USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021

L3 Physique énergétique Semestre 6

Mécanique des fluides 3
Serie 2: Théorème de transport de Reynolds

Conservation de masse

Exercice 1:

On considère l’écoulement d’eau dans le dispositif de la figure ci-contre.

L’écoulement est supposé stationnaire et la vitesse est considérée uniforme
dans chaque section. Une fuite d’eau se produit dans un trou de section (4)
avecd un débit de 0.1 m3/s. Déterminer la vitesse dans la section (2). Est ce 4
1
qu’il s’agit d’un écoulement entrant ou sortrant à traves cette section?
On donne: A1 = 0.2 m2 A2 = 0.2 m2 A3 = 0.15 m2 V1 = 5 m/s V3 = 3

12 m/s ρ = 1000 kg/m3 CV

n Integral Form for a Control Volume 2

Exercice 2:
y leaving for each 4.35 Water flows steadily through a pipe of length L and
On considère l’éecoulement permanent d’eau dans une conduite de longueur
m high and 500 L etmmde rayon [Link] R 5 75
A l’entrée de mm. Calculate
la conduite, the uniform
la vitesse inletdevelocity,
est uniforme valeur U, if
nd air velocityUenter-
, alors que la the velocity
sortie distribution
la distribution across
de vitesse the outlet is
est parabolique given by
d’éequation:
ses with air velocity. 
 r2 2 
the narrowest supply 5=uU
uu(r) 12 r
max 1 −R2 2
max
ximum of 1.75 m/s. R

ter out of yourExprimer

base- la vitesse
and U en 5
umax fonction
3 m/[Link] Umax .
xtract 27.5 gpm. The
U
ing by about 4 in./hr. r
storm into the base- R
x

he density is 1 kg/m3, L
0.1 m2. Upstream, the P4.35
is 0.25 m2. What is Figure 1:
4.36 Incompressible fluid flows steadily through a plane
diverging channel. At the inlet, of height H, the flow is
h the device shown,
uniform with magnitude V1. At the outlet, of height 2H, the
er the inlet andExercice
outlet 3:
velocity profile is
known: A1 5 0.1 m2,  πy 
2t/2
m/s, andDeVl’eau
2 5 2 5
s’écoule de façons permanenteVsur Vmparoi
une cos poreuse. Une aspiration est alors appliquée le
n expression long
for the 2H
de la paroi poreuse avec une vitesse uniforme (voir figure (2)). Dans la section (ab), la vitesse
function of time. At
est uniforme. Dans
wherela section (cd), la vitesse
y is measured from thevarie avec y tel
channel que:
centerline. Express Vm
o? What is the total in terms of V1. u y  y (3/2)

