bdkbZ 9 % Hkokuh çlkn feJ

bdkbZ dh :ijs[kk

9-0 mn~ns';
9-1 çLrkouk
9-2 dfo ifjp;
9-2-1 thou ifjp;
9-2-2 jpukdkj&O;fDrRo
9-2-3 —fr;k¡
9-3 dkO; laosnuk
9-3-1 dkO;kuqHkwfr
9-3-2 dfork dh ewY; –f"V
9-3-3 ekuo vkSj ç—fr
9-3-4 tu thou ds la?k"kksZa dh ok.kh
9-3-5 folaxfr vkSj foMEcuk
9-3-6 thou n'kZu
9-4 dkO;&f'kYi
9-4-1 dkO;&:i
9-4-2 dkO;&Hkk"kk vkSj ltZukRedrk
9-4-3 dkO; çrhd vkSj dkO; fcac
9-4-4 y; vkSj Nan
9-6 lkjka”k
9-7 'kCnkoyh
9-8 cks/k ç'uksa@vH;klksa ds mÙkj
9-9 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

9-0 mn~ns';

bl bdkbZ dks i<+us ds ckn vki %

• Nk;koknksÙkj dfork dh i`"BHkwfe us Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh dkO; laosnuk ls lk{kkRdkj
djk ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• dfo&ifjp;] jpukdkj&O;fDrRo ds cqfu;knh ljksdkjksa ls ifjfpr gksus ds lkFk
mudh —fr;ksa ds fo"k; esa crk ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• dfo dh dkO;kuqHkwfr dh cukoV esa xka/kh fopkj&n'kZu dh Hkwfedk ls ifjfpr djk
ldsaxh@ldsaxs(
• u;h dfork ds vukLFkkoknh rsoj ls vyx gVdj vkLFkkoknh ewY;ksa dh [kqyh odkyr
ds dkj.kksa dks crk ldsaxh@ldsaxs(

56
 • Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds dkO;&LoHkko] dkO;&çsj.kk] dkO;&–f"V vkSj mn~ns'; dk
ifjp; ns ldsaxh@ldsaxs vkSj
• dfo dh vfHkO;fDr&lEink ds lgt&lkSUn;Z dh ekfeZdrk ls vkReh; laokn dj
ldsaxh@ldsaxsA

9-1 çLrkouk

dfo&thou ds vkjaHk ls gh Hkokuh çlkn feJ Nk;koknh dfork dh ewy –f"V vkSj
dkO;&f'kYi ds eqgkojs ds çfr foæksgh cudj dkO;&ltZuk esa ço`Ùk gq,A mUgksaus viuh
dfork dh Lora= jkg Lo;a fufeZr dh vkSj fdlh Hkh rjg dh ns'kh&fons'kh dkO; ço`fÙk;ksa ds
vuqdj.k ls nwj jgsA muds dfo&eu dk fuekZ.k okYehfd&dkfynkl] dchj vkSj lwj] HkkjrsUnq
vkSj ia- jkeujs'k f=ikBh dh LoPNUnrk fç; –f"V us fd;kA jk"Vªh; tkxj.k us mudh
ltZukRedrk esa ns'k&çse ds laLdkjksa dks cfy"B cuk;k vkSj e/; çns'k dh ç—fr us muesa
u;k vuqjkx iSnk fd;kA os ,d çdkj ls ueZnk dh ri&R;kx&/kkjk ds ij'kqjke rst okys
lUr&dfo gSaA bl vk/kqfud lar dfo dks lR; dgus vkSj fy[kus esa gh thou dh lkFkZdrk
fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA os fdlh Hkh lkfgfR;d okn ds Hkhrj ca/kdj ugha fy[krsA njvly] ijk/khurk
mUgsa fdlh rjg dh Lohdkj u Fkh& u okn dh] u vaxzst dh] u ijk;h Hkk"kk dh] u
vfHkO;fDr dh] u in&lÙkk dhA os lnSo LFkkfir O;oLFkk ds fojks/k esa jgsA nfyrksa&misf{krksa]
nqHkkZX; ds ekjs xzkeh.k cPpksa ds fy, mUgksaus lnSo la?k"kZ fd;kA QyLo:i mudh dfork
vkRekfHkO;fDr ds Hkhrj vkRenku vkSj vkReçlkj dh dfork gSA dguk u gksxk muesa bdcky
vkSj fujkyk nksuksa dh vuqxawt lqukbZ nsrh gSA

9-2 dfo ifjp;

9-2-1 thou&ifjp;
dfooj Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk tUe ¼29 ekpZ 1913 bZ-½ fVxfj;k ftyk gks'kaxkckn ¼e-ç-½ esa
gqvkA lhrkjke feJ laLdkjoku O;fDr Fks vkSj fganh&laL—r] vaxzsth rhuksa dk Kku j[krs FksA
jkr fnu jkek;.k dk ikB djrs Fks vkSj ckyd Hkokuh çlkn dks dfork lqukrs vkSj ;kn
djkrs FksA Hkokuh çlkn dh ek¡ xkserh nsoh ijksidkjh] oS".ko laLdkjksa dh efgyk FkhA
ekr`&laosnukvksa vkSj firk ds dkO; laLdkjksa dk çHkko Hkokuh çlkn ds dke ij xgjk gSA
mudh ekufldrk dk xBu xk¡o&unh&ioZr ls gqvkA ^NksVh lh txg esa jgrk Fkk] NksVh&lh
unh ueZnk ds fdukjs] NksVs ls igkM+ fo/;kapy ds vkapy esa lk/kkj.k yksxksa ds chpA ,dne
?kVuk foghu vfofp= esjs thou dh dFkk gSA lk/kkj.k e/; foÙk ds ifjokj esa iSnk gqvk]
lk/kkj.k i<+k&fy[kk vkSj dke Hkh fd, os Hkh vlk/kkj.k ls vNwrsA esjs vkl&ikl ds reke
yksxksa dh&lh lqfo/kk,a& vlqfo/kk,a esjh FkhA ujflagiqj esa jgs vkSj iwjs ns”k dks ogha ls ik;kA
lu~ 1934&35 esa ch-, fd;k vkSj ek[kuyky prqosZnh esa HksaV dhA prqoZsnh th dk çHkko ,slk
iM+k fd fy[kuk jk"Vªh; tkxj.k dk i;kZ; cu x;kA ek[kuyky us budk uke j[kk] ^cky
eksgu^ ij vius fu.kZ; ls ml uke ls eqfDr ikbZA ^eaSus cgqr NksVh mez esa fy[kuk 'kq: dj
fn;k Fkk vkSj tks fy[kuk 'kq: dj nsrk gS og ledkyhu lkfgR; dks i<+rk gSA ^çHkk^ dh

57
Qkbysa i<+ Mkyh Fkh vkSj ^deZohj^ ges'kk i<+rs FksA ^ljLorh^] ^pkan^] ^lq/kk^] ^ek/kqjh^ vkSj
^fo'kky Hkkjr^ ds v/;srk FksA^

9-2-2 jpukdkj&O;fDr
jpukdkj&O;fDrRo
fDrRo
Nk;koknksÙkj dfork esa Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk uke viuh vyx jkg vkSj vyx dkO;&[kkst]
Hkkopsruk ds dkj.k ,d ne fof'k"V gSA ^eq> ij fdu dfo;ksa dk çHkko iM+k] ;g Hkh ,d
ç'u gSA fdlh dk ughaA iqjkus dfo eSaus de i<+s] u;s dfo tks eSaus i<+s eq>s taps ughaA eSaus
fy[kuk 'kq: fd;k rc vxj Jh eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr vkSj fl;k jke 'kj.k xqIr dks NksM+ nsa rks
Nk;koknh dfo;ksa dh /kwe FkhA ^fujkyk^] ^çlkn^ vkSj ^iUr^ QS'ku esa FksA esjh dEc[rh ¼ftls
dgus esa Hkh Mj yxrk gS½ ;s rhuksa gh cM+s dfo eq>s ydhjksa esa vPNs yxrs FksA fdlh ,d dh
Hkh ,d iwjh dfork cgqr ugha Hkk xbZA^ vaxzsth LoPNUnrkokn ds dfo;ksa es oMZloFkZ vkSj
czkMfuax dks [kwc i<+k & b/kj johUnzukFk fiz; dfo jgssA okYehfd&dkfynkl rFkk HkfDr dky
ds lUr dfo;ksa esa budk eu jek vkSj ;g çHkko buds dfo deZ ij lkQ >kadrk gSA
oMZ~loMZ dh ,d ckr mUgsa cgqr t¡ph fd ^dfork dh Hkk"kk ;FkklaHko cksypky dh Hkk"kk gksA^
;g vkn'kZ mUgksaus vius jpuk&deZ esa thou Hkj ikyu fd;k gS fd &

ftl rjg ge cksyrs gSa ml rjg rw fy[k]

