 1900 0.644 0.0204 0.547 x 10-3 1.062 x 10-5 3.55 1.00 0.451 x 10-3
15.76 985.2 0.1045 2371 4183 1908 0.649 0.0208 0.504 x 10-3 1.077 x 10-5 3.25 1.00 0.484 x 10-3
60 19.94 983.3 0.1304 2359 4185 1916 0.654 0.0212 0.467 x 10-3 1.093 x 10-5 2.99 1.00 0.517 x 10-3
65 25.03 980.4 0.1614 2346 4187 1926 0.659 0.0216 0.433 x 10-3 1.110 x 10-5 2.75 L.00 0.548 x 10-3
70 31.19 977.5 0.1983 2334 4190 1936 0.663 0.0221 0.404 x 10-3 1.126 x 10-5 0.578 x 10-3
2.55 .00
75 38.58 974.7 0.2421 2321 4193 1948 0.667 0.0225 1.142 x 10-5
0.378 x 10 2.38 1.00 0.607 x 10-3
80 47.39 971.8 0.2935 2309 4197 1962 0.670 0.0230 0.355 x 10-3 1.159 x 10-5 2.22 .00 0.653 x 10-5
57.83 968.1 0.3536 2296 4201 1977 0.673 0.0235 0.333 x 10-3 1.176 x 10-5 2.08 1.00 0.670 × 10-3
70.14 965.3 0,4235 2283 4206 1993 0.675 0.0240 0.315 x 10-3 1.193 x 10-5 0.702 x 10-3
1.96 i.00
95 84.55 961.5 0.5045 2270 4212 2010 0.677 0.0246 0.297 x 10-3 1.210x 10-5 1.85 1.00 0.716 x 10-3
100 101.33 957.9 0.5978 2257 4217 2029 0.679 0.0251 1.227 x 10-5
0.282 × 10-3 1.75 1.00 0.750 x 103
110 143.27 950,6 0.8263 2230 4229 2071 0.682 0.0262 1.261 x 10-5
0.255 x 10-3 1.58 1.00 0.798 x 10-3
120 198.53 943.4 1.121 2203 4244 2120 0.683 0.0275 0.232 × 10-3 1.296 x 10-5 1.44 1.00 0.858 x 10-3
130 270.1 934.6 1.496 2174 4263 2177 0.684 0.0288 0.213 x 10-3 1.330 x 10-5 1.33 1.01 0.913 x 10-3
140 361.3 921.7 1.965 2145 4286 2244 0.683 0.0301 0.197 x 10-3 1.365 x 10-5 1.24 1.02 0.970 x 10-3
150 475.8 916.6 2.546 2114 4311 2314 0.682 0.0316 0.183 x 10-3 1.399 x 10-5 1.16 1.02 1.025 x 10-3
160 617.8 907.4 3.256 2083 4340 2420 0.680 0.0331 0.170 x 10-3 1.434 x 10-5 i.09 1.05 1.145 × i0-3
170 791.7 897.7 4.119 2050 4370 2490 0.677 0.0347 0.160 x 10-3 1.468 x 10-5 1.03 1.05 1.178 x 10-3
180 1.002.1 887.3 5.153 2015 4410 2590 0.673 0.0364 0.150 x 10-3 1.502 x 10-5 0.983 1.07 1.210 × I0-3
190 1,254.4 876.4 6.388 1979 4460 2710 0.669 0.0382 0.142 × 10-3 1.537 x 10-5 1.280 x 10-3
0.947 1.09
200 1,553.8 864.3 7.852 1941 4500 2840 0.663 0.0401 0.134 × 10-3 1.571 x 10-5 0.910 1.11 1.350 x l0-3
220 2.318 840.3 11.60 1859 4610 3110 0.650 0.0442 0.122 x 10-3 1.641 x 10-5 0.865 1.15 1.520 x 10-3
240 3,344 813.7 16.73 1767 4760 3520 0.632 0.0487 0.111x 10-3 1.712 × 10-5 0.836 1.24 1.720 x 10-3
260 4,688 783.7 23.69 1663 4970 4070 0.609 0.0540 0.102 x 10-3 1.788 x 10-5 0.832 L.35 2.000 x 10-3
280 6,412 750.8 33.15 1544 5280 4835 0.581 0.0605 0.094 x 10-3 1.870 x 10-5 2.380 x 10-3
0.854 1.49
300 8,581 713.8 46.15 1405 5750 5980 0.548 0.0695 0.086 x 10-3 2.950 x 10-3
1.965 x 10-5 0.902 1.69
320 11,274 667.1 64.57 1239 6540 7900 0.509 0.0836 0.078 × 10-3 2.084 x 10-5 1.00 i.97
340 14.586 610.5 92.62 1028 8240 11,870 0.469 0.110 0.070 x 10-3 2.255 x 10-5 1.23 2.43
360 18.651 528.3 144.0 720 14.690 25.800 0.427 0.178 0.060 x 10-3 2.571 x 10-5 2.06 3.73
374.14 22,090 317.0 317.0 0 0.043 x 10-3 4.313 x 10-5

