| LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, _|NVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS LOOKING AHEAD The Inverse of a Function The Natural Logarithmic Function logarithmic Differentiation and Integrals Yielding the Natural | Logarithmic Function The Natural Exponential Function | Other Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. Applications of the Natural Exponential Function Inverse Trigonometric Functions Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigonometric Functions Hyperbolic Functions Geen eae Seen eae el Cee eae Pee aca) ec acs functions ate inverses eee Seemed per Oar retreats ee Ceara eine Se ne eeu See ee ie nee eres p ts Bees em eee omen ranscendental funct functions, oreMIC, 424__ CHAPTERS. LOGARITHMIC: E FIGURE 1 THE INVERSE OF AFUNCTION r in this text in connection ose carlier in t 0 ra orp differentiation and aniiferntgg by s ons essentially “undoes” the other, 4°": One In the fj ff functions associated With inverye wih ne ‘The word inverse calculus operation: pair of inverse opet itlustration we use operations. ration: pairs of JLLUSTRATION 1 (a) Let f(x) = +4 and Then (3) = f(x- 4) (f(x) = glx + 4) eet H(xt4)~4 =x =x x (b) Let f(x) = 2x and g(x) = z Then x nto) = 4(2) 2) = 20 (©) Let f(x) = L(g) = FOV%) afl) = ate) Wx) Vx Each pair of functions fand g in Illustration 1 satisfies the following" statements: F(g(x)) = and (fa) = x Observe that for Posite functions /(¢( generally true for arb Mustration 5) that e Junetions, and that for x in the domain of g for x in the domain of f coo the functions fand g in these two equation (9) and a(/(2)) are equal, a relationship ys trary functions fand g. You will learn subsea ye ch pair of functions in Illustration 1 is aS# is the reason the two equations are satisfied: ig 7 H , unl considering aoe the formal definition of the inverse of # JM i : the the function defined by Particular functions, Figure | shows fa) = 2 The domain vf ’ weit 10, +2): Oper the set of real numbers and the range = wt serve that because f(2) = 4 and f(—2) = 4ssi)as? 28x82 FIGURE 2 5.1_THE INVERSE OF AFUNCTION 425 the function value of two distinct numbers in the domain. Furthermore, every number except 0 in the range of this function isthe function value of {wo distinct numbers in the domain. In particular, 3 is the function value of both } and — §, 1is the function value of both 1 and — 1, and 9s the function value of both 3 and —3 A different situation occurs with the function g defined by sGQ)Sxt -2ex=2 The domain of g is the closed interval [—2. 2], and the range is (—8, 8]. The graph of g is shown in Figure 2. This function is one for which a number in its range is the function value of one and only one number in the domain. Such a function is called one-to-one. [ILLUSTRATION 2 The function defined by f(x) = x? does not satisfy the above definition because, for instance, 3 and ~3 are two distinct numbers in the domain, yet f(3) = f(—3). This function is, therefore, not one-to-one. < We know that a vertical line can intersect the graph of a function in only one point. For a one-to-one function, itis also true that a horizontal line can intersect the graph in at most one point. Notice that this is the situation for the one-to-one function defined by g(x) = x°, where ~2 = x = 2, whose graph appears in Figure 2. Furthermore, observe in Figure | that for the function defined by f(x) = x, which is not one-to-one, any horizontal line above the x axis intersects the graph in two points. We have, therefore, the following geometric test for determining if a function is one-to-one. Perens EXAMPLE 1 Apply the horizontal function is one-to-one: (a) fx) =4x-3 ) F(X) =e + 1) 3x +4 ae Ie test to determine if the (© fe) @ fa=—is the-line in Figure 3, and ils graph ET BFIBWE 3 Bea, sects the BF aph i vane the Toi) ‘ aring in Figure 4, sho, tio anrrersects the graph in woos 4 ¢ thee _ ‘ Jue function appears in Figure 5, o, ol lute Rove the x axis inkersects the graph rizonta! Tine er function is not one-to-one," f the given rational function and its hori, e graph, plotted in the same window. Any ho tersects the graph in exactly one ii, jie, EXCeP, ‘one-to-one. 1 Mtn is thereOre> car semaines bs pe «ag theorem gives 2 test that S DE applied ‘The following function is one-to-one. show analytically that & Pao Proo Assume that the function fis increasing on an interval J. If, ands, aretwo numbers in the interval andx, # 23, then eitherx, < x, 0r% isthe inverse ofthe function g defined by g(a) = x Therefore g~' can be written in place of G, and we have S'O)=Vy -8sy ILLUSTRATION 7 With our calculator in parametric mode, we plot the graph of sae -2sx52 by letting agar y= For the graph of gia Ve -85x58 ‘we let ail) vy =t We set our window variables as follows: fyi = —84 tax = 85 te Kin = Bs Snax = 8: Ser = Ly Yuin = 8s Yous = 8, and ya = 1. Fi ‘ure 12, showing the two graphs, supports our graphs in Figure 10.4 ‘Some functions have an inverse for which we cannot obtain an equation defining the inverse function explicitly. For example, let fl) =x + P+ 2-2 ® fils) = Sx4 3.2 +2is an increas 1x) > 0 for all x. fis i a nerefore (2) we replace /() by i a ig jowever Hye cannot solve for x in terms of y Nevertheje hicl ed explicitly, we can still plot the ara inverse funevion ome calculators the graphs of both a Function sty Iilustration : slotted on the same screen with the calculator int inverse cam | at owners manual under Drawinv for this capi mode. Se act properties of the inverse function ¢ Some il Ca bee .d directly from properties of f. We present some of these mine the remaining theorems of this section, and in Illustration ett i ation (5). i ee ea Sy and differentiability Of the in Dae rovided by the inverse function theorems that follow. Bos i Se nce function theorem for increasing functions, ye tno illustrations giving examples of a function and its inverse th the conditions of the theorem. ILLUSTRATION 8 In Example 3 we had the function jas inverse f~' defined by Because f inverse, Hoven ins, aah 1(x) ig not defin I satis x+3 4 In Figure 8 the graphs of fand f~' are shown plotted in the same wins We observe that both f and f-' are continuous and increasing. 4 fi) =4x=3 and f(x) = ILLUSTRATION 9 verse g”' are defined by 8) = 2,-2<54<2 ang 8G) = Va, 8s 58 and the graphs of g and g~ Continuous and in; In Illustration 6, the function g and isa " appear in Figure 10, Each of these funeti on its domain, creasing he proof Ww now Raat Of Of this : ig sect is et for {BETS funete {PBEM in the supplement ofthis r Functions the exercises pag theorem for decreasing function 2 “plementary Exercis 8 leit foFUNCTION 433, ~ The inverse function theorems are used to prove the next theorem, which expresses a relationship between the derivatives of a function and its inverse. The statement of the theorem utilizes the Leibniz. notation for a derivative, which makes the equation easy to remember PARA The proof of this theorem also appears in the supplement of this section. D ILLUSTRATION 10 We verify Theorem for the function defined by f(x) = Vx. If we let y = f(x), we have the equation y=Ve x20,y20 Because fis one-to-one, f~ exists and is defined by f-'(y) = y*. If we let x = f(y), we have the equation x=y? y2Ox20 Because y = Vx a dx Vx and because x = dx 4 Replacing y by Vx, we get = 2yERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION: uC, EXPONENTS RS LOGARITHMI ae eae ' 0, & does not exist; thus the above Equation is not sa When x = 0,7. tisfieg se the domain of fis the closed is valid fot this function when x is. j em is fog interval { i IN the ope’ *) tr the the “open ime (0, +2). 4 EXAMPLE 5 = Show that Theorem 5.1, — holds for the funog —~ Examples 2 and 4, function fof Solution The function is defined by f(x) = (2x + Ix ~ 1) Tf wee, y = f(x), we have (6) In the above equation we substitute the value of y = S(x = 1) Oya =a aR Sx ~ 12 When applying Th ao the inverse of gn ie eorem 5,1 -710 compute the value of the derivative of have the Satu ction at a Particular number, it is more convenient (0 it eth rhe, theorem with 7 ee (F)" notati ae i ‘ment | Notations for derivatives, With thie notation we restate Theorem & 7 as Theorem 5.1.8 from (6) and obtain 4S)by 5,1) Meat, ay ae +22 line a (0,2) Flcure 13 | THEINVERSE OF AFUNCTION 435 [ILLUSTRATION 11... = —— v7 ILLUSTRATION V1 We show that Theorem 5.1.4 holds lor a particular function and particular valu i i ues of © a C on a Peat ies of ¢ and d, If fis the function of f= (YQ) =2e x20 The function fis continuous and monotonic on any closed interval [a,b] for which 0 = a 0,/is increasing and therefore has an inverse f', But we do not have an equation defining explicitly the function values of f~'. We can, however, compute the derivative of f ‘ata particula point on the graph of /~'. For instance, because (0, ~2) is on the graph of F- the point (~2, 0) is on the graph of f'. We compute the value of (y-')"(—2) by applying Theorem 5.1.8, which states that i) ee NE) = FG) 2. Thus, From (7), "(0) ved We now support these results on our graphics calculator. Figure 13 shows the graph of ploted in the [~4. 5] by [~5, {] window. Also in the436 CHAPTERS LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONO! [9.9] by (6.6) FIGURE 15 1-94.9.4} by (-[Link]) . foyeses tangent line 31,2) y FIGURE 16 METRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTiON, iS figure. we have plotted the tangent line to the graph at the poin (0, “ .