vkSj mlds ckn Hkh gels cM+k rw fn[kA

feJ th dks lu~ 1943 bZ- esa rhu lky dh tsy gqbZA blh chp mUgksaus caxyk lh[kh rFkk
caxyk lkfgR; ds egRoiw.kZ xzaFkksa dk v/;;u fd;kA fdUrq os HkkjrsUnq] eSfFkyh'kj.k] ek[ku
yky prqosZnh] cky—".k 'kekZ uohu vkSj ia- jkeujs'k f=ikBh dh ijaijk ds jpukdkj jgs gSaA
Qyr% bZ'oj vkSj vk/;kRe ds pDdj esa dHkh ugha iM+sA tks ewrZ vkSj çR;{k ekuo gS ogh
muds l`tu dk y{; gSA dfork esa ogh fy[kk tks muds dkO;kuqHko dk fo"k; jgkA >wBh
dkO;&xIi ls lnSo nwj jgsA muds O;fDrRo ij ueZnk vkSj ri&rst ds çrhd ij'kqjke dh
ijaijk dk xgjk çHkko iM+kA fdlh Hkh okn] n'kZu ;k VSduhd ds çfr vkd"kZ.k ugha jgkA
^ladYi ;gh jgk fd n'kZu esa v}Sr] okn esa xka/kh vkSj VSduhd esa lgt gh y{; esjs cu
tk;sa] ;gh dksf'k'k gSA^ Hkokuh HkkbZ i=dkfjrk vkSj dfork esa xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu ds thou Hkj
J)koku O;k[;krk jgsA mUgksaus ek[ku yky th dh ,d ckr xkaB cka/k yh fd ^rqEgkjk vklku
fy[kuk NwV u tk,] bldh lko/kkuh j[kukA fdUrq ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk fd vklku fy[kuk
/;s; ugha gSA /;s; gS fy[kuk] eu dh ckr] Hkhrj dh ckr] Hkhrj ls Hkhrj dh ckr] vkSj og
bl rjg fd og u rks lw=c) gks u Hkk";A tk eu esa u lek lds] mls ok.kh rd ykvksA
fdUrq tqckanjkth er djksA dye dks thHk er cuus nsukA^ bl ladYi us gh fczfV'k
lkezkT;okn ij pksV dh vkSj Ýk;M rFkk ekDlZ ds vkard ls eqDr j[kkA ^xka/kh ds çse] lR;]
vfgalk vkSj lR;kxzg dks gj dher ij dkO;kfHkO;fDr nh vkSj ns'kHkfDr ds vkanksyuksa dks
fuHkZ; ok.khA xjhc] fdlku&etnwj turk ds fy, thou Hkj la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj vkikrdky
¼betsZUlh½ esa ljdkj dh dVq vkykspuk dhA lp ckr ;g gS fd Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk
dkO;&O;fDrRo ,d ^[kjs lar ;ks)k^ ds dkO;&O;fDrRo dk i;kZ; jgk gSA mudk fu/ku 20
Qjojh 1985 dks ujflagiqj esa gqvkA

58
9-2-3 —fr;k¡
feJ th us lu~ 1930 bZ- ls dkO;&l`tu 'kq: fd;k vkSj rRdkyhu i=&if=dkvksa esa [kwc
Nirs jgsA dfo :i esa mudh [;kfr 1940 bZ- rd QSy xbZ ij ,d lkFk cgqr lh dfork,¡
^nwljk lIrd^ ¼1951 bZ- la- vKs;½ esa Nih ftudks i;kZIr vknj feykA çFke dkO;&laxzg
^xhr Qjks'k^ lu~ 1956 bZ- esa çdkf'kr gks ik;kA bl vdsys dkO; ladyu dh dforkvksa us
muds dfo dh /kkd tek nhA vk/kqfud fganh dfork dh fodkl&;k=k dk ;g ladyu ,d
,sfrgkfld nLrkost gSA xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu ls vksrçksr ik¡p lkS dforkvksa dk ladyu ^xka/kh
iap”krh^ ds uke ls vk;kA ^pfdr gS nq[k^] ^va/ksjh dfork,¡^] ^cquh gqbZ jLlh^] ^O;fDrxr^]
^[kq'kcw ds f'kykys[k^] ^ifjorZu ft,^] ^f=dky la/;k^] ^vukFk rqe vkrs gks^] ^bna u ee^]
^'kjhj] dfork] Qlysa vkSj Qwy^] ^eku ljksoj fnu^] ^lEizfr^] ^rqdksa ds [ksy^]^uhyh js[kk rd^
rFkk ^rwl dh vkx^ vkfn vU; çfl) dkO;&ladyu & gSAa bUgksaus ,d çca/k dkO; dh jpuk
Hkh dh gSA ^dkyt;h^ uked ;g çca/k —fr v'kksd dh dFkk ij vk/kkfjr gksus ls ,sfrgkfld
çca/k dkO;ksa dh Js.kh esa vkrh gSA blesa ,sfrgkfld dFkk ds ek/;e ls dfo us çse&vfgalk ds
ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh gSA

Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk lEiw.kZ dkO;&l`tu ekuoh; ewY;ksa dh fo'o&–f"V dk v{k; Hk.Mkj gSA
ns'k vkSj dky dh lhekvksa dks vfrØkUr djrs gq, os çxfr'khy psruk ds rstLoh jpukdkj
gSA ^dfo^ 'kh"kZd dfork esa mUgksaus dgk gS ^dye viuh lkFk@vkSj eu dh ckr fcYdqy Bhd
dg ,dk/k@;g fd rsjh Hkj u gks rks dg@vkSj cgrs cus lkns <ax ls rks cg@^ dguk u
gksxk fd vU;k; vkSj vR;kpkj ds lfØ; fojks/k esa [kM+s bl dfo dh ok.kh esa ryokj ls
T;knk iSuh /kkj gSA

cks/k ç'u&
ç'u& 1
fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mŸkj la{ksi esa nsaA
1- Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds thou dk ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa ifjp; nhft,A
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2- Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds jpukdkj&O;fDrRo dh nks fof'k"Vrkvksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

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3- Lkgh√ xyr x ij fu'kku yxkb;sA

Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds çca/k dkO; dk uke &
i½ xhr Qjks'k ¼ ½
59
 ii½ dkyt;h ¼ ½
iii½ uhyh js[kk rd ¼ ½
iv½ rwl dh vkx ¼ ½

4- Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh jpukvksa dh l`tu&–f"V ij rhu iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,A

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9-3 dkO; laosnuk

9-3-1 dkO;kuqHkwfr
feJ th fparu dks vuqHkwfr esa QsaVdj çLrqr djus esa n{k gSaA urhtk ;g gS fd mudh
vkRekfHkO;fDr esa Hkko m"ek ds lkFk vkRe&foLrkj vkSj vkRe&ifj"dkj ds rRo ç/kku jgrs gSaA
ewyr% mudh dkO; laosnuk esa xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu ds ewyk/kkjksa dk foLQksV gS vkSj ;g
foLQksV xhrkRed gSA u;h dfork esa os ,d ek= ,sls dfo gS ftudh dkO;kuqHkfr esa fdlku]
etnwj] cPps vkSj ukjh bu lHkh dh leL;kvksa dk nnZ ewy laosnuk esa tTc gksdj lgtrk ls
cksyrk gSA mUgksaus viuh dkO;kuqHkwfr dk laLdkj Lok/khurk vkanksyu dh eqfDr psruk ls fd;k
gSA vaxzst vkSj vaxzsft;r] iw¡thokn vkSj mifuos'kokn] lkezkT;okn vkSj :lh lkE;okn lHkh
ij pksV dh gSA mudk dFku gS ^eSaus viuh dfork esa çk;% ogh fy[kk gS tks esjh Bhd idM+
esa vk x;k gSA nwj dh dkSMh+ ykus dh egRokdka{kk Hkh eSaus dHkh ugha dhA^ cgqr ekewyh
jkstejkZ ds lq[k&nq%[k eSaus buesa dgs gSa ftudk ,d Hkh 'kCn fdlh dks le>kuk ugha
iM+rkA^'kCn Vi&Vi Vidrs gaS Qwy ls@lgh gks tkrs gSa esjh Hkwy ls^A yksdthou dh [kjh
laosnuk gh dkO; dk ewyk/kkj gSA dkO;kuqHkwfr esa yksd&osnuk dk ;gh lalkj ?kqeM+rk jgrk gS
tSls &

rax xfy;ksa esa dgha cPps [kM+s gSa

yky gS ij Hkkx iRFkj ls vM+s gSa
/kwy ds ghjs ugha vc /kwy gSa ;s
Qwy taxy ds ugha vc 'kwy gS ;sA

;g dkO;kuqHkwfr ml O;oLFkk vkSj lÙkk dh folaxfr;ksa ij O;aX; djrh gS ftlesa cPps rd

nfjærk esa ej jgs gaS A mudk cpiu flld jgk gS & ^gk; js cpiu ryd lq[k ls u chrk]
okg js] nfjæ rwus [kwc ywVkA^

mUgksaus >ksiM+h vkSj egyksa dh yM+kbZ dks le>rs gq, fy[kk gS fd ;fn >ksiM+h feVsxh rks egy
Hkh ugha cpsxkA
,d fnu gksxh çy; Hkh
er jgsxh >ksiM+h feV tk;sxk uhye fuy; HkhA
60
iw¡thifr;ksa] equkQk[kksjksa] ns'kæksfg;ksa ds [kwu lus tcM+ksa dh mUgsa lPph igpku gSA blfy,
mudh dkO;kuqHkwfr dk nnZ lPpk gSA O;aX; vkSj oØksfDr ls dfo eu [kkSyrk feyrk gS &

vki lH; gSa D;ksafd /kku ls Hkjh vkidh dksBh

vki lH; gS fd D;ksafd oDr ij dVok nsrs cksVhA

muds xka/kh&n'kZu dh dkO;kuqHkfwr esa gj lR; dks fuHkZ;rk ls dgus dh xtc dh rkdr gSA
^vkikr dky^ ds fnuksa esa os ^f=dky lU/;k^ fy[krs gSa vkSj lÙkk ds Øwj pfj= dks m/ksM+dj
j[k nsrs gSaA u;h dfork esa mudh dkO;kuqHkwfr dk rsoj dchjuqek jgk gSA cSuksa ds cku
ekjdj os gj tksf[ke >syus dh rS;kjh djrs gSaA