Aoe : Knematic viscosity vand thermal diffusivity a can be calculated from their definitions, v=ulp and a=kp c, =/Pr. The temperatures 0.01°C. 100°C, and 374.14°c
c he lriple. boling, and critical-point tenperatures of wate, respectively. The properties listed above (except the vapor density) can be used at any pressure with neglig1ble
error except at temperalures near the critical-point value.
Note 2: The unit kJÍkg.°C for specific heat is equivalent lo kJ/kg-K, and the unit W/m:°C for thermal conductivity is equivalent to WV/mK.
ore: Viscosity und thernal conductivity data are from J. V. Sengers und J. T. R.Watson, Journal of Physicaland Chemical Refeence Daia 15 (1986). pp. 129\-1322.
Other data are obtained from various sources or
calculated.
 538
INTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

SUMMARY

Internal flo is charterized by the fhhid being conpletely For fully developed laminar flow in a
confinedbv the inncI Surfaces of the tube. The mean or average
velocit and fenperature for a circular tube of radius R are
(r)= 2VAvg r
circular pipe, e
expressed as
= umy he
and
64u 64
RJ pDV,avg Re

Thc ReVnolds number fo internal flow and the hydraulic æ= APR2

dameter are defined as
VgA 8ul
rRRAp
8uL
Re=
VD
avg and
128ul.
Circular tube, laminar (4, =constant): Nu hD
The flow in atube is lanminar for Re < 2300, turbulent for k =4.36
ahout Re > 10,000. and transitional in between. Circular tube, laminar (T =constant): Nu hD
The length of the region from the tube inlet to the point at 3.66
which the flow becomes fully developed is the hydrodynamic For developing laminar flow in the
entm length L,. The region beyondthe entrance region in which
the velocity profile is fully developed is the hydrodynamically
stant surfacetemperature, we have entrance region with
fulh deeloped region. The length of the region of flow over
which the thermal boundary layer develops and reaches the Circular tube: Nu =3.66 + 0.065(DIL)Re Pr
tube center is the thermal entry length L,. The region in which 1+0.04[(DIL)Re Pr 23
the fiow is both hydrodynamically and thermally
the fully developed flow region. The entry lengths developed is ).14
Circular tube: Nu =
are given by
Li. laminar 0.05 Re D 0.03(DJL)Re Pr
Parallel plates: Nu =7.54 +
L. laminar 0.05Re PrD- PrLh, Jaminar 1+0.01[(D/L)Re Pr
Lh turbuient L turbulent = l0D For fully developed turbulent flow with smooth surfaces. We
have
For #. = constant, the rate of heat transfer is
expressed as f= (0.790 In Re - l.64)-2 10+ < Re < 10°
Q=4A,= me,(T, - T) Nu = 0.125f Re Prl/3
For T. = constant, we have 0.7 < Pr< 160\
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Prl/3
Re> 10,000
= hA,T,, = nc,(T, - T)
Nu =0.023 Re0.8 Pr" with z= 0.4for heating and U.5 10
T= T,-(T, T)exp(hA/mc,) cooling of fluid
(G78)(Re- 1000)Pr 0.5 < Pr< 2000
Nu = Re<5XI0°
T;-T, AT, - AT; 1+ 12.7 (FI8)0-5(Pr- 1) 3x 103<
In[(T, T)/(T, T)I In(ATJAT) fluden-
mean
The irreversible pressure loss due to frictional effects and The fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk
flowin the
range
required pumping power to overcome this loss for a volume
the perature T, =(1;+ T.)/2. For liquid metal
flow rate of V are 10+ <Re <10 we have:

=4.8 + 0.0156 Re.ssPr

1,= constant: Nu
0.0167Re085 Pr
D 2
and Wpup = VAP, 4, = constant: Nu =6.3 -+
 469
CHAPTER
sUMMARY

flowingfluid exerts
on a body in the flow direction 0.074
that is Combincd: 1742
nra of drag due directly to wall shear 5x 10 < Re, < I0
The part friction drag since it is caused by Re
Re
i Jnac.
calledthe skin
is due directly to pressure
the part that
mss
Is
and drag or form drag because of its strong Rongh surfauce, turbulent: C;-(1.89 - 162 log,)
theform or shape
of the body.
nndeneon
C is a dimensionless number that rep- The average Nusselt number relations for flow
characteristics of a body, and it is defined as mal flat plate are: over an isother
drag
Fp hL Pr > 0.6
Laminar: Nu = =0.664 Re05 Prl/
Re, < 5>x 105
area for blunt bodies and the surface area
4is the frontal thin airfoils, For flow over a Turbulent:
flow over flat plates or
frnarallel Reynolds number is
nlate. the Nu =
hL 0.6 < Pr < 60
k
=0.037 Re98 Ppl3
Re,=Pa Vx 5x 10 < Re, <l107
Combined:
Transition from laminar to turbulent occurs at the critical
Rnnolds number of Nu hL= (0.037 Re.8 0.6 < Pr<60
k
871) Pri/3
5x 10° < Re, < 10
Re, cr -pVr =5x 10 For isothermal surfaces with an unheated starting section of
length 5, the local and average Nusselt number relations are
ir parallel flow over an isothermal flat plate, the local fric
DOT coefficent and Nusselt number are Nu, (for E=0) 0.332 Re 05 Pri3
Laminar: Nu, =
0.664
[1- (7/x)413 [l-(F/x)413
Laminar: C;.= Re, <5 X 105
Nu, (for E=0) 0.0296 Re 08 Prl3
Re 2 Turbulent: Nu, [1-(Flx)nojs
Nu,==0.332Re 0.5 Pri3 Pr> 0.6
k
Laminar: Nu = Nu(for 5=0) L [l -(F/L)a2s
Iurbulent:
L
0.059
5x 10° < Re, < 10'
Turbulent: Nu = NU for =0) L - [l - G/L)noj89
Res
These relations are for the case of isothermal surfaces. When
Nu, = 0.6 < Pr<60
"=0,0296 Re 0.3 Pr/3 5x10° < Re, s 10
a flat plate is subjected to uniform heat fluN, the local Nusselt
number is given by
average friction Pr > 0.6
plase are: coefficient relations for flow over a flat Laminar: Nu, = 0.453 Re 0.5 Prl3
Re, < 5 x 105

Laninar: 1.33
Re, <5 x 10$ Turbulent: Nu, = 0.0308 Res Pr/a
0.6 < Pr < 60
Re" 5x 10° < Re, < l0"
Turbulent: C= Res 0.074
5× 10 < Re, <10 The average Nusselt numbers for crossflow over a cylinder and
sphere are
 470
EXTERNAL FORCED CONVECTION

S/8]4/5
0.62 Rel Prl Re where the values of the
Nu,= =0,34
|l+(0.4/Pr
1+
282,000 Reynolds number. Such constants C, m, and n
correlations are givenat in Tadepbelnet 7n
All properties except Pr, are to be
mean of the inlet and
exit evaluofatethed the
temperatures
which is valhd for Re Pr > 0.2. and T, =(T; + T)/2.
The average Nusselt number for fluid dearifhirnmeettir x
tube banks
nD 1/4
rows is expressed as with less tham 16
Nunh =2+ [0,4 Rel+ 0.06 Re21P0.4
NUp, N,<l6 = FNu,
where F is the correction factor
which is valid for 3.5< Re <8x 10*, 0.7<Pr<380 and whose values are
Table 7-3. The heat transfer rate to or from a given in
1.0 <(uu)s3.2. The fluid properties are evaluated at the determined from tube bank is
film temperature T,=(T +T)/2 in the case of a cylinder,
and at the free-stream temperature T (except for u,, which is 0=hA,ATm = mc,(T, - T)
evaluated at the surface temperature T) in the case of a sphere.
In tube banks. the Reynolds number is based on the maxi where AT is the
mum velocity Ve that is related to the approach velocity Vas defined as
logarithmic mnean temperature diference
In-line and Siaggered with S, <(S,+ D)/2:
(T,- T) -(T, - T) AT,- AT,
ATim In[(T, - T)/(T, - T)] In(AT/AT)
S
S,- D and the exit temperature of the fluid I, is

Staggered with Sp< (S, +D)/2: T,=1,- (1,-1) exp A\

mc,)
S, where A, = NaDL is the heat transfer surface area and n=
2(S, - D) pVN,S,L) is the mass floW rate of the fluid. The pressure drop
APfor a tube bank is expressed as
where S, is the transverse pitch and S, is the diagonal pitch.
may
The average Nusselt number for crossflow over tube banks is AP= NJu
expressed as 2

correction factor,both
hD where fis the friction factor and yis the
Nu, = k
=CRe Prr(Pr/Pr,)o 25 given in Fig. 7-27.
 convection over surfo
TABLE 9-1 number for natural
average Nusselt
Empirical correlations for the
Characteristic Nu
Range of Ra
Length L,
I0-10 Nu =0.59 Ra 4
Geometry
10°-103 Nu=0.1 Ra
Vertical plate
-T, Nu = 0.825 + 0.387 Ra 6
Entire range
||+ (0.492/Pr "l6 w7
(complex but more accurate) (9-21%
Use vertical plate equations for the upper
surface of acold plate and the lower
Inclined platc surface of a hot plate