~2), angent line has slope 2. - , * vane plot the graph of f ', we put our calculator in parametyg . . oe tet Wert etu-2 wae We set our window variables as follows: fnia = See Se Snay = Te Sug = Ls Yolo = —2e Youn = 2, andy," te 14 shows this graph as well as the graph of the tangent ling (—2. 0): the tangent line has slope 3. EXAMPLE 6 For the function fof Illustration 12 find (4), Solution We are given fi) = x8 +384 2x-2- f(x) = Sxt + 3x2 42 fons = 1 + hep = 0.05 Nee | Fig the Poin From Theorem 5.1.8, if f(c) = 4, then (f7')'(4) = we solve the equation cote +2e-2=4 +e +2e-6=0 L Fo To compte ¢ We approximate the root of this equation on our graphics calculator by using the root feature or trace and zoom-in and we obtain ¢ = [.16124. Therefore, pone eee F'(1.16124) i 1 15.1374 = 0.06606 DEXAMPLEZ Given SCS faa etx (@) Prove that f has an inverse f-', (b) Find the slope of the tangent li ® the graph of fat the point (1,2). (c) Find the slope of the tangent line 0th sraph off atthe point (2, 1). Support the answers in parts (a)-6) by dt the uowing: (@) Plot the graphs of f and f~' on the same scren:(@ Ps the graphs of f and its tangent line at (1, 2) on the same screen; (f) plot! Braphs of f-" and its tangent Tine at (2, 1) on the same screet. Solution F'Q) = 3x41 (a) Because f'(x) > 0 Thus f is a one-to- (b)The slope of th fs4 (FY) = ses dorsi for all real numbers, f is increasing on its do™ one function, and hence it has an inverse oy we tangent line to the graph of fat (1, 2) sfO= PO zr OL ~ av = (yf TS Pts XA = QS () +57 (P)GL) Puy or anon ¢Z sasjouaxy uy O+%% pare 7 OF We eS = (sez Y= CMD XE -bA = OS) ez BA = CH@ P= CV) 17 “x= L= ee 0 €— Xp = (XS (8) “or 8 = ©) @ 1+ XA = @)@) awyt &fusan puo WOLF = ¥ pun (Mf = C9) "¢¢ yBnowy 61 sosqoiexg wy P= %'6 — XA = @)D 8 fs S50 -6A =) LS*5 1- ‘t= @)s @ FE XT x2) = (OS (8) 91 fsrsf- (+20 =f @ OSFS +28 = 0) © “St Lee x ; TORO ye 1+*-ays@ 2A7 = (OL) “eT ¢-* 1+ 3A€ = &)® @) WZ +2) = @OS@ XIAN = ©) @ x + |x] = @V@ 1+ A = @)4 IL (1+ 2 = (a ©) “OF ‘uy wadue) ayy Jo adoys ay, “Moputa [7'9 *7'9~] Aq [P'6 “p'6—] aun panofd (z ‘]) a” aut] wadue ay pur J yo sydwsd ou s ‘porsadya sit ‘x = aut] oo syelna ou tet) antasqQ ‘up 01 tadsas yaien a4 {Ha Jo SUOADY unBiy Ul UD9I98 OWES 94) UO Pay, So pur *(Z), Zep NOIDNNA V 40 3SUaANI aH. vs “F St ouyp quad ayn jo adofs ayy “LI aandig ur mopuim [z'9 ‘z'9~] 4q [b'6 ‘¥'6—] ayy ur panojd ase ({ ‘Z) 1 ouy woBUT ay) pur ,_f Jo syde® ayy, (y) DIA = OQ) or v= OV) 1 =F @ 94x S ‘tod ao ty woyouny 24 fo wd 2m sicossa uy D soy Busfisas &q Syoorydosd 1>0f guy up 2404 104 S20 UOL!>Unf 24 f sm Anos fo waa19s aus ays uo asiaai Nod ods 10> oa $1 uo w fo sydous ays 10,4 ( Ue on opal pang () sBumonef 240 op ‘sisi asso%u ay eee 7 spy uopounf ayi fi aujuaatap ‘gy wong 7 ‘ong [4F'H) 9 (2 F'0) 3 xx 959 ~ «ny gy 22 >2> 0H 109 = (ny HSxS0'TI-1 =H My #4] MHF 0] 3 xx 905 = ap gy ai>r> at — runt = inf @ fsx sa} rusz = ay ey r-x ty Fo) $=) @ x -I1A= ey) |Z - +] = e910 Moy 1+ t= ee) Xp -3=0) ~wr@ c+ #-£=0@ t- kh =O @ aus yorays soy “2u0-01-9u0 (01 1801 auy]-]DUOrAOY ayt asn ‘9 SMA | S28—AT urawnont pst29. (a) fix) ) fF) 30. (a) f(x) = tan 2x, () fix) = sect ’ 31. (a) fix) = fos, OS a= &) fix) = 2. 32, (a) fx) = - 6x + 70S () fi) = 2x8 + x + 20d = Met P- 42200 37. fla) = x+ Vana 0Sx5m5d 38. f(x) — cost x + 2x,05x=4 [Link]= Vit 3dtx>—-3;d= 18 40. flx) =| tdt,.x <0; In Exercises 41 through 46, (a) prove that the function f has an inverse, (b) find f(x), and (c) verify the equa- tions of Theorem 5.1.4 for f and f~* 6 41. f(x) = 4x -3 42. f(x) = Sx 42 4. flx) =P +2 44. fla) = (x + 29° _ 3x41 _ 3-3 48. fix) = 46. fla) = 3 47. If x degrees is the Celsius temperature, then the number of degrees in the Fahrenheit temperature can be expressed as a function of x. If fis this function, then f(x) degrees is the Fahrenheit temperature and S(x) = 32 + $x. Determine the inverse function f-! that expresses the number of degrees in the Celsius femperature as a function of the number of degrees in the Fahrenheit temperature, 48. If f(t) dollars is the amoun investment of $1000 at 12 then S(t) = 100001 + 0.121) Determine the inverse function f-! 1 years of an Percent simple interest, that expresses the 49. 51. 52. IGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS number of years that $1000 has been j percent simple interest a a function of ty gat the investment. Mun of mentioned in Exercise 51 of Exercises 1 according to Einstein's Special Theory of 1) is the measure of the mass ofa pat with a velocity of measure v, then i iy, Mm where my is the constant measure of the particle, rest mass relative to some reference frame and e's the constant measure of the speed of light. Find he inverse function of m that expresses the measure of the velocity of the particle as a function of the measure of its mass. ‘As mentioned in Exercise 39 of Exercises 28, Dulong’s law states that if P(T) atmospheres isthe absolute pressure of saturated steam at a temperature m(c) = of T degrees Celsius, then 40+ T\ = T>80 chal. ( 140 ) (a) Find the inverse function of P that expresses the number of degrees Celsius in the temperatures a function of the number of atmospheres in the absolute pressure, and indicate the domain of the inverse function. (b) Plot in the same window the graphs of P and the inverse function found in part (a). Given f(x) = x5 + 3x — 1. (a) Prove that fhasaa inverse f~'. (b) Find the slope of the tangent ca the graph of f at the point (1, 3). (c) Find the sie the tangent line to the graph of f-' at the poiat (3. Support your answers in parts (a)—(c) by doing the following: (d) Plot the graphs of fand j ‘onthe same screen. (e) Plot the graphs of f and its ae line at (1, 3) on the same screen. (f) Plot the 37 of f-' and its tangent line at (3, 1) on the same screen, Given f(x) — x — x3, (a) Prove that eg ‘o inverse f~'. (b) Find the slope of the tanget the graph of fat the point (2, —4). (€) Find of the tangent line to the graph of f-' at he PY, (~4, 2). Support your answers in parts (a)-( af doing the following: (a) Plot the graphs of J es i on the same screen. (e) Plot the graphs Off 1 pi tangent line at (2, —4) on the same sereen.f ae the graphs of f-! and its tangent line at (+ ~ the same screen. anee eee a eas and 54, SHOW tat Function Fis its own verses ° k et eo Osx s4 ye BI 46 5 x af) rot of k so that the one-to-one function rind the valve f Fine gb © ined ali be its own inverse. saris 56 and 57, show that the function is its own ge fr ams constant k. xtk wf)= 1 «show thatthe function defined by xth fe) = EG isits own inverse for any values of constants h and k. Exercises 59 and 60, (a) show that function f is not ne-to-one and hence does not have an inverse; (o)restrict the domain and obtain two one-to-one func- tims f, and f, each having the same range as f: (c) find fw and f""(x) and state their domains; (d) plot the reaps of f, and f,~' on the same screen; (e) plot the sraphs of f, and f.~! on the same screen. Bflx)= +4 60. f(x) = x? - 9 f. Given x ifx<1 fla) = yx? iflsx=9 2Vx if9 |. in The measure of the area of Risa functioi call j Figure |. mn Of x; call it A(x) and define it as a definite integral by A(x) = | ue t Now consider this integral if 0 0 can be interpreted in terms of the measure of the area of a region. Its value depends on x and is used to define the natural logarithmic functien, denoted by In. "The natural logarithmic function ‘the function defined by x>0 The domain of the natural logarithmic function is the set of all positive eee d In x as “the natural logarithm of ae real Toparithmic function is differentiable because by applying the first fundamental theorem of the calculus, pains) = D( [ 1) From this result and the chain rule we have the following theorem. i w his re44: MIC, EXPO! u JOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC f, LOGARITHMIC, INENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGON( 2 CHAPTER 5. nN EXAMPLE 1 Find f(x) if oo f(x) = In(3x? - 6x + 8) Solution From Theorem 5.2.2, FW) “9 74 ‘We now show that the natural logarithmic function obeys the Proper, of logarithms you learned in algebra. een Proof Ifx = 1 in Definition 5.2.1, mi={ la Lt The right side of the abova is zero by Definition 4.5.6. Thus Inl=o0 . Theorem 5.2.3 corresponds to the Property The next three theorems correspond to the | (3), (4), and (5), We Of logarithms given by (2) Postpone the discussion logarithm properties given by 1 I = = ae J 7! NINT(L/;, 1,2) 5 0.693147 1 Ings] lt [ta NINTUA,1,3) = 1 098619 ° mom [ : 1 74 NINTH), Lo = 1.791759 From these Computations, I M2 +In3 5 0.693 147 te 1.098612 a ee 9Proof Consider the function fdefined by F() = Intax) where x > 0. Then Hi I fo =+@ ax 1 x The derivatives of In(ax) and In.x are, therefore, equal. Thus from Theorem 4.1.2, a constant K exists such that Inax) =Inx+K — foralhx >0 To determine K, we let x = 1 in this equation, and we have Ina=In1+K Because In | = 0, we obtain K = Ina. Replacing K by Inain (7), we obtain mM In(ax) = Inx + Ina for all x > 0 Now, letting x = b, we have In(ab) = Ina + Inb [ILLUSTRATION 2. From Illustration 1 In 6 — In3 = 1.791759 — 1.098612 693147 =In2 Eee Proof Because a = (a/b) « b, Ina= n(¢ : >) Applying Theorem 5.2.4 to the right side of this equation we get Ing = Ino +Inb b a In==Ina-Inb aDaaa CHAPTER 5 LOGARI rrumic, EXPONENTIAL: IC, AND “NVERSE TRIGONOMETR! zs S STRATION - > ILL: “| NINT(/i 1 49) = 3.891820 dt wef; = 1.9459] hy NINT(/, 1.7) = 1945910 In? 7° rom these computations. din 7 = 2(1.945910) Ina"=rina From Theorem 5.2.2, if r is any rational number and x > 0, Proof Fr 1 ot Din x), = 07" A x and r Dir ina) = = Therefore Din x") = Dr In x) ‘ i . : so fom From this equation the derivatives of In x" and r In x are equal s0 fr ‘Theorem 4.1.2 a constant K exists such that ) Inx’=rinx+K — forallxy>0 : To determine K, we Substitute 1 for x in (8) and get Inl’=rinlaKk But In 1 = 0; hence K 0. Replacing K by 0 in (8) gives Inx’ = ring for all x > 9 helt from which it follows that if x = 4, where a is any positive number" . Ina’=ring e must comtseh org *0h ofthe natural logarithmic function by hat west erties Of this fi ir calculator the eraph of Penton, Bur fist et us plot ot NINT(I/A, 1, x)a 52 E NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION = LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 445 Because the domain of | Containing ony it Ins the set of postive (0.00010) ny pos ve values of et humbe, He choose a window ¥ [~10, 10} windoar shows the graph plotted in the function Fi appears tobe ca om this figure, the natural lo be epncar atts be continaus E natural logarithmic and increa ward. Let us eon imeretsing. and the graph appears to With f(x) = 1 py firm these facts analytically fla) = [ La ga Ld scoot. 