=3 −2
4.37 U
The velocity profile δ laminar
for δ flow in an annulus is
given by
En choisissant comme volume de contrôle (abcd), déterminer le débit massique à travers la section
(bc). 
Δp R2
2 R 2
R o
uðrÞ 5 2 R2 2 r 2 1 o i
ln
4μL o lnðRi =Ro Þ r
3
1
where Δp/L 5 210 kPa/m is the pressure gradient, μ is the
viscosity (SAE 10 oil at 20 C), and Ro 5 5 mm and Ri 5 1 mm
 4.52
Water flows steadily past a porous flat plate. Constant 4.57 Over time, air seeps th
suction is applied along the porous section. The velocity pressure bicycle tires. The s
profile at section cd is the rate of “a pound [1 psi
USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021
u hyi hyi3=2 loss is not constant; instead
L3 Physique énergétique 53 22 Semestre 6
flow rate is proportional to t
UN
Mécanique δdes fluides
δ 3
gage pressure in the tire, m
Evaluate the mass flow rate across section bc. slow, air in the tire is near
67730_04_ch04_p126-[Link] 11/29/10 initially
9:12 is inflated
PM Page to 0.6143
M
U = 3 m/s c of pressure loss is 1 psi per
b
for the pressure to drop to 5
y u δ = 1.5 mm a day” over the entire 30 d
function of time over the
x
a thumb results for comparis
^ d
V = –0.2j mm/s
Largeur,
w = 1.5 m Momentum Equation for I
L=2m
4.58 Evaluate the net.213
rate
PROBLEMS
P4.52, P4.53 the control surface of Prob
4.53 Consider
4-71. incompressible
TI1e witld tunnel steadyExample
2: so that the lower 4.5
designed
Figure
flow of standard4-73.
~s air in a alcoho]4.59
Ethyl flows through pipe. Aconditions
For the with an average.
of P
boundary pressure.
layer outsideon 'lhe thetesting
length of porous
region draws air out in order to
surface shown.
velocity of 4 n/s., and oil flows through pi·pe B at 2 ft / s.
reduce the boundary lay,e r or frictional effects along the D'etenuine the average the x-direction
density at which the momentum m:ixtw.·e flows.
Assume the wal~ boundary
'"'ithin the testing layertube. at therc.
\.Vithln This
gion Bexample
downstream there are end shows of the
tltrough that
~he pipe there
at [Link] may
;\ssume.
the
be more
nniform
inlet. ·mixing o:r than
tbe Ouids one
Exercice 4: surface has 2000 an [Link] 3 mm in dian1eter.
ho le s;approximately U the pr,essure
parabolic is
velocity
We want to determine occurs
profile, withi[D a 200 in3 volume of the pipe a5"sembly. Take
the rate at which the water lev
adjusted so tha·t the
u/UN 5 2(y/δ)
hoJe is.2 40(y/δ)
2 average velocity of the air [Link] each
m /s ~ dete. . r miue
Uniform
the [Link]
water
velocity of istheapplied
coming air
P~a = L53 slug/ fi.l and
in4-74~ along a 0.10-m
through
4.60 p,, = 1.70
For
2
pipe
the
$lug/ ft3• conditions of P
has a ftvelocity
exiting the tunne] ait C. Assume the air is incompressible. 3 Ethyl akoho~ flows the through
x-directionpipe A at 0.05 momentum3
/ s, and
De l’eau entre dansthe unporous
réservoir surface,
avec une as vitesse
shown. VCalculate = the
1 out is 0.2 m /s (Fig. volume flow
oil flowsE4.5a).
through pipeThe B at 0.03 fr /$ ..Detenuine
container
1
has a circu
th~e average
3 /sporous suction density of lhe two fluids theasinlet.
the mixture fJO'ws through the
0.5m/s et sort avecrate un across
débit desurface
valeurcd,Q2through = 0.2 m the of 0.5 m. surface,
p[pe al C. .F\ssume uniform mLling of lbe fluids occurs
and across
(figure (3)). Déterminer surface
la vitesse de bc. décroissance de la \\'ithin a 200 in3 4.61 volume of Evaluate
the pjpe assembly. the netTake mom
4.54 A tank of fixed volume contains brine with initial
surface liquide dh/dt. Pea = 1.53 sJug/ ft> and Problem
Pu = L70 s]ug/
c.s. 4.38,
ftj . if the depth

On donne: D = 0.5density,
m. ρi, greater 1.30m than water. Pure water enters the tank 4.62 Evaluate the net mom
steadily and mixes thoroughly with the brine in the tank. The of Problem 4.39. Would yo
0.5 m/s h(t) Q2 = 0.2orm3the /s same V1
liquid level in the tank remains constant. Derive expressions higher, lower,
Exercice 5: for (a) the rate of change of density of the liquid mixture 4.63 Water jets are being
in the tank and (b) the time required for theAdensity = 0.1 m to
2 reach
1 D cutting operations. If a p
On remplit un de forme ρf, where ρi .à ρpartir
parallélépipédique
the value f .4-71
IProb. ρd’une
H2 O .
(a) through an orifice of 0.01 in
conduite de diamètre 200 mm. A la sortie de la conduite, speed? What force (lbf)
3 in.
le profil de vitesse est parabolique tel que: Figure 3: assuming asFig. an approximat
Prnlls.. 4-7JJ74
E4.5
*4-71~ \Vr.U. 2 1

e .r .flows through the. pipe such that ]'
t bas a after impact?
− 100rvelocity
u(r) = 3 1 [Link] m / s~ '\\'here ris
Solution
profile V =- 3( 1 - lOOr) •