mudh dkO;kuqHkwfr esa ç—fr dh y; gSA Hkkjrh; thou dh lUr&y; us mudh dforkvksa esa
LFkku ik;k gSA ^xhr Qjks'k^] ^lriqMk+ ds taxy^] ^lUukVk^] ^'kCnksa ds rYi ij^] ^?kj dh ;kn^]
^f=dky lU/;k^] ^uhyh js[kk rd^] ^rwl dh vkx^ vkfn mudh ,slh gh Js"B dfork,a gSaA
mudh dkO;&;k=k var rd xka/kh th ds fopkjksa dk dkO;kuqokn djrh jghA gkykafd vktknh
ds ckn dh fujk'kk] ywV dk va/ksjk mudh dkO;kuqHkwfr esa nnZ cudj cuk jgk gSA fdUrq bl
dkO;kuqHkwfr esa vfLrRooknh n'kZu dh og vukLFkkoknh –f"V ugha gS ftlls u;h dfork ds
vf/kdka'k dfo le>kSrk fd, jgs gSaA os ekuoh;rk vkSj v[kaM vkLFkk ds Hkkjrh; dfo gSaA
blfy, mudh dkO;kuqHkwfr esa Hkkjrh; yksd tkxj.k dh ijaijk fctyh&lh dkSa/k jgh gSA
vfgalk dh çse /kkjk dk ifo= ty bl dkO;kuqHkwfr dks lhap dj 'kfDr nsrk jgk gSA ;gk¡
dfork esa ueZnk dk ij'kqjke rst riM+rk gS vkSj dfork dk lzksr lriqMk+ dh dBksj pV~Vkuksa
dks QksM+dj meM+ iM+rk gSA

Hkokuh çlkn feJ HkkokMEcj] ckSf)d nq:grk vkSj O;fDroknh fparu ds jpukdkj ugha gSaA
c`gÙkj ekuo lekt ls dVus okyh vuqHkwfr dk muds fy, dksbZ ewY; ugha gSA

9-3-2 dfork dh ewY; –f"V

mudh dfork dk ç/kku ewY; gS ekuo dh eqfDr] 'kks"k.k eqDr lkekftdrk] xaobZ laosnuk dh
HkkoHkwfe dk [kjkiu] lUr&Hkko dh d#.kk vkSj xka/kh&fopkj –f"V dh ewY; psrukA bu thou
ewY;ksa dks mUgksaus tw>dj dek;k gSA bUgha ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, mUgksaus vaxzstksa ij pksV dh
gS vkSj lÙkk ds lk¡Mk+ sa dks dkcw esa djus okyh udsy Mkyuh pkgh gSA tu ds lEcks/ku vkSj
ç'ukdqyrk bl dkO;kRedrk esa cgqr gS vkSj ;g bl ckr dk çek.k gS fd os lkekftdrk
dh O;kid Hkwfe ij dfork dks jprs gSaA mUgksaus ckj&ckj nqgjk;k gS &

lp dgks dfo vkRek ls iwNdj

lp dgks dfo eu fdlh dk Hk; djksA

;gk¡ ^vkRek^ 'kCn ls Mjus dh t:jr ugha gSA Hkkjrh; n'kZu dk ;g 'kCn ;gk¡ vUreZu ds
vFkZ esa vk;k gS&vkRek ds nk'kZfud fparu&çiap dks ysdj ughaA mudh dforkvksa esa xk¡o dh
xjhch vkSj [ksfrgj fdlku dh ihM+k gSA fQj Hkh dgk ;gh gS &
61
 lgks
vkSj csgrj ckrksa ds fy,
jgksA

muds dkO; ds ewY;] xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu esa ?kqys [kknh ds ewY; gSA ,d çdkj ls ;g [kknh
dh dfork gS ftlesa ,d laL—fr dk bfrgkl cksyrk gSA os Hkksys dfo gSa ij 'kadj dk Øks/k
muesa jax fn[kk nsrk gSA blfy, muds dkO; ds cksyksa dk vljnkj gkf'k;k gS &

vkSj u tkus D;k&D;k cksykA fiNys lky Hkokuh HkksykA

bl dfork ds Lok/khurk ijd ewY; –f"V vkSj çsj.kk&'kfDr ij ek[ku yky prqosZnh] jkeujs'k
f=ikBh vkSj cky—".k 'kekZ ^uohu^ rhuksa dh Nki gSA mUgksaus u, ekuo dh gj ckr dgh gS
ij ,sls lkaps esa <kydj fd mlds Hkhrj Nk;kokn] çxfrokn] ç;ksxokn vkSj u;h dfork dk
lkapk NksVk iM+k gSA Qyr% dforkvksa esa mudk cy ^u;h^ ij de ^dfork^ ij T;knk gSA ;s
dgrs jgs gS&
a

vxj xk u ik;s rks gYyk djsaxs

bl gYys esa ekSr vk xbZ rks ejsaxsA
¼xka/kh iap'krh½

tu&thou dk gj dksuk os Nkurs gS] gj vka[k ds vkalw ij mudh –f"V vVdh gS vkSj lÙkk
dh gj gjdr ij mudh ys[kuh ryokj dh rjg pyh gSA

9-3-3 ekuo vkSj ç—

ç—fr
bl dfork ds lkSUn;Z lalkj esa ekuo rFkk ç—fr nks ugha gS &nksuksa esa v}Sr gSA ;gh muds
fparu dk dkO;kRed v}Srokn gSA os unh dh rjg cguk] Qwy dh rjg f[kyuk] /kwi dh rjg
QSyuk pkgrs gSaA foU/; ioZr vkSj ueZnk ds ou muesa foLrkj ik, gq, gaSA e/; çns'k dh
vkfne tkfr;k¡ ftu ouksa esa jgrh gS mu lriqMk+ ds ouksa esa mudh n`f"V dk ços'k gSA Qyr%
tu&eu ls ,dkdkj gksdj gh bl dfork esa 'kfDr vkbZ gS &

os ,slk xk¡o ns[krs jgs gSa &

xkao ftlesa >ksiM+h gS ?kj ugha gS
>ksiM+h dh QVfd;k¡ gSa nj ugha gS]
/kwy mBrh gS] /kq,a ls ne ?kqVk gS
ekuoksa ds gkFk ls ekuo yqVk gSA

ij bl dfork esa tks euq"; ifjHkkf"kr gqvk gS og ,dne eLr] fuHkZ; vkSj Jeh vkneh gSA

Hkokuh HkkbZ ds dkO; esa ç—fr dh laosnuk dk foLrkj gSA Qwy&iÙks] unh] eSnku] ioZr] yrk,¡]
taxy] [ksr] i'kq&i{kh ;g lc fey dj cukrs gS mudk dkO; lalkjA dkfynkl dk eu bl
62
dfo esa u, <ax ls [kqyrk gSA es?k] cwna ] /kwi lcds lkFk mudk lkSUn;Z cks/k rnkdkj gSA
vk/kqfud Hkko&cks/k ds bl dfo ds fy, ;g ,d vkarfjd t:jr Fkh fd og ç—fr dh
eqDrrk esa viuh oS;fDrd Lok/khurk vkSj lkekftd Lok/khurk dh [kkst djsA bl eqDrkdka{kh
dfo ds fy, ç—fr dh LoPNUnrk dk vkd"kZd blfy, Hkh Fkk fd og :f<+;ksa dks rksM+dj
pSu ls thou th ldsA blfy, Hkokuh HkkbZ us vius ç—fr&çse dks ns'k çse esa ,dkdkj dj
fn;k gSA bl çse dk vkRe çlkn ns'k esa euq";] unh] ioZr] fu>Zj] ljksoj] Qwy] iÙks] yrk
xqYe] i'kq&i{kh lHkh rd gSA Hkokuh çlkn feJ ekurs gaS fd Qwy gekjs ouLifr txr~ dh
laosnukRed igpku gSA ç—fr l`tu ds fy, ir>M+ ds ckn uo iYyou djrh gSA iYyoksa
esa Qwy vkSj Qy vkrs gSaA ewy ckr ;g gS fd gekjh lkaL—frd vo/kkj.kk esa isM+&ikS/a ks dbZ
vFkksZa esa euq"; ds leku gSA iqjkus iÙkksa dk >j tkuk th.kZ laLdkjksa ls eqfDr ikuk gSA iqu%
u;s iÙkksa dk vkuk u, thou dk mfnr gksuk gSA iwtk esa u, iÙkksa vkSj Qwyksa dk egRo
blhfy, vf/kd gS fd ge ç—fr lqUnjh ds euksHkko dks O;Dr djrs gSaA dsoy Qwy gh p<+k
nsa rks iwjh iwtk lEiUu gks tkrh gSA vkxe ijaijk ekurh gS fd Qwy vkdk'k rRo gS& Qwy
p<+kdj ge vius y?kq vfLrRo dks fdlh egÙkj ds çfr vfiZr dj nsrs gSaA Hkokuh HkkbZ viuh
dfork esa bl ç—fr lUnHkZ dks txg&txg vfHkO;fDr nsrs gSa &