101 by (+10, 10) et fx) 5 130 B aa NINT(it LD eee is 0, f is continuous for all x > 0. re, f(a) > . n> anes function 0 for all x > 0, and therefore, fis an increasing f') = Because f"(x) <0 when x > 0, Benue 7 , the graph of f is concave downward at We now determine by geometry an inequality involving In 2. The definite integral in the equation n2+[ te , it can be interpreted as the measure of the area of the region appearing in Figure 4, From this figure, we observe that In 2 is between the measures of the areas of the rectangles, each having a base of length 1 unit and altitudes of lengths 4 units end 1 unit; that is, 0.5 in (21 i set) = L/tand A(t) = 1, then A() = fle) forall rin (1, 2 cin som 2h ae mee een using Theorem 4.6.1 we obtain 2 2] [rae 7 1 nt 12In2 Combining tis inequality with OD We Be 052? then Inx >In 2” ay From Theorem 5.2.6 In pin2 Substituting from this equation into (11) we get if x>2" then Inx> pin2 Because In 2 = $, we have from the above if <>2 then tnx > wp Letting p = 2n, where n > 0, we have if ©>2% then Ina >n M follows from this st ‘atement, by taking N= if x>y then Inv s n So we May conclude that that for any n > 0 (2) To determi Me the behavior or tive vq n havior of au, a : MSOF eae {he natural logarithmic funetion oF pest We investi, Mestigate lim tnx, Because In = lal Ing = hh 1 0 IS x The expression ane quation we i8 equi is 'S equivalent to “= — +20"; so from tH Write lim Inys ~ fim int 0Se ra FIGURE 5 __5.2_THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION _ 447 From (12) we have lim tnd = +e x ete Therefore, from this result and (13) we get lim In.x = a (14) From 7 ay (12), and the intermediate-value theorem (1.9.8). the range cea logarithmic function is the set of all real numbers. From (14) we conclude thet the graph of the natural logarithmic function is asymptotic negative part of the y axis through the fourth quadrant. In summary, the natural logarithmi ion satisfies 2 s 7 m logarithmic functi i he following () The domain is the set of all positive numbers. (ii) The range is the set of all real numbers. (iii) The function is increasing on its entire domain. ‘The function is continuous at all numbers in its domain. (v) The graph of the function is concave downward at all points. (vi) The graph of the function is asymptotic to the negative part of the y axis through the fourth quadrant. From these properties and by plotting afew points with a segment of the tangent line atthe points, we can sketch the graph of the natural logarithmic function by hand, as shown in Figure 5, where we have plotted the pow, having abscissas of }, $, 1, 2, and 4. The slope of the tangent line is found L from the formula D,(In x) = 5 We now give more examples of computing derivatives of functions involving the natural logarithm. D> EXAMPLE 2 Find 7, if = inf(4x? + 3)2x - DI ying Theorem 5.2.2, we get Solution Ap?! dy. [8x2 — ax? + 3)) ax Ge + 30x) “pa? = 84 6 as) Gera) —_—— ~~ dy 55 > EXAMPLE 3 Find 7! oie (5)|APTER S_ LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 448___CHAPTE sARI NEN Solution From Theorem 5.2.2, dy to th-x dx x “aaeD : Observe that when applying theorem 5.2.2, u(x) must be postive. : is, a number in the domain of the derivative must be in the doman, Of the given function, In w. ILLUSTRATION 4 In Example 1 the domain Of ‘the given function is the set of all real numbers, because 3x? — 6x + 8 > Ofor all x. This can be seen from the fact that the parabola having the equation y= 3x7 Ox + 8 has its vertex at (1,5) and opens upward. Hence (6x ~ 6)/(3x? ~ 6x + 8) is the derivative for all values of x, In Example 2, because (4x? + 3)(2x-1)>0 only when x > 4. the domain of the given function is the interval (3, +2). Therefore it is under- Stood that fraction (15) is the derivative only if x > 4 Because x/(x + 1) >O when either x < —1 or x > 0, the domain of the function in Example 3 is (—, =1) U 0, +2): 50 I/[x(x + 1)]Jis the derivative if either x < —1 or x > 0. < ILLUSTRATION 5 In Example 2, if Theorem 5.2.4 is applied before finding the derivative, we have 9 = nx? + 3) + max — 1) ao The domain of the function defined by this equation is the interval whic +h is the same as the domain of the given function. From (16), qd) YL _ 8x 2 CER rea +2), ‘and combining the fractions gives dy Sx2x ~ 1) + 2G4y? 4 3) ax (4x? = 3)(2x = 1) which is equivalent to the first line of the s\ ILLUSTRATION 6 |, —- ; If we apply Theorem 9 SSG Ro derivative in Example 3, we have. apply Theorem 5.2.5 before finding the ‘lution of Example 2. b = Inx = In(x + 1) an Because In x is defined ont In x is ly when x > 9, s defined only Be al teldonaitcrtie Funetion denis, * Dis dein n defined by (17) is the intervalaa ___ 5.2 THE NaTURALLoGaRTHMIC FUNCTION _449 (0, +2). i ©. hen the domain of the function given in Example 3 consists of the Is (=, =1) and (0, +2), Computing the derivative from (17) we have dy ! watt x x+1 1 oo x(x + 1) but remember here that x must be greater than 0, whereas in the solusion of Example 3 values of x less than —I are also included. < Illustration 6 shows the care that must be taken when applying Theo- rems 5.2.4, 5.2.5, and 5.2.6 to functions involving the natural logarithm DP EXAMPLE 4 = Find f'(x) if — fl) = In@x - 1) Solution From Theorem 5.2.6, fle) = 3 In@x ~ 1) Observe that In(2x — 1) and 3 In(Q2x — 1) both have the same domain: x > 0.5. Applying Theorem 5.2.2 gives f= 20. h(y) = esc(ln y). 21. fla) = In Vian x ‘In Exercises 1 through 4, de the gi t) igh 4, demonstrate ihe given property “ratral logarithms by applying Definition 5.2.1 and fea aaa te NINT capability of your graphics calculator 10 com 22. (0) =n Wat 23, sou) =n ee Mtethe indicated natural logarithms. peal : n68 = ina + In 17 2. In 1000 = 3 In 10 2A, fla) = Inf{Sx — SAK F Min3 = ing17~ Ing 4 In = 2189 28, Ws) = Ta 26. g(s) = In(cos 2x + sin 28) hh, “ 4 ieeries 5 through 30, differentiate the function and mi ; Pchtatieine an. god =n Wary Vine! fx) = > aj enyeee 6 g(x) = nl + 4) a9. Fx) = Ve Fi in + VE +) 4 = NVaF Se 8, f(x) = In(B = 2%), 30. G() = xine + VE) VF xe ug, ete 10, h(x) = In(B ~ 22) aN “ alt) = Ine + 1) 12. Gx) = InVIF 4? In Exercises 31 through 36, find 7. bY implicit 4 . ios YER a 14, hy) = Inn? differentiation ay 16. fix) = xInx ai. Inxy ++ 32. n2 + ay =L 18, g(x) = In cos Vx rei ty+D = Inlsee 2x + tan 2x) 34. nx + y) — Inte y) = 4450 38.0 + Invly + By 36. vIny + Ins 37, Sketch the graph of ¥ EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOUC FUNCTION, CHAPTER 5 LOGARITHMIC, EXPO! In.x by plotting the points ci 3.4.1, 3. and 9, and use aving the abscissas 3.4. i tay yeah of the fve points find the stone of the tangent line and craw a segment of the tangent line. In Exercises 38 through 45, sketch the graph of the equation. Bor=iny 3 y=In=a) 40. y= Ine + 1) 1 My einjx| 4 y=in—— Beye ne Myeat 45. y = Insinx 49. Find an equation of the 50. 51. 52. 46. Do Exercise 56 in Exercises 3.10 by taking the natu- ral logarithm of both sides of the given equation be- fore computing the differential. Do Exercise 55 in Exercises 3.10 by taking the natu- ral logarithm of both sides of the equation of Boyle's law before computing the differential. 