[n lueters. D eterm:i ue the time needed to fi]] the tank m toout

a 4.64 Considering that in th
ρ
1

depth of Ii = ] .5 m if h = 0 \Vhen t = First we ofselect a control

4-7:5. \\1ater fkrws volume
into the tank that extends abov
r est exprimé en mètre et V'tank enis 3m/s.
:m. •
V = constant
Initialement, 0. The width
le the
the integral through
of·l\f,.rothe
the now is 400 ga'~ / h. and at Bit ·is 200 ga1/ h when d = 6 in.
pipes. At
axial .11
m
min Fig. E4.5a. Apply the continuity sections,equation explain (Eq. the 4.3.2)
reas
réservoir est vide. Déterminerρle temps nécessaire pour De' t ennine the rate at which the level of water is rising in

冕
HO tbe tank. Tber,e are 7.48 ga!jft1•
remplir le réservoir jusqu’à une hauteur de h = 1.5 m. On donne: la largeur du réservoir
2
the estpipe.
de 3 m
d
 4.65 rdVFind  the r(V force 1)Arequire1  r
P4.54 dt .,._c.v.
_ _ 3 ft- ----
exit of the water pipe. Th
4.55 A conical 200funnel rnm of half-angle θ 5 30 drains through a
in which the first term describes upstream thepressure
rate of ischang 3.5 M
small hole of diameter d 5 0.25 in. at the vertex. The p speed
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi airmass above the water, we h
of the liquid leaving the funnel is approximately V ¼ 2gy,
Hence, neglecting the
where y is the height of the liquid free surface above the d(rhpD2/4)
hole. The funnel initially is filled to height y0 5 12 in. Obtain   rV1A1  r
dt 0.25 m 0.2
an expression for the time, t, for the Dividefunnel byh to completely
the constant r,
drain, and evaluate. Find the time to drain from 12 in. to 6 in.
pD2 dh
(a change in depth of 6 in.), and from 6 in. to completely    V1A1  Q2
empty (also a change in depth of 6 in.). Can you explain the 4 dt
discrepancy in these times? Plot
Prclb. 4-72the Thedrainrate timeatt as which
a function the water level P4.65is then
is75rising
Prob. 4-,.
diameter d for d ranging from 0.25 in. to 0.5 in. 4.66 Adjet of water issuing
h 2 V1A1  Q2
Figure 4:
4.56 For the funnel of Problem 4.55, find the diameter d (Aj 5 0.1 m) strikes  a tur
required if the funnel is to drain in t 5 1 min. from an initial shown. dThe t vane pD2turns 앛4
depth y0 5 12 in. Plot the diameterThus d required to drain the Determine the value of M
funnel in 1 min as a function of initial depth y0, for y0 ranging  dh tionary. 0.5 If0the .1 vane 0.2 angle
2     0
from 1 in. to 24 in. dt needed p  0.5 /4
to hold 2 the cart sta
pressure in the fluid as it pressure in the fluid as it moves over a deflector remains constant.
moves over a deflector • The frictional resistance due to the fluid-deflector interaction is negligible
remains constant. so that the relative speed between the deflector surface and the jet stream
USTHB, Faculté de physique remains unchanged, a result of Bernoulli’s equation. 2020/2021
KEY CONCEPT The • Lateral spreading of a plane jet is neglected.
L3 Physique énergétique Semestre 6
relative speed between the • The body force, the weight of the control volume, is small and will be neg-
deflector surface and the jet lected. Mécanique des fluides 3
stream remains unchanged.
Stationary Deflector. Let us first consider the stationary deflector, illus-
trated in Fig. 4.13. Bernoulli’s equation allows us to conclude that the magni-
Conservation de l’impulsion tudes of the velocity vectors are equal (i.e., V2  V1), since the pressure is
assumed to be constant external to the fluid jet and elevation changes are negli-
gible (see Eq. 3.4.9). Assuming steady, uniform flow, the momentum equation
takes the form of Eq. 4.6.5, which for the x- and y-directions becomes
Exercice 6:
Rx  ṁ(V2 cos a  V1)  ṁV1(cos a  1)
(4.6.9)
Ry  ṁV2 sin a  ṁV1 sin a
Un jet d’eau de 3cm de diamètre et 30 l/s de débit est dévie par un obstacle fixe d’angle α. Le jet
For given jet conditions the reactive force components can be calculated.
est supposé un fluide non pesant.
Moving Deflectors. The situation involving a moving deflector depends
on whether a single deflector is moving (the blade on a snowplow or a water
1. Montrer que la vitesse est to
scoop used uniforme dann letrain)
slow a high-speed jet. or whether a series of deflectors is mov-
ing (the vanes on a turbine). Let us first consider the single deflector shown in
2. Calculer la force Fig.
exercée
4.14 to par le jetin d’eau
be moving sur x-direction
the positive l’obstaclewith
pour les valeurs
the speed VB. In a de α
refer- = 90◦ , α =
180◦ , α = 165◦ . ence frame attached to the stationary nozzle, from which the fluid jet issues, the
flow is unsteady2; that is, at a particular point in space, the flow situation varies
V2 = V1

y α

Jet de liquide

V1 α
x

Déflecteur

Fig. 4.13 Stationary deflector.