Qwy yk;k gw¡ dey ds D;k d:¡ budk

ilkjsa vki vkapy NksM+ nwa gks tk, th gydkA

Hkkjrh; dfork dk çfl) mieku gS & dey dk QwyA ;gk¡ rd fd gekjs nsoh&nsork dey
u;u] jktho ykspu] deyklu] djdey vkSj indey gSaA muds eq[k esa dey dh xa/k gSa]
vk¡[kksa esa dey dk jax vkSj vkdkj] gkFk esa dey dh tkx:drk vkSj pj.kksa esa dey dh
xfr gSA dey esa HkfDr;ksx] Kku ;ksx] deZ;ksx rhuksa dk ,dkarokl gSA lk/kuk ls lk/kd
dey dks ân; esa f[kykrk gSA ikoZrh ds gkFk esa yhyk dey gSA iwtk esa ?kV tkus ij dey
gh jke dk nf{k.k u;u gSA fo".kq dh nkfguh vk¡[k lw;Z gSA dey lw;Z ls f[kyrk gSA ewy
ckr ;g gS fd gekjh tkrh; psruk dey ls iM+h gSA ;gka rd fd çR;sd _rq dk ,d
vyx Qwy gS] 'kjn dk dey gS olUr dk dqjcdA bu lHkh Qwy çrhdksa esa gekjh lkSUn;Z
cks/k dh vo/kkj.kk ds chp&Hkko ekStwn gSA Lok/khurk vkanksyu ds fnuksa esa Qwy ds lkFk
mRlxZ vkSj viZ.k dk ns'kHkfDr Hkko tqM+ x;kA HkkjrsUnq] Jh/kj ikBd] ek[kuyky prqosZnh dh
blh Hkko ijaijk esa Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds ç—fr çse dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fo'ks"k ckr ;g gS
fd feJ th dh dfork esa dkfynkl dh rjg ty cgqr gS] ty ds çrhd vusd gSA ;gk¡
ueZnk dk ty Hkhrj ds ri dk çokg gSA

unh dk Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa xq.kxku cgqr gSA laL—fr esa bldk egRo D;ksa gS\ dkj.k] unh
gekjh iwjh thou ç.kkyh jgh gSA ufn;ka gh ukM+h gS tks HkkSxksfyd ,drk dks cuk, j[krh gaSA
ufn;ksa dk ty gekjh lef"V psruk dk vfojy çokg gSA fQj Hkokuh HkkbZ ds dkO; dh çsj.kk
dh unh ueZnk gSA ueZnk Dokjh unh gS] blfy, cgqr çcy gS vkSj vfu;fU=r HkhA fQj ;g
xaxk ls foijhr fn'kk esa cgrh gSA ueZnk] Øks/k] ri vkSj Vdjko dh /kkjk gSA ueZnk dk
bfrgkl ij'kqjke ls tqMk+ gSA blh unh dh pksV ls iRFkj 'kadj gks x,A blds jksM+ksa ls
vksadkjs'oj cuk, x,A ;fn ge ueZnk dh mis{kk djsaxs rks gekjh çokg /kehZ laL—fr ds ewY;
pqd tk;saxs gekjk lkaL—frd eu chekj vkSj fo—r gks tk,xkA blfy, Hkokuh çlkn ds
63
dkO; esa vkus okyh unh ueZnk dk vFkZ foLr`r gS vkSj xgjk HkhA ueZnk unh ds bl HkkokFkZ
dh mis{kk djus ij ge Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds dkO;kFkZ dks ugha le> ldrs gSaA D;ksafd mudh
ekufldrk dk fuekZ.k blh unh dh HkkoHkwfe us fd;k gSA

Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk ç—fr ds çfr fo'ks"k yxko j[kuk O;fDrxr LoPNUnrk dh vkdka{kk
dk rks çrhd gS gh og ekuo dh ç—r Lok/khurk dk Hkh lans'k :i gSA feJ th dk ç—fr
lkSUn;Z dh efgek dk xku djuk] iz—fr dh Lora= lÙkk ekuuk okYehfd&dkfynkl dh
ijaijk dk çHkko Hkh gSA Lo;a johUæukFk dks u;k vkyksd&iz—fr ls gh feyk FkkA Hkokuh HkkbZ
ij johUæukFk dh ^fu>Zj LoIu Hkax^ dfork dk vlj nwj rd feyrk gS] johUnz muds fç;
dfo FksA fujkyk dk ^ckny jkx^] dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh dfork ^?ku xjts tu xjts^ dh
/ked Hkh Hkokuh dh dkO;&psruk ij lh/kh Nki NksMr+ h jgh gSA foU/;kapy] lriqM+k dk
ifjos'k muesa jpk ipk gS vkSj bls mudk dkO; fofo/k :iksa esa fpf=r djrk jgk gSA

9-3-4 tu thou ds la?k"kksaZ dh ok.kh

ewyr% Hkokuh çlkn feJ xkao dh laosnuk ds dfo gSaA tu thou dh fo"kerkvksa] foMEcukvksa
vkSj folaxfr;ksa dks os ok.kh nsrs gSaA muds xka/khoknh Loj esa lkE;oknh vkØks'k 'kq: ls gh jgk
gSA ;fn Jfed ds Je dks gM+ius dk ;g ywVrU= pyrk jgk rks tuØkafr gks tk;sxhA
^nwljk lIrd^ esa ^çy;^ dfork blh euksHkwfedk dks O;Dr djrh gS &

,d fnu gksxh çy; Hkh

er jgsxh >ksiM+h]
feV tk;saxs] uhye fuy; HkhA

;fn Je dk lgh caVokjk u gqvk rks fgeky; dh cQZ ls vkx QwV iM+sxhA cQhZyh lrg
vU;k;h dk [kwu ihdj yky gks tk,xh vkSj&

dky gksxh rkfj.kh xaxk

rjf.ktk O;ky gksxh]
vkSj f'ko gksaxs u 'kadj
daBxu t; eky gksxh
dj u ik;sxk gesa vk'oLr
tuuh dk vHk; HkhA
,d fnu gksxh çy; HkhA

Hkkjr esa vktknh ds lw;Z ds mfnr gksus ds ckn Hkh xk¡o esa va/ksjk gSA NksVs&cPps vHkko vkSj
Hkw[k] vf'k{kk vkSj 'kks"k.k esa cokZn gks jgs gSaA [ksfrgj fdlku&etnwj Qlyksa dks mxkdj Hkh
Hkw[kk gSA FkksMs+ ls lQsn iks'k yksx jax] Hkk"kk] uLy] tkfr vkSj O;oLFkk ds lkezkT;oknh fgrksa
dks ikydj Hkksx jgs gSaA 'kks"k.k ds lk¡i dh thHk c<+rh gh tkrh gS & mldk dksbZ vUr ugha
gSA bl xjhc turk dh O;Fkk ds fy, feJ th dh dfork esa O;kIr ekuookn ,d ewY;oku
thou –f"V gSA Hkkjr ds vkikrdky ds fnuksa esa os ^f=dky lU/;k^ dh dfork,¡ fy[krs gSa
64
vkSj lÙkk ds tqYe&tksj dks [kqyh pqukSrh nsrs gSaA lÙkk gfFk;k dj tks lH;rk&laL—fr vkSj
'kkafr dk ukjk yxkrk gS] turk dks xqejkg djrk gS & ;g dfork mlds fojks/k esa [kM+h
gksrh gSA ek[kuyky ls Hkokuh çlkn us ;gh lh[kk gS fd os ns'k vkSj turk ds fy, lÙkk dks
[kqyh pqukSrh nsrs gSa vkSj mudh dfork vU;k; ds çfr ,d rst yydkj cu tkrh gSA mudh
dfork esa >wBh d#.kk dk ukVd ugha gS mlesa dfo dk ;qx la?k"kZ cksyrk gSA