48. The length of two coaxial cylinders, shown in the accompanying figure. is L centimeters and the radii of the inner and outer cylinders are a and b centime- ters, respectively, The capacitance between the cylin- ders is C farads where 47, in? a where ¢, is an electrical constant. What is lim C? = ‘angent line to the curve 2 In-ral the point whose abscissa is 2. Find an equation of the n ¥ = Inv that is parallel 4 Find an equation of the ‘ormal line to the curve ‘Othe line x + 2» — 4 in Normal line to th ¥ = x Inc that is perpendicun © eraph of cavation ot PBENiculr tthe ie han pe A particle is moving on a line ac tion of motion 53, Ina television cable, the measure of the signal is proportional to x? In /x), where ot 4 te rato ofthe measure of the radius of the ene te cable tothe measure of the thickness ofthe he winding. Find the value of In x for which the « es the signal is greatest © et og 54, A manufacturer of electric generators bepan op tions on January 1, 1986. During the ne me were no sales because the company concentyayn product development and research. After the yea year the sales increased steadily according w ya, equation y = x In x, where 2s the numberof, during which the company has been operating i is the number of millions of dollars in the sale ny’ ume, (a) Sketch the graph of the equation. Detern the rate at which the sales were increasing on” (b) January 1, 1991, and (e) January 1, 1996, 55. A particular company has determined that shen is weekly advertising expense is x dollars, then if § sy, lars is its total weekly income from sales, 5 = 4000 In.x. (a) Determine the rate of change of sales income with respect to advertising expense when $800 is the weekly advertising budget. (by [ the weekly advertising budget is increased to $95), what is the approximate increase in the total week’y income from sales? ” 56. (a) Plot in the same window the graphs of ex) =Inx hls) = 1 and observe that f(x) < g(x) < h(x). (b) Confirm your observation in part (a) analytically by establishing the inequality 1 Dee x 0 and 1 -Inx-t 0 and x # 1. Hint: Let 1 FU) =-1- Ine and Gtx) te and determine the signs of F'(x) and G'(1) on the it tervals (0, 1) and (1, +22) 57. Use the result of Exercise 56 to Prove that lim Ind + x) - oy 58. Establish the limit of Exercise 57 by using the definition of the derivative to find F() if Fix) = Ind + xy,PARITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION, a 5. AT 0 Hea YIELDING THE Nan 3 ; URAL ANTM FUNETION 451 we that a Pron = Where Cy and ¢, FE Constants, OW in, stshow that > Ih vity sg and use thig ‘= SAO ~ fing bint a that ~2VX < xin < op Me wa < Ty then use the squeeze theorem, ® ; ter, Jt. and A. H. Rube " aa ation by New Inn vical Literature” on pages 1 T1978) of “Technological Forec: fe e” show that if f(A) meas a a substitute technology ofl Ty finj St. Explain how the stein in their article of a fon pentvling a natura gran may be aff vation the Properties of logarithms « 97-221 in volume 11 applied to the function before computing the dria asting and Social ures the market share over f units of time, then Alomain of the derivative i tion, wi ed a formula for the discussion of both topics of this section, we nee For the dis i In| x|). To derive such a os Theorem ee x| and apply the chain rule. Thus Dyin] x|) = Dan) . we substicute orem. fatlowing theo e obrain the fi chain rule We formula and the chain his fo From t ol +a FIGURE 1ERSE TRIGONOMETRIC LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVI > EXAMPLET Find (if poy = Inf #3") From Theorem: 5.3.1 Solution f= aaa F 3x7) = vide + 3) oy xt 4x +3 “ex O 4 The following example illustrates how the properties of logarithmic function, given in Theorems 5.2.4~5.2.6, can sim, ca Natur involved in differentiating complicated expressions involving py © ¥n tients, and powers. Products, uo. > EXAMPLE 2 Find 2 if Wet yet (e+ 2)Va +3 Solution From the given equation, y) = |e (x + DWV 43 [x + 2|| Ve +3] Taking the nat . obtain #! logarithm and applying the Properties of logarithms we I =! bine. eee ae 2| - Sinjx + 3] “ierentiating on both si fede ca? Theorem 5.31 we pe Hh sides implicitly with respect to x and applying iw 4 y de 3 l Mutohingeeteg Og? BRD ‘ultiplying on by oth sides by y we have wx dy SADE + 3) - 6x + De #3) — an + ee? O(x + DG +a + a panes Dig ee Bel 6+ DG + G43)The process tion, developed j illustrated in Ex; \ nN 1097 by Joh From Theorem §.3.1 we ‘ample 2 is called logarithmic differentia- ann Bernoulli (1667-1748), tion, ‘obtain the following one for indefinite inte ey From Theorems §,3,2 and 4.1.8, for n any rational number, ut sat? fine -1 fra nti Inul +C ifn=- EXAMPLE 3 Evaluate — “Solution aif 38 [sae 3] sore =tine +1) + < EXAMPLE 4 Find the exact value of Pat 2 { zoe and support the answer by the NINT capability of a graphics calculator. Solution Because (x? + 2)/(x + 1) the numerator by the denominator and obtain an improper fraction, we divide lee xt 7 Therefore, 2p : 3 tye fete [See [le ere = re smle+ tl] 2-243In3-3in1 =3in3-3-0 Bind Because 3 In 3 = In 3", the answer can be written as In 2e_curmns_1008n ITHMIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTiog, — is IGONOM! EXPONENTIAL: anversé TRI ain a calculator, We obtai on our 8! yx + Ds 0, 2) = 3.295836866 NINT (C4 ¢ with the value of In 27. which agrees . > EXAMPLES Fvaluate { nv yy Jos Solution Let u=ine Therefore fs oe x ; 4 We have delayed obtaining the formulas for the indefinite integrals o the tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions yntil now becaue they involve the natural logarithmic function. A formula for the indefinite integral of the tangent function is derived as follows: Because sin w we let v=cosw dv.= —sinu du and obtain : fn udu = — -lno] + ~Inloos uw] + ¢ = ln (cos w)"'| + 6 = Injsee ul] +c We have proved the following theore: m, Beenoan mc DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRais Yuen u ~ = NG THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION 455 ILLUSTRATION 1 tan3xdx =! 3 | 0 3x8 ax) g = Inlsec 3x] + ¢ < The theorem ving the i Proved in a way since {he indefinite in similar to that of Theo: tegral of the cotangent function is rem 5.3.3, See Exercise 45. To obtain the formula for J sec w du we multiply the numerator and denominator of the integrand by sec u + tan u, and we have Joe edu = f [Link] + tamu) secu + tanw a | (Sect u + sec u tan w) = lu secu + tan u Let b= secu t+tanu — de = (sec utanu + sec* u) du Therefore we have de t = Info| +C = Injsec u + tan ul + C We have proved the following theorem. 5.3.5 Theorem la for the integral of the secant func- a eer yen on the “tick” of multiplying the tion by av enominator by sec u + tan. used to prove Theorem 5.35. name ermal for { esc u du can be derived by multiplying the numerator and aaairel of the integrand by csc u — cot wand proceeding as we did for Theorem 5.3.5. Another procedure is to let and use Theorem 5.3.5 an provide these derivations in the next theorem. d trigonometric identities. You are asked to Exercise 45. The formula obtained is given inJGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUN), ~—NETIONS a5 LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TA! Pero) fox 2x2 dx) In|esc 2x — cot 2x] + C EXAMPLE 6 Find the exact value of { (esc 4x — cot 4x) dx ~ and support the answer by the NINT capability of a graphics cacusix Solution a" i (ese 4x ~ cot 4x) dx 17 7 if (ese 4x — cot 4x)(4 dx) 2 me 1 [lee 4x — cot 4x| — Insin 4x al[(nlesc 3 ~ cor zr] — In|sin |) lator, we obtain SOLAN, 1/8, 1/6) = 0.1732867951 we value of | In 9 whic ich agrees with thITHMIC DIFFERENTIATION AND 11 a Inte J through 8, wse Theorem 5.3.1 10 find ay beer ax pens? +t 2 y = Infx?— 1] te = inicos 31 4, y = Insee 2x| eye alton as + | SFT oot 3x — e80 3X crete nye i|eea +1) dy sepunies 9 thro 14 itd by logarithmic ferentiation gy =e — De + v1 eye Gx Oe + Gx 5) wee GaP xr +2) oe By= a3 y= sue vi-= iy Gry Evercises 15 through 32, evaluate the indefinite integral : «| n 1, sin tay cost a flewse+ese5n dr 22. | STP ax sin 3x J J + dy 20. J ax — Inx) | _2inx+1_ 4. s Hing + ind” ao, [ 3x8 = 20? + 5x? = 2 a dx x tan(In 1. ‘000 a [ea vr ING THE NATURAL LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION. __ 457 Im Exercises 43 hrogh 44, ithe exact vale of the efnite integral and support your answer by the NINT capability of your graphics calculator: ae - x [ ods oe Faia M | ae wet “| " aie am + $3, I +1 cost T+ 2sint 2 » = Vil + V9 7 [ 2 1 f° 4. i) (tan 2x + sec 2x) de 16 a. J (cot 3x + esc 3x) dx sia Ps i dx |, Fine x 45, (a) Prove Theorem 5.3.4. (b) Prove Theorem 5.3.6 by multiplying the numerator and denominator of the integrand by ese u — cot u (€) Prove Theorem 5.3.6 by letting Ses udu = J see(u ~ $7) du and using Theorem 5.3.5 and trigonometric identities. 46. Prove that J esc w du = —Injosc u + cot ul + Cin two ways: (a) Use Theorem 5.3.6; (b) multiply the au- erator and denominator of the integrand by csc u + coll In Exercises 47 through 55, give the exact value of the number to be found, and then obtair an*approxi- ination of this number fo five decimal places on your calculator. 47. IE fla) = 1s find the’ average value of fon the interval (1, 5] 48, Iff(a) = (x + 2)/(x — 3), find the average value of ‘fon the interval (4, 6). 