2
This is a rather subtle point. To determine whether a flow is steady, we observe the flow at a given point in space.
Figure 5:
If a flow property changes with time at that point, the flow is unsteady. In this situation, if we focus our attention
on a particular point just before the blade, such as point A in Fig. 4.14, first there is no flow, then the blade and
the jet pass through the point, then there is again no flow. This is an unsteady flow.

Exercice 7:
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

On considère un jet cylindrique non pesant qui frappe un obstacle de forme circulaire possédant
un orifice à son centre. Le jet principal se dévise en trois parties: deux jets secondaires de part
et d’autre de l’obstacle et jet à travers l’orifice de diamètre d (figure 6). Le jet principal a un
diamètre D. On considère que la vitesse du jet est uniforme de valeur V . On applique alors une
force horizontale pour immobiliser l’obstacle. Déterminer la valeur de cette force pour maintenir
l’obtacle en équilibre.
On donne:

V = 5 m/s ; D = 100 mm ; d = 25 mm ; θ = 45◦ ; ρ = 1000 kg/m3 .

3
156 Chapter 4 Basic Equations in Integral Form for a Control
USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021
L3 Physique énergétique Semestre 6
Mécanique des fluides 3
4.80 A
larger c
V
θ = 45° pressure
D (abs). F
4.81 A
V V
plied at
d A53 i
spheric
V V 5 15
contain
P4.75 Figure 6: supply p
4.76 Obtain
Exercice 8: expressions for the rate of change in mass of the
control volume shown, as well as the horizontal and vertical
On considère l’écoulement d’eau, considéré comme un fluide pesant, dans une conduite de diamètre
forces
d’entré D1 =required to holdde itsortie
30 cm et de diamètre in Dplace, in terms of p1, A1entre
2 = 15 cm (figure 7). La hauteur
, V1le, point
p2, 1 et
2, V2, p3, A3, V3, p4, A4, V4, and the constant density ρ.
le A
point 3
2 est 1.5 m. Le volume d’eau totale dans la conduite est 0.9 m . Le débit circulant dans la
conduite est 250 L/s. On néglige les forces de frottement, déterminer:

3 (1) est P1 = 15 × 104P a.

1. La pression au point (2) sachant que la pression au point
4
2. Déterminer la force exercée par l’eau sur la conduite.
2 (Inlet) 3 (Outlet)
On donne: ρ = 1000 kg/m3 et g = 10 m/s2 .
12
5
4 (Outlet)
1 12
4.82 A
1 (Inlet) of a 4-i
1 5
P4.76 orifice a
from th
4.77 A 180 elbow takes in water at an average velocity of 0.8 required
m/s and a pressure of 350 kPa (gage) at the inlet, where the pipe wa
diameter is 0.2 m. The exit pressure is 75 kPa, and the diameter
is 0.04 m. What is the force required to hold the elbow in place?
4.78 Water is flowing steadilyFigure
through
7: the 180 elbow shown.
At the inlet to the elbow the gage pressure is 15 psi. The
Q
water discharges to atmospheric pressure. Assume properties
are uniform over the inlet and4 outlet areas: A1 5 4 in.2,
2
USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021
L3 Physique énergétique Semestre 6
Mécanique
67730_04_ch04_p126-[Link] des fluides
11/29/10 9:12 PM 3Page 196

Exercice 9:
196 Chapter 4 / The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws
On considère l’écoulement permanent dans un branchement sous forme de Y représenté sur la figure
4.130 Water flows at 15 m/s in a 10-cm-diameter stem of
8. Le fluide est supposé parfait et non pesant et on néglige aussi la masse de la conduite. Les valeurs
a horizontal T-section that branches into 5-cm-
des pressions efectives dans les sections
diameter(1),
pipes.(2)
Findet
the(3)
forcesont
of theindiquées
water on the sur la figure 8.
T-section if the branches exit to the atmosphere. 8 cm dia.
Neglect viscous effects. F
1. Déterminer la valeur de la vitesse V3 . Water
Water 60°