9-3-5 folaxfr vkSj foMEcuk

Hkokuh HkkbZ dh ltZukRedrk esa fo|eku folaxfr vkSj foMEcuk dks ysdj u;h dfork ds
dfo vkykspd vKs; th us fy[kk gS fd os xaHkhj ls xaHkhj ckr dks fugk;r ljy] lknk]
Li"V vkSj xaHkhj <ax ls dgus dh dyk esa n{k gSAa xaHkhj fo"k; dks oLrq cukrs le; mUgsa
ç;kl ugha djuk iM+rkA tSls Mkyh ij Qwy f[kyrk gS oSlh gh mudh dfork ç—r
Hkko&Hkwfe ls mitrh gSA O;aX; vkSj oØksfDr dh iSuh /kkj dk Hkjiwj okj Hkh os dkQh l/ks
gkFkksa ls djrs gSA mudh dyk dk ;g vkn'kZ ^xhr Qjks'k^ dfork esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bl
dfork dks ysdj vKs; th us fy[kk ^eSa bl ckr dks dqN nwljs <ax ls dgw¡\ ukVdh;rk rks
[kSj blesa gS] ij vly fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bldh xaHkhj ckrksa dks gYds <ax ls dgk x;k gSA
u;h dfork esa ;g Hkh gS vkSj blls Bhd mYVk Hkh gS] cgqr gYdh ckr dks xaHkhjrk ls dguk
;k de ls de peRdkjiwoZd dguk ;k dg yhft, NksVh ckr esa ls peRdkj [kkst ysukA
cfYd mldk ,d fl)kar ;g gks ldrk gS fd NksVh ckr dksbZ gS gh ughaA mls ns[kus esa gh
lkjk peRdkj fufgr gSA^ ¼vk/kqfud lkfgR; % ,d ifj–';] i`- 152½ fo"k; dks çLrqr djus
dh vnk rks ^xhr Qjks'k^ esa gS ij dfork iwjh rjg fo"k;oLrq ij gh dsfUær gS :i dk
peRdkjh :>ku mlesa ugha gSA bl ckr dks ^dfork ds u, çfreku^ ¼i- 165½ esa ukeoj flag
us Lohdkj djrs gq, dgk gS fd ^bldk dfoRo ,d xaHkhj ckr dks fugk;r vxaHkhj<ax ls
dgus esa gS vkSj ;g vxaHkhjrk dfork ds Loj ¼Vksu½ esa gSA^ xaHkhjrk ds vkMEcj esa Hkokuh HkkbZ
dkO;kRedrk dks xk;c ugha djrsA Kku muds fy, cks> ugha gS] lgt çkIr lEçs"k.k gSA ubZ
dfork esa folaxfr&foMEcuk ds –'; fn[kkus ds fy, losZ'oj] j?kqohj lgk;] Jhdkar oekZ]
fot;nso ukjk;.k lkgh] 'ke'ksj vkSj dsnkjukFk flag bl rduhd dk çk;% ç;ksx djrs jgs gSa
vkSj bu lHkh dks bu ç;ksxksa esa lQyrk feyh gSA furkar fHkUu vkSj vlEc) le>h tkus
okyh oLrqvksa dk ;s dfo lQy <ax ls la;kstu dj nsrs gSa vkSj ,d u;k vFkZ&lw;Z fudy
iM+rk gSA fganh ds ;s dfo ØhM+k&dkS'ky dk [kqc vkSj vusd :iksa eqækvksa] fLFkfr;ksa] çdj.kksa]
feFkdksa] esa mi;ksx dj ysrs gSaA ij bu lHkh esa lkaetL; ls T;knk }a} gS vkSj ruko dk
Hkhrjh ifjos'kA blfy, ;g dfork ,d u;h eu% fLFkfr dk tfVy fcac gS & ,d u, jkx
laca/k dk u;k mn~?kkVuA fdUrq Hkokuh çlkn dh bZekunkjh ;g gS fd os nwj dh dkSMh+ ykus
ds fy, ugha HkVdrsA mu ij if'pe dk _.k ugha gS vkSj os vfLrRoknh vuqHkwfr dks ikl
ugha QVdus nsrsA mudh vuqHkwfr dh çkekf.kdrk Hkkjrh; ijaijk ds ewy lzksrksa ls tqM+dj gh
flf) ikrh gSA

9-3-6 thou n'kZu

okLro esa feJ th dk thou n'kZu xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu ij dsfUær gSA thou ds fNNys&gYds
fo—r cká HkkSfrdoknh ewY; mudks dfo–f"V dks ifjrks"k ugha ns ikrsA xka/kh ij fy[kha viuh

65
vusd dforkvksa esa mUgksaus lkE;oknh fe=ksa dks lacksf/kr djrs gq, dgk gS fd xka/kh&fopkj
n'kZu dks çfrxkeh –f"V ?kksf"kr djuk viuh lkaL—frd ijaijk ls gh eq¡g Qsj ysuk gSA dkj.k]
xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu esa gekjh lUr&ijaijk dchj] ukud] jSnkl] rqylh dk fopkj çnhIr gSA
gekjs Lok/khurk laxzke ds vfUre nkSj esa Hkh ;gh fl) fd;k gS fd xka/kh gh Hkkjr dh xjhc
turk ds lPps tu uk;d Fks vkSj mUgksaus ,d [kkl <ax ls turk dks laxfBr djds fczfV'k
lkezkT;okn ds iSj m[kkM+ fn,A xka/kh us tkfr] /keZ] lEçnk;] jax] oxZ] o.kZ vkfn ls Åij
mBdj tu vkdka{kkvksa dks lkdkj fd;k vkSj gekjs bfrgkl dh fn'kk cny nhA mUgksaus fl)
fd;k fd vfgalk] çse vkSj lR;kxzg esa tks rkdr gS mlds lkeus fgalk] rksi] ryokj] ce dh
'kfDr rqPN gSA xka/kh vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh eqfDr vkSj yksdeaxy dh flf) gSaA gekjk nqHkkZX;
;g jgk gS fd geus viuh gj pht dks rqPN ekudj if'pe dk eqag rkdk gS vkSj viuh
lHkh leL;kvksa dk gy if'pe ls ekaxk gSaA ij if'pe gekjh leL;kvksa dk gy ugha ns
ldrkA D;ksafd gekjh lkekftd&lkaL—frd ijaijk,¡ if'pe ls fHkUu gSA vius bfrgkl ds
gkf'k, esa gh ge viuh leL;k,a gy dj ldrs gSaA feJ th us cjkcj dgk gS &

ysdj lewph ekuork dh ijEijk esa

vc rd ds lcls lh/ks&lkns fuHkZ; vkSj Lusgh vkneh
xka/kh dk ukeA

mudk çca/k dkO; ^dkyt;h^ v'kksd dh ,sfrgkfld dFkk ds ek/;e ls xka/kh&fopkj n'kZu dh
egRo&çfr"Bk djrk gSA lp ckr ;g gS fd u;h dfork dh e/;orhZ vUr/kkZjk esa xka/kh fopkj
çokg ls tks dkO;kRed rst mRiUu gqvk gS mldh lcls vf/kd fo'oluh; vfHkO;fDr feJ
th ds dkO; esa gqbZ gSA xka/kh fopkj&psruk ds os u;h dfork esa çfrfuf/k dfo gSaA

cks/k ç'u &2

fuEufyf[kr iz”uksa ds mŸkj la{ksi esa nsaA

1- Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh dkO;kuqHkwfr ij fopkj dhft,A viuk mÙkj vkB iafDr;ksa esa
nhft,A
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2- Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh dfork dh ewY;&–f"V dh ppkZ rhu iafDr;ksa esa dhft,A
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3- feJ th ds dkO; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, ekuo ,oa ç—fr ds fj'rs ij fopkj dhft,A
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66
 4- Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk dfo tu&thou ds la?k"kksZa dks fdl :i esa O;Dr djrk gS\
pkj iafDr;ksa esa fyf[k,A
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5- Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh thou&–f"V ij lgh √ xyr x dk fu'kku yxkdj crkb;s

fd fdl fopkj/kkjk dk çHkko gS\

1½ lektokn ¼ ½
2½ ekDlZokn ¼ ½
3½ xka/kh fopkj n'kZu ¼ ½
4½ vfLrRookn ¼ ½

9-4 dkO;&f'kYi

Hkokuh çlkn feJ dks peR—r djus okys —f=e dkO;&f'kYi dk eksg ugha gSA mudh
uSlfxZd çfrHkk esa ltZukRedrk lgt&LoPN :i esa fu[kkj ikrh gSA muds dkO; dk eqgkojk
fdlh Hkh iwoZorhZ ;k ledkyhu dfo dk u rks vuqdj.k gS u esy [kkrk gSA mUgksaus dfork
dks vke vkneh dk laokn cuk;k gS] mlesa cksyh dh y; dk laxhrkRed jkx ctrk gSA
muds dgus dh vnk ,dne ekSfyd] vf}rh; vkSj lgt LQwrZ gSA muds ^vankts c;ka vkSj^ esa
O;aX; vkSj dFku Hkafxek dh fofp=rk dk fo'ks"k egRo gS vkSj mudh dkO; 'kSyh furkar
mudh gS ftls ,d dkO; iafDr ls igpkuk tk ldrk gS & os yhd ij dHkh ugha pyrsA
;Fkk &
u;s BkB ls ubZ jkg ij dne /kj fn;k gS
[kkge[okg Vgyuk geus can dj fn;k gSA

lUukVk] fxjfxV] lk¡i] [k.Mgj] igkM+] eaSnku lHkh dk varjax Li'kZ os dj ldrs gSaA os
^lUukVk^ vkSj ^[kaMgj^ ij Hkh ets ls dfork fy[k ldrs gSa &

eSa lUukVk gw¡] fQj Hkh cksy jgk gw¡A

eSa 'kkar cgqr gw¡ fQj Hkh Mksy jgk gw¡A

likV c;kuh dks dfork cuk nsuk pqukSrh gksrk gS] ij Hkokuh HkkbZ mls dfork cuk nsus esa
l{ke jgs gSaA ^lriqMk+ ds taxy^ dfork esa mudh ;gh o.kZu 'kfDr dke djrh gS] &

mrj dj cgrs vusdksa] dy dFkk dgrs vusdksa]

unh] fu>Zj vkSj ukys] bu ouksa us xksn ikysA
67
 yk[k iNh lkS fgju ny pk¡n ds fdrus fdju ny
>wers ou Qwy Qfy;k¡] f[ky jgh vKkr dfy;kA

bl dkO; f'kYi dh likV c;kuh esa ç;ksx ds Lrj ij fo'ks"k ckr ;g gS fd dfo Hkko&Hkwfe
ij ç—r&fp=.k] yksd&xhrksa dk ç;ksx vkSj çpfyr yksd&/kquksa dh vksj fo'ks"k >qdko j[krk
gSA ;g mldh egRoiw.kZ ço`fÙkxr miyfC/k Hkh dgh tk ldrh gS] mnkgj.kkFkZ &

ihds QwVs vkt I;kj ls ikuh cjlk jhA

gfj;kyh Nk xbZ] gekjs lkou ljlk jhA
Qj&Qj mM+h Qqgkj vyd gy eksrh Nk;s jhA
[kM+h [ksr ds chp fdlkfuu dtjh xk, jhA
>j >j >juk >js] vkt eu çk.k flgk;s jhA
dkSu tUe ds iq.; fd ,sls 'kqHk fnu vk, jhA
¼eaxy o"kkZ½

yksdeu dh Hkkoqd laosnuk ls dfork esa jpus okyk mudk f'kYi ,slk gS fd mls vklkuh ls
fdlh ^okn^ ds pkS[kVs esa fQVdj ikuk eqf'dy dke gSA mUgksaus yxkrkj vius ;qx la?k"kZ dh
ckr dgh gS ij lkapksa dks rksM+dj gh fy[kk gSA