Replace g with g cos for 0 < 0<60°

L

10-107 (a) Nu = (0.54 Ra 4 (9-22

and
Horizontal plate (surface area A 10-10!! (a) Nu = 0.15 Ra3
(9-23
perimeter p)
hot plate (or
(a) Upper surface of a
lower surface of a cold plate)
Hot surtace
A,/p

(b) Lower surface of a hot plate (or 10-10!! (b) Nu = 0.27 Ra4 (9-24)
upper surface of a cold plate)

Hot surface

L Avertical cylinder can be treated as a

Vertical cylinder vertical plate when
35L
D>
Gr4

0.387 Ra 6 (9-25)
Horizontal cylinder
D Ra, < 1012 Nu=06+ [1+ (0.559/Pr)16 82"
(9-26)
0.589 Ra
Sphere Ra, < 1011 Nu =2+
D [1+(0.469/Pr)16j49
(Pr >0.7)
 SUMMARY

In thischapter, we have considered naturalconvection heat transfer The average Nusselt

number for
where any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy. plates of spacing S and height verticala8|
The volume expansion coefficient of a substance represents the
variation of the density of that substance with temperature at Nu = hs
Lis given
576
2.873
isothermasl pargl
constant pressure, and for an ideal gas, it is expressed as ß= 1/T. k
where 7T is the absolute temperature in Kor R. The
|(Ra,S/L (Ra,S/LyOs|
The flow regime in natural convection is governed by a optimum fin spacing for a vertical heat sink and
dimensionless number called the Grashof number, which rep
number for optimally spaced fins is the NusSe
resents the ratio of the buoyancy force to the viscous force act 0.25
L
ing on the fluid and is expressed as Sopt =2.714| =2.714.
Ra,) Ra925 and Nu = k
gp(T, -T)L: In a horizontal rectangular enclosure with
Gr, = the hotter plate a
the top, heat transfer is by pure conduction and
Nu=l W
the hotter plate is at the bottom, the Nusselt number is
where L is the characteristic length, which is the height L for
a vertical plate and the diameter D for a horizontal cylinder. 17087+ Ra3
The correlations for the Nusselt number Nu = hL,/k in natural Nu = 1 + Ra, <10
convection are expressed in terms of the Rayleigh nunber Ra 18
defined as
The notation [ ]+ indicates that if the quantity in the brackets
gP(T, - T)L negative, it should be set equal to zero. For vertical rectangula
Ra, =Gr, Pr = Pr enclosures, the Nusselt number can be determined from
1<HIL<2
Nusseit number relations for various surfaces are given in Pr
0.29
any Prandtl number
Table 9-1. All fiuid properties are evaluated at the film tem Nu = 0.18(0.2 + Pr -Ra, ) Ra,Pr/(0.2+Po)>Ie
perature of T,=T,+T). The outer surface of a vertical 2< HIL<10
cylinder can be treated as a vertical plate when the curvature 0.28 -1/4 anyPrandtInumber
effecis are negligible. The characteristic length for a horizontal
surface is L =A,Ip, where A, is the surface area and p is the u= 022(;
Nu :
Pr
0.2 + Pr Ra.) () Ra,< 100

perimeter.
 1,-L/3

Fin
ffcenc A,L,)

04

03

0. 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
2.4 2.6 2.8
e=L(hkA,)2
FIGURE 3-43
Efficiency of straight fins of rectangular, triangular, and parabolic profiles.

0.9

}in0.8
Fin
efficiency,
0.7

0.6

0.5 l=nlr
0.4
2e= t t/2
0.3
L, =L+t/2
0.2 A, = L4
0.1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

e=1(hkA,)e
FIGURE 3-44
Efficiency of annular fins of constant thickness

adding fins on a surface will enhance heat transfer. The performancee ofthe
fins is judged on the basis of the enhancement in heat transfer relative tothe
no-fin case. The performance of fins is effeciv
Cxpressed in terms of thefn
ness E, defined as (Fig. 3-45)
Heat transter rate from (3-78)
the fin of base area A,
o i hA,(T, -T) Heat transter rate from
the surface of area A,