4.131 Water flows steadily through the double elbow

2. En déduire les débits massiques
showndans
in Fig. les sections
P4.131. (1),
Water flows (2)
into the et (3).
elbow
from the top at 5 m/s, and from the left at 15 m/s.
3. Calculer la force nécessaire pour maintenir
Determine the verticalleand
système
horizontalen équilibre.
components
of the force needed to hold the elbow in place.
Fig. P4.134

V2 = 5 m/s 4.135 Calculate the force components of the water act

ing on the deflecting blade shown in Fig. P4.135
(a) The blade is stationary
(b) The blade moves to the right at 60 ft/sec
45 cm (c) The blade moves to the left at 60 ft/sec
2 P2 = 30 kPa

1
P1 = 250 kPa
25 cm
The Linear Momentum Equation for a Statio
3 2 in. dia. 120 ft/sec
60°
V1 = 15 m/s P3 = 170 kPa
20 cm

V3 Fig. P4.135
EXAMPLE 6.2 W of a series of
40°
The blade of Problem 4.135 is one
z
4.136
Momentum Equation Applied to a Fluid Jet
Fig. P4.131 blades that are attached to a 50-cm-radius rotor
that has a rotational speed of 30 rad/s. If there ar
10 such water jets, find the power output.
4.132 A horizontal 10-cm-diameter jet of water with T
Problem Statement Figure 8: 4.137 Determine the force components of superheated
ṁ  300 kg/s strikes a vertical plate. Calculate:
steam acting on the blade shown in Fig. P4.137 if
As shown in the(a) sketch, concrete
The force needed toflhold
owsthe
into a cart sitting on a (a) The blade is stationary
plate
stationary
scale. The stream of concrete has a density of ρ = 150 lbm/ft3, (b) The blade moves to the right at 100 m/s
(b) The force needed to move the plate away
Exercice 10: an area of A = 1 ftfrom
2
, and
the ajetspeed of v = 10 ft/s. At the instant (c) The blade moves to the left at 100 m/s
at 10 m/s
(c) The
shown, the weight forcecart
of the needed to move
plus the plate into
the concrete the lbf.
is 800 N
jet at 10 m/s
Determine theAtension in2 1the cable and the weight
strikesrecorded by Notice in the force diagram that th
Un jet incliné de diamètre 504.133
cm et horizontal
de vitesse -in.-diameter jet of water a
2 30 cm/s, frappe la surface libre d’un réservoir qui se
the scale. Assume steady
vertical flow.
plate. Determine the velocity issuing from force at the control surface. This is
repose sur un chariot. Calculer la theforce
jet if horizontale
a force of 200 lbqu’il faut
is needed to: appliquer pour l’immobiliser.
(a) Hold the plate stationary
jet equals atmospheric pressure.
4 cm dia. 400 m/s 60°
(b) Move the plate away from the jet at To apply the momentum equation,
30 ft/secJet ρsteam = 3
x
(c) Move the plate into the jet at 30 ft/sec diagrams
4 kg/m to visualize the vectors.
4.134 Determine the mass flux issuing from the jet shown Fig. P4.137
· v
∑ = mof
in Fig. P4.134 if a force of 700 N is needed to: 4.138 The blade of Problem 4.137 is one ofFa series
60°
(a) Hold the cone stationary o o
blades that are attached to a 1.2-m-radius rotor
(b) Move the cone away from the jet at 8 m/s that rotates at−T i + (N
150 rad/s. − W)
Calculate = −m
thekpower ·
out
(c) Move the cone into the jet at 8 m/s put if there are 15 such steam jets.
support
Next, write scalar equations:
−T = −
·v
(N − W) = m
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions requ

Now, the goals can be solved for. Th

Define the Situation 1. Calculate T using Eq. (a).