9-4-1 dkO;&:i
çca/k vkSj eqDrd nksuksa dkO; :iksa ds çpfyr lk¡ps dks rksM+dj mUgksaus viuk u;k&dkO;
lk¡pk fufeZr fd;k gSA blesa yksd 'kSyh ds xk;u vkSj laokn ds :i feyrs gSaA lgt c;kuh
esa os mnwZ dh dksbZ Hkh 'kSyh mBk ldrs gSa mudh jpuk ckrphr dh y; esa cu tkrh gS &

nnZ tc f?kjs cgkuk djks

ukuk uk] uk uk uk uk djks
g¡lksa [ksyks] eLrh ds lax
nnZ dks yxs fd ;g D;k <ax\
nnZ Hkhrj gSjku jgs
vksB ij vius xku jgs

Hkokuh yksd xhrksa ds :i esa lkewfgd çkFkZuk,¡ fy[krs gSaA Lok/khurk vkanksyu dh fuHkZ; Hkko
Hkjh çHkkr Qsfj;k xkrs gSa &

vxj xk u ik;s rks gYyk djsaxs

bl gYys esa ekSr vk xbZ rks ejsaxsA

yksd xhr vkSj çxhr nksuksa gh Hkokuh HkkbZ dh dye ls u;k laLdkj ik dj] eatrs vkSj ped
mBrs gSaA mudh dfork,¡ ekyh dh dSaph ls dkVdj ugha laokjh xbZ gSa & u os dVs&NVs
dyk xhr gSaA ou&ioZr igkM+ [k.Mgj] unh dh dNkjksa esa vius vki mxus okys isM+&ikS/kksa
68
yrkvksa dh Hkkafr os tUesa gSa &oU;&lkSUn;Z dh v—f=e vkHkk gh bu xhrksa dk jkx jax gSaA
^xhr Qjks'k^] ^f=dky lU/;k^] ^rwl dh vkx^] ^uhyh js[kk rd^ tSls laxzgksa esa ,sls vusd xhr
gSaA

u;h dfork esa dFkkRed çca/k dks rksM+dj yEch dfork fy[kus dk pyu gqvkA Hkokuh çlkn
feJ us ^'kCnksa ds rYi ij^] ^lriqMk+ ds taxy^] ^uhyh js[kk rd^] ^ftanxh dh /kkjk esa^] ^tyok
phtksa dk^ tSlh yEch fopkj dfork,¡ fy[kha gSaA ewyr% ;g dfork,¡ ukVdh; ,dkyki gSa &
ftuesa lajpukRed vfUofr dh vUr;ksZtuk gSA

NksVs&NksVs Hkko&xhr fy[kus esa Hkokuh HkkbZ dk eu cgqr jerk gSA mUgsa rudj dgus esa
fnypLih jgrh gS&
lgks
vkSj csgrj ckrksa ds fy,
jgksA

mudk ,d ek= çca/k dkO; gS & ^dkyt;h^A bls v'kksd dh dFkk ij vk/kkfjr ,sfrgkfld
dkO; ;k [k.M dkO; Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA fdUrq blesa iqjkus çca/k dh Øec) dfM+;k¡ rksM+
nh xbZ gSaA urhtk ;g gqvk gS fd bls Hkh ijaijkxr çca/kdkO; ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA

dfo dh ewy çfrKk ;g jgh gS fd og dkO;:iksa dks ysdj ydhj dk Qdhj ugha cuuk
pkgrkA Qyr% og vusd çdkj ds yksd&:iksa vkSj y;ksa ls dkO; dk BkB [kM+k djrk gSA

9-4-2 dkO;&Hkk"kk vkSj ltZukRedrk

vKs; th dk ;g dFku Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh dfork ij ,dne [kjk fl) gksrk gS fd
^dkO; lcls igys 'kCn gS vkSj lcls vUr esa Hkh ;gh ckr cp tkrh gS fd dkO; 'kCn gSA
lkjs dfo /keZ blh ifjHkk"kk ls fu%l`r gksrs gSaA 'kCn dk Kku & 'kCn dh vFkZoÙkk dh lgh
idM+ gh —frdkj dks —rh cukrk gSA /ofu] y;] Nan vkfn ds lHkh ç'u blh esa ls fudyrs
gSa vkSj blh esa foy; gksrs gSaA bruk gh ugha lkjs lkekftd lanHkZ Hkh ;gha ls fudyrs gSaA^
¼^lhf<+;ksa ij /kwi^ dh Hkwfedk½ /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd Hkokuh çlkn feJ us 'kCn & lk/kuk
dks gj dher ij cuk;s j[kk gS & mudh çfrKk jgh gS &

'kCnksa dk lgh mi;ksx ;ksx gS

vkSj dY;k.kdkjh gS ;ksx dh rjg
'kCn dk euekuk mi;ksx Hkksx gS
vkSj fouk'kdkjh gS Hkksx dh rjgA

dguk u gksxk fd 'kCn dh vkRek vkSj /ofu dh lgh idM+ dks ysdj gh Hkokuh us l`tu deZ
fd;k gSA muds 'kCnksa us viuh rkdr ls ^ukjkt vaxzst^ ij pksV dh gS vkSj /kwi&ikuh&rwQku
dks vkjke ls >syk gS&

69
 ok.kh dks cquus esa
dadj ds pquus esa
x x x
dsoy LoHkko gS
pquus dk pko gSA

feJ th ds dkO; dFku mudh dkO;&Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ Lor% dj nsrs gSaA

¼1½ vHkh cSu
vHkh cku
vHkh ckuksa ds flyflys

¼2½ ;kus eSa vkSj esjs 'kCn

vyx&vyx ugha gS]
,d gSaA
eSa flQZ mUgsa cjrw¡ ugha
mUgsa ftš &

¼3½ dye viuh lkFk

vkSj eu dh ckr fcYdqy Bhd dg ,dk/k
ftl rjg ge cksyrs gSa] ml rjg] rw fy[kA
vkSj blds ckn Hkh ge ls cM+k rw fn[kA
pht+ ,slh ns fd ftldk Lokn flj p<+ tk,
cht ,slk cks fd ftldh csy cu c<+ tk,A
Qy yxas ,sls fd lq[k jl] lkj vkSj leFkZ
çk.k lapkjh fd 'kksHkk Hkj u ftldk vFkZA

¼4½ loky ;g gS fd tks vkx fNih gS]

'kCnksa esa mls ge bl va/ksjh jkr esa
lqyxk ldrs gSa fd ughaA

Hkokuh çlkn feJ 'kCnksa dh dqfV;k esa ,sls lekf/kLFk jgs gSa fd mudh pkj n'kdksa dh jpuk
;k=k us 'kCnksa esa Hkkoksa dh yiV mBk nh gSA mudh dkO;&Hkk"kk esa ,d ,slh ltZu'khyrk
mRiUu gqbZ gS fd og 'kCn&czã dh Hkkjrh; vo/kkj.kk dks lkdkj djrh gSA mudh
dkO;&Hkk"kk lcls igys ,d vkReh; laokn gS] ckrphr dk Hkjklsean rjhdk gS] ,d ,slh 'kSyh
gS ftldk ygtk dsoy mudk gSA ^cquh gqbZ jLlh^ ¼1971 bZ-½ dh Hkwfedk esa mUgksaus fy[kk gS
^fy[kus esa vkfo"dkj esjk cksyuk gSA eSa tks fy[krk gw¡] mls tc cksydj ns[krk gS vkSj cksyh
mlesa ctrh ugha gS rks eSa iafDr;ksa dks fgykrk Mqykrk gw¡A cksypky dh fganh gh esjh rkdr
gSA^ okLrfodrk ;g gS fd cksypky dh bl rkdr dk os iwjh dfo 'kfDr ls mi;ksx djrs
gSaA mudh Hkko eqæk dHkh lEcks/ku dh gS] dHkh ç'ukdqyrk dh gS] dHkh cPps lh Hkksyh
lgtrk Hkjh gS dHkh O;aX; dh pqVdh gS] oØksfDr dh pksV gSA dHkh etkd esa Hkh xgjh
vFkZ/ofu dh ekj gSA ;g dkO;&Hkk"kk x|Hkk"kk ds ,dne fudV gS ^th gk¡! gqtjw ^] ^;kfu fd^]
70
^ns[kks^] ^cksyh] ^djks^] ^pkfg,^ tSls ç;ksxksa dh dfork ds chp esa lh/kh mifLFkfr gSA Hkk"kk esa
vewrZ dks ewrZ djus dh l`tu 'kfDr gSA ukVdh;rk] likVc;kuh] dFku dk ckadiu vkSj ,d
O;kid vkReh;rk ls ;g dkO;&Hkk"kk fufeZr gSA muds okD; dHkh 'ksj dh vnk esa i¡wN mBkdj
pyrs gSa] dHkh fgju lh Nykax ekjrs gSa] dHkh fcYyh dh Hkk¡fr pqids&pqids l/ks ikoksa f'kdkj
idM+rs gSa] dHkh ueZnk dh /kkj dh rjg xfr ikrs gSa] dHkh dey dh rjg f[ky tkrs gSaA
blfy, mudh dfork,¡ i<+us ls T;knk lquus&xkus esa etk nsrh gSA cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa
xgu&xaHkhj ckr dg tkuk mudk dkO;&Hkk"kk dh çeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA Nk;kokn ds dfo;ksa ds
ikl Hkk"kk dk ;g lgt lalkj u Fkk ij çxfrokn ds ikl lgtrk ds uke ij ,d bZekunkj
ladYi FkkA blh lgt tuHkk"kk dh yksde; /kkjk dks Hkokuh izlkn feJ us vkxs c<+k;k gSA
mudh rFkk dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh dkO;&Hkk"kk esa ,d vn~Hkqr lkE; gSA nksuksa cksypky dh
yksdHkk"kk ls dfork dks nqgrs gSaA pwafd nksuksa dk vuqHko Li"V gS Qyr% nksuksa dh Hkk"kk esa
vLi"Vrk] fDy"Vrk rFkk my>kou gh gSA fQj Hkokuh dh dkO;&Hkk"kk esa 'kCnksa dh ueZnk
çokfgr gSA rRle rn~Hko] ns'kt lHkh çdkj ds 'kCn jxM+ [kkdj mudh dkO;kRedrk esa
ped mBrs gSaA mudh vFkZnhfIr esa vfHk/kk dk euksje txr gS vkSj y{k.kk O;atuk dk
peRdkj HkhA dHkh fo{kksHk&foæksg vkSj çgkj dh Hkk"kk gS rks dHkh Hkk"kk dh /kwi&pk¡nuh dk
I;kj Hkjk nqykj gSA ?kksf"kr rkSj ij mudh dfork tulkekU; dh O;Fkk dks ok.kh nsrh gS] vkSj
mlh dh Hkk"kk esa ok.kh nsrh gSA mudh dFkuh&djuh ,d gSA