49, Use Boyle's law for the expansion of a gas (See Exer- cise 8 in Exercises 2.6) to find the average pressure swith respect to the Volume as the volume increases from 4 ft to 8 ft° and the pressure is 2000 Ist? when the volume is 4 £0 150, Find the area of the region bounded by the curve x/(x2 + 4), the x axis, the y axis, and the line xedEXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERR; 5 LOGARITHMIC, L | TRIGONOMET Ic 458 CHAPTER OLIC Fy bounded by the curve where His the constant permeability SI. Find the area of the region tt er = 4 and and / is the constant elect “n 7 y= 2/(v ~ 3). the x ax ee ele current. Short he ae b= In ) $2, Find he volume of the sod of revolution generated 7 + chen the region bounded by the curve y = 1 = 3/x, os the x axis. and the Fine 1 = 1 is revolved about the x $5, Prove that im — Oy 6 meng w et £3, Fad the volume of he slid of revelution generated x= “and use the result of Bsr 59 in, © when the region bounded by the « axis, the curve ; ny ig y= 1+ 2/\[Link] the lines x = Land x = 4 is 5.2. (b) First prove that ue Laity revolved about the x axis. we it $4, An electrical transmission line, consisting of two par- ‘applying Theorem 4.6.1. Then us the squeee = allel conducting wires each of radius @ units, carries 56. Explain the difference between Theorem $0 current in opposite directions. If L is the measure of Theorem 53.1 and why we obained TM the flux linkage per unit of length of the transmission before Theorem 5.3.2. I line and d units is the distance between the two wires, where d > 2a, then cf Because the natural logarithmic function is increasing on its enti then by the inverse function theorem (5.1.5), an increasing function. The inverse of Junction, denoted by exp, which we now formally define. re domo, it has an inverse that is aly In is called the natural exponential tie I function is the inverse of the natural s, therefore, efined by tion 1 Rotation exp(s) denotes “the value of the natural exponential fire x The domain of exp j . et ‘P is the set $a isthes of all positive numbey Spal real numbers and the range ‘a nd ee TS because these sets are, respectively, the rane! Because In g arti a rem 5.1.4; and €XP are inverses of each other, we have from Th Infexp (x)) in . and exp(In x) = c - itaional muck, ray to define a", where a is a positive number and : io 1. To arrive at a reasonable definition, consistent Wi “Tational exponent, we Consider the case a’, where ¢ 7 7 P and In are inverses of each other » = explin(ar)] a—__5.4 THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 459 Substituting from (3) in (2), we have a’ = exp(r na) Because the right si € the right side of this equation has meaning not only when ris rational but also when r is ber, we use also when r is any rea 7 ee real number, canal Sen cece een If @ is-any positive number and [Link] any teal number, a a = exp(ving) s Furthermore, if x > 0, then O* = In Equation (3) r was restricted to rational numbers, but now, because of this definition, the equation is also valid if ris any real number. We state this fact as a theorem. Proof From Definition 5.4.2 exp(x In a) Thus from Definition 5.4.1, Ina =xIna Even though Definition 5.4.2 tells us what a* means when x is inra~ tional, the definition does not give us a method of computing an irrational power ofa positive number. To obtain a computational procedure we single put the value of the natural exponential function at 1, and give it a formal definition. This number is one of the most important in mathematics. Broa B ‘The number ¢ is the value of the natural exponential func e=expl ‘The letter ¢ was chosen as the symbol for this number by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler (1707-1783). Coincidentally, ¢ is the first letter not ‘only of the word “exponent” but also of Euler's last name. The number ¢ is a transcendental number; that is, it cannot be ex- pressed as the root of any polynomial with integer coeficients. The num- ber aris another example of a transcendental number. The proof that ¢ is transcendental was first given in 1873 by Charles Hermite, and its value can460 CHAPTER 5_LOGARITHMI 1c, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC UNCTION, ¢, EXPONENT ~ ~STIONS, be expressed to any requited degree of accuracy. In Chapter & yoy method for doing this. The value of ¢ 10 seven decimal places, > 7a ' Thus al ¢ = 2.7182818 ‘The importance of the number € will become apparent as yoy 5, through this chapter Pee Ine=1 Proof By Definition 5.4.4 e= exp! Therefore In e = In(exp 1) Because the natural logarithmic function and the natural exponenti tion are inverses, it follows that the right side of this equation is |. T: Ine=1 Observe that Theorem 5.4.5 corresponds to property (6) tion 5.2. The number ¢ is, therefore, the base of natural logarithms. now completed showing that the function In satisfies properties (2 logarithms given in Section 5.2. era Proof By Definition 5.4.2, with a Pa exp(x In e) But by Theorem 5.4.5, Ine = la ituting i pation 8S Baa ind substituting in the above & e* = exp(x) ' From now on we write e* in place of exp(x); so from Defiition $* (= y if'and only if x = Iny ° With e* in place of exp(.), (1) becomes Ine®Sx and eh 5 y Ifwe replace exp(x In a) by e'sa 5:4 THENATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 461 This equation nine hes 3 be used to compute a’, where a 0, if is any real NES Of powers of ¢ 1ge the | 07 key on your calculator, Of course, many eale ways in hy cAlculators compute «directly, We do the computation both Ys in the following example > Exam : PLE T Compute on a calculator the value of 2°" to five Significant digits by first 4 oe ; computing the _— Hera equation (5). Support the answer by Solution Because a" em ita so 23 = Vin? = @ll.23205)0 693147) = e'20087 3.3220 Computing 2” directly, we obtain 2% = 3.3220, which supports our an- swer, < fl Because 0 = In 1, we have from statement (4) = ‘We now state some properties of the natural exponential: function as theorems. Observe that these properties are consistent with the properties of exponents you learned in algebra. If @ and b are any real numbers, z ath Xi Ne et eb = Proof Let A = e” and B = e°, Then from statement (4), InA=a and InB=b (6) From Theorem 5.2.4, In AB = InA + InB Substituting from (6) into this equation we obtain InAB=a+b Thus inde = eat Because e!* = x the left side of the above equation is AB; so AB = e**” Replacing A and B by their values we get atevensE RIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOUC Funeng, FF s 462__ CHAPTER 5 _ 5.4.8 Theorem Ifa and b are any real numbers, eae e salogous © the proof of Theorem 5.4.7, y, here + d by Theorem 5.2.5, © Thy ‘The proof is an rem 5.2.4 is replace’ 5.4.9 Theorem jfa and b are any real numbers, then (e*)) = e** ge Proof If in the equation x = e""* ave let x be (e")’, we have Ci « Applying Theorem 5.4.3 to the exponent in the right side ofthis equation y obtain ey But Ine (c*)' = es . : ne bine é a, and therefore Because the natural exponential function is the inverse of the natural logarithmic function, from Theorem 5.1.7 it is differentiable, We obtain te theorem for the derivative of the natural exponential function by implicit differentiation. Let yoe Then from statement (4), x=Iny On both sides of this equati . an ae oiateet quation we differentiate implicitly with resP dx Replacing y by e* we obtain——_ 5.4_THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION _463 Observe t . kisa cee eee of the function defined'by f(x) = ke*, where tered that has hie peregrt® only other function we have previously encoun- special case. of reed, the constant function zero; actualy this i the x) = ke" when k = 0. It can be proved that the most general function that i general fun at is its own derivative is given by f(x) = ke". See > EXAMPLE 2 Find dy/dx if y ses Solution From Theorem 5.4.10 & ~ .(-2) 3 2? a < DP EXAMPLE 3 Find dy/dx if 2e+Inx yre Because e2**!"* = e%e'™* and e'* = x, then y = xe* Therefore dy = « dx 2x 4+ 2xe* The indefinite integration formula given in the following theorem is a consequence of Theorem 5.4.10. Pea Ruka feanere ot [ae Solution Let dx 1 Ba eg,464 CHAPTER 5_ LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, FIGURE 1 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION, Therefore [oa a2 fea Va = 20" + C = tC 1 : : ify = Iny, the graph of y = se from (4) ¢" = y if and only i es identical icone of x = In. So we can obtain the graph of y <, shown in Figure 1, by interchanging the «and y axes in Figure 5 5< vn ie etaph ofy = e* can be obtained without referring tothe raph of the natural logarithmic function. Because the range of the natural expones, tial function is the set ofall positive numbers, it follows that e* > 0 fo values of x. Therefore the graph lies entirely above the x axis, Becan, e'>0 for all x, the function is increasing for all x. Because ax = e* > 0 forall x, the graph is concave upward at all points ‘We have the following two limits: lim e* = + and lim e*=0 The proofs of these limits are left as exercises. See Exercises 65 and 66 To plot some specific points use a calculator for powers of e Functions having values of the form Ce**, where C and k are constants, occur frequently in various fields. Some of these applications occur in the exercises of this section and others are discussed in Section 5.6. Because x", where x > 0, has been defined for any real number n. we fan now prove the theorem for the derivative of the power function if the exponent is any real number. Eee Proof From Definition 5.4.2, Sx) Thus FQ) = e"™D in tnx) “Qo atSh THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 465 P EXAMPLE 5 ic) ———o Six) = ys? 20 (a) Prove analytic iat ahalticaly that fis an increasing function. (b) Determine ana- sane f. pan of the graph of f. (¢) Plot in separate windows the of, and ("a at these ers Darts (a) and nt a Show that these graphs support the results of Solution (a) From Theorem 5.4.12, if x > 0 FIGURE 2 f) = Vi ‘ Because f(x) (b) We compute ) > 0 for all x > 0, fis an increasing function. S"(x) by again applying Theorem 5.4.12. FX) = VUVI = 1x? Because f"(x) > 0 for all x > 0, the graph of fis concave upward at all points. Figures 2, 3, and 4 show the graphs of f, f’, and f” plotted in conve- nient windows. From Figure 3, we observe that f’(x) > 0 for all x > 0, which supports the results of part (a). Figure 4 supports the result of part (b) because f”(x) > 0. Figure 2 supports both parts (a) and © (by EH. (b). < Foye V2 27 We have defined the number e as the value of the natural exponential ees function at 1; that is, ¢ = exp 1. To arrive at another way of defining e, consider the natural logarithmic function f(x) =Inx We know that the derivative