Concrete is flowing into aFigure 9: is being weighed.
cart that 2. Calculate N using Eq. (b). Th

Take Action (Execute the Plan)

Concrete, ρ = 150 lbm /ft3
1. Momentum equation (horiz
A1 =51 ft2, v = 10 ft /s
T=m· v cos 60° = ρ Av 2 cos
 the coupling.

p1 V2
30°
USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021
) 2 V2
L3 Physique énergétique Water R Semestre 6
p2 = 120 kPa (abs) Mécanique des fluides 3
A2 = 0.0081 m2

Exercice 11: Thickness, t

abatic flow of air through a
2
cross-sectionalL’aérodynamique
area. At the P4.98
d’un corps est testée dans une soufflerie de diamètre D = 0.75 m comme l’indique
e), 60 C, and haslaafigure [Link]’air4.99
velocity de masseA small round ρobject
volumique = 1.2 is tested
kg/m in considéré
3 est a 0.75-m comme
diameter fluide parfait et in-
at 80 kPa and compressible. wind tunnel. The pressure is uniform across
has a velocity La pression relative à l’amont est 294P a et celle de l’aval est sections 1 and
147 P a. La vitesse de
force of the airl’écoulement
on the pipe.à l’amont 2 . est
The upstream
de 12, 5 mm/spressure
et le profilis de30 vitesse
mm Haval 2O varie
(gage), the
linéairement.
clear.) downstream pressure is 15 mm H2O (gage), and the mean air
sts of a 20 ft length tubing le fluxspeed
1. ofCalculer is 12.5 m/s. The velocity profile at section 2 is linear;
massique.
Water enters at the rate of 0.3 it varies from zero at the tunnel centerline to a maximum at
2. Déterminer
at 400 psig with 0.024 slug/ft 3 la vitesse
the tunnelVmax et la
wall. vitesse moyenne
Calculate (a) the mass dansflow
la section
rate in (2).
the wind
tunnel, (b) the ymaximum velocity at section 2 , and (c) the Plot the velocity profile. Calculate the hori
and direction [Link] force
Déterminer la drag
force ofdethe
traı̂née qui s’exerce sur le corps et sont support.
objectx and its supporting vane. of force required to hold the plate station
the tube. 2h u Neglect viscous
resistance at the tunnel wall. 4.106 Air at standard conditions flows alon
ugh a heated porous pipe of 1 2 undisturbed freestream speed is U0 5 20 m
al area. At the pipe inlet, the U1 V max downstream from the leading edge of the pl
3 ρ = 750 kg/m3 layer thickness is δ 5 2 mm. The veloc
he density is 6 kg/m , and the
location is approximated as u/U0 5 y/δ. C
uid passing through the porous P4.101
izontal component of force per unit width re
l to the pipe axis, and the total 4.102 An incompressible fluid flows steadily in the entrance plate stationary.
ll is 20 kg/s. At the pipe outlet, region of a circular
V tube of radius R 5 75 mm. The flow rate
4.107 A sharp-edged splitter plate inserted
is Q 5 0.1 m3/s. Find the uniform velocity U1 at the entrance.
a and the density is 2.75 kg/m3. The velocity distribution at a section downstream is
stream of flowing water produces the flo
e fluid on the pipe.  r 2 Analyze the situation to evaluate θ as a fu
u 0 # α , 0.5. Evaluate the force needed to ho
¼ 12
w rate of 0.3 m3/s from a narrow umax R in place. (Neglect any friction force between
1 2
The resulting horizontal two- Evaluate the maximum velocity at the downstream section. and the splitter plate.) Plot both θ and Rx a
0 mm thick, but of nonuniform P4.99
Calculate the pressure drop that would exist in the channel if
αh
2 is twice that at location 1 . viscous friction at the walls could be neglected.
4.100 The horizontal velocity Figure in10:the wake behind an object
is 50 kPa (gage). Calculate (a) in an air stream R
r of velocity U is given by
θ
V
ocations 1 and 2 and (b) the 2 0 13
z u
2 @πrA5
o hold the spray pipe in place. αh
4
uðrÞ 5 U 1 2 cos jrj # 1 h
Exercice 12:
d the water it contains. 1 2 2 S
U
0 mm uðrÞ 5 U ρ1= 850 kg/m3 jrj . 1 V
De l’air s’écoule dans une conduite cylindrique de diamètre D = 25 mm. A l’entrée de la conduite,
P4.102L de l’entrée, P4.107
la vitesse est unifrome. A rune
where distance
is the nondimensional l’écoulement
radial coordinate,devient établi et la vitesse est
measured
4.103 Air enters D 5 25.0 mm, 4.108 Gases leaving the propulsion nozz
parabolique d’expression:
perpendicular to thea flow.
duct, of diameter
Find anr expression forthrough
the drag onmodeled as flowing radially outward from
a well-rounded inletuwith uniform speed,
2 U1 5 0.870 m/s.
the object.
At a downstream section −
= 1 where L 5 2.25 m, the fully from the nozzle throat. Assume the speed o
V = 2V developed velocity u
profile is R
4.101 An incompressible fluid flows steadily in the entrancehas constant magnitude. Develop an expre
c
2 1
  thrust, T , developed by flow leaving the
3 . La
L’air est considéré un fluide
region of visqueux
a two-dimensional uðrÞ
et incompressible
5 channel
12
r 2 de masse 2h
of height 5 100 mm
volumique = 1.23akg/m
ρ Compare your result to the one-dimension
Uc R
mm difference de pressionandentre
width w 5 25
l’entrée et mm.
la sortie
Theest flowderate
égale P1 5
is Q − 0.025
P2 = 1.923
m /[Link]
a. Déterminer
T 5 mV la force
_ e . Evaluate the percent error for
de frottement exercéethepar The pressure
la paroi
uniform dedrop
la between
velocity U1 at these
conduite et sections
the l’air. is p1 2
entrance. p2 5velocity
The 1.92 N/ dis-percent error versus α for 0 # α # 22.5 .
m2. Find the total force of friction exerted by the tube on the air.
tribution at a section downstream is Ve
gh the square bend of Problem u yD2 = 25.0 mm
U1 = 0.870 m/s α
185 kPa (abs). Flow at the exit ¼ 12
r
x
u max h R
at atmospheric pressure. The
is Mc 5 2.05 kg; the internal Evaluate the maximum velocity at the downstream section.
P4.108
L = 2.25 m
0:00355 m3 . Evaluate the force Calculate the pressure drop that would exist in the channel if
1 2 4.109 When a plane liquid jet strikes an in
y on the supply duct. viscous friction at the walls could be neglected. splits into two streams of equal speed but u
P4.103
For frictionless flow there can be no tange
4.104 Consider the incompressible flow of fluid in a plate surface. Use this assumption to deve
Figure
boundary layer as depicted in 11:
Example 4.2. Show that the for h2/h as a function of plate angle, θ. Plo
friction drag force of the fluid on the surface is given by comment on the limiting cases, θ 5 0 and
Z δ
Ff 5 ρuðU 2 uÞw dy V
0 6
USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021
L3 Physique énergétique Semestre 6
Mécanique des fluides 3