;g dkO;&Hkk"kk viuh dkO; laosnuk esa ân;Li'khZ ,oa xhrkRed gS mlesa rqd vkSj y; dk
eksgd tknw gS vkSj vçpfyr] tfVy&nk'kZfud ladYiuk okys 'kCnksa dk fu"ks/k gSA fcuk
dks'k dh lgk;rk ls ;g Hkk"kk le> esa vkrh gSA bl dkO;&Hkk"kk dh lEçs"k.kh;rk dks fganh
ds lHkh vkykspdksa us ,d er ls ljkgk gSA lkj&la{ksi ;g fd mudh Hkk"kk dh likV c;kuh
dfork esa fo'ks"k Lokn nsrh gS vkSj feBkl dk Loj ikBdksa ds çk.kksa esa I;kj dk m}syu Hkj
nsrk gSA

9-4-3 dkO; çrhd vkSj dkO; fcac

Nk;koknksÙkj dky esa jktuhfrd&lkekftd ifjos'k ds cnyko ls dfork ds Hkhrjh vkSj ckgjh
<kaps esa Hkkjh ifjorZu gqvk gSA Hkokuh çlkn feJ us vius ns'k vkSj dky dh bl psruk dks
ckrphr dh y; ls idM+k gSA bl ckrphr dh y; dk vkReh; laokn gh mudh vfHkO;fDr
dh [kkst gSA bldh [kkst dh rkdr ls mUgksaus Hkk"kk dh xBu] mldh izrhd ;kstuk dks
cnyk gSA bu çrhdksa us xqLlk] [kh>] Hk;] vkrad] larqyu] folaxfr] foæwirk vkSj volkn
vkfn vewrZ Hkkoksa dks ewrZ djus dk ç;kl fd;k gSA çk;% feJ th us ç—fr ds çrhdksa ls
viuk vfHkçsr vFkZ Li"V fd;k gSA muds fç; çrhdksa esa dey] ueZnk] taxy] 'ksj&phrk]
ckny] dksfdy] olar] Qwy&ikS/kss] cPps] [ksfrgj fdlku gSaA ,sfrgkfld O;fDr;ksa esa os v'kksd]
xka/kh dks ckj&ckj ekuork dk çfrfuf/kRo djus okys çrhd ds vFkZ esa ykrs gSaA >aMk] [kknh]
pj[kk] pUnu] vkdk'k vkfn lR;kxzg&;qx ds çrhd ckj&ckj vk, gSa &

gks x;k >aMk gekjk r;

gesa dksbZ vc ugha gS Hk;A

71
dfork esa frjaxk&>aMk iwjh 'kfDr ,oa e;kZnk ls vkrk gS] ij unh ds çrhd lkaL—frd ijaijk
ds çrhd cudj vkrs gSA bu çk—frd] ,sfrgkfld] ikSjkf.kd vkSj jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds çrhdksa
us mudh dkO;&Hkk"kk esa vFkZ/ofu dh xgurk] xfjek vkSj mnkÙkrk iSnk dh gSA

bl l`tu esa dkO;fcac Mky ij Qwy dh rjg ltgrk ls f[kyrs gSa] ij muds çfr Hkokuh ds
dfo dk dksbZ vfrfjDr eksg ugha gSA os lcls T;knk /;ku fcac ij dsfUær u djds Hkko ds
ikjn'khZ] lEçs"k.k O;kikj ij nsrs gSaA vius ikBd ls ân; laokn djrs gq, os Nk;kokfn;ksa dh
Hkk¡fr fp= eksg esa ugha iM+rsA vuk;kl gh os lUukVk dk fcac yk ldrs gSa vkSj uhan esa Å¡?krs
lriqM+k ds taxy] ueZnk ds xfr fcac HkhA vktknh ds ckn ds eksg&Hkax dks os 'kCn fcacksa esa
vkad ldrs gSa tSls &

1½ cUn xfy;ksa esa dgha cPps [kM+s gSaA

2½ gk; js] cpiu ryd lq[k ls u chrkA
3½ th] yksxksa us rks csp fn, bZekuA
4½ Qwy yk;k gw¡ dey ds D;k d:¡ budkA
5½ vki lH; gSa D;ksafd /kku ls Hkjh vki dh dksBhA
6½ eSa vlH; gw¡ D;ksafd phj dj /kjrh /kku mxkrkA

bu fcacksa esa le; vkSj lekt dh O;Fkk&dFkk dk iwjk lanHkZ cksy jgk gSA fc[kjs fcacksa dh ,d
ekyk mudh dfork esa jgrh gS bl –f"V ls ^xhr Qjks'k^] ^lUukVk^] ^çy;^] ^lriqMk+ ds
taxy^] ^eaxy o"kkZ^ tSlh dfork,¡ fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gSaA gekjh ,sfUæ; laosnuk dks vius eeZ
ls idM+us okyh dfork,a mUgksaus vf/kd fy[kh gSa ;Fkk&

cwan Vidh ,d uHk ls

fdlh us >qd dj >jks[ks ls
fd tSls g¡l fn;k gks
g¡l jgh lh vk¡[k us tSls
fdlh dks dl fn;k gks]

vuqHko vkSj vuqHkwfr ds ljy&rjy fcac mudh dfork dh 'kfDr gSA xzkeh.k laosnuk ds rkts
fcac vFkZnhfIr dh xfr ls Hkjs gSaA vewrZ vxkspj vkSj vykSfdd vuqHkwfr dh ckr os de djrs
gSa] os ewrZ thou&txr ds O;kikj dks dkO;kRed fcac esa mtkxj djrs gSaA ij mudh dfork
fcac dk i;kZ; ugha gS] likV c;kuh esa Hkh os viuh ckr [kqydj dg ysrs gSaA cksypky dh
y; 'kfDr ds dkj.k mudh dfork,¡ turk esa çfl) jgh gSaA

9-4-4 y; vkSj Nan

çk;% Hkokuh çlkn feJ us rqdkar Nan esa jpuk,¡ dh gSa] ij eqDr Nan dk vH;kl Hkh mUgsa
vPNk gSA muds Nan] Hkko dks vkdkj nsrs gSa] okD; dks rjklrs gSa vkSj rqd&vFkZ dks laokjrs
gSaA blfy, ftls ^rqdcanh djuk^ dgrs gSa] og dke os dHkh ugha djrs gSa] rqd dks
Hkko&laxhr] /ofu laxhr dh vkarfjdrk ds fy, Bhd ls feykrs gSaA tSls ^?kj dh ;kn^
dfork dh nks dkO; iafDr;k¡ ns[kh tk ldrh gSa &
72
 firk th ftudks cq<+kik
,d {k.k Hkh ugha O;kikA

;gk¡ ^cq<k+ ik^ vkSj ^O;kik^ dk ykuk ek= rqd feykus ds fy, ugha fd;k x;k gS] Qyr% nksuksa
rqdksa us vFkZ çdk'k fd;k gSA bl vFkZ y; dh flf) Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA ;g y; Hkko
oSfp«; ls je.kh;rk esa <kyh xbZ gS vkSj mieku ;kstuk & pUæ] lw;Z] ueZnk] lar vkfn us
blesa Hkko çlkj fd;k gSA

Hkokuh çlkn ds dkO; esa 'kkL=h; fo/kku ds çkphu Nan [kkstus ij Hkh ugha feyrsA mu ij
çkphu Nanksa dh efgek dk vkrad dHkh ugha jgkA ek[kuyky prqoZsnh dh Hkk¡fr os yksd thou
dh yksdy; dks ysdj viuk Nan x<+rs gSaA muds xhrksa esa dtjh] eYgkj&vkYgk] ykouh tSls
yksd&jkxksa dh jkxfu;k¡ fu>Zj dh Hkkafr Lor% QwVrh gSaA dHkh&dHkkj caxyk dk i;kj Nan
^lUukVk^ tSlh dfork esa ped NksM+rk gS & ij vU; dforkvksa ds fy, y;] Nan dk vUos"k.k
os Lo;a djrs jgs gSaA ^jkgh ugha] jkgksa ds vUos"kh^ tSlk ç;ksx muds fy, cs/kM+d fd;k tk
ldrk gSA jpuk dh y;kRed lgtrk] Hkkoxfr dh rhozrk vkSj ç[kjrk dkO;kRedrk dks dSls
pedk nsrh gS] ;g dyk Hkokuh HkkbZ dh viuh fof'k"Vrk gS ftlls cgqr dqN lh[kk tk
ldrk gSA

Ckks/k ç'u &3

1- Hkokuh çlkn feJ ds dkO; f'kYi dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij ik¡p iafDr;ksa esa fopkj dhft,A
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2- Hkokuh izlkn feJ th ds dkO; esa ç;qDr dkO;&:iksa ij ikap iafDr;k¡ fyf[k,A
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3- Hkokuh izlkn feJ dh dkO;&Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij nl iafDr;ksa esa fopkj dhft,A

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4- Hkokuh izlkn feJ th ds dkO; çrhdksa rFkk dkO; fcacksa dh ewy fof'k"Vrkvksa ij
lkr iafDr;ksa esa fopkj dhft,A

73
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5- feJ th ds y; fo/kku ,oa Nanksa ij pkj iafDr;ksa esa vius fopkj fyf[k,A
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9-5 lkjka”k

Nk;koknksÙkj fganh dfork esa Hkokuh çlkn feJ dks larksa dh yksd tkxj.k ijaijk esa j[kdj
gh ij[kk tk ldrk gSA mudk dfo&LoHkko dchj ls feyrk gSA lR; dgus ds fy, os gj
rjg dk tksf[ke mBkus dks gj le; rS;kj jgrs gSAa O;oLFkk&fojks/k esa mudk foæksgh fuHkZ;
jgrk gSA mudh dfork dk ladYi ;gh jgk gS fd 'kCn dks ryokj ls T;knk iSuk cukuk gSA
xk¡o ds çk.kh dh O;Fkk dks tu&Hkk"kk esa vfHkO;Dr djuk gSA 'kCn dh j{kk gh ekuo dh j{kk
gS &
'kCndkj dks
vxj t:jr iM+s
rks vius 'kCnksa ij
ejuk pkfg,A

u;h dfork esa] xka/kh fopkj&n'kZu esa vkLFkk j[kus okys os vdsys dfo gSaA mudh dfork esa
dkfynkl dh iz—fr çdkj laosnuk dk u, Hkko cks/k ds lkFk foLrkj ,oa çlkj gSA lkekftd
fo"kerk] vU;k;&'kks"k.k dk fp=.k djrs dHkh ihNs ugha jgrsA ij mudh dfork esa if'pe
dh udy ugha gS] BsB yksd y; dh ltZukRedrk gSA yksd laosnuk vkSj yksd osnuk dks
yksd&Hkk"kk esa fuHkZ;rk esa vfHkO;fDr nsus okyk ;g dfo vius dfodeZ esa ,d fof'k"V gSA

Hkokuh çlkn feJ dh dkO;ltZuk dk vFkZ fo/kku vkSj fcac fo/kku dbZ Lrjksa ij vius
ledkyhuksa ls fo'ks"kdj vKs;] eqfDrcks/k] 'ke'ksj vkfn ls fof'k"V vkSj vyx –f"Vxr gksrk
gSA os lkekU; vkneh dh O;Fkk dks jpuk dh dsUæh; laosnuk ls mtkxj djrs gSaA bl
lkekU; tu esa xk¡o ds fdlku&etnwj dh fLFkfr;ksa&fparkvksa ds ;FkkFkZ fp= gSaA vktknh ds
ckn dk eksgHkax Hkokuh çlkn feJ esa Li"Vr% vfHkO;Dr gksrk gSA çxfr ç;ksx ;qx ds
vf/kdrj jpukdj& oSpkfjd Lrj ij lkE;okn lektokn ds vf/kd fudV jgs gSa] ij Hkokuh
çlkn feJ us ,dfu"B vkLFkk ds lkFk [kqys :i esa xka/kh fopkj&n'kZu dks O;Dr fd;k gSA
cksypky dh dkO;&Hkk"kk çrhd fo/kku Nan vkSj y; esa Hkh mudk Loj vyx lqukbZ nsrk gSA
os :i fo/kku ls T;knk fo"k;oLrq dh egÙkk dks LFkku nsrs gSaA oSpkfjd Lrj ij vfLrRokn]
vyxkookn ds if'peh n'kZu dks viuh dfork esa HkVdus rd ugha nsrsA ,dne lgt x|
74
foU;kl] cksypky dk ygtk vkSj Nanksa dk [kudrk ç;ksx djrs gSaA mudh cqfu;knh fparkvksa
esa HkkjrsUnq] fujkyk vkSj dsnkjukFk vxzoky dh yksdijaijk thoUrrk ls /kM+drh gSA viuh
ltZukRed ekSfydrk ls mUgksaus u;h dfork dks u;k dkO; eqgkojk fn;k gSA

9-6 'kCnkoyh

çHkk%
çHkk la- ek[ku yky prqosZnh] lu~ 1913 bZ- esa] [kaMok] e/; çns'k ls fudyus okyh Økafrdkjh
fopkjksa dh if=dk A
deZohj %la
% - ek[ku yky prqosZnh & tcyiqj ls 1919 bZ- esa fudyus okyk i=A Økafrdkjh
fopkjksa ds fy, çfl)A
ljLorh % Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk ,oa lkfgR; dh vej if=dkA bldk lEiknu vk- egkohj çlkn
f}osnh us yEcs le; rd fd;kA bl if=dk us vusd ys[kd cuk,A
oM~loFkZ% vaxzsth LoPNUnrkokn ds dfo ¼1770&1850 bZ-½ fyfjdy oSysM~l dh Hkwfedk ¼1798
bZ-½A bl Hkwfedk us dkO; fo"k; rFkk dkO; Hkk"kk nksuksa dks ysdj uO; vfHktkR;okfn;ksa
¼fu;ks&Dykfldy½ ij fueZe vkØe.k fd;kA lu~ 1800 bZ- esa bldk nwljk laLdj.k vk;kA
vfrHkkoqdrk % ¼lsfUVesUVfyTe½ ,d ,slk [krjk gS ftlesa Hkkoqdrk ds vfrjsd ls ekufld
larqyu ugha jg ikrkA
fjM~
fjM~pZ
plZ ¼1893&1979 bZ-½% us Hkk"kk ds nks Hksn fd, & oSKkfud rFkk jkxkRed Hkk"kkA oSKkfud
Hkk"kk dk ç;ksx rF; dFku ds fy, gksrk gS rFkk jkxkRed Hkk"kk dk Hkko lapkj ds fy,A
dykRed vuqHkwfr % ml vuqHkwfr dks dgrs gSa ftlesa la?kVu lkekU; vuqHkwfr;ksa dh rqyuk esa
vf/kd gksrk gSA
Vh-
Vh-,l-
,l- bfy;V ¼1888&1965 bZ-½% dk ewrZ fo/kku fl)kar ¼vkCtsfDVo dksfjysfVo½ Hkkjrh; jl
fl)kar dk foHkkou O;kikj gSA dfoxr Hkko dh vfHkO;fDr dk ç/kku vkSj vfuok;Z lk/ku gS
foHkkoA Hkko ds dkj.k dks foHkko dgrs gSaA
ueZnk % e/; çns'k dh çfl) unhA ;g Dokjh unh gSA bldh xfr vkSj çokg esa vikj 'kfDr
gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd ij'kqjke us blh ds rV ij riL;k dh FkhA

9-7 cks/k ç'uksa @vH;klksa ds mÙkj

cks/k ç'u 1
1- nsf[k, Hkkx 9-2-1
2- nsf[k, Hkkx 9-2-2 3
3- ,oa 4 nsf[k, Hkkx 9-2-3

cks/k ç'u 2
1- nsf[k, 9-3-1 ¼dkO;kuqHkwfr½
2- nsf[k, 9-3-2 ¼ewY; –f"V½
3- nsf[k, 9-3-3 ¼ekuo vkSj ç—fr½
4- nsf[k, 9-3-4 ¼tu thou ds fo"k; la?k"kksZa dh ok.kh½
5- xka/kh fopkj n'kZu
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cks/k ç'u 3
1 nsf[k, 9-4 ¼dkO;&f'kYi½
2 nsf[k, 9-4-1 ¼dkO;&:i½
3 nsf[k, 9-4-2 ¼dkO;&Hkk"kk½
4 nsf[k, 9-4-3 ¼dkO; çrhd vkSj dkO; fcac½
5 nsf[k, 9-4-4 ¼y; vkSj Nan½

9-8 mi;ksxh iqLrdsa

fo'oukFk çlkn frokjh % ledkyhu fganh dfork] jktdey çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA
—".knÙk ikyhoky % Hkokuh çlkn feJ dk dkO; lalkj] lkfgR; fuf/k] lh&38] bZLV —".kk
uxj] fnYyh&1100511
çse 'kadj j?kqoa'kh % Hkokuh HkkbZ] ljyk çdk'ku] ubZ fnYyhA

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