of f is given by f"(x) = I/x; hence f'(I) = 1. However, let us apply the definition of the derivative to find (1). We have f(l + Ax) - fF) im fl + Ax) ~ f(t) £0) = kim, iG ee a ax S}by (1.5) i vas = Jim 5 In + Ay FIGURE 4 Therefore Jim 2 tn(i + Ax) = 1 a Ax Replacing Ax by h we have from the above equation and Theorem 5.4.3 lim In(1 + A)!" = 1 ” ne Now, because the natural exponential function and the natural logarith- mic function are inverse functions, we have lim(1 + 4)!" = lim expfIn(1 + A)'“] (8) ra466 rate 1 > [ame wears vos | dosuy wonor |S n8t rab 2 a lem=qeme os | Sages oo | 358m an | Fh oan | Spi ;RIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCH, CHAPTER 5 LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TI NeHONS Hecase the natural exponential function is continuous and tim ngy yn exists and equals bas shown in Equation (7), We can apply Theorem a o the right side of (8) and get exp] lim In( + | lima thy tim exp | Henee lim (+ = 6 a Equation (9) is sometimes given as the definition of e; however, to use this as a definition it is necessary to prove that the limit exists, Let us consider the function F defined by Fa) = (1 + A) (0) and determine the function values for some values of h close to Zer0. These values are obtained from a calculator. When h is positive, the values appear in Table 1, and when / is negative they appear in Table 2. The two tables lead us to suspect that lim (1 + A)" is Probably a number that lies between 2.7181 and 2.7184 In Exercise 55 you are asked to show that lim (: = ty ead onl (10) and from the graph approximate the value of e. in Section 2.8 you learned that simple harmonic motion continues indefinitely, repeating a cycle every interval of Iength a period. For instance, in Example 7 of that section a weight suspended by a spring moves verti. cally upward and downward, and one complete oscillation occurs every interval of 6 sec. In practice, however, friction would cause the amplitude Of the motion to decrease until the Weight finally came to rest. This is the of, of damped harmonic motion, which can be described by the product of a sine function and a nonconstant function called a damping factor, which causes the decrease in ‘amplitude, Damped harmonic motion plays & Prominent part in the design of buildings, bridges, and vehicles, For in- Putte: shock absorbers are used to damp the oscillations when an automo- Pie encounters a bump in the road : oe ee imping factor is an ¢xponential function whose values fa ample ihn Pensent variable increases without bound. The erowing example illustrates the effect of thisSolution Thus FIGURE (a) Because jsin 4] (fO| sem es fi) sem That is, Fi) < (b) Figure’S shows te sea (a) Show that F() < in the (0, by fo = G(1); (b) plot the graphs =1, 1] window; (¢) prove that S Vande” > 0 for all t, for all for all ¢ (uy ‘equired graphs. Observe that the graph of f is between the graphs of F and G, (©) Because lim (—e"*) = 0 and lime-“* 0; we conclude from (11) and the squeeze theorem that lim (e~" sin 4t) = 0. < IeEuerises I through 4 compute on a calculator the vine ofa forthe given values of @ and x by first apply- it Equation (5). Support your answer by computing the wake directly. 1.@)a=2,x= V2 (b) a= V2,x= L@a=Vix=V2 0b) a=S,x=7 A@) a=ex=e () a= V3,x= 0 AGa=ax=e QW) a=mx=7 InExercises 5 through 20, find 2 and support your answer by plotting the graphs of your answer and the tunerical derivative in the same window. 6&y=e™ Lyset 9, y = es 10. y =e Wynesines y= 13, y = tan e“# x ot a eaele Wy =e 18.9 = S55 Koa pee esl Thy = ySgtios 18. y = Ine" +) Wy = sec g2 4 eteex 29, y = tan e™ + ‘n Exercises 21 through 24, ina by implicit ix Aifferentiation, de +er= ery Byler ay a1 22, e? = In(x? + 3y) Dye + x7 = 1 In Exercises 25 through 32, evaluate the indefinite inte- gral and support your answer graphically. 28, [eras x. {eas 2. ft te ax é 4 oe J Ty” = aL J sae In Exercises 33 through 40, evaluate the definite integral. Support your answer by using the NINT capabiliry of your graphics calculator. aa [eae 0 aft dx | xn 39. [ xe dx a 41. Plot the graphs of y = In x and y window. For what values of x is (a) In x = 0, (b) e* 1,@ nx= 12 (d) Is e* ever equal to 0? Describe the behavior of the graph of y = e* with re- spect t0 the x axis. 42. Sketch the graphs of the following equations: (b) y= ell 2. f vor468 _ CHAPTER S LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL: | va of the de- In Exercises 43 and 44, find the exact area of th scribed region. = othe coordi- 43, The region bounded by the curve y = 6°, the nate axes, and the line x = 2 and the Tine 44. The region bounded by the curve y = and the Til through the points (0. 1) and (1. ©) 45. Find an equation of the tangent fine to the curve y = e°' that is perpendicular to the line 2x — ¥ = > 446, Find an equation of the normal line to the curve y =e" at the point where x = In 2. 47. A particle is moving along é line and at t seconds the velocity ist feet per second, where ¢ Find the distance taveled bythe particle while ¢ > © after 1 = 0. 48. A particle is moving alorg « line, where s feet is the directed distance of the particle from the origin, t feet per second is the velocity of the particle, and a feet per second squared is the acceleration of the particle at r seconds. If a = e' + e‘ando = 1 and. = 2 when 1 = 0, find v and s in terms of t. 49. 1f p pounds per square foot is the atmospheric pres sure at @ height of i feet above sea level, then p= 2116¢~°%®°"54, Find the time rate of change of the atmospheric pressure outside an airplane that is ‘5000 fit high and rising at the rate of 160 ft/sec. 50. Ata certain height the gauge on an airplane indicates that the atmospheric pressure is 1500 Ib/ft?. Applying the formula of Exercise 49, approximate by differen- tials how much higher the airplane must rise so that the pressure will be 1480 Ib/ft?. 51, If I feet is the Jength of an icon rod when ¢ degrees is, its temperature, then / = 60e°""', Use differentials to find the approximate increase in ! when 1 increases from 0 to 10. 52. A simple electric circuit containing no condensers, a resistance ofR ohms, and an inductance of L hentys has the electromotive force cut off when the current is J, amperes. The current des down so that at 1 sec- conds the current is i amperes, and i = yet Show that the rate of cha i Stow tha the ate of change ofthe currents propor. 53. An advertising agency determined statist if a breakfast food manufacturer increases ts en television commercials by x thousand dollars there will be an increase in the total profit of 2542.0" hundred dollars. What should be the advertisi fet increase in order forthe manufacturer te he oe {greatest profit? What will be the correspondin crease in the company's profit? onaing in- 54, Let f(x) = x7, x > 0. (a) Prove a an increasing function. (b) Deter inalytically that f is mine analytically the INVERSE TRIGONO METRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC Fy concavity of the graph of f. (€) Plot in flows the graphs of ff". and f", and those graphs SUPpOTL YOUF results of party SParate i iy andy, ai. 55, (a) By letting = 7 in Equation (9) shy 1 tim (1 +4) =e and tary (hy Use a calculator to compute the values og 1 (1 +2) when: = 10.000 and: = ny, ; j Then obtain an approximation ofthe nun, by using these values to find the average vag. (1.0001)'°% and (0.9999)-"9%, . (c) Support the limits in part (a) by plotting i ie same window the line y = e and the graph fy function defined by 1\ fx) ( 1+ 3 Observe that the line is a horizontal asympice the graph, 56. Plot the graph of the function defined by f(x) = (1 + x in the [—0.5, 0.5] by [2, 3] window. Of course, tie graph has a hole on the y axis because j(0) is undefined. However, lim fla) = e Approximate the value of e to five significant dss by using this graph and the intersect or trace aad zoom-in capabilities of your graphics calculator. In Exercises 57 and 58, the function f is a mathemati= model describing damped harmonic motion. In each 2 cise do the following: (a) Show that F(t) = fi) =. (6) Plot the graphs of the three functions inte (0.72 (71,1) window: (c) Prove that lim f(t) = 0 57. fi) = * cos 41; F(t) = —e~"; Git) 88. f10) =e" sin 345 FQ) = =e" GW) 59. Prove that the most general function equal °° | derivative is given by f(x) = ke®. Hint Let) ~ 4 ‘nd Solve the differential equation 5 > 60. Prove thatOTHER EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS _ 469 Se 1561 and 62, do the following analytically: ja) ise P semurive extrema of f(D) determine the values np % Sree ct tig the relive extrema Occur: (©) determine the lim e° = 4x seas ‘on which f is increasing: (d) determine the inter- . rch fs decreasing) determine where the bby showing that for any N > O there exists an M > 0 sh i concave upward: (f) determine where the such that if x > M. then e* > W. nt of fis concave downward; (g) find the slope of any 6 Prove that sr inal tangent. Use the information in parts (a) to Mkt the graph off. In Exercise 62 use the result fim er =0 UW enise 6010 sketch the grap. Support your answers b “aphies calculator by showing that for any € > 0 there exists an N <0 on your graphic an stich that ifx 0, qe=etne w The expression on the lefi side of this equation is called the exponential ‘function to the base a. nous Ricard i is any positive number and x is any real number; then the | fomeen dees eee : Rees eo ‘exponential funetion to the base a, exponential function to the base a satisfies the same properties & The { the natural exponential function > ILLUSTRATION T= IT and y are any real numbers and a is positive, then from (1). / ata’ = emer’ erinaryine = ertning x+y < a470 CHAPTER 5 LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENT! AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTION, IAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, ave the propert From Iystration Ewe have the property we a’ We also have the following properties arara yea" (aby = ab" rive proofs ofthese properties are left as exercises (see Exercises 37 through 40) ential function to the ba To find the derivative of the exponential function to the base @ we se and apply the chain rule. oe ™D (x Ina) wna) =a'ina Therefore we have the following theorem. If-a is any positive number and 1 is a differentiable function of x D(a") = a" Ina Deu D EXAMPLE 1 Find f’(x) if fa Solution From Theorem 5.5.2 f(x) = 3"(In 3)(2x) = 2(In 3)x3° 4 We now discuss the graph of fix) = We compute the first and second derivatives of f. a a> LO) =a'tna fF") = ana? Remember that Ina > Oita > Land Ina < 0 if 0 0 and fis an increasing function, and when 0 0 for all x andall @ > 0, the graph of fis concave upward everywhere. With this informatio? o< “sketch the graph in Figure | when a> 1 and in Figure 2 whet The next theorem, giving the indefinite integration formula for th exponential function to the base a, follows from Theorem 5.5.2471 > ExampLE > > EXAMPLE 2 Evaluate I VIO¥ dx Solution Bec: Vio™ a a Saf fee ee 10 = 10", we apply Theorem 5.5.3 with J V10" dx = | 10” ax _ 2Vv10" 3 In 10 +¢ < D> EXAMPLE 3 = (a) Sketch the graphs of y = 2" and y = 2-* onthe same set of axes. (b) Find the exact area of the region bounded by these two graphs and the line x = 2, (€) Support the answer in part (b) by computing the definite integral by the NINT capability of a graphics calculator. Solution (a) The required graphs appear in Figure 3. The region is shaded in the figure. (b) If A square units is the desired area, A= lim > [2 = 2] Ax wst-o 1 [ 2-2 dx FIGURE 3 0 (6) On our graphics caleulator we compute NINT(2’ — 2°', 0.2) = 3.2461 “This result supports our answer in part (b) because to five signi digits 9/(4 In 2) = 3.2461.A72___ CHAPTERS LOGARITHMIC, E) JRIGONOMETR! 472 CHAPTER 5 LOGARITHMIC, EXPON D HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS i 5 We can now define the logarithmic function ta the base a, denoted by Jog,, where @ is any positive number other than | Eee If ais any positive number except 1, the logarithmic function to the Ta ‘s the inverse of the Exponential function tthe base a; that is y = log,x ifand only if a’ =x : ® This definition is the same as the one given in algebra; however, (2) hag ‘meaning for y any real number because a” has been defined for real numbey exponents. If a = e, we have the logarithmic function to the base e, which is the natural logarithmic function. a We read lop. + as “the logarithm of x to the base a.” Because the graph of a function and its inverse are reflections of each other with respect to the line y = x, we obtain the graph of y = log, x from the graph of y = a*, Figure 4 shows the two graphs if a >"1, and Figure 5 shows them if 0 0, it follows fre @18 continuous at all x > 0. og.x] key. Thus (3) is a convenient of log, x on a calculator. d as the definition of the logarithmic natural logarithmic function is continu ‘om (3) that the logarithmic function to the base—_5.5_ OTHER EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS _473 Win (3). = ¢, we have log, e = WE Ing __We now find the derivative of the logarithmic function to the base a by differentiating both sides of (3) with respect to x. Didog, 3) = + Dns _ D,(log, x) = © Cen) as Substituting from (4) into this equation we get log. ¢ x D, (log, x) = By applying the chain rule to this formula and (5) we have the following theorem. Beco If in this theorem a = e, we have Dall, x) = "E£D,u uw le 2 Djinw) = Diu which is Theorem 5.2.2 for the derivative of the natural logarithmic func- tion. Se D> EXAMPLE 4 Find? if xt] y = logo ayy Solution Using a property of logarithms, we write y = logs + 1) — logyo(x? + 1)erie ae onal |g LOGARITHMIC, EX PONENTIAL INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOUC FUNCTION From Theorem 8.5.5 dy Wwe Wwe yy vel davoxtl loin ¢| +r ort logy etl = 28 =) wt dwt) To evaluate integrals involving logarithms fo the base a. we firs apy formula (2) to change to natural logarithms. < D EXAMPLE 5 Evaluate f tose if | vino | Solution We evaluate the integral on the right as in Example 5, Sec- and we get 1 «in 10" _ (nay? “ain * © ; Theorem 5.4.12 enables us to differentiate a variable to a constant power. In this section you learned how to find the derivative of a constant to a variable power. We now consider the derivative of a function whose value is a variable to a variable power. ee a D EXAMPLE 6 ify = x°, where x > 0, find Solution From Definition 5.4.2, if x > 0,.x* = e*!**, Therefore y = etm x oo ae Dix In x) xe=+Inx (+ Ina) 4 hy putt derivative of a variable to variable power can also be computed 'y logarithmic differentiation as shown in the next example. mma EXAMPLE 7 in Exa ithmic differentiation, ind the derivative in Example 6 by logaril Solution We are given y= xEt JL S}by 1.3) FIGURE 6 FL ssby E13) 3) = NDER (3.2) FIGURE 7 (+1, 5} by [-1, 3) = NDER (3.1) FIGURE 8 EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS _475 AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS __475 We take the na ' tural logarithm on both sides of the equation and obtain Iny =Ing Iny = xing Differentiati . " ‘ing on both sides of the above equation with respect to x gives y 1 Sexes t Fe Inx dy ax 7 + In) 1 a(1 + Inx) < EXAMPLE 8 Given fla) = x8 x0 ae the graphs of f, NDER(x*, x), and NDER2(x", x) in convenient win- ws. From the graphs, estimate any relative extrema of f, the values of = where the relative extrema occur, where fis increasing, where fis decreas- ing, where the graph of fis concave upward and where it is concave down- ward, and any points of inflection. Confirm the estimations analytically. Solution On our graphics calculator, we let y= xt y= NDERQL®) = NDER(y>, ») By plotting the graphs of yi, Yo. and ys in the [—1, 5] by [-1, 3] window, we obtain Figures 6, 7, and 8, which resemble the graphs of ff", and ifs respectively. From Figure 7 with the root or trace and zoom-in capabilities of our graphics calculator, we estimate that the graph of f” intersects the x axis at the point where x = 0.368. Because f(x) <0 when 0 < x < 0,368, and f"(x) > 0 when x > 0:368, we estimate that fis de- creasing when 0 < x < 0.368 and increasing when x > 0.368; further- more, fhas a relative minimum value at 0.368. From Figure 8,f"(x) > Ofor all x = 0. The graph of f is, therefore, concave upward at all points. ‘We maw eonfirm these results analytically. From Example 6 fi) =" + In x) Thus f(x) = Dill + In x) + D{I + Ina) 1 =f + in x] + nx) + «() xa(1 + In apt! Setting f'(x) = 0. We obtairXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 475 Fo three signiticant digits. ¢ ' = 0.368. The expression FoF") i nega when 0 <= ¢ “and positive when «> ¢ ‘sand the expression fan is positive for all x > 0. These facts confirm our estimations found graph ally. The graph of fin Figure 6 also agrees with our results a eon he derivative of the func In Exercises 37 through 40, prove the property if 4 ate ; rough 20 find the derivat are any positive numbers and x and y are real muna? 2s) =o" Sat ea’ =a 38. (a'y = a 4 gts) = 10° 39. (aby = atb* 40. 0° =1 6. fla) = 2% In Exercises 41 through 44, prove the property if ais any a 8 fl) positive number except 1. and x and y are any positive 7 5 numbers. = Met 10. flO = losi0 5 AL. log,(xy) = log, x + log, y a ei 12. g(w) = tan 2 42, logy * y) = log, x ~ log, y 3 fi) = se3 14. fl) = 2x > 0 43. log, 1 = 0 44, log, x = y log, x f >0 16. fla) >0 45. A company has learned that when it initiates a new 1S. fin = Ex sales campaign, the number of sales per day 1a r>0 RSs) increases. However, the number of extra daily sales 19, hix) = (sin a7 sin x > 0 per day decreases as the impact of the campaign 2, eit) = (eos t/:c08 1 > 0 ‘wears off. For a specific campaign the company has In Exercises 21 through 30, evaluate the indefinite determined that if there are S(t) extra daily sales as a smiegral result of the campaign and ¢ days have elapsed since os the campaign ended, then S(t) = 1000(3~*). Find a { oa = | am dx the rate at which the extra daily sales are decreasing when (a) = 4 and (b) 1 = 10. B if aed: wu. [sree + Idx 46. A company estimates that in r years the numberof its o employees will be N(#), where N(t) = 1000(0.8)'* cm (a) How many employees does the company expect ! Ce 26. J (In z + 1) dz to have in 4 years? (D) At what rate is the number of a employees expected to be changing in 4 years? 28, J dx 47. A patticle is moving along a line according to the ° equation of motion s = A+ 2“ + B- 2°", where A. so, foes? B, and k are constants and s feet is the directed dis- . | ES ax tance of the particle from the origin at r secoaids. Show that if feet per second squared is the accelet- 34, compute the value of the log- ation at 1 seconds, then a is proportional to s. Why is sn Exercises 31 through ‘arth on your caleutan ve tor to five significant digits the motion not simple harmonic? a ) dogs e (b) log; 7 48. A particle moves along a line according to the equa- * (8) oe 10 (b) Jog, 361 tion of motion » = r'¥, where s feet is the directed 33. (a) tog: 10 (by logi,e distance of the particle from the origin at ¢ seconds. Bg? ty tag Find the velocity and acceleration at 2 sec. 49, An historically important abstract painting was pur chased in 1934 for $200, and its value has doubled every 10 years since its purchase. If y dollars is the value of the painting ¢ years after its purchase, | (a) define y in terms of r. (b) What was the valve o! 36. tops, 1.015 the painting in 1994? (c) Find the rate at which the Value of the painting was increasing in 1994.5:6 APPLICATIONS OF THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION _477 in Exercises 50 through 52, sketch the graph of the equation. 50. (a) y= (b) y = logs x SL @y=2 —— @) y= logs 52. @) y= 37%) y= hogy in Exercises 53 through 56, support your answer by com. puting the definite integral by the NINT capability of your graphics calculator. ‘ 3. Find the exact area of the region bounded by the graph of y = SY and the lines x = 1 and y = 1 434, Find the exact area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = e* and y = 2" and the line x = 2. 55, Find the exact volume of the solid generated by revolving the region of Exercise 53 about the x axis 436. Find the exact volume of the solid generated by revolving the region of Exercise 54 about the x axis. 57. Find to five significant digits the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = logi x and y = In x and the line x = 3. 58. Find to five significant digits the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region of Exercise 57 about the x axis sn Exercises 59 and 60, do the following: (a) Plot the sraphs of f, NDER( f(x), x), and NDER 2(f(x), x) in con- venient windows. From the graphs, estimate (b) any rela~ tive extrema of f,(c) where f is increasing, (d) where f is decreasing, (e) where the graph of fis concave upward ‘and where it is concave downward, and (f) any points of inflection. (g) Confirm your estimations analytically. 59, fix) = xi 60. f(x) = x 61. In Section 5.4, the functions in Example 6 and Exer- ‘cises 57 and 58 were mathematical models describing damped harmonic motion where the amplitude decreases to zero as time increases. If the amplitude increases without bound as time increases, we have unbounded harmonic motion and resonance occurs. ‘The function defined by (0) = 2! cos 41 is a mathematical model describing resonance. (a) Let Fiy=-2 GW) = 2! 120 62, a 64. 65. 67. and plot the graphs of f, F, and G in the [0, m] by \ 10, 10] window. (b) From your graphs in part (a) ‘observe that FOS fin s GO Confirm this continued inequality analytically (©) Desribe the behavior of f(t) as r increases without bound, Do Bxercise 61 if f(r) = 3” sin 81, Fl) = ~ Gt) = 3. In part a) plot the graphs in the (0, 2m] by [=10, 10] window. Given f(x) = }(a" + a”), Prove that fb+ d+ flb- od =2f) FO By knowing the values of logio 2 and logio 3. explain why you can compute, without a calculator, logo 4, log 5, log, 6, loge 8, and logyo 9, but not logo 7- The only solution to the equation logio x = In-x is x = 1. Explain why this isa solution and why there are no others. Describe the common characteristics of the graphs of y = logie x and 5 = In.x. Also deseribe how they ‘iffer. Given f(x) = log, 5. (a) Plot the graph of fin a con- venient window. Hint: First apply Equation (3) of this section. Describe the graph and in your deserip- tion include: (i) where f appears to be increasing, ‘where f appears to be decreasing, and any possible relative extrema of f; (il) where the graph appears to be concave upward, where the graph appears to be concave downward, and any possible points of inflection of the graph. (b) Plot the graph of f” in a convenient window. From this graph determine where ‘fis increasing, where fis decreasing, and any relative ‘extrema of f. Are these conclusions consistent with those in part (a)? (¢) Plot the graph of f” in a conve~ nient window. From this graph determine where the ‘graph of f is concave upward, where the graph of fis concave downward, and any points of inflection of the graph of f. Are these conclusions consistent with those in part (a)? (d) Confirm your conclusions analytically. — 5.6 APPLICA IONS OF THE NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION Mathematical mo taining powers of psychology, sociok e 0c dels involving differential equations having solutions con- ‘cur in many fields such as chemistry, physics, biology, logy, business, and economicsEXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIG discussing models involving [Link] decay that arise vn te rte of change of the amount of a quantity with respect time ‘tional to the amount of the quantity present at a given instant. Foe erent, the rate of growth of the population of a community may he propartionl tothe actual population at any given instant. In biology, unr eer ciccumstances, the rate of growth of a culture of bacteria is propor. tional to the amount of bacteria present at any specific time. In a chemical reaction, the rate of the reaction is often proportional to the quantity ofthe fubstance present; for instance, chemists know from experiments that the fate of decay of radium is proportional to the amount of radium present at 4 given moment. An application in business occurs when interest is com. We begin by pounded continuously. ; Tn such cases, if the time is represented by ¢ units, and if y units represents the amount of the quantity present at any time, then dy _ a where kis a constant and y > 0 for all = 0. If y increases as r increases, then k > 0, and we have the law of natural growth. If y decreases as ¢ increases, then k <0, and we have the law of natural decay. If by definition y is a positive integer (for instance, if y is the population ofa certain community), we assume that y can be any positive real number in order for y to be a continuous function of f. Suppose that we have a mathematical model involving the law of natu- ral growth or decay and the initial condition that y = yg when t= 0. The differential equation is He at ky ky Separating the variables we obtain dy = kdt y Integrating we have d) [e-afa Inly| =k +e ly| = etree Letting e* = C we have | , ; y| = Ce", and because y is positive we can omit ‘he absolute-value bars, thereby giving cn = ef ght y= Ce" B = ‘ecause y = yy when ¢ = 0, we obtain C = yy. Thus Y= ye" ‘We have proved the following theorem.86 ag 5:8 APPLICATIONS OF THE NATURAL Suppose that y i yis a contr ; £20, Fur comtinuous function oft with y > 0 for al dy od ‘Where k isa constant and y ‘y i Jo When = 0. Then Wo y= yor Let us consi cee ae statement of this theorem with function notation. (0) = Band B > 0((thatis, yp = B) the theorem states that if at FO=HO 120 o ] then S(t) = Be" 20 @ If k > 0, then (1) is the law of natural growth and (2) defines a function that has exponential growth. With k > 0, FIGURE 1 lim f() = B tim e# = +2 ‘Thus f() increases without bound as tinereases without bound. The graph of (2) when k > 0 appears in Figure 1. If k <0, then (1) is the law of natural decay and ( that has exponential decay. From (2) with k < 0. f() = B lim e 2) defines a function =0 and f(t) is approaching 0 through positive values Figure 2 shows the graph of (2) when k <0. the rate of growth of bi 1000 bacteria are present and EXAMPLE 1 Inacertaina ture tl it. Initis Fl proportional to the amount presen nome remount doubles ia 12 min. (a) If y bark present at ¢ minutes, express y as a function of f ®) ‘On a graphics calculator, estimate t the enrest minute how Yong it will ‘ake until 10,000 bacteria are present. (6) Confirm the estimate in Part (b) analytically ji ‘Tab! boundary conditi r solytat ri pe mates i the tine 10,000 bacteria ar (a) The differential equation is Je 1 gives the fons where y bacteria are tes. Observe t it will take until fe present Table 1 4 dy = ky Tied ; Oe 2) Tr 2 4000 2000 10,000 aHAPTER 5 LOGARITHMIC, EXPONENTIAL, INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC, AND HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS where kis a constant and y = 1000 when + = 0. From Theor 5, y = 10000" 1, ie y= 2000 when 1 = 12, we obtain from (3) 4 =] 4 From (3) y= 1000(e"™)"" Substituting from (4) into this equation, we have y = 1000 - 2” 7 i ) (by Figure 3 shows the graph of Equation (5) and the tine y = plated in the [0,100] by [0 20,000] window. Using intersect and zoom-in, we determine thatthe graph andthe line inerea 1 point where = 39.9. Thus we estimate that it will ake 4p ny ng 10,000 bacteria are present. (6) To confirm our estimate analytically in (5) we replace + by Tang hy 10,000, and we have 10,000 = 1000 - 2”? {0 100} (0, 22000) 2 = 10 = 1000. 2" and y =10000 In(2) = In 10 T FIGURE 3 ing 7g In2 = Ino 121n 10 ran? T = 399 which confirms our estimate in part (b). Conclusion: In 40 min, 10,000 bacteria will be present, 4 D EXAMPLE 2 The cate of increase of the population ofa certain city is proportional to the population. In 1950 the population was 50000 and in 1980 it was 75,000. (a) If y is the population r years since 1950 express yas a function of tb) Estimate on a graphics calculator vhat th Population will be in 2010, (©) Confirm the estimate in part (b) analytically Table 2 ee Solution Table 2 gives the boundary conditions where yn is the por ‘a ew tion in 2010, 21 50000 75.000 jo (a) The differential equation is dy | a rent where & is a constant and y = 50,000 when 1 = 0. From Theo! 5.6.1, ] Y = 50,000e"