Conservation d’énergie

Exercice 13

On considère l’écoulement stationnaire d’un fluide parfait prevenant d’un réservoir de grande di-
mension (le niveau de l’eau reste presque constant durant l’experience). Ce dernier est relié à une
conduite verctical de longueur L. L’entré de la conduite (le point A) est muni d’un étranglement.
On considère que la vitesse en (A) est deux fois plus grande à la vitesse en (2).

1. Exprimer la pression PA en fonction de ρ, g, H, L et P0 , tel que P0 est la pression atom-

sphérique.

2. Déterminer la longueur L pour éviter la cavitation

On donne: ρ = 1000 kg/m3 , g = 10 m/s2 , H = 1.5 m, P0 = 105 P a.

Atmosphère 1

Atmosphère 2

Figure 12:

Exercice 14:

On pompe de l’eau par une conduite de 15 cm de diamètre on la décharge à une hauteur d’altitude
h = 3 m à travers un convergent de diamètre de sortie 3 cm, avec un débit Q = 27 l/s. On éstime la
perte de charge totate hv = 50 cm. Sachant que la pompe a un rendement de 75 %, quelle puissance
Ẇin doit avoir le moteur de la pompe?

7
 4 Pertes et gains de charge. 41

Exercice 4.1 : Pompe

USTHB, Faculté de physique
4 Pertes et gains de charge. 2020/2021
L3 Physique énergétique
On pompe Semestre 6
de l’eau dans la mer par un tuyau de 15 cm de diamètre et la décharge
à une Exercice
altitude h4.1
= :3Pompe Mécanique
m à travers des fluides
un convergent 3
de diamètre de sortie 3 cm, avec un
débit Q =27 l/s. On estime la perte de charge totale hv = 50 cm.
On pompe de l’eau dans la mer par un tuyau de 15 cm de diamètre et la décharge
à une altitude h = 3 m à travers un convergent de diamètre de sortie 3 cm, avec un
débit Q =27 l/s. On estime la perte de charge totale hv = 50 cm.

D2
h D2
h

D1
D1

Sachant que la pompe a un rendement de 13:

Figure 75 %, quelle puissance Ẇm doit avoir le
Sachant
moteur de la que la pompe
pompe ? a un rendement de 75 %, quelle puissance Ẇm doit avoir le
moteur de la pompe ?
Exercice 15:
Exercice 4.2 : Turbine de barrage
Exercice 4.2 : Turbine de barrage
Un barrage hydroélectrique prend un débit Q = 39.5 m3 /s d’eau à travers sa turbine et la décharge
3
Un barrage
à l’atmosphère dans
Un hydroélectrique
une
barrage conduite de prend
prendQQ=
diamètre
hydroélectrique D= 39.5
= m
2 m.
39.5 /s d’eau
Lad’eau
m3 /s perte à àtravers
detravers
charge satotale
turbine
sa turbine laet lelasystème
etdans
décharge à l’atmosphère
est éstimée à hdécharge
v = 20 m dans
et la différence
à l’atmosphère une conduite
dans d’altitude
une conduiteentrede diamètre
la surface
de diamètre D
D = 2du= 2 m.
[Link] La perte
de retenue
La perte de charge
et la décharge
de charge
est h = 290totale dans dans
m. totale le système estest
le système estimée
estiméeà àhhv v =
= 20
20 mm etet laladifférence
différence d’altitude
d’altitude entreentre
la la
surfacesurface
du lac dude lacretenue
de retenue
et et
la la déchargeest
décharge est h
h== 290
290m. m.

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1. Quelle est la puissance fournie par le fluide à la turbine (formule littérale) ?
Figure 14:
1. Quelle est la puissance fournie par le fluide à la turbine (formule littérale) ?

1. Quelle est la puissance fournie par le fluide à la turbine (formule littérale)?

2. Application numérique.

Exercice 16:

Un tube en U contenant du mercure est connecté sur les conduites d’entrée et de sortie d’une
pompe, supposée de même diamètre, comme indiqué sur la figure 15. On mesure une différence de
hauteur hm entre les niveaux de mercure dans les deux branches du tubes en U. On notera:

8
USTHB, Faculté de physique 2020/2021
L3 Physique énergétique Semestre 6
Mécanique des fluides 3

ˆ P la puissance de la pompe.

ˆ hv la perte de charge totale entre l’entrée et la sortie.

ˆ Qv le débit volumique.

ˆ d la densité du mercure.
44 4 Pertes et gains de charge.

A
A0
hm
C B0

On notera :
Figure 15:
— P la puissance de la pompe

On suppose le fluide — hv la perte de charge totale entre l’entrée et la sortie

incompressible. On rappelle que la pression peut être identique en tout point
— Q le débit volumique
d’une même section du tuyau, et que les fluides dans le tube en U sont immobiles.
— d la densité du mercure

1. En considérant
On l’équilibre duincompressible.
suppose le fluide mercure dans le tube
On rappelle enpression
que la U, exprimer la différence de pression
peut être considérée
PB − PA en fonction de h, hm et d.
identique en tout point d’une même section du tuyau, et que les fluides dans le tube
en U sont immobiles.
2. En déduire hm en fonction de hv et P .
1. En considérant l’équilibre du mercure dans le tube en U, exprimer la différence
de pression pB − pA en fonction de h, hm et d densité du mercure. On pourra
s’aider des points dessinés sur la figure.
2. En déduire hm en fonction de hv et P .
3. Le résultat dépend-il de h ? Quelle grandeur mesure en fait le tube en U ?

Exercice 4.6 : Pompe sur une tuyauterie avec pertes de charge (oral rat-
trapage IFI 2016)

On pompe de l’eau à 20 ◦C dans un bac très large, à travers N coudes et une

tuyauterie de longueur totale L, de diamètre D, et de rugosité , pour la faire monter
d’une hauteur h, avec un débit volumique Q.

1. On suppose l’écoulement turbulent. Quel est le